GENWiki

Premier IT Outsourcing and Support Services within the UK

User Tools

Site Tools


rfc:std:std11
   RFC #  822
   Obsoletes:  RFC #733  (NIC #41952)
                      STANDARD FOR THE FORMAT OF
                      ARPA INTERNET TEXT MESSAGES
                            August 13, 1982
                              Revised by
                           David H. Crocker
                    Dept. of Electrical Engineering
               University of Delaware, Newark, DE  19711
                    Network:  DCrocker @ UDel-Relay

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

                           TABLE OF CONTENTS
   PREFACE ....................................................   ii
   1.  INTRODUCTION ...........................................    1
       1.1.  Scope ............................................    1
       1.2.  Communication Framework ..........................    2
   2.  NOTATIONAL CONVENTIONS .................................    3
   3.  LEXICAL ANALYSIS OF MESSAGES ...........................    5
       3.1.  General Description ..............................    5
       3.2.  Header Field Definitions .........................    9
       3.3.  Lexical Tokens ...................................   10
       3.4.  Clarifications ...................................   11
   4.  MESSAGE SPECIFICATION ..................................   17
       4.1.  Syntax ...........................................   17
       4.2.  Forwarding .......................................   19
       4.3.  Trace Fields .....................................   20
       4.4.  Originator Fields ................................   21
       4.5.  Receiver Fields ..................................   23
       4.6.  Reference Fields .................................   23
       4.7.  Other Fields .....................................   24
   5.  DATE AND TIME SPECIFICATION ............................   26
       5.1.  Syntax ...........................................   26
       5.2.  Semantics ........................................   26
   6.  ADDRESS SPECIFICATION ..................................   27
       6.1.  Syntax ...........................................   27
       6.2.  Semantics ........................................   27
       6.3.  Reserved Address .................................   33
   7.  BIBLIOGRAPHY ...........................................   34
                           APPENDIX
   A.  EXAMPLES ...............................................   36
   B.  SIMPLE FIELD PARSING ...................................   40
   C.  DIFFERENCES FROM RFC #733 ..............................   41
   D.  ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF SYNTAX RULES ...................   44
   August 13, 1982               - i -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

                                PREFACE
        By 1977, the Arpanet employed several informal standards for
   the  text  messages (mail) sent among its host computers.  It was
   felt necessary to codify these practices and  provide  for  those
   features  that  seemed  imminent.   The result of that effort was
   Request for Comments (RFC) #733, "Standard for the Format of ARPA
   Network Text Message", by Crocker, Vittal, Pogran, and Henderson.
   The specification attempted to avoid major  changes  in  existing
   software, while permitting several new features.
        This document revises the specifications  in  RFC  #733,  in
   order  to  serve  the  needs  of the larger and more complex ARPA
   Internet.  Some of RFC #733's features failed  to  gain  adequate
   acceptance.   In  order to simplify the standard and the software
   that follows it, these features have been removed.   A  different
   addressing  scheme  is  used, to handle the case of inter-network
   mail; and the concept of re-transmission has been introduced.
        This specification is intended for use in the ARPA Internet.
   However, an attempt has been made to free it of any dependence on
   that environment, so that it can be applied to other network text
   message systems.
        The specification of RFC #733 took place over the course  of
   one  year, using the ARPANET mail environment, itself, to provide
   an on-going forum for discussing the capabilities to be included.
   More  than  twenty individuals, from across the country, partici-
   pated in  the  original  discussion.   The  development  of  this
   revised specification has, similarly, utilized network mail-based
   group discussion.  Both specification efforts  greatly  benefited
   from the comments and ideas of the participants.
        The syntax of the standard,  in  RFC  #733,  was  originally
   specified  in  the  Backus-Naur Form (BNF) meta-language.  Ken L.
   Harrenstien, of SRI International, was responsible for  re-coding
   the  BNF  into  an  augmented  BNF  that makes the representation
   smaller and easier to understand.
   August 13, 1982              - ii -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

   1.  INTRODUCTION
   1.1.  SCOPE
        This standard specifies a syntax for text messages that  are
   sent  among  computer  users, within the framework of "electronic
   mail".  The standard supersedes  the  one  specified  in  ARPANET
   Request  for Comments #733, "Standard for the Format of ARPA Net-
   work Text Messages".
        In this context, messages are viewed as having  an  envelope
   and  contents.   The  envelope  contains  whatever information is
   needed to accomplish transmission  and  delivery.   The  contents
   compose  the object to be delivered to the recipient.  This stan-
   dard applies only to the format and some of the semantics of mes-
   sage  contents.   It contains no specification of the information
   in the envelope.
        However, some message systems may use information  from  the
   contents  to create the envelope.  It is intended that this stan-
   dard facilitate the acquisition of such information by programs.
        Some message systems may  store  messages  in  formats  that
   differ  from the one specified in this standard.  This specifica-
   tion is intended strictly as a definition of what message content
   format is to be passed BETWEEN hosts.
   Note:  This standard is NOT intended to dictate the internal for-
          mats  used  by sites, the specific message system features
          that they are expected to support, or any of  the  charac-
          teristics  of  user interface programs that create or read
          messages.
        A distinction should be made between what the  specification
   REQUIRES  and  what  it ALLOWS.  Messages can be made complex and
   rich with formally-structured components of information or can be
   kept small and simple, with a minimum of such information.  Also,
   the standard simplifies the interpretation  of  differing  visual
   formats  in  messages;  only  the  visual  aspect of a message is
   affected and not the interpretation  of  information  within  it.
   Implementors may choose to retain such visual distinctions.
        The formal definition is divided into four levels.  The bot-
   tom level describes the meta-notation used in this document.  The
   second level describes basic lexical analyzers that  feed  tokens
   to  higher-level  parsers.   Next is an overall specification for
   messages; it permits distinguishing individual fields.   Finally,
   there is definition of the contents of several structured fields.
   August 13, 1982               - 1 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

   1.2.  COMMUNICATION FRAMEWORK
        Messages consist of lines of text.   No  special  provisions
   are  made for encoding drawings, facsimile, speech, or structured
   text.  No significant consideration has been given  to  questions
   of  data  compression  or to transmission and storage efficiency,
   and the standard tends to be free with the number  of  bits  con-
   sumed.   For  example,  field  names  are specified as free text,
   rather than special terse codes.
        A general "memo" framework is used.  That is, a message con-
   sists of some information in a rigid format, followed by the main
   part of the message, with a format that is not specified in  this
   document.   The  syntax of several fields of the rigidly-formated
   ("headers") section is defined in  this  specification;  some  of
   these fields must be included in all messages.
        The syntax  that  distinguishes  between  header  fields  is
   specified  separately  from  the  internal  syntax for particular
   fields.  This separation is intended to allow simple  parsers  to
   operate on the general structure of messages, without concern for
   the detailed structure of individual header fields.   Appendix  B
   is provided to facilitate construction of these parsers.
        In addition to the fields specified in this document, it  is
   expected  that  other fields will gain common use.  As necessary,
   the specifications for these "extension-fields" will be published
   through  the same mechanism used to publish this document.  Users
   may also  wish  to  extend  the  set  of  fields  that  they  use
   privately.  Such "user-defined fields" are permitted.
        The framework severely constrains document tone and  appear-
   ance and is primarily useful for most intra-organization communi-
   cations and  well-structured   inter-organization  communication.
   It  also  can  be used for some types of inter-process communica-
   tion, such as simple file transfer and remote job entry.  A  more
   robust  framework might allow for multi-font, multi-color, multi-
   dimension encoding of information.  A  less  robust  one,  as  is
   present  in  most  single-machine  message  systems,  would  more
   severely constrain the ability to add fields and the decision  to
   include specific fields.  In contrast with paper-based communica-
   tion, it is interesting to note that the RECEIVER  of  a  message
   can   exercise  an  extraordinary  amount  of  control  over  the
   message's appearance.  The amount of actual control available  to
   message  receivers  is  contingent upon the capabilities of their
   individual message systems.
   August 13, 1982               - 2 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

   2.  NOTATIONAL CONVENTIONS
        This specification uses an augmented Backus-Naur Form  (BNF)
   notation.  The differences from standard BNF involve naming rules
   and indicating repetition and "local" alternatives.
   2.1.  RULE NAMING
        Angle brackets ("<", ">") are not  used,  in  general.   The
   name  of  a rule is simply the name itself, rather than "<name>".
   Quotation-marks enclose literal text (which may be  upper  and/or
   lower  case).   Certain  basic  rules  are  in uppercase, such as
   SPACE, TAB, CRLF, DIGIT, ALPHA, etc.  Angle brackets are used  in
   rule  definitions,  and  in  the rest of this  document, whenever
   their presence will facilitate discerning the use of rule names.
   2.2.  RULE1 / RULE2:  ALTERNATIVES
        Elements separated by slash ("/") are alternatives.   There-
   fore "foo / bar" will accept foo or bar.
   2.3.  (RULE1 RULE2):  LOCAL ALTERNATIVES
        Elements enclosed in parentheses are  treated  as  a  single
   element.   Thus,  "(elem  (foo  /  bar)  elem)"  allows the token
   sequences "elem foo elem" and "elem bar elem".
   2.4.  *RULE:  REPETITION
        The character "*" preceding an element indicates repetition.
   The full form is:
                            <l>*<m>element
   indicating at least <l> and at most <m> occurrences  of  element.
   Default values are 0 and infinity so that "*(element)" allows any
   number, including zero; "1*element" requires at  least  one;  and
   "1*2element" allows one or two.
   2.5.  [RULE]:  OPTIONAL
        Square brackets enclose optional elements; "[foo  bar]"   is
   equivalent to "*1(foo bar)".
   2.6.  NRULE:  SPECIFIC REPETITION
        "<n>(element)" is equivalent to "<n>*<n>(element)"; that is,
   exactly  <n>  occurrences  of (element). Thus 2DIGIT is a 2-digit
   number, and 3ALPHA is a string of three alphabetic characters.
   August 13, 1982               - 3 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

   2.7.  #RULE:  LISTS
        A construct "#" is defined, similar to "*", as follows:
                            <l>#<m>element
   indicating at least <l> and at most <m> elements, each  separated
   by  one  or more commas (","). This makes the usual form of lists
   very easy; a rule such as '(element *("," element))' can be shown
   as  "1#element".   Wherever this construct is used, null elements
   are allowed, but do not  contribute  to  the  count  of  elements
   present.   That  is,  "(element),,(element)"  is  permitted,  but
   counts as only two elements.  Therefore, where at least one  ele-
   ment  is required, at least one non-null element must be present.
   Default values are 0 and infinity so that "#(element)" allows any
   number,  including  zero;  "1#element" requires at least one; and
   "1#2element" allows one or two.
   2.8.  ; COMMENTS
        A semi-colon, set off some distance to  the  right  of  rule
   text,  starts  a comment that continues to the end of line.  This
   is a simple way of including useful notes in  parallel  with  the
   specifications.
   August 13, 1982               - 4 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

