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rfc:rfc8286

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) J. Xia Request for Comments: 8286 R. Even Category: Standards Track R. Huang ISSN: 2070-1721 Huawei

                                                               L. Deng
                                                          China Mobile
                                                          October 2017
          RTP/RTCP Extension for RTP Splicing Notification

Abstract

 Content splicing is a process that replaces the content of a main
 multimedia stream with other multimedia content and that delivers the
 substitutive multimedia content to the receivers for a period of
 time.  The splicer is designed to handle RTP splicing and needs to
 know when to start and end the splicing.
 This memo defines two RTP/RTCP extensions to indicate the splicing-
 related information to the splicer: an RTP header extension that
 conveys the information "in band" and an RTP Control Protocol (RTCP)
 packet that conveys the information out of band.

Status of This Memo

 This is an Internet Standards Track document.
 This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
 (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
 received public review and has been approved for publication by the
 Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Further information on
 Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.
 Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
 and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
 https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8286.

Xia, et al. Standards Track [Page 1] RFC 8286 RTP Splicing Notification October 2017

Copyright Notice

 Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
 document authors.  All rights reserved.
 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
 Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
 (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
 publication of this document.  Please review these documents
 carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
 to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
 include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
 the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
 described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

 1. Introduction ....................................................3
    1.1. Terminology ................................................3
 2. Overview ........................................................4
    2.1. Overview of RTP Splicing ...................................4
    2.2. Overview of Splicing Interval ..............................5
 3. Conveying Splicing Interval in RTP/RTCP Extensions ..............7
    3.1. RTP Header Extension .......................................7
    3.2. RTCP Splicing Notification Message .........................8
 4. Reducing Splicing Latency ......................................10
 5. Failure Cases ..................................................11
 6. Session Description Protocol (SDP) Signaling ...................12
    6.1. Declarative SDP ...........................................12
    6.2. Offer/Answer without BUNDLE ...............................13
    6.3. Offer/Answer with BUNDLE: All Media Are Spliced ...........14
    6.4. Offer/Answer with BUNDLE: A Subset of Media Are Spliced ...16
 7. Security Considerations ........................................18
 8. IANA Considerations ............................................19
    8.1. RTCP Control Packet Types .................................19
    8.2. RTP Compact Header Extensions .............................20
    8.3. SDP Grouping Semantic Extension ...........................20
 9. References .....................................................20
    9.1. Normative References ......................................20
    9.2. Informative References ....................................21
 Acknowledgements ..................................................22
 Authors' Addresses ................................................22

Xia, et al. Standards Track [Page 2] RFC 8286 RTP Splicing Notification October 2017

1. Introduction

 Splicing is a process that replaces some multimedia content with
 other multimedia content and delivers the substitutive multimedia
 content to the receivers for a period of time.  In some predictable
 splicing cases, e.g., advertisement insertion, the splicing duration
 needs to be inside of the specific pre-designated time slot.  Certain
 timing information about when to start and end the splicing must be
 first acquired by the splicer in order to start the splicing.  This
 document refers to this information as the "Splicing Interval".
 [SCTE35] provides a method that encapsulates the Splicing Interval
 inside the MPEG2-TS (MPEG2 transport stream) layer in cable TV
 systems.  When transported in RTP, a middlebox designed as the
 splicer to decode the RTP packets and search for the Splicing
 Interval inside the payloads is required.  The need for such
 processing increases the workload of the middlebox and limits the
 number of RTP sessions the middlebox can support.
 This document defines an RTP header extension [RFC8285] used by the
 main RTP sender to provide the Splicing Interval by including it in
 the RTP packets.
 However, the Splicing Interval conveyed in the RTP header extension
 might not reach the splicer successfully.  Any splicing-unaware
 middlebox on the path between the RTP sender and the splicer might
 strip this RTP header extension.
 To increase robustness against such a case, this document also
 defines a new RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) packet type to carry the
 same Splicing Interval to the splicer.  Since RTCP is also unreliable
 and may not be as "immediate" as the in-band technique, it's only
 considered to be a complement to the RTP header extension.

1.1. Terminology

 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
 "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
 BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
 capitals, as shown here.