   3.  LEXICAL ANALYSIS OF MESSAGES
   3.1.  GENERAL DESCRIPTION
        A message consists of header fields and, optionally, a body.
   The  body  is simply a sequence of lines containing ASCII charac-
   ters.  It is separated from the headers by a null line  (i.e.,  a
   line with nothing preceding the CRLF).
   3.1.1.  LONG HEADER FIELDS
      Each header field can be viewed as a single, logical  line  of
      ASCII  characters,  comprising  a field-name and a field-body.
      For convenience, the field-body  portion  of  this  conceptual
      entity  can be split into a multiple-line representation; this
      is called "folding".  The general rule is that wherever  there
      may  be  linear-white-space  (NOT  simply  LWSP-chars), a CRLF
      immediately followed by AT LEAST one LWSP-char may instead  be
      inserted.  Thus, the single line
          To:  "Joe & J. Harvey" <ddd @Org>, JJV @ BBN
      can be represented as:
          To:  "Joe & J. Harvey" <ddd @ Org>,
                  JJV@BBN
      and
          To:  "Joe & J. Harvey"
                          <ddd@ Org>, JJV
           @BBN
      and
          To:  "Joe &
           J. Harvey" <ddd @ Org>, JJV @ BBN
           The process of moving  from  this  folded   multiple-line
      representation  of a header field to its single line represen-
      tation is called "unfolding".  Unfolding  is  accomplished  by
      regarding   CRLF   immediately  followed  by  a  LWSP-char  as
      equivalent to the LWSP-char.
      Note:  While the standard  permits  folding  wherever  linear-
             white-space is permitted, it is recommended that struc-
             tured fields, such as those containing addresses, limit
             folding  to higher-level syntactic breaks.  For address
             fields, it  is  recommended  that  such  folding  occur
   August 13, 1982               - 5 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

             between addresses, after the separating comma.
   3.1.2.  STRUCTURE OF HEADER FIELDS
      Once a field has been unfolded, it may be viewed as being com-
      posed of a field-name followed by a colon (":"), followed by a
      field-body, and  terminated  by  a  carriage-return/line-feed.
      The  field-name must be composed of printable ASCII characters
      (i.e., characters that  have  values  between  33.  and  126.,
      decimal, except colon).  The field-body may be composed of any
      ASCII characters, except CR or LF.  (While CR and/or LF may be
      present  in the actual text, they are removed by the action of
      unfolding the field.)
      Certain field-bodies of headers may be  interpreted  according
      to  an  internal  syntax  that some systems may wish to parse.
      These  fields  are  called  "structured   fields".    Examples
      include  fields containing dates and addresses.  Other fields,
      such as "Subject"  and  "Comments",  are  regarded  simply  as
      strings of text.
      Note:  Any field which has a field-body  that  is  defined  as
             other  than  simply <text> is to be treated as a struc-
             tured field.
             Field-names, unstructured field bodies  and  structured
             field bodies each are scanned by their own, independent
             "lexical" analyzers.
   3.1.3.  UNSTRUCTURED FIELD BODIES
      For some fields, such as "Subject" and "Comments",  no  struc-
      turing  is assumed, and they are treated simply as <text>s, as
      in the message body.  Rules of folding apply to these  fields,
      so  that  such  field  bodies  which occupy several lines must
      therefore have the second and successive lines indented by  at
      least one LWSP-char.
   3.1.4.  STRUCTURED FIELD BODIES
      To aid in the creation and reading of structured  fields,  the
      free  insertion   of linear-white-space (which permits folding
      by inclusion of CRLFs)  is  allowed  between  lexical  tokens.
      Rather  than  obscuring  the  syntax  specifications for these
      structured fields with explicit syntax for this  linear-white-
      space, the existence of another "lexical" analyzer is assumed.
      This analyzer does not apply  for  unstructured  field  bodies
      that  are  simply  strings  of  text, as described above.  The
      analyzer provides  an  interpretation  of  the  unfolded  text
   August 13, 1982               - 6 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

      composing  the body of the field as a sequence of lexical sym-
      bols.
      These symbols are:
  1. individual special characters
  2. quoted-strings
  3. domain-literals
  4. comments
  5. atoms
      The first four of these symbols  are  self-delimiting.   Atoms
      are not; they are delimited by the self-delimiting symbols and
      by  linear-white-space.   For  the  purposes  of  regenerating
      sequences  of  atoms  and quoted-strings, exactly one SPACE is
      assumed to exist, and should be used, between them.  (Also, in
      the "Clarifications" section on "White Space", below, note the
      rules about treatment of multiple contiguous LWSP-chars.)
      So, for example, the folded body of an address field
          ":sysmail"@  Some-Group. Some-Org,
          Muhammed.(I am  the greatest) Ali @(the)Vegas.WBA
   August 13, 1982               - 7 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

      is analyzed into the following lexical symbols and types:
                  :sysmail              quoted string
                  @                     special
                  Some-Group            atom
                  .                     special
                  Some-Org              atom
                  ,                     special
                  Muhammed              atom
                  .                     special
                  (I am  the greatest)  comment
                  Ali                   atom
                  @                     atom
                  (the)                 comment
                  Vegas                 atom
                  .                     special
                  WBA                   atom
      The canonical representations for the data in these  addresses
      are the following strings:
                      ":sysmail"@Some-Group.Some-Org
      and
                          Muhammed.Ali@Vegas.WBA
      Note:  For purposes of display, and when passing  such  struc-
             tured information to other systems, such as mail proto-
             col  services,  there  must  be  NO  linear-white-space
             between  <word>s  that are separated by period (".") or
             at-sign ("@") and exactly one SPACE between  all  other
             <word>s.  Also, headers should be in a folded form.
   August 13, 1982               - 8 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

   3.2.  HEADER FIELD DEFINITIONS
        These rules show a field meta-syntax, without regard for the
   particular  type  or internal syntax.  Their purpose is to permit
   detection of fields; also, they present to  higher-level  parsers
   an image of each field as fitting on one line.
   field       =  field-name ":" [ field-body ] CRLF
   field-name  =  1*<any CHAR, excluding CTLs, SPACE, and ":">
   field-body  =  field-body-contents
                  [CRLF LWSP-char field-body]
   field-body-contents =
                 <the ASCII characters making up the field-body, as
                  defined in the following sections, and consisting
                  of combinations of atom, quoted-string, and
                  specials tokens, or else consisting of texts>
   August 13, 1982               - 9 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

   3.3.  LEXICAL TOKENS
        The following rules are used to define an underlying lexical
   analyzer,  which  feeds  tokens to higher level parsers.  See the
   ANSI references, in the Bibliography.
                                               ; (  Octal, Decimal.)
   CHAR        =  <any ASCII character>        ; (  0-177,  0.-127.)
   ALPHA       =  <any ASCII alphabetic character>
                                               ; (101-132, 65.- 90.)
                                               ; (141-172, 97.-122.)
   DIGIT       =  <any ASCII decimal digit>    ; ( 60- 71, 48.- 57.)
   CTL         =  <any ASCII control           ; (  0- 37,  0.- 31.)
                   character and DEL>          ; (    177,     127.)
   CR          =  <ASCII CR, carriage return>  ; (     15,      13.)
   LF          =  <ASCII LF, linefeed>         ; (     12,      10.)
   SPACE       =  <ASCII SP, space>            ; (     40,      32.)
   HTAB        =  <ASCII HT, horizontal-tab>   ; (     11,       9.)
   <">         =  <ASCII quote mark>           ; (     42,      34.)
   CRLF        =  CR LF
   LWSP-char   =  SPACE / HTAB                 ; semantics = SPACE
   linear-white-space =  1*([CRLF] LWSP-char)  ; semantics = SPACE
                                               ; CRLF => folding
   specials    =  "(" / ")" / "<" / ">" / "@"  ; Must be in quoted-
               /  "," / ";" / ":" / "\" / <">  ;  string, to use
               /  "." / "[" / "]"              ;  within a word.
   delimiters  =  specials / linear-white-space / comment
   text        =  <any CHAR, including bare    ; => atoms, specials,
                   CR & bare LF, but NOT       ;  comments and
                   including CRLF>             ;  quoted-strings are
                                               ;  NOT recognized.
   atom        =  1*<any CHAR except specials, SPACE and CTLs>
   quoted-string = <"> *(qtext/quoted-pair) <">; Regular qtext or
                                               ;   quoted chars.
   qtext       =  <any CHAR excepting <">,     ; => may be folded
                   "\" & CR, and including
                   linear-white-space>
   domain-literal =  "[" *(dtext / quoted-pair) "]"
   August 13, 1982              - 10 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

   dtext       =  <any CHAR excluding "[",     ; => may be folded
                   "]", "\" & CR, & including
                   linear-white-space>
   comment     =  "(" *(ctext / quoted-pair / comment) ")"
   ctext       =  <any CHAR excluding "(",     ; => may be folded
                   ")", "\" & CR, & including
                   linear-white-space>
   quoted-pair =  "\" CHAR                     ; may quote any char
   phrase      =  1*word                       ; Sequence of words
   word        =  atom / quoted-string
   3.4.  CLARIFICATIONS
   3.4.1.  QUOTING
      Some characters are reserved for special interpretation,  such
      as  delimiting lexical tokens.  To permit use of these charac-
      ters as uninterpreted data, a quoting mechanism  is  provided.
      To quote a character, precede it with a backslash ("\").
      This mechanism is not fully general.  Characters may be quoted
      only  within  a subset of the lexical constructs.  In particu-
      lar, quoting is limited to use within:
  1. quoted-string
  2. domain-literal
  3. comment
      Within these constructs, quoting is REQUIRED for  CR  and  "\"
      and for the character(s) that delimit the token (e.g., "(" and
      ")" for a comment).  However, quoting  is  PERMITTED  for  any
      character.
      Note:  In particular, quoting is NOT permitted  within  atoms.
             For  example  when  the local-part of an addr-spec must
             contain a special character, a quoted  string  must  be
             used.  Therefore, a specification such as:
                          Full\ Name@Domain
             is not legal and must be specified as:
                          "Full Name"@Domain
   August 13, 1982              - 11 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

   3.4.2.  WHITE SPACE
      Note:  In structured field bodies, multiple linear space ASCII
             characters  (namely  HTABs  and  SPACEs) are treated as
             single spaces and may freely surround any  symbol.   In
             all header fields, the only place in which at least one
             LWSP-char is REQUIRED is at the beginning of  continua-
             tion lines in a folded field.
      When passing text to processes  that  do  not  interpret  text
      according to this standard (e.g., mail protocol servers), then
      NO linear-white-space characters should occur between a period
      (".") or at-sign ("@") and a <word>.  Exactly ONE SPACE should
      be used in place of arbitrary linear-white-space  and  comment
      sequences.
      Note:  Within systems conforming to this standard, wherever  a
             member of the list of delimiters is allowed, LWSP-chars
             may also occur before and/or after it.
      Writers of  mail-sending  (i.e.,  header-generating)  programs
      should realize that there is no network-wide definition of the
      effect of ASCII HT (horizontal-tab) characters on the  appear-
      ance  of  text  at another network host; therefore, the use of
      tabs in message headers, though permitted, is discouraged.
   3.4.3.  COMMENTS
      A comment is a set of ASCII characters, which is  enclosed  in
      matching  parentheses  and which is not within a quoted-string
      The comment construct permits message originators to add  text
      which  will  be  useful  for  human readers, but which will be
      ignored by the formal semantics.  Comments should be  retained
      while  the  message  is subject to interpretation according to
      this standard.  However, comments  must  NOT  be  included  in
      other  cases,  such  as  during  protocol  exchanges with mail
      servers.
      Comments nest, so that if an unquoted left parenthesis  occurs
      in  a  comment  string,  there  must  also be a matching right
      parenthesis.  When a comment acts as the delimiter  between  a
      sequence of two lexical symbols, such as two atoms, it is lex-
      ically equivalent with a single SPACE,  for  the  purposes  of
      regenerating  the  sequence, such as when passing the sequence
      onto a mail protocol server.  Comments are  detected  as  such
      only within field-bodies of structured fields.
      If a comment is to be "folded" onto multiple lines,  then  the
      syntax  for  folding  must  be  adhered to.  (See the "Lexical
   August 13, 1982              - 12 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

      Analysis of Messages" section on "Folding Long Header  Fields"
      above,  and  the  section on "Case Independence" below.)  Note
      that  the  official  semantics  therefore  do  not  "see"  any
      unquoted CRLFs that are in comments, although particular pars-
      ing programs may wish to note their presence.  For these  pro-
      grams,  it would be reasonable to interpret a "CRLF LWSP-char"
      as being a CRLF that is part of the comment; i.e., the CRLF is
      kept  and  the  LWSP-char is discarded.  Quoted CRLFs (i.e., a
      backslash followed by a CR followed by a  LF)  still  must  be
      followed by at least one LWSP-char.
   3.4.4.  DELIMITING AND QUOTING CHARACTERS
      The quote character (backslash) and  characters  that  delimit
      syntactic  units  are not, generally, to be taken as data that
      are part of the delimited or quoted unit(s).   In  particular,
      the   quotation-marks   that   define   a  quoted-string,  the
      parentheses that define  a  comment  and  the  backslash  that
      quotes  a  following  character  are  NOT  part of the quoted-
      string, comment or quoted character.  A quotation-mark that is
      to  be  part  of  a quoted-string, a parenthesis that is to be
      part of a comment and a backslash that is to be part of either
      must  each be preceded by the quote-character backslash ("\").
      Note that the syntax allows any character to be quoted  within
      a  quoted-string  or  comment; however only certain characters
      MUST be quoted to be included as data.  These  characters  are
      the  ones that are not part of the alternate text group (i.e.,
      ctext or qtext).
      The one exception to this rule  is  that  a  single  SPACE  is
      assumed  to  exist  between  contiguous words in a phrase, and
      this interpretation is independent of  the  actual  number  of
      LWSP-chars  that  the  creator  places  between the words.  To
      include more than one SPACE, the creator must make  the  LWSP-
      chars be part of a quoted-string.
      Quotation marks that delimit a quoted string  and  backslashes
      that  quote  the  following character should NOT accompany the
      quoted-string when the string is passed to processes  that  do
      not interpret data according to this specification (e.g., mail
      protocol servers).
   3.4.5.  QUOTED-STRINGS
      Where permitted (i.e., in words in structured fields)  quoted-
      strings  are  treated  as a single symbol.  That is, a quoted-
      string is equivalent to an atom, syntactically.  If a  quoted-
      string  is to be "folded" onto multiple lines, then the syntax
      for folding must be adhered to.  (See the "Lexical Analysis of
   August 13, 1982              - 13 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

      Messages"  section  on "Folding Long Header Fields" above, and
      the section on "Case  Independence"  below.)   Therefore,  the
      official  semantics  do  not  "see" any bare CRLFs that are in
      quoted-strings; however particular parsing programs  may  wish
      to  note  their presence.  For such programs, it would be rea-
      sonable to interpret a "CRLF LWSP-char" as being a CRLF  which
      is  part  of the quoted-string; i.e., the CRLF is kept and the
      LWSP-char is discarded.  Quoted CRLFs (i.e., a backslash  fol-
      lowed  by  a CR followed by a LF) are also subject to rules of
      folding, but the presence of the quoting character (backslash)
      explicitly  indicates  that  the  CRLF  is  data to the quoted
      string.  Stripping off the first following LWSP-char  is  also
      appropriate when parsing quoted CRLFs.
   3.4.6.  BRACKETING CHARACTERS
      There is one type of bracket which must occur in matched pairs
      and may have pairs nested within each other:
          o   Parentheses ("(" and ")") are used  to  indicate  com-
              ments.
      There are three types of brackets which must occur in  matched
      pairs, and which may NOT be nested:
          o   Colon/semi-colon (":" and ";") are   used  in  address
              specifications  to  indicate that the included list of
              addresses are to be treated as a group.
          o   Angle brackets ("<" and ">")  are  generally  used  to
              indicate  the  presence of a one machine-usable refer-
              ence (e.g., delimiting mailboxes), possibly  including
              source-routing to the machine.
          o   Square brackets ("[" and "]") are used to indicate the
              presence  of  a  domain-literal, which the appropriate
              name-domain  is  to  use  directly,  bypassing  normal
              name-resolution mechanisms.
   3.4.7.  CASE INDEPENDENCE
      Except as noted, alphabetic strings may be represented in  any
      combination of upper and lower case.  The only syntactic units
   August 13, 1982              - 14 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

      which requires preservation of case information are:
  1. text
  2. qtext
  3. dtext
  4. ctext
  5. quoted-pair
  6. local-part, except "Postmaster"
      When matching any other syntactic unit, case is to be ignored.
      For  example, the field-names "From", "FROM", "from", and even
      "FroM" are semantically equal and should all be treated ident-
      ically.
      When generating these units, any mix of upper and  lower  case
      alphabetic  characters  may  be  used.  The case shown in this
      specification is suggested for message-creating processes.
      Note:  The reserved local-part address unit, "Postmaster",  is
             an  exception.   When  the  value "Postmaster" is being
             interpreted, it must be  accepted  in  any  mixture  of
             case, including "POSTMASTER", and "postmaster".
   3.4.8.  FOLDING LONG HEADER FIELDS
      Each header field may be represented on exactly one line  con-
      sisting  of the name of the field and its body, and terminated
      by a CRLF; this is what the parser sees.  For readability, the
      field-body  portion of long header fields may be "folded" onto
      multiple lines of the actual field.  "Long" is commonly inter-
      preted  to  mean greater than 65 or 72 characters.  The former
      length serves as a limit, when the message is to be viewed  on
      most  simple terminals which use simple display software; how-
      ever, the limit is not imposed by this standard.
      Note:  Some display software often can selectively fold lines,
             to  suit  the display terminal.  In such cases, sender-
             provided  folding  can  interfere  with   the   display
             software.
   3.4.9.  BACKSPACE CHARACTERS
      ASCII BS characters (Backspace, decimal 8) may be included  in
      texts and quoted-strings to effect overstriking.  However, any
      use of backspaces which effects an overstrike to the  left  of
      the beginning of the text or quoted-string is prohibited.
   August 13, 1982              - 15 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

   3.4.10.  NETWORK-SPECIFIC TRANSFORMATIONS
      During transmission through heterogeneous networks, it may  be
      necessary  to  force data to conform to a network's local con-
      ventions.  For example, it may be required that a CR  be  fol-
      lowed  either by LF, making a CRLF, or by <null>, if the CR is
      to stand alone).  Such transformations are reversed, when  the
      message exits that network.
      When  crossing  network  boundaries,  the  message  should  be
      treated  as  passing  through  two modules.  It will enter the
      first module containing whatever network-specific  transforma-
      tions  that  were  necessary  to  permit migration through the
      "current" network.  It then passes through the modules:
          o   Transformation Reversal
              The "current" network's idiosyncracies are removed and
              the  message  is returned to the canonical form speci-
              fied in this standard.
          o   Transformation
              The "next" network's local idiosyncracies are  imposed
              on the message.
  1. —————–

From =⇒ | Remove Net-A |

                  Net-A       | idiosyncracies |
                              ------------------
                                     ||
                                     \/
                                Conformance
                                with standard
                                     ||
                                     \/
                              ------------------
                              | Impose Net-B   |  ==>  To
                              | idiosyncracies |       Net-B
                              ------------------
   August 13, 1982              - 16 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

   4.  MESSAGE SPECIFICATION
   4.1.  SYNTAX
   Note:  Due to an artifact of the notational conventions, the syn-
          tax  indicates that, when present, some fields, must be in
          a particular order.  Header fields  are  NOT  required  to
          occur  in  any  particular  order, except that the message
          body must occur AFTER  the  headers.   It  is  recommended
          that,  if  present,  headers be sent in the order "Return-
          Path", "Received", "Date",  "From",  "Subject",  "Sender",
          "To", "cc", etc.
          This specification permits multiple  occurrences  of  most
          fields.   Except  as  noted,  their  interpretation is not
          specified here, and their use is discouraged.
        The following syntax for the bodies of various fields should
   be  thought  of  as  describing  each field body as a single long
   string (or line).  The "Lexical Analysis of Message"  section  on
   "Long  Header Fields", above, indicates how such long strings can
   be represented on more than one line in  the  actual  transmitted
   message.
   message     =  fields *( CRLF *text )       ; Everything after
                                               ;  first null line
                                               ;  is message body
   fields      =    dates                      ; Creation time,
                    source                     ;  author id & one
                  1*destination                ;  address required
                   *optional-field             ;  others optional
   source      = [  trace ]                    ; net traversals
                    originator                 ; original mail
                 [  resent ]                   ; forwarded
   trace       =    return                     ; path to sender
                  1*received                   ; receipt tags
   return      =  "Return-path" ":" route-addr ; return address
   received    =  "Received"    ":"            ; one per relay
                     ["from" domain]           ; sending host
                     ["by"   domain]           ; receiving host
                     ["via"  atom]             ; physical path
                    *("with" atom)             ; link/mail protocol
                     ["id"   msg-id]           ; receiver msg id
                     ["for"  addr-spec]        ; initial form
   August 13, 1982              - 17 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