Xia, et al. Standards Track [Page 3] RFC 8286 RTP Splicing Notification October 2017

 In addition, we define the following terms:
 Main RTP Sender:
    The sender of RTP packets carrying the main RTP stream.
 Splicer:
    An intermediary node that inserts substitutive content into a main
    RTP stream.  The splicer sends substitutive content to the RTP
    receiver instead of the main content during splicing.  It is also
    responsible for processing RTCP traffic between the RTP sender and
    the RTP receiver.
 Splicing-In Point:
    A virtual point in the RTP stream, suitable for substitutive
    content entry, typically in the boundary between two independently
    decodable frames.
 Splicing-Out Point:
    A virtual point in the RTP stream, suitable for substitutive
    content exit, typically in the boundary between two independently
    decodable frames.
 Splicing Interval:
    The NTP timestamps, representing the main RTP sender wallclock
    time, for the splicing-in point and splicing-out point per
    [RFC6828], allowing the splicer to know when to start and end the
    RTP splicing.
 Substitutive RTP Sender:
    The sender of RTP packets carrying the RTP stream that will
    replace the content in the main RTP stream.

2. Overview

2.1. Overview of RTP Splicing

 RTP splicing is intended to replace some multimedia content with
 certain substitutive multimedia content and then forward it to the
 receivers for a period of time.  This process is authorized by the
 main RTP sender that offers a specific time window for inserting the
 substitutive multimedia content in the main content.  A typical usage

Xia, et al. Standards Track [Page 4] RFC 8286 RTP Splicing Notification October 2017

 scenario is where an IPTV service provider uses its own regional
 advertising content to replace national advertising content, the time
 window of which is explicitly indicated by the IPTV service provider.
 The splicer is a middlebox handling RTP splicing.  It receives the
 main content and substitutive content simultaneously but only chooses
 to send one of them to the receiver at any point in time.  When RTP
 splicing begins, the splicer sends the substitutive content to the
 receivers instead of the main content.  When RTP splicing ends, the
 splicer switches back to sending the main content to the receivers.
 This implies that the receiver is explicitly configured to receive
 the traffic via the splicer and will return any RTCP feedback to it
 in the presence of the splicer.
 The middlebox working as the splicer can be implemented as either an
 RTP mixer or an RTP translator.  If implemented as an RTP mixer, the
 splicer will use its own synchronization source (SSRC), sequence
 number space, and timing model when generating the output stream to
 receivers, using the contributing source (CSRC) list to indicate
 whether the original content or substitutive content is being
 delivered.  The splicer, on behalf of the content provider, can omit
 the CSRC list from the RTP packets it generates.  This simplifies the
 design of the receivers, since they don't need to parse the CSRC
 list, but makes it harder to determine when the splicing is taking
 place (it requires inspection of the RTP payload data, rather than
 just the RTP headers).  A splicer working as an RTP mixer splits the
 flow between the sender and receiver into two, and it requires
 separate control loops for RTCP and congestion control.  [RFC6828]
 provides an example of an RTP mixer approach.
 A splicer implemented as an RTP translator [RFC3550] will forward the
 RTP packets from the original and substitutive senders with their
 SSRCs intact but will need to rewrite RTCP Sender Report (SR) packets
 to account for the splicing.  In this case, the congestion control
 loops run between the original sender and receiver and between the
 substitutive sender and receiver.  The splicer needs to ensure that
 the RTCP feedback messages from the receiver are passed to the right
 sender to let the congestion control work.

2.2. Overview of Splicing Interval

 To handle splicing on the RTP layer at the reserved time slots set by
 the main RTP sender, the splicer must first know the Splicing
 Interval from the main RTP sender before it can start splicing.
 When a new splicing is forthcoming, the main RTP sender needs to send
 the Splicing Interval to the splicer.  The Splicing Interval SHOULD
 be sent by the RTP header extension or RTCP extension message more