                      ";"    date-time         ; time received
   originator  =   authentic                   ; authenticated addr
                 [ "Reply-To"   ":" 1#address] )
   authentic   =   "From"       ":"   mailbox  ; Single author
               / ( "Sender"     ":"   mailbox  ; Actual submittor
                   "From"       ":" 1#mailbox) ; Multiple authors
                                               ;  or not sender
   resent      =   resent-authentic
                 [ "Resent-Reply-To"  ":" 1#address] )
   resent-authentic =
               =   "Resent-From"      ":"   mailbox
               / ( "Resent-Sender"    ":"   mailbox
                   "Resent-From"      ":" 1#mailbox  )
   dates       =   orig-date                   ; Original
                 [ resent-date ]               ; Forwarded
   orig-date   =  "Date"        ":"   date-time
   resent-date =  "Resent-Date" ":"   date-time
   destination =  "To"          ":" 1#address  ; Primary
               /  "Resent-To"   ":" 1#address
               /  "cc"          ":" 1#address  ; Secondary
               /  "Resent-cc"   ":" 1#address
               /  "bcc"         ":"  #address  ; Blind carbon
               /  "Resent-bcc"  ":"  #address
   optional-field =
               /  "Message-ID"        ":"   msg-id
               /  "Resent-Message-ID" ":"   msg-id
               /  "In-Reply-To"       ":"  *(phrase / msg-id)
               /  "References"        ":"  *(phrase / msg-id)
               /  "Keywords"          ":"  #phrase
               /  "Subject"           ":"  *text
               /  "Comments"          ":"  *text
               /  "Encrypted"         ":" 1#2word
               /  extension-field              ; To be defined
               /  user-defined-field           ; May be pre-empted
   msg-id      =  "<" addr-spec ">"            ; Unique message id
   August 13, 1982              - 18 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

   extension-field =
                 <Any field which is defined in a document
                  published as a formal extension to this
                  specification; none will have names beginning
                  with the string "X-">
   user-defined-field =
                 <Any field which has not been defined
                  in this specification or published as an
                  extension to this specification; names for
                  such fields must be unique and may be
                  pre-empted by published extensions>
   4.2.  FORWARDING
        Some systems permit mail recipients to  forward  a  message,
   retaining  the original headers, by adding some new fields.  This
   standard supports such a service, through the "Resent-" prefix to
   field names.
        Whenever the string "Resent-" begins a field name, the field
   has  the  same  semantics as a field whose name does not have the
   prefix.  However, the message is assumed to have  been  forwarded
   by  an original recipient who attached the "Resent-" field.  This
   new field is treated as being more recent  than  the  equivalent,
   original  field.   For  example, the "Resent-From", indicates the
   person that forwarded the message, whereas the "From" field indi-
   cates the original author.
        Use of such precedence  information  depends  upon  partici-
   pants'  communication needs.  For example, this standard does not
   dictate when a "Resent-From:" address should receive replies,  in
   lieu of sending them to the "From:" address.
   Note:  In general, the "Resent-" fields should be treated as con-
          taining  a  set  of information that is independent of the
          set of original fields.  Information for  one  set  should
          not  automatically be taken from the other.  The interpre-
          tation of multiple "Resent-" fields, of the same type,  is
          undefined.
        In the remainder of this specification, occurrence of  legal
   "Resent-"  fields  are treated identically with the occurrence of
   August 13, 1982              - 19 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

   fields whose names do not contain this prefix.
   4.3.  TRACE FIELDS
        Trace information is used to provide an audit trail of  mes-
   sage  handling.   In  addition,  it indicates a route back to the
   sender of the message.
        The list of known "via" and  "with"  values  are  registered
   with  the  Network  Information  Center, SRI International, Menlo
   Park, California.
   4.3.1.  RETURN-PATH
      This field  is  added  by  the  final  transport  system  that
      delivers  the message to its recipient.  The field is intended
      to contain definitive information about the address and  route
      back to the message's originator.
      Note:  The "Reply-To" field is added  by  the  originator  and
             serves  to  direct  replies,  whereas the "Return-Path"
             field is used to identify a path back to  the  origina-
             tor.
      While the syntax  indicates  that  a  route  specification  is
      optional,  every attempt should be made to provide that infor-
      mation in this field.
   4.3.2.  RECEIVED
      A copy of this field is added by each transport  service  that
      relays the message.  The information in the field can be quite
      useful for tracing transport problems.
      The names of the sending  and  receiving  hosts  and  time-of-
      receipt may be specified.  The "via" parameter may be used, to
      indicate what physical mechanism the message  was  sent  over,
      such  as  Arpanet or Phonenet, and the "with" parameter may be
      used to indicate the mail-,  or  connection-,  level  protocol
      that  was  used, such as the SMTP mail protocol, or X.25 tran-
      sport protocol.
      Note:  Several "with" parameters may  be  included,  to  fully
             specify the set of protocols that were used.
      Some transport services queue mail; the internal message iden-
      tifier that is assigned to the message may be noted, using the
      "id" parameter.  When the  sending  host  uses  a  destination
      address specification that the receiving host reinterprets, by
   August 13, 1982              - 20 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

      expansion or transformation, the receiving host  may  wish  to
      record  the original specification, using the "for" parameter.
      For example, when a copy of mail is sent to the  member  of  a
      distribution  list,  this  parameter may be used to record the
      original address that was used to specify the list.
   4.4.  ORIGINATOR FIELDS
        The standard allows only a subset of the combinations possi-
   ble  with the From, Sender, Reply-To, Resent-From, Resent-Sender,
   and Resent-Reply-To fields.  The limitation is intentional.
   4.4.1.  FROM / RESENT-FROM
      This field contains the identity of the person(s)  who  wished
      this  message to be sent.  The message-creation process should
      default this field  to  be  a  single,  authenticated  machine
      address,  indicating  the  AGENT  (person,  system or process)
      entering the message.  If this is not done, the "Sender" field
      MUST  be  present.  If the "From" field IS defaulted this way,
      the "Sender" field is  optional  and  is  redundant  with  the
      "From"  field.   In  all  cases, addresses in the "From" field
      must be machine-usable (addr-specs) and may not contain  named
      lists (groups).
   4.4.2.  SENDER / RESENT-SENDER
      This field contains the authenticated identity  of  the  AGENT
      (person,  system  or  process)  that sends the message.  It is
      intended for use when the sender is not the author of the mes-
      sage,  or  to  indicate  who among a group of authors actually
      sent the message.  If the contents of the "Sender" field would
      be  completely  redundant  with  the  "From"  field,  then the
      "Sender" field need not be present and its use is  discouraged
      (though  still legal).  In particular, the "Sender" field MUST
      be present if it is NOT the same as the "From" Field.
      The Sender mailbox  specification  includes  a  word  sequence
      which  must correspond to a specific agent (i.e., a human user
      or a computer program) rather than a standard  address.   This
      indicates  the  expectation  that  the field will identify the
      single AGENT (person,  system,  or  process)  responsible  for
      sending  the mail and not simply include the name of a mailbox
      from which the mail was sent.  For example in the  case  of  a
      shared login name, the name, by itself, would not be adequate.
      The local-part address unit, which refers to  this  agent,  is
      expected to be a computer system term, and not (for example) a
      generalized person reference which can  be  used  outside  the
      network text message context.
   August 13, 1982              - 21 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

      Since the critical function served by the  "Sender"  field  is
      identification  of  the agent responsible for sending mail and
      since computer programs cannot be held accountable  for  their
      behavior, it is strongly recommended that when a computer pro-
      gram generates a message, the HUMAN  who  is  responsible  for
      that program be referenced as part of the "Sender" field mail-
      box specification.
   4.4.3.  REPLY-TO / RESENT-REPLY-TO
      This field provides a general  mechanism  for  indicating  any
      mailbox(es)  to which responses are to be sent.  Three typical
      uses for this feature can  be  distinguished.   In  the  first
      case,  the  author(s) may not have regular machine-based mail-
      boxes and therefore wish(es) to indicate an alternate  machine
      address.   In  the  second case, an author may wish additional
      persons to be made aware of, or responsible for,  replies.   A
      somewhat  different  use  may be of some help to "text message
      teleconferencing" groups equipped with automatic  distribution
      services:   include the address of that service in the "Reply-
      To" field of all messages  submitted  to  the  teleconference;
      then  participants  can  "reply"  to conference submissions to
      guarantee the correct distribution of any submission of  their
      own.
      Note:  The "Return-Path" field is added by the mail  transport
             service,  at the time of final deliver.  It is intended
             to identify a path back to the orginator  of  the  mes-
             sage.   The  "Reply-To"  field  is added by the message
             originator and is intended to direct replies.
   4.4.4.  AUTOMATIC USE OF FROM / SENDER / REPLY-TO
      For systems which automatically  generate  address  lists  for
      replies to messages, the following recommendations are made:
          o   The "Sender" field mailbox should be sent  notices  of
              any  problems in transport or delivery of the original
              messages.  If there is no  "Sender"  field,  then  the
              "From" field mailbox should be used.
          o   The  "Sender"  field  mailbox  should  NEVER  be  used
              automatically, in a recipient's reply message.
          o   If the "Reply-To" field exists, then the reply  should
              go to the addresses indicated in that field and not to
              the address(es) indicated in the "From" field.
   August 13, 1982              - 22 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

          o   If there is a "From" field, but no  "Reply-To"  field,
              the  reply should be sent to the address(es) indicated
              in the "From" field.
      Sometimes, a recipient may actually wish to  communicate  with
      the  person  that  initiated  the  message  transfer.  In such
      cases, it is reasonable to use the "Sender" address.
      This recommendation is intended  only  for  automated  use  of
      originator-fields  and is not intended to suggest that replies
      may not also be sent to other recipients of messages.   It  is
      up  to  the  respective  mail-handling programs to decide what
      additional facilities will be provided.
      Examples are provided in Appendix A.
   4.5.  RECEIVER FIELDS
   4.5.1.  TO / RESENT-TO
      This field contains the identity of the primary recipients  of
      the message.
   4.5.2.  CC / RESENT-CC
      This field contains the identity of  the  secondary  (informa-
      tional) recipients of the message.
   4.5.3.  BCC / RESENT-BCC
      This field contains the identity of additional  recipients  of
      the  message.   The contents of this field are not included in
      copies of the message sent to the primary and secondary  reci-
      pients.   Some  systems  may choose to include the text of the
      "Bcc" field only in the author(s)'s  copy,  while  others  may
      also include it in the text sent to all those indicated in the
      "Bcc" list.
   4.6.  REFERENCE FIELDS
   4.6.1.  MESSAGE-ID / RESENT-MESSAGE-ID
           This field contains a unique identifier  (the  local-part
      address  unit)  which  refers to THIS version of THIS message.
      The uniqueness of the message identifier is guaranteed by  the
      host  which  generates  it.  This identifier is intended to be
      machine readable and not necessarily meaningful to humans.   A
      message  identifier pertains to exactly one instantiation of a
      particular message; subsequent revisions to the message should
   August 13, 1982              - 23 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

      each receive new message identifiers.
   4.6.2.  IN-REPLY-TO
           The contents of this field identify  previous  correspon-
      dence  which this message answers.  Note that if message iden-
      tifiers are used in this  field,  they  must  use  the  msg-id
      specification format.
   4.6.3.  REFERENCES
           The contents of this field identify other  correspondence
      which  this message references.  Note that if message identif-
      iers are used, they must use the msg-id specification format.
   4.6.4.  KEYWORDS
           This field contains keywords  or  phrases,  separated  by
      commas.
   4.7.  OTHER FIELDS
   4.7.1.  SUBJECT
           This is intended to provide a summary,  or  indicate  the
      nature, of the message.
   4.7.2.  COMMENTS
           Permits adding text comments  onto  the  message  without
      disturbing the contents of the message's body.
   4.7.3.  ENCRYPTED
           Sometimes,  data  encryption  is  used  to  increase  the
      privacy  of  message  contents.   If the body of a message has
      been encrypted, to keep its contents private, the  "Encrypted"
      field  can be used to note the fact and to indicate the nature
      of the encryption.  The first <word> parameter  indicates  the
      software  used  to  encrypt the body, and the second, optional
      <word> is intended to  aid  the  recipient  in  selecting  the
      proper  decryption  key.   This  code word may be viewed as an
      index to a table of keys held by the recipient.
      Note:  Unfortunately, headers must contain envelope,  as  well
             as  contents,  information.  Consequently, it is neces-
             sary that they remain unencrypted, so that  mail  tran-
             sport   services   may   access   them.   Since  names,
             addresses, and "Subject"  field  contents  may  contain
   August 13, 1982              - 24 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

             sensitive  information,  this  requirement limits total
             message privacy.
           Names of encryption software are registered with the Net-
      work  Information Center, SRI International, Menlo Park, Cali-
      fornia.
   4.7.4.  EXTENSION-FIELD
           A limited number of common fields have  been  defined  in
      this  document.   As  network mail requirements dictate, addi-
      tional fields may be standardized.   To  provide  user-defined
      fields  with  a  measure  of  safety,  in name selection, such
      extension-fields will never have names  that  begin  with  the
      string "X-".
           Names of Extension-fields are registered with the Network
      Information Center, SRI International, Menlo Park, California.
   4.7.5.  USER-DEFINED-FIELD
           Individual users of network mail are free to  define  and
      use  additional  header  fields.   Such fields must have names
      which are not already used in the current specification or  in
      any definitions of extension-fields, and the overall syntax of
      these user-defined-fields must conform to this specification's
      rules   for   delimiting  and  folding  fields.   Due  to  the
      extension-field  publishing  process,  the  name  of  a  user-
      defined-field may be pre-empted
      Note:  The prefatory string "X-" will never  be  used  in  the
             names  of Extension-fields.  This provides user-defined
             fields with a protected set of names.
   August 13, 1982              - 25 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

   5.  DATE AND TIME SPECIFICATION
   5.1.  SYNTAX
   date-time   =  [ day "," ] date time        ; dd mm yy
                                               ;  hh:mm:ss zzz
   day         =  "Mon"  / "Tue" /  "Wed"  / "Thu"
               /  "Fri"  / "Sat" /  "Sun"
   date        =  1*2DIGIT month 2DIGIT        ; day month year
                                               ;  e.g. 20 Jun 82
   month       =  "Jan"  /  "Feb" /  "Mar"  /  "Apr"
               /  "May"  /  "Jun" /  "Jul"  /  "Aug"
               /  "Sep"  /  "Oct" /  "Nov"  /  "Dec"
   time        =  hour zone                    ; ANSI and Military
   hour        =  2DIGIT ":" 2DIGIT [":" 2DIGIT]
                                               ; 00:00:00 - 23:59:59
   zone        =  "UT"  / "GMT"                ; Universal Time
                                               ; North American : UT
               /  "EST" / "EDT"                ;  Eastern:  - 5/ - 4
               /  "CST" / "CDT"                ;  Central:  - 6/ - 5
               /  "MST" / "MDT"                ;  Mountain: - 7/ - 6
               /  "PST" / "PDT"                ;  Pacific:  - 8/ - 7
               /  1ALPHA                       ; Military: Z = UT;
                                               ;  A:-1; (J not used)
                                               ;  M:-12; N:+1; Y:+12
               / ( ("+" / "-") 4DIGIT )        ; Local differential
                                               ;  hours+min. (HHMM)
   5.2.  SEMANTICS
        If included, day-of-week must be the day implied by the date
   specification.
        Time zone may be indicated in several ways.  "UT" is Univer-
   sal  Time  (formerly called "Greenwich Mean Time"); "GMT" is per-
   mitted as a reference to Universal Time.  The  military  standard
   uses  a  single  character for each zone.  "Z" is Universal Time.
   "A" indicates one hour earlier, and "M" indicates 12  hours  ear-
   lier;  "N"  is  one  hour  later, and "Y" is 12 hours later.  The
   letter "J" is not used.  The other remaining two forms are  taken
   from ANSI standard X3.51-1975.  One allows explicit indication of
   the amount of offset from UT; the other uses  common  3-character
   strings for indicating time zones in North America.
   August 13, 1982              - 26 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

   6.  ADDRESS SPECIFICATION
   6.1.  SYNTAX
   address     =  mailbox                      ; one addressee
               /  group                        ; named list
   group       =  phrase ":" [#mailbox] ";"
   mailbox     =  addr-spec                    ; simple address
               /  phrase route-addr            ; name & addr-spec
   route-addr  =  "<" [route] addr-spec ">"
   route       =  1#("@" domain) ":"           ; path-relative
   addr-spec   =  local-part "@" domain        ; global address
   local-part  =  word *("." word)             ; uninterpreted
                                               ; case-preserved
   domain      =  sub-domain *("." sub-domain)
   sub-domain  =  domain-ref / domain-literal
   domain-ref  =  atom                         ; symbolic reference
   6.2.  SEMANTICS
        A mailbox receives mail.  It is a  conceptual  entity  which
   does  not necessarily pertain to file storage.  For example, some
   sites may choose to print mail on their line printer and  deliver
   the output to the addressee's desk.
        A mailbox specification comprises a person, system  or  pro-
   cess name reference, a domain-dependent string, and a name-domain
   reference.  The name reference is optional and is usually used to
   indicate  the  human name of a recipient.  The name-domain refer-
   ence specifies a sequence of sub-domains.   The  domain-dependent
   string is uninterpreted, except by the final sub-domain; the rest
   of the mail service merely transmits it as a literal string.
   6.2.1.  DOMAINS
      A name-domain is a set of registered (mail)  names.   A  name-
      domain  specification  resolves  to  a subordinate name-domain
      specification  or  to  a  terminal  domain-dependent   string.
      Hence,  domain  specification  is  extensible,  permitting any
      number of registration levels.
   August 13, 1982              - 27 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

      Name-domains model a global, logical, hierarchical  addressing
      scheme.   The  model is logical, in that an address specifica-
      tion is related to name registration and  is  not  necessarily
      tied  to  transmission  path.   The  model's  hierarchy  is  a
      directed graph, called an in-tree, such that there is a single
      path  from  the root of the tree to any node in the hierarchy.
      If more than one path actually exists, they are considered  to
      be different addresses.
      The root node is common to all addresses; consequently, it  is
      not  referenced.   Its  children  constitute "top-level" name-
      domains.  Usually, a service has access to its own full domain
      specification and to the names of all top-level name-domains.
      The "top" of the domain addressing hierarchy -- a child of the
      root  --  is  indicated  by  the right-most field, in a domain
      specification.  Its child is specified to the left, its  child
      to the left, and so on.
      Some groups provide formal registration services;  these  con-
      stitute   name-domains   that  are  independent  logically  of
      specific machines.  In addition, networks and machines  impli-
      citly  compose name-domains, since their membership usually is
      registered in name tables.
      In the case of formal registration, an organization implements
      a  (distributed)  data base which provides an address-to-route
      mapping service for addresses of the form:
                       person@registry.organization
      Note that "organization" is a logical  entity,  separate  from
      any particular communication network.
      A mechanism for accessing "organization" is universally avail-
      able.   That mechanism, in turn, seeks an instantiation of the
      registry; its location is not indicated in the address specif-
      ication.   It  is assumed that the system which operates under
      the name "organization" knows how to find a subordinate regis-
      try.  The registry will then use the "person" string to deter-
      mine where to send the mail specification.
      The latter,  network-oriented  case  permits  simple,  direct,
      attachment-related address specification, such as:
                            user@host.network
      Once the network is accessed, it is expected  that  a  message
      will  go  directly  to the host and that the host will resolve
   August 13, 1982              - 28 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

      the user name, placing the message in the user's mailbox.
   6.2.2.  ABBREVIATED DOMAIN SPECIFICATION
      Since any number of  levels  is  possible  within  the  domain
      hierarchy,  specification  of  a  fully  qualified address can
      become inconvenient.  This standard permits abbreviated domain
      specification, in a special case:
          For the address of  the  sender,  call  the  left-most
          sub-domain  Level  N.   In a header address, if all of
          the sub-domains above (i.e., to the right of) Level  N
          are  the same as those of the sender, then they do not
          have to appear in the specification.   Otherwise,  the
          address must be fully qualified.
          This feature is subject  to  approval  by  local  sub-
          domains.   Individual  sub-domains  may  require their
          member systems, which originate mail, to provide  full
          domain  specification only.  When permitted, abbrevia-
          tions may be present  only  while  the  message  stays
          within the sub-domain of the sender.
          Use of this mechanism requires the sender's sub-domain
          to reserve the names of all top-level domains, so that
          full specifications can be distinguished from abbrevi-
          ated specifications.
      For example, if a sender's address is:
               sender@registry-A.registry-1.organization-X
      and one recipient's address is:
              recipient@registry-B.registry-1.organization-X
      and another's is:
              recipient@registry-C.registry-2.organization-X
      then ".registry-1.organization-X" need not be specified in the
      the  message,  but  "registry-C.registry-2"  DOES  have  to be
      specified.  That is, the first two addresses may  be  abbrevi-
      ated, but the third address must be fully specified.
      When a message crosses a domain boundary, all  addresses  must
      be  specified  in  the  full format, ending with the top-level
      name-domain in the right-most field.  It is the responsibility
      of  mail  forwarding services to ensure that addresses conform
   August 13, 1982              - 29 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