Xia, et al. Standards Track [Page 5] RFC 8286 RTP Splicing Notification October 2017

 than once to mitigate possible packet loss.  To enable the splicer to
 get the substitutive content before the splicing starts, the main RTP
 sender MUST send the Splicing Interval well in advance.  For example,
 the main RTP sender can estimate when to send the Splicing Interval
 based on the round-trip time (RTT), following the mechanisms
 described in Section 6.4.1 of [RFC3550] when the splicer sends an
 RTCP Receiver Report (RR) to the main sender.
 The substitutive sender also needs to learn the Splicing Interval
 from the main RTP sender in advance and estimate when to transfer the
 substitutive content to the splicer.  The Splicing Interval could be
 transmitted from the main RTP sender to the substitutive content
 using some out-of-band mechanisms -- for example, a proprietary
 mechanism to exchange the Splicing Interval -- or the substitutive
 sender is implemented together with the main RTP sender inside a
 single device.  To ensure that the Splicing Interval is valid for
 both the main RTP sender and the substitutive RTP sender, the two
 senders MUST share a common reference clock so that the splicer can
 achieve accurate splicing.  The requirements for the common reference
 clock (e.g., resolution, skew) depend on the codec used by the media
 content.
 In this document, the main RTP sender uses a pair of NTP timestamps
 to indicate when to start and end the splicing to the splicer: the
 timestamp of the first substitutive RTP packet at the splicing-in
 point and the timestamp of the first main RTP packet at the
 splicing-out point.
 When the substitutive RTP sender gets the Splicing Interval, it must
 prepare the substitutive stream.  The main content provider and the
 substitutive content provider MUST ensure that the RTP timestamp of
 the first substitutive RTP packet that would be presented to the
 receivers corresponds to the same time instant as the former
 NTP timestamp in the Splicing Interval.  To enable the splicer to
 know the first substitutive RTP packet it needs to send, the
 substitutive RTP sender MUST send the substitutive RTP packet ahead
 of the splicing-in point, allowing the splicer to find out the
 timestamp of this first RTP packet in the substitutive RTP stream,
 e.g., using a prior RTCP SR message.
 When it is time for the splicing to end, the main content provider
 and the substitutive content provider MUST ensure that the RTP
 timestamp of the first main RTP packet that would be presented on the
 receivers corresponds to the same time instant as the latter
 NTP timestamp in the Splicing Interval.

Xia, et al. Standards Track [Page 6] RFC 8286 RTP Splicing Notification October 2017

3. Conveying Splicing Interval in RTP/RTCP Extensions

 This memo defines two backward-compatible RTP extensions to convey
 the Splicing Interval to the splicer: an RTP header extension and an
 RTCP splicing notification message.

3.1. RTP Header Extension

 The RTP header extension mechanism defined in [RFC8285] can be
 adapted to carry the Splicing Interval, which consists of a pair of
 NTP timestamps.
 This RTP header extension carries the 7 octets of the splicing-out
 NTP timestamp (lower 24-bit part of the "Seconds" of an NTP timestamp
 and the 32 bits of the "Fraction" of an NTP timestamp as defined in
 [RFC5905]), followed by the 8 octets of the splicing-in NTP timestamp
 (64-bit NTP timestamp as defined in [RFC5905]).  The top 8 bits of
 the splicing-out NTP timestamp are inferred from the top 8 bits of
 the splicing-in NTP timestamp, assuming that (1) the splicing-out
 time is after the splicing-in time and (2) the Splicing Interval is
 less than 2^25 seconds.  Therefore, if the value of the 7 octets of
 the splicing-out NTP timestamp is smaller than the value of the
 7 lower octets of the splicing-in NTP timestamp, it implies a wrap of
 the 56-bit splicing-out NTP timestamp, which means that the top 8-bit
 value of the 64-bit splicing-out NTP timestamp is equal to the top
 8-bit value of the splicing-in NTP timestamp plus 0x01.  Otherwise,
 the top 8 bits of the splicing-out NTP timestamp are equal to the top
 8 bits of the splicing-in NTP timestamp.
 This RTP header extension can be encoded using either the one-byte or
 two-byte header defined in [RFC8285].  Figures 1 and 2 show the
 Splicing Interval header extension with each of the two header
 formats.

Xia, et al. Standards Track [Page 7] RFC 8286 RTP Splicing Notification October 2017

  0                   1                   2                   3
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+E
 |   ID  | L=14  |    OUT NTP timestamp - Seconds (bit 8-31)     |x
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+t
 |          OUT NTP timestamp - Fraction (bit 0-31)              |e
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+n
 |           IN NTP timestamp - Seconds (bit 0-31)               |s
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+i
 |           IN NTP timestamp - Fraction (bit 0-31)              |o
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+n
     Figure 1: Splicing Interval Using the One-Byte Header Format
  0                   1                   2                   3
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+E
 |   ID          |    L=15       |  OUT NTP timestamp - Seconds  |x
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+t
 |OUT Secds(cont)|         OUT NTP timestamp - Fraction          |e
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+n
 |OUT Fract(cont)|          IN NTP timestamp - Seconds           |s
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+i
 | IN Secds(cont)|          IN NTP timestamp - Fraction          |o
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+n
 | IN Fract(cont)| 0 (pad)       |              ...
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     Figure 2: Splicing Interval Using the Two-Byte Header Format
 Since the inclusion of an RTP header extension will reduce the
 efficiency of RTP header compression, it is RECOMMENDED that the main
 sender insert the RTP header extensions into a number of RTP packets,
 instead of all of the RTP packets, prior to the splicing-in.
 After the splicer obtains the RTP header extension and derives the
 Splicing Interval, it generates its own stream and is not allowed to
 include the RTP header extension in outgoing packets; this reduces
 header overhead.

3.2. RTCP Splicing Notification Message

 In addition to including the RTP header extension, the main RTP
 sender includes the Splicing Interval in an RTCP splicing
 notification message.  Whether or not the timestamps are included in
 the RTP header extension, the main RTP sender MUST send the RTCP
 splicing notification message.  This provides robustness in the case
 where a middlebox strips RTP header extensions.  The main RTP sender

Xia, et al. Standards Track [Page 8] RFC 8286 RTP Splicing Notification October 2017

 MUST make sure that the splicing information contained in the RTCP
 splicing notification message is consistent with the information
 included in the RTP header extensions.
 The RTCP splicing notification message is a new RTCP packet type.  It
 has a fixed header followed by a pair of NTP timestamps:
  0                   1                   2                   3
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |V=2|P|reserved |    PT=213   |              length             |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |                           SSRC                                |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |             IN NTP timestamp (most significant word)          |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |             IN NTP timestamp (least significant word)         |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |             OUT NTP timestamp (most significant word)         |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |             OUT NTP timestamp (least significant word)        |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
             Figure 3: RTCP Splicing Notification Message
 The RTCP splicing notification message includes the following fields:
 Length: 16 bits
    As defined in [RFC3550], the length of the RTCP packet in 32-bit
    words minus one, including the header and any padding.
 SSRC: 32 bits
    The SSRC of the main RTP sender.
 Timestamp: 64 bits
    Indicates the wallclock time when this splicing starts and ends.
    The full-resolution NTP timestamp is used, which is a 64-bit
    unsigned fixed-point number with the integer part in the first
    32 bits and the fractional part in the last 32 bits.  This format
    is the same as the NTP timestamp field in the RTCP SR
    (Section 6.4.1 of [RFC3550]).

Xia, et al. Standards Track [Page 9] RFC 8286 RTP Splicing Notification October 2017

 The RTCP splicing notification message can be included in the RTCP
 compound packet together with the RTCP SR generated at the main RTP
 sender; hence, it follows the compound RTCP rules defined in
 Section 6.1 in [RFC3550].
 If the use of non-compound RTCP [RFC5506] was previously negotiated
 between the sender and the splicer, the RTCP splicing notification
 messages may be sent as non-compound RTCP packets.  In some cases
 where the mapping from the RTP timestamp to the NTP timestamp
 changes, e.g., clock drift happens before the splicing event, sending
 an RTCP SR or even updated Splicing Interval information in a timely
 manner might be required in order to update the timestamp mapping for
 accurate splicing.
 Since the RTCP splicing notification message is intentionally sent by
 the main RTP sender to the splicer, the splicer is not allowed to
 forward this message to the receivers, so as to avoid useless
 processing and additional RTCP bandwidth consumption in the
 downstream receivers.