      with this requirement.  In the case of abbreviated  addresses,
      the  relaying  service must make the necessary expansions.  It
      should be noted that it often is difficult for such a  service
      to locate all occurrences of address abbreviations.  For exam-
      ple, it will not be possible to find such abbreviations within
      the  body  of  the  message.   The "Return-Path" field can aid
      recipients in recovering from these errors.
      Note:  When passing any portion of an addr-spec onto a process
             which  does  not interpret data according to this stan-
             dard (e.g., mail protocol servers).  There must  be  NO
             LWSP-chars  preceding  or  following the at-sign or any
             delimiting period ("."), such as  shown  in  the  above
             examples,   and   only  ONE  SPACE  between  contiguous
             <word>s.
   6.2.3.  DOMAIN TERMS
      A domain-ref must be THE official name of a registry, network,
      or  host.   It  is  a  symbolic  reference, within a name sub-
      domain.  At times, it is necessary to bypass standard  mechan-
      isms  for  resolving  such  references,  using  more primitive
      information, such as a network host address  rather  than  its
      associated host name.
      To permit such references, this standard provides the  domain-
      literal  construct.   Its contents must conform with the needs
      of the sub-domain in which it is interpreted.
      Domain-literals which refer to domains within the ARPA  Inter-
      net  specify  32-bit  Internet addresses, in four 8-bit fields
      noted in decimal, as described in Request for  Comments  #820,
      "Assigned Numbers."  For example:
                               [10.0.3.19]
      Note:  THE USE OF DOMAIN-LITERALS IS STRONGLY DISCOURAGED.  It
             is  permitted  only  as  a means of bypassing temporary
             system limitations, such as name tables which  are  not
             complete.
      The names of "top-level" domains, and  the  names  of  domains
      under  in  the  ARPA Internet, are registered with the Network
      Information Center, SRI International, Menlo Park, California.
   6.2.4.  DOMAIN-DEPENDENT LOCAL STRING
      The local-part of an  addr-spec  in  a  mailbox  specification
      (i.e.,  the  host's  name for the mailbox) is understood to be
   August 13, 1982              - 30 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

      whatever the receiving mail protocol server allows.  For exam-
      ple,  some systems do not understand mailbox references of the
      form "P. D. Q. Bach", but others do.
      This specification treats periods (".") as lexical separators.
      Hence,  their  presence  in  local-parts which are not quoted-
      strings, is detected.   However,  such  occurrences  carry  NO
      semantics.  That is, if a local-part has periods within it, an
      address parser will divide the local-part into several tokens,
      but  the  sequence  of  tokens will be treated as one uninter-
      preted unit.  The sequence  will  be  re-assembled,  when  the
      address is passed outside of the system such as to a mail pro-
      tocol service.
      For example, the address:
                         First.Last@Registry.Org
      is legal and does not require the local-part to be  surrounded
      with  quotation-marks.   (However,  "First  Last" DOES require
      quoting.)  The local-part of the address, when passed  outside
      of  the  mail  system,  within  the  Registry.Org  domain,  is
      "First.Last", again without quotation marks.
   6.2.5.  BALANCING LOCAL-PART AND DOMAIN
      In some cases, the boundary between local-part and domain  can
      be  flexible.  The local-part may be a simple string, which is
      used for the final determination of the  recipient's  mailbox.
      All  other  levels  of  reference  are, therefore, part of the
      domain.
      For some systems, in the case of abbreviated reference to  the
      local  and  subordinate  sub-domains,  it  may  be possible to
      specify only one reference within the domain  part  and  place
      the  other,  subordinate  name-domain  references  within  the
      local-part.  This would appear as:
                      mailbox.sub1.sub2@this-domain
      Such a specification would be acceptable  to  address  parsers
      which  conform  to  RFC  #733,  but  do not support this newer
      Internet standard.  While contrary to the intent of this stan-
      dard, the form is legal.
      Also, some sub-domains have a specification syntax which  does
      not conform to this standard.  For example:
                    sub-net.mailbox@sub-domain.domain
   August 13, 1982              - 31 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

      uses a different parsing  sequence  for  local-part  than  for
      domain.
      Note:  As a rule,  the  domain  specification  should  contain
             fields  which  are  encoded  according to the syntax of
             this standard and which contain  generally-standardized
             information.   The local-part specification should con-
             tain only that portion of the  address  which  deviates
             from the form or intention of the domain field.
   6.2.6.  MULTIPLE MAILBOXES
      An individual may have several mailboxes and wish  to  receive
      mail  at  whatever  mailbox  is  convenient  for the sender to
      access.  This standard does not provide a means of  specifying
      "any member of" a list of mailboxes.
      A set of individuals may wish to receive mail as a single unit
      (i.e.,  a  distribution  list).  The <group> construct permits
      specification of such a list.  Recipient mailboxes are  speci-
      fied  within  the  bracketed  part (":" - ";").  A copy of the
      transmitted message is to be  sent  to  each  mailbox  listed.
      This  standard  does  not  permit  recursive  specification of
      groups within groups.
      While a list must be named, it is not required that  the  con-
      tents  of  the  list be included.  In this case, the <address>
      serves only as an indication of group distribution  and  would
      appear in the form:
                                  name:;
      Some mail  services  may  provide  a  group-list  distribution
      facility,  accepting  a single mailbox reference, expanding it
      to the full distribution list, and relaying the  mail  to  the
      list's  members.   This standard provides no additional syntax
      for indicating such a  service.   Using  the  <group>  address
      alternative,  while listing one mailbox in it, can mean either
      that the mailbox reference will be expanded to a list or  that
      there is a group with one member.
   6.2.7.  EXPLICIT PATH SPECIFICATION
      At times, a  message  originator  may  wish  to  indicate  the
      transmission  path  that  a  message  should  follow.  This is
      called source routing.  The normal addressing scheme, used  in
      an  addr-spec,  is  carefully separated from such information;
      the <route> portion of a route-addr is provided for such occa-
      sions.  It specifies the sequence of hosts and/or transmission
   August 13, 1982              - 32 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

      services that are  to  be  traversed.   Both  domain-refs  and
      domain-literals may be used.
      Note:  The use of source routing is discouraged.   Unless  the
             sender has special need of path restriction, the choice
             of transmission route should be left to the mail  tran-
             sport service.
   6.3.  RESERVED ADDRESS
        It often is necessary to send mail to a site, without  know-
   ing  any  of its valid addresses.  For example, there may be mail
   system dysfunctions, or a user may wish to find  out  a  person's
   correct address, at that site.
        This standard specifies a single, reserved  mailbox  address
   (local-part)  which  is  to  be valid at each site.  Mail sent to
   that address is to be routed to  a  person  responsible  for  the
   site's mail system or to a person with responsibility for general
   site operation.  The name of the reserved local-part address is:
                              Postmaster
   so that "Postmaster@domain" is required to be valid.
   Note:  This reserved local-part must be  matched  without  sensi-
          tivity to alphabetic case, so that "POSTMASTER", "postmas-
          ter", and even "poStmASteR" is to be accepted.
   August 13, 1982              - 33 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

   7.  BIBLIOGRAPHY
   ANSI.  "USA Standard Code  for  Information  Interchange,"  X3.4.
      American  National Standards Institute: New York (1968).  Also
      in:  Feinler, E.  and J. Postel, eds., "ARPANET Protocol Hand-
      book", NIC 7104.
   ANSI.  "Representations of Universal Time, Local  Time  Differen-
      tials,  and United States Time Zone References for Information
      Interchange," X3.51-1975.  American National Standards  Insti-
      tute:  New York (1975).
   Bemer, R.W., "Time and the Computer."  In:  Interface  Age  (Feb.
      1979).
   Bennett, C.J.  "JNT Mail Protocol".  Joint Network Team,  Ruther-
      ford and Appleton Laboratory:  Didcot, England.
   Bhushan, A.K., Pogran, K.T., Tomlinson,  R.S.,  and  White,  J.E.
      "Standardizing  Network  Mail  Headers,"   ARPANET Request for
      Comments No. 561, Network Information Center  No.  18516;  SRI
      International:  Menlo Park (September 1973).
   Birrell, A.D., Levin, R.,  Needham,  R.M.,  and  Schroeder,  M.D.
      "Grapevine:  An Exercise in Distributed Computing," Communica-
      tions of the ACM 25, 4 (April 1982), 260-274.
   Crocker,  D.H.,  Vittal,  J.J.,  Pogran,  K.T.,  Henderson,  D.A.
      "Standard  for  the  Format  of  ARPA  Network  Text Message,"
      ARPANET Request for  Comments  No.  733,  Network  Information
      Center  No.  41952.   SRI International:  Menlo Park (November
      1977).
   Feinler, E.J. and Postel, J.B.  ARPANET Protocol  Handbook,  Net-
      work  Information  Center  No.  7104   (NTIS AD A003890).  SRI
      International:  Menlo Park (April 1976).
   Harary, F.   "Graph  Theory".   Addison-Wesley:   Reading,  Mass.
      (1969).
   Levin, R. and Schroeder, M.  "Transport  of  Electronic  Messages
      through  a  Network,"   TeleInformatics  79, pp. 29-33.  North
      Holland (1979).  Also  as  Xerox  Palo  Alto  Research  Center
      Technical Report CSL-79-4.
   Myer, T.H. and Henderson, D.A.  "Message Transmission  Protocol,"
      ARPANET  Request  for  Comments,  No. 680, Network Information
      Center No. 32116.  SRI International:  Menlo Park (1975).
   August 13, 1982              - 34 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