4. Reducing Splicing Latency

 When splicing starts or ends, the splicer outputs the multimedia
 content from another sender to the receivers.  Given that the
 receivers must first acquire certain information ([RFC6285] refers to
 this information as "Reference Information") to start processing the
 multimedia data, either the main RTP sender or the substitutive
 sender SHOULD provide the Reference Information together with its
 multimedia content to reduce the delay caused by acquiring the
 Reference Information.  The methods by which the Reference
 Information is distributed to the receivers are out of scope for
 this memo.
 Another latency element is delay caused by synchronization.  The
 receivers must receive enough synchronization metadata prior to
 synchronizing the separate components of the multimedia streams when
 splicing starts or ends.  Either the main RTP sender or the
 substitutive sender SHOULD send the synchronization metadata early
 enough so that the receivers can play out the multimedia in a
 synchronized fashion.  The main RTP sender or the substitutive sender
 can estimate when to send the synchronization metadata based on, for
 example, the RTT, following the mechanisms described in Section 6.4.1
 of [RFC3550] when the splicer sends an RTCP RR to the main sender or
 the substitutive sender.  The main RTP sender and the substitutive
 sender can also be coordinated by some proprietary out-of-band
 mechanisms to decide when, and to whom, the metadata is to be sent.
 If both send the information, the splicer SHOULD pick one based on
 the current situation, e.g., choosing either (1) the main RTP sender

Xia, et al. Standards Track [Page 10] RFC 8286 RTP Splicing Notification October 2017

 when synchronizing the main media content or (2) the information from
 the substitutive sender when synchronizing the spliced content.  To
 reduce possible synchronization delay, it is RECOMMENDED that the
 mechanisms defined in [RFC6051] be adopted.

5. Failure Cases

 This section examines the implications of losing RTCP splicing
 notification messages, e.g., the RTP header extension is stripped on
 the path.
 Given that there may be a splicing-unaware middlebox on the path
 between the main RTP sender and the splicer, the main and
 substitutive RTP senders can use one heuristic to verify whether or
 not the Splicing Interval reaches the splicer.
 The splicer can be implemented to have its own SSRC and send RTCP
 reception reports to the senders of the main and substitutive RTP
 streams.  This allows the senders to detect problems on the path to
 the splicer.  Alternatively, it is possible to implement the splicer
 such that it has no SSRC and does not send RTCP reports; this
 prevents the senders from being able to monitor the quality of the
 path to the splicer.
 If the splicer has an SSRC and sends its own RTCP reports, it can
 choose not to pass RTCP reports it receives from the receivers to the
 senders.  This will prevent the senders from being able to monitor
 the quality of the paths from the splicer to the receivers.
 A splicer that has an SSRC can choose to pass RTCP reception reports
 from the receivers back to the senders, after modifications to
 account for the splicing.  This will allow the senders to monitor the
 quality of the paths from the splicer to the receivers.  A splicer
 that does not have its own SSRC has to forward and translate RTCP
 reports from the receiver; otherwise, the senders will not see any
 receivers in the RTP session.
 If the splicer is implemented as a mixer, it will have its own SSRC,
 send its own RTCP reports, and forward translated RTCP reports from
 the receivers.
 Upon the detection of a failure, the splicer can communicate with the
 main sender and the substitutive sender via some out-of-band
 signaling technique and fall back to the payload-specific mechanisms
 it supports, e.g., the MPEG2-TS splicing solution defined in
 [SCTE35], or just abandon the splicing.

Xia, et al. Standards Track [Page 11] RFC 8286 RTP Splicing Notification October 2017

6. Session Description Protocol (SDP) Signaling

 This document defines the URI for declaring this header extension in
 an "extmap" attribute to be
 "urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:splicing-interval".
 This document extends the standard semantics defined in "The Session
 Description Protocol (SDP) Grouping Framework" [RFC5888] with a new
 semantic, called "SPLICE", to represent the relationship between the
 main RTP stream and the substitutive RTP stream.  Only two "m=" lines
 are allowed in the SPLICE group.  The main RTP stream is the one with
 the extended "extmap" attribute, and the other one is the
 substitutive stream.  A single "m=" line MUST NOT be included in
 different SPLICE groups at the same time.  The main RTP sender
 provides the information about both main and substitutive sources.
 The extended SDP attribute specified in this document is applicable
 for offer/answer content [RFC3264] and does not affect any rules when
 negotiating offers and answers.  When used with multiple "m=" lines,
 substitutive RTP MUST be applied only to the RTP packets whose SDP
 "m=" line is in the same group with the substitutive stream using
 SPLICE and has the extended splicing "extmap" attribute.  This
 semantic is also applicable for BUNDLE cases.
 The following examples show how SDP signaling could be used for
 splicing in different cases.

6.1. Declarative SDP

    v=0
    o=xia 1122334455 1122334466 IN IP4 splicing.example.com
    s=RTP Splicing Example
    t=0 0
    a=group:SPLICE 1 2
    m=video 30000 RTP/AVP 100
    i=Main RTP Stream
    c=IN IP4 233.252.0.1/127
    a=rtpmap:100 MP2T/90000
    a=extmap:1 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:splicing-interval
    a=mid:1
    m=video 30002 RTP/AVP 100
    i=Substitutive RTP Stream
    c=IN IP4 233.252.0.2/127
    a=sendonly
    a=rtpmap:100 MP2T/90000
    a=mid:2
     Figure 4: Example SDP for a Single-Channel Splicing Scenario

Xia, et al. Standards Track [Page 12] RFC 8286 RTP Splicing Notification October 2017

 The splicer receiving the SDP message above receives one MPEG2-TS
 stream (payload 100) from the main RTP sender (with a multicast
 destination address of 233.252.0.1) on port 30000 and/or receives
 another MPEG2-TS stream from the substitutive RTP sender (with a
 multicast destination address of 233.252.0.2) on port 30002.  But at
 a particular point in time, the splicer only selects one stream and
 outputs the content from the chosen stream to the downstream
 receivers.

6.2. Offer/Answer without BUNDLE

 SDP Offer - from the main RTP sender:
    v=0
    o=xia 1122334455 1122334466 IN IP4 splicing.example.com
    s=RTP Splicing Example
    t=0 0
    a=group:SPLICE 1 2
    m=video 30000 RTP/AVP 31 100
    i=Main RTP Stream
    c=IN IP4 splicing.example.com
    a=rtpmap:31 H261/90000
    a=rtpmap:100 MP2T/90000
    a=extmap:1 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:splicing-interval
    a=sendonly
    a=mid:1
    m=video 40000 RTP/AVP 31 100
    i=Substitutive RTP Stream
    c=IN IP4 substitutive.example.com
    a=rtpmap:31 H261/90000
    a=rtpmap:100 MP2T/90000
    a=sendonly
    a=mid:2

Xia, et al. Standards Track [Page 13] RFC 8286 RTP Splicing Notification October 2017

 SDP Answer - from the splicer:
    v=0
    o=xia 1122334455 1122334466 IN IP4 splicer.example.com
    s=RTP Splicing Example
    t=0 0
    a=group:SPLICE 1 2
    m=video 30000 RTP/AVP 100
    i=Main RTP Stream
    c=IN IP4 splicer.example.com
    a=rtpmap:100 MP2T/90000
    a=extmap:1 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:splicing-interval
    a=recvonly
    a=mid:1
    m=video 40000 RTP/AVP 100
    i=Substitutive RTP Stream
    c=IN IP4 splicer.example.com
    a=rtpmap:100 MP2T/90000
    a=recvonly
    a=mid:2

6.3. Offer/Answer with BUNDLE: All Media Are Spliced

 In this example, the bundled audio and video media have their own
 substitutive media for splicing:
 1. An offer, in which the offerer assigns a unique address and a
    substitutive media to each bundled "m=" line for splicing within
    the BUNDLE group.
 2. An answer, in which the answerer selects its own BUNDLE address
    and leaves the substitutive media untouched.