   NBS.  "Specification of Message Format for Computer Based Message
      Systems, Recommended Federal Information Processing Standard."
      National  Bureau   of   Standards:    Gaithersburg,   Maryland
      (October 1981).
   NIC.  Internet Protocol Transition Workbook.  Network Information
      Center,   SRI-International,  Menlo  Park,  California  (March
      1982).
   Oppen, D.C. and Dalal, Y.K.  "The Clearinghouse:  A Decentralized
      Agent  for  Locating  Named  Objects in a Distributed Environ-
      ment," OPD-T8103.  Xerox Office Products Division:  Palo Alto,
      CA. (October 1981).
   Postel, J.B.  "Assigned Numbers,"  ARPANET Request for  Comments,
      No. 820.  SRI International:  Menlo Park (August 1982).
   Postel, J.B.  "Simple Mail Transfer  Protocol,"  ARPANET  Request
      for Comments, No. 821.  SRI International:  Menlo Park (August
      1982).
   Shoch, J.F.  "Internetwork naming, addressing  and  routing,"  in
      Proc. 17th IEEE Computer Society International Conference, pp.
      72-79, Sept. 1978, IEEE Cat. No. 78 CH 1388-8C.
   Su, Z. and Postel, J.  "The Domain Naming Convention for Internet
      User  Applications,"  ARPANET  Request  for Comments, No. 819.
      SRI International:  Menlo Park (August 1982).
   August 13, 1982              - 35 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

                               APPENDIX
   A.  EXAMPLES
   A.1.  ADDRESSES
   A.1.1.  Alfred Neuman <Neuman@BBN-TENEXA>
   A.1.2.  Neuman@BBN-TENEXA
           These two "Alfred Neuman" examples have identical  seman-
      tics, as far as the operation of the local host's mail sending
      (distribution) program (also sometimes  called  its  "mailer")
      and  the remote host's mail protocol server are concerned.  In
      the first example, the  "Alfred  Neuman"  is  ignored  by  the
      mailer,  as "Neuman@BBN-TENEXA" completely specifies the reci-
      pient.  The second example contains  no  superfluous  informa-
      tion,  and,  again,  "Neuman@BBN-TENEXA" is the intended reci-
      pient.
      Note:  When the message crosses name-domain  boundaries,  then
             these specifications must be changed, so as to indicate
             the remainder of the hierarchy, starting with  the  top
             level.
   A.1.3.  "George, Ted" <Shared@Group.Arpanet>
           This form might be used to indicate that a single mailbox
      is  shared  by several users.  The quoted string is ignored by
      the originating host's mailer, because  "Shared@Group.Arpanet"
      completely specifies the destination mailbox.
   A.1.4.  Wilt . (the  Stilt) Chamberlain@NBA.US
           The "(the  Stilt)" is a comment, which is NOT included in
      the  destination  mailbox  address  handed  to the originating
      system's mailer.  The local-part of the address is the  string
      "Wilt.Chamberlain", with NO space between the first and second
      words.
   A.1.5.  Address Lists
   Gourmets:  Pompous Person <WhoZiWhatZit@Cordon-Bleu>,
              Childs@WGBH.Boston, Galloping Gourmet@
              ANT.Down-Under (Australian National Television),
              Cheapie@Discount-Liquors;,
     Cruisers:  Port@Portugal, Jones@SEA;,
       Another@Somewhere.SomeOrg
   August 13, 1982              - 36 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

      This group list example points out the use of comments and the
      mixing of addresses and groups.
   A.2.  ORIGINATOR ITEMS
   A.2.1.  Author-sent
           George Jones logs into his host  as  "Jones".   He  sends
      mail himself.
          From:  Jones@Group.Org
      or
          From:  George Jones <Jones@Group.Org>
   A.2.2.  Secretary-sent
           George Jones logs in as Jones on his  host.   His  secre-
      tary,  who logs in as Secy sends mail for him.  Replies to the
      mail should go to George.
          From:    George Jones <Jones@Group>
          Sender:  Secy@Other-Group
   A.2.3.  Secretary-sent, for user of shared directory
           George Jones' secretary sends mail  for  George.  Replies
      should go to George.
          From:     George Jones<Shared@Group.Org>
          Sender:   Secy@Other-Group
      Note that there need not be a space between  "Jones"  and  the
      "<",  but  adding a space enhances readability (as is the case
      in other examples.
   A.2.4.  Committee activity, with one author
           George is a member of a committee.  He wishes to have any
      replies to his message go to all committee members.
          From:     George Jones <Jones@Host.Net>
          Sender:   Jones@Host
          Reply-To: The Committee: Jones@Host.Net,
                                   Smith@Other.Org,
                                   Doe@Somewhere-Else;
      Note  that  if  George  had  not  included  himself   in   the
   August 13, 1982              - 37 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

      enumeration  of  The  Committee,  he  would not have gotten an
      implicit reply; the presence of the  "Reply-to"  field  SUPER-
      SEDES the sending of a reply to the person named in the "From"
      field.
   A.2.5.  Secretary acting as full agent of author
           George Jones asks his secretary  (Secy@Host)  to  send  a
      message for him in his capacity as Group.  He wants his secre-
      tary to handle all replies.
          From:     George Jones <Group@Host>
          Sender:   Secy@Host
          Reply-To: Secy@Host
   A.2.6.  Agent for user without online mailbox
           A friend  of  George's,  Sarah,  is  visiting.   George's
      secretary  sends  some  mail to a friend of Sarah in computer-
      land.  Replies should go to George, whose mailbox is Jones  at
      Registry.
          From:     Sarah Friendly <Secy@Registry>
          Sender:   Secy-Name <Secy@Registry>
          Reply-To: Jones@Registry.
   A.2.7.  Agent for member of a committee
           George's secretary sends out a message which was authored
      jointly by all the members of a committee.  Note that the name
      of the committee cannot be specified, since <group> names  are
      not permitted in the From field.
          From:   Jones@Host,
                  Smith@Other-Host,
                  Doe@Somewhere-Else
          Sender: Secy@SHost
   August 13, 1982              - 38 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

   A.3.  COMPLETE HEADERS
   A.3.1.  Minimum required
   Date:     26 Aug 76 1429 EDT        Date:     26 Aug 76 1429 EDT
   From:     Jones@Registry.Org   or   From:     Jones@Registry.Org
   Bcc:                                To:       Smith@Registry.Org
      Note that the "Bcc" field may be empty, while the  "To"  field
      is required to have at least one address.
   A.3.2.  Using some of the additional fields
   Date:     26 Aug 76 1430 EDT
   From:     George Jones<Group@Host>
   Sender:   Secy@SHOST
   To:       "Al Neuman"@Mad-Host,
             Sam.Irving@Other-Host
   Message-ID:  <some.string@SHOST>
   A.3.3.  About as complex as you're going to get
   Date     :  27 Aug 76 0932 PDT
   From     :  Ken Davis <KDavis@This-Host.This-net>
   Subject  :  Re: The Syntax in the RFC
   Sender   :  KSecy@Other-Host
   Reply-To :  Sam.Irving@Reg.Organization
   To       :  George Jones <Group@Some-Reg.An-Org>,
               Al.Neuman@MAD.Publisher
   cc       :  Important folk:
                 Tom Softwood <Balsa@Tree.Root>,
                 "Sam Irving"@Other-Host;,
               Standard Distribution:
                 /main/davis/people/standard@Other-Host,
                 "<Jones>standard.dist.3"@Tops-20-Host>;
   Comment  :  Sam is away on business. He asked me to handle
               his mail for him.  He'll be able to provide  a
               more  accurate  explanation  when  he  returns
               next week.
   In-Reply-To: <some.string@DBM.Group>, George's message
   X-Special-action:  This is a sample of user-defined field-
               names.  There could also be a field-name
               "Special-action", but its name might later be
               preempted
   Message-ID: <4231.629.XYzi-What@Other-Host>
   August 13, 1982              - 39 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

   B.  SIMPLE FIELD PARSING
        Some mail-reading software systems may wish to perform  only
   minimal  processing,  ignoring  the internal syntax of structured
   field-bodies and treating them the  same  as  unstructured-field-
   bodies.  Such software will need only to distinguish:
       o   Header fields from the message body,
       o   Beginnings of fields from lines which continue fields,
       o   Field-names from field-contents.
        The abbreviated set of syntactic rules  which  follows  will
   suffice  for  this  purpose.  It describes a limited view of mes-
   sages and is a subset of the syntactic rules provided in the main
   part of this specification.  One small exception is that the con-
   tents of field-bodies consist only of text:
   B.1.  SYNTAX
   message         =   *field *(CRLF *text)
   field           =    field-name ":" [field-body] CRLF
   field-name      =  1*<any CHAR, excluding CTLs, SPACE, and ":">
   field-body      =   *text [CRLF LWSP-char field-body]
   B.2.  SEMANTICS
        Headers occur before the message body and are terminated  by
   a null line (i.e., two contiguous CRLFs).
        A line which continues a header field begins with a SPACE or
   HTAB  character,  while  a  line  beginning a field starts with a
   printable character which is not a colon.
        A field-name consists of one or  more  printable  characters
   (excluding  colon,  space, and control-characters).  A field-name
   MUST be contained on one line.  Upper and lower case are not dis-
   tinguished when comparing field-names.
   August 13, 1982              - 40 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

   C.  DIFFERENCES FROM RFC #733
        The following summarizes the differences between this  stan-
   dard  and the one specified in Arpanet Request for Comments #733,
   "Standard for the Format of ARPA  Network  Text  Messages".   The
   differences  are  listed  in the order of their occurrence in the
   current specification.
   C.1.  FIELD DEFINITIONS
   C.1.1.  FIELD NAMES
      These now must be a sequence of  printable  characters.   They
      may not contain any LWSP-chars.
   C.2.  LEXICAL TOKENS
   C.2.1.  SPECIALS
      The characters period ("."), left-square  bracket  ("["),  and
      right-square  bracket ("]") have been added.  For presentation
      purposes, and when passing a specification to  a  system  that
      does  not conform to this standard, periods are to be contigu-
      ous with their surrounding lexical tokens.   No  linear-white-
      space  is  permitted  between them.  The presence of one LWSP-
      char between other tokens is still directed.
   C.2.2.  ATOM
      Atoms may not contain SPACE.
   C.2.3.  SPECIAL TEXT
      ctext and qtext have had backslash ("\") added to the list  of
      prohibited characters.
   C.2.4.  DOMAINS
      The lexical tokens  <domain-literal>  and  <dtext>  have  been
      added.
   C.3.  MESSAGE SPECIFICATION
   C.3.1.  TRACE
      The "Return-path:" and "Received:" fields have been specified.
   August 13, 1982              - 41 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