Xia, et al. Standards Track [Page 14] RFC 8286 RTP Splicing Notification October 2017

 SDP Offer - from the main RTP sender:
    v=0
    o=alice 1122334455 1122334466 IN IP4 splicing.example.com
    s=RTP Splicing Example
    c=IN IP4 splicing.example.com
    t=0 0
    a=group:SPLICE foo 1
    a=group:SPLICE bar 2
    a=group:BUNDLE foo bar
    m=audio 10000 RTP/AVP 0 8 97
    a=mid:foo
    b=AS:200
    a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
    a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000
    a=rtpmap:97 iLBC/8000
    a=extmap:1 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:splicing-interval
    a=sendonly
    m=video 10002 RTP/AVP 31 32
    a=mid:bar
    b=AS:1000
    a=rtpmap:31 H261/90000
    a=rtpmap:32 MPV/90000
    a=extmap:2 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:splicing-interval
    a=sendonly
    m=audio 20000 RTP/AVP 0 8 97
    i=Substitutive audio RTP Stream
    c=IN IP4 substitutive.example.com
    a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
    a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000
    a=rtpmap:97 iLBC/8000
    a=sendonly
    a=mid:1
    m=video 20002 RTP/AVP 31 32
    i=Substitutive video RTP Stream
    c=IN IP4 substitutive.example.com
    a=rtpmap:31 H261/90000
    a=rtpmap:32 MPV/90000
    a=mid:2
    a=sendonly

Xia, et al. Standards Track [Page 15] RFC 8286 RTP Splicing Notification October 2017

 SDP Answer - from the splicer:
    v=0
    o=bob 2808844564 2808844564 IN IP4 splicer.example.com
    s=RTP Splicing Example
    c=IN IP4 splicer.example.com
    t=0 0
    a=group:SPLICE foo 1
    a=group:SPLICE bar 2
    a=group:BUNDLE foo bar
    m=audio 30000 RTP/AVP 0
    a=mid:foo
    b=AS:200
    a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
    a=extmap:1 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:splicing-interval
    a=recvonly
    m=video 30000 RTP/AVP 32
    a=mid:bar
    b=AS:1000
    a=rtpmap:32 MPV/90000
    a=extmap:2 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:splicing-interval
    a=recvonly
    m=audio 30002 RTP/AVP 0
    i=Substitutive audio RTP Stream
    c=IN IP4 splicer.example.com
    a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
    a=recvonly
    a=mid:1
    m=video 30004 RTP/AVP 32
    i=Substitutive video RTP Stream
    c=IN IP4 splicer.example.com
    a=rtpmap:32 MPV/90000
    a=mid:2
    a=recvonly

6.4. Offer/Answer with BUNDLE: A Subset of Media Are Spliced

 In this example, the substitutive media only applies for video when
 splicing:
 1. An offer, in which the offerer assigns a unique address to each
    bundled "m=" line within the BUNDLE group and assigns a
    substitutive media to the bundled video "m=" line for splicing.
 2. An answer, in which the answerer selects its own BUNDLE address
    and leaves the substitutive media untouched.

Xia, et al. Standards Track [Page 16] RFC 8286 RTP Splicing Notification October 2017

 SDP Offer - from the main RTP sender:
    v=0
    o=alice 1122334455 1122334466 IN IP4 splicing.example.com
    s=RTP Splicing Example
    c=IN IP4 splicing.example.com
    t=0 0
    a=group:SPLICE bar 2
    a=group:BUNDLE foo bar
    m=audio 10000 RTP/AVP 0 8 97
    a=mid:foo
    b=AS:200
    a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
    a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000
    a=rtpmap:97 iLBC/8000
    a=sendonly
    m=video 10002 RTP/AVP 31 32
    a=mid:bar
    b=AS:1000
    a=rtpmap:31 H261/90000
    a=rtpmap:32 MPV/90000
    a=extmap:2 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:splicing-interval
    a=sendonly
    m=video 20000 RTP/AVP 31 32
    i=Substitutive video RTP Stream
    c=IN IP4 substitutive.example.com
    a=rtpmap:31 H261/90000
    a=rtpmap:32 MPV/90000
    a=mid:2
    a=sendonly

Xia, et al. Standards Track [Page 17] RFC 8286 RTP Splicing Notification October 2017