   C.3.2.  FROM
      The "From" field must contain machine-usable addresses  (addr-
      spec).   Multiple  addresses may be specified, but named-lists
      (groups) may not.
   C.3.3.  RESENT
      The meta-construct of prefacing field names  with  the  string
      "Resent-"  has been added, to indicate that a message has been
      forwarded by an intermediate recipient.
   C.3.4.  DESTINATION
      A message must contain at least one destination address field.
      "To" and "CC" are required to contain at least one address.
   C.3.5.  IN-REPLY-TO
      The field-body is no longer a comma-separated list, although a
      sequence is still permitted.
   C.3.6.  REFERENCE
      The field-body is no longer a comma-separated list, although a
      sequence is still permitted.
   C.3.7.  ENCRYPTED
      A field has been specified that permits  senders  to  indicate
      that the body of a message has been encrypted.
   C.3.8.  EXTENSION-FIELD
      Extension fields are prohibited from beginning with the  char-
      acters "X-".
   C.4.  DATE AND TIME SPECIFICATION
   C.4.1.  SIMPLIFICATION
      Fewer optional forms are permitted  and  the  list  of  three-
      letter time zones has been shortened.
   C.5.  ADDRESS SPECIFICATION
   August 13, 1982              - 42 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

   C.5.1.  ADDRESS
      The use of quoted-string, and the ":"-atom-":" construct, have
      been  removed.   An  address  now  is  either a single mailbox
      reference or is a named list of addresses.  The  latter  indi-
      cates a group distribution.
   C.5.2.  GROUPS
      Group lists are now required to to have a name.   Group  lists
      may not be nested.
   C.5.3.  MAILBOX
      A mailbox specification  may  indicate  a  person's  name,  as
      before.   Such  a  named  list  no longer may specify multiple
      mailboxes and may not be nested.
   C.5.4.  ROUTE ADDRESSING
      Addresses now are taken to be absolute, global specifications,
      independent  of transmission paths.  The <route> construct has
      been provided, to permit explicit specification  of  transmis-
      sion  path.   RFC  #733's  use  of multiple at-signs ("@") was
      intended as a general syntax  for  indicating  routing  and/or
      hierarchical addressing.  The current standard separates these
      specifications and only one at-sign is permitted.
   C.5.5.  AT-SIGN
      The string " at " no longer is used as an  address  delimiter.
      Only at-sign ("@") serves the function.
   C.5.6.  DOMAINS
      Hierarchical, logical name-domains have been added.
   C.6.  RESERVED ADDRESS
   The local-part "Postmaster" has been reserved, so that users  can
   be guaranteed at least one valid address at a site.
   August 13, 1982              - 43 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

   D.  ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF SYNTAX RULES
   address     =  mailbox                      ; one addressee
               /  group                        ; named list
   addr-spec   =  local-part "@" domain        ; global address
   ALPHA       =  <any ASCII alphabetic character>
                                               ; (101-132, 65.- 90.)
                                               ; (141-172, 97.-122.)
   atom        =  1*<any CHAR except specials, SPACE and CTLs>
   authentic   =   "From"       ":"   mailbox  ; Single author
               / ( "Sender"     ":"   mailbox  ; Actual submittor
                   "From"       ":" 1#mailbox) ; Multiple authors
                                               ;  or not sender
   CHAR        =  <any ASCII character>        ; (  0-177,  0.-127.)
   comment     =  "(" *(ctext / quoted-pair / comment) ")"
   CR          =  <ASCII CR, carriage return>  ; (     15,      13.)
   CRLF        =  CR LF
   ctext       =  <any CHAR excluding "(",     ; => may be folded
                   ")", "\" & CR, & including
                   linear-white-space>
   CTL         =  <any ASCII control           ; (  0- 37,  0.- 31.)
                   character and DEL>          ; (    177,     127.)
   date        =  1*2DIGIT month 2DIGIT        ; day month year
                                               ;  e.g. 20 Jun 82
   dates       =   orig-date                   ; Original
                 [ resent-date ]               ; Forwarded
   date-time   =  [ day "," ] date time        ; dd mm yy
                                               ;  hh:mm:ss zzz
   day         =  "Mon"  / "Tue" /  "Wed"  / "Thu"
               /  "Fri"  / "Sat" /  "Sun"
   delimiters  =  specials / linear-white-space / comment
   destination =  "To"          ":" 1#address  ; Primary
               /  "Resent-To"   ":" 1#address
               /  "cc"          ":" 1#address  ; Secondary
               /  "Resent-cc"   ":" 1#address
               /  "bcc"         ":"  #address  ; Blind carbon
               /  "Resent-bcc"  ":"  #address
   DIGIT       =  <any ASCII decimal digit>    ; ( 60- 71, 48.- 57.)
   domain      =  sub-domain *("." sub-domain)
   domain-literal =  "[" *(dtext / quoted-pair) "]"
   domain-ref  =  atom                         ; symbolic reference
   dtext       =  <any CHAR excluding "[",     ; => may be folded
                   "]", "\" & CR, & including
                   linear-white-space>
   extension-field =
                 <Any field which is defined in a document
                  published as a formal extension to this
                  specification; none will have names beginning
                  with the string "X-">
   August 13, 1982              - 44 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

   field       =  field-name ":" [ field-body ] CRLF
   fields      =    dates                      ; Creation time,
                    source                     ;  author id & one
                  1*destination                ;  address required
                   *optional-field             ;  others optional
   field-body  =  field-body-contents
                  [CRLF LWSP-char field-body]
   field-body-contents =
                 <the ASCII characters making up the field-body, as
                  defined in the following sections, and consisting
                  of combinations of atom, quoted-string, and
                  specials tokens, or else consisting of texts>
   field-name  =  1*<any CHAR, excluding CTLs, SPACE, and ":">
   group       =  phrase ":" [#mailbox] ";"
   hour        =  2DIGIT ":" 2DIGIT [":" 2DIGIT]
                                               ; 00:00:00 - 23:59:59
   HTAB        =  <ASCII HT, horizontal-tab>   ; (     11,       9.)
   LF          =  <ASCII LF, linefeed>         ; (     12,      10.)
   linear-white-space =  1*([CRLF] LWSP-char)  ; semantics = SPACE
                                               ; CRLF => folding
   local-part  =  word *("." word)             ; uninterpreted
                                               ; case-preserved
   LWSP-char   =  SPACE / HTAB                 ; semantics = SPACE
   mailbox     =  addr-spec                    ; simple address
               /  phrase route-addr            ; name & addr-spec
   message     =  fields *( CRLF *text )       ; Everything after
                                               ;  first null line
                                               ;  is message body
   month       =  "Jan"  /  "Feb" /  "Mar"  /  "Apr"
               /  "May"  /  "Jun" /  "Jul"  /  "Aug"
               /  "Sep"  /  "Oct" /  "Nov"  /  "Dec"
   msg-id      =  "<" addr-spec ">"            ; Unique message id
   optional-field =
               /  "Message-ID"        ":"   msg-id
               /  "Resent-Message-ID" ":"   msg-id
               /  "In-Reply-To"       ":"  *(phrase / msg-id)
               /  "References"        ":"  *(phrase / msg-id)
               /  "Keywords"          ":"  #phrase
               /  "Subject"           ":"  *text
               /  "Comments"          ":"  *text
               /  "Encrypted"         ":" 1#2word
               /  extension-field              ; To be defined
               /  user-defined-field           ; May be pre-empted
   orig-date   =  "Date"        ":"   date-time
   originator  =   authentic                   ; authenticated addr
                 [ "Reply-To"   ":" 1#address] )
   phrase      =  1*word                       ; Sequence of words
   August 13, 1982              - 45 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

   qtext       =  <any CHAR excepting <">,     ; => may be folded
                   "\" & CR, and including
                   linear-white-space>
   quoted-pair =  "\" CHAR                     ; may quote any char
   quoted-string = <"> *(qtext/quoted-pair) <">; Regular qtext or
                                               ;   quoted chars.
   received    =  "Received"    ":"            ; one per relay
                     ["from" domain]           ; sending host
                     ["by"   domain]           ; receiving host
                     ["via"  atom]             ; physical path
                    *("with" atom)             ; link/mail protocol
                     ["id"   msg-id]           ; receiver msg id
                     ["for"  addr-spec]        ; initial form
                      ";"    date-time         ; time received
   resent      =   resent-authentic
                 [ "Resent-Reply-To"  ":" 1#address] )
   resent-authentic =
               =   "Resent-From"      ":"   mailbox
               / ( "Resent-Sender"    ":"   mailbox
                   "Resent-From"      ":" 1#mailbox  )
   resent-date =  "Resent-Date" ":"   date-time
   return      =  "Return-path" ":" route-addr ; return address
   route       =  1#("@" domain) ":"           ; path-relative
   route-addr  =  "<" [route] addr-spec ">"
   source      = [  trace ]                    ; net traversals
                    originator                 ; original mail
                 [  resent ]                   ; forwarded
   SPACE       =  <ASCII SP, space>            ; (     40,      32.)
   specials    =  "(" / ")" / "<" / ">" / "@"  ; Must be in quoted-
               /  "," / ";" / ":" / "\" / <">  ;  string, to use
               /  "." / "[" / "]"              ;  within a word.
   sub-domain  =  domain-ref / domain-literal
   text        =  <any CHAR, including bare    ; => atoms, specials,
                   CR & bare LF, but NOT       ;  comments and
                   including CRLF>             ;  quoted-strings are
                                               ;  NOT recognized.
   time        =  hour zone                    ; ANSI and Military
   trace       =    return                     ; path to sender
                  1*received                   ; receipt tags
   user-defined-field =
                 <Any field which has not been defined
                  in this specification or published as an
                  extension to this specification; names for
                  such fields must be unique and may be
                  pre-empted by published extensions>
   word        =  atom / quoted-string
   August 13, 1982              - 46 -                      RFC #822

Standard for ARPA Internet Text Messages

   zone        =  "UT"  / "GMT"                ; Universal Time
                                               ; North American : UT
               /  "EST" / "EDT"                ;  Eastern:  - 5/ - 4
               /  "CST" / "CDT"                ;  Central:  - 6/ - 5
               /  "MST" / "MDT"                ;  Mountain: - 7/ - 6
               /  "PST" / "PDT"                ;  Pacific:  - 8/ - 7
               /  1ALPHA                       ; Military: Z = UT;
   <">         =  <ASCII quote mark>           ; (     42,      34.)
   August 13, 1982              - 47 -                      RFC #822
/data/webs/external/dokuwiki/data/pages/rfc/std/std11.txt · Last modified: 1991/10/17 17:47 by 127.0.0.1

Donate Powered by PHP Valid HTML5 Valid CSS Driven by DokuWiki