 SDP Answer - from the splicer:
    v=0
    o=bob 2808844564 2808844564 IN IP4 splicer.example.com
    s=RTP Splicing Example
    c=IN IP4 splicer.example.com
    t=0 0
    a=group:SPLICE bar 2
    a=group:BUNDLE foo bar
    m=audio 30000 RTP/AVP 0
    a=mid:foo
    b=AS:200
    a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
    a=recvonly
    m=video 30000 RTP/AVP 32
    a=mid:bar
    b=AS:1000
    a=rtpmap:32 MPV/90000
    a=extmap:2 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:splicing-interval
    a=recvonly
    m=video 30004 RTP/AVP 32
    i=Substitutive video RTP Stream
    c=IN IP4 splicer.example.com
    a=rtpmap:32 MPV/90000
    a=mid:2
    a=recvonly

7. Security Considerations

 The security considerations of the RTP specification [RFC3550] and
 the general mechanism for RTP header extensions [RFC8285] apply.  The
 splicer can be either a mixer or a translator, and all the security
 considerations of topologies [RFC7667] [RFC7201] for these two types
 of RTP intermediaries are applicable for the splicer.
 The splicer replaces some content with other content in RTP packets,
 thus breaking any RTP-level end-to-end security, such as source
 authentication and integrity protection.  End-to-end source
 authentication is not possible with any known existing splicing
 solution.  A new solution can theoretically be developed that enables
 identification of the participating entities and what each provides,
 i.e., the different media sources -- main and substitutive -- and the
 splicer, which provides the RTP-level integration of the media
 payloads in a common timeline and synchronization context.
 Since the splicer breaks RTP-level end-to-end security, it needs to
 be part of the signaling context and the necessary security
 associations (e.g., Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)

Xia, et al. Standards Track [Page 18] RFC 8286 RTP Splicing Notification October 2017

 [RFC3711] crypto contexts) established for the RTP session
 participants.  When using SRTP, the splicer would have to be
 provisioned with the same security association as the main RTP
 sender.
 If there are concerns about the confidentiality of the splicing time
 information, the header extension defined in this document MUST also
 be protected; for example, header extension encryption [RFC6904] can
 be used in this case.  However, the malicious endpoint may get the
 splicing time information by other means, e.g., inferring it from the
 communication between the main and substitutive content sources.  To
 avoid the insertion of invalid substitutive content, the splicer MUST
 have some mechanisms to authenticate the substitutive stream source.
 For cases where the splicing time information is changed by a
 malicious endpoint, the splicing, for example, may fail, since it
 will not be available at the right time for the substitutive media to
 arrive.  Another case is one where an attacker may prevent the
 receivers from receiving the content from the main sender by
 inserting extra splicing time information.  To avoid the above
 scenarios, the authentication of the RTP header extension for
 splicing time information SHOULD be considered.
 When a splicer implemented as a mixer sends the stream to the
 receivers, the CSRC list, which can be used to detect RTP-level
 forwarding loops as defined in Section 8.2 of [RFC3550], may be
 removed for simplifying the receivers that cannot handle multiple
 sources in the RTP stream.  Hence, loops may occur, causing packets
 to loop back to a point upstream of the splicer and possibly forming
 a serious denial-of-service threat.  In such a case, non-RTP means,
 e.g., signaling among all the participants, MUST be used to detect
 and resolve loops.

8. IANA Considerations

8.1. RTCP Control Packet Types

 Based on the guidelines suggested in [RFC8126], a new RTCP packet
 format has been registered in the "RTCP Control Packet types (PT)"
 registry:
    Name: SNM
    Long name: Splicing Notification Message
    Value: 213
    Reference: This document

Xia, et al. Standards Track [Page 19] RFC 8286 RTP Splicing Notification October 2017

8.2. RTP Compact Header Extensions

 IANA has registered a new RTP Compact Header Extension [RFC8285],
 according to the following:
    Extension URI: urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:splicing-interval
    Description: Splicing Interval
    Contact: Jinwei Xia <xiajinwei@huawei.com>
    Reference: This document

8.3. SDP Grouping Semantic Extension

 IANA has registered the new SDP grouping semantic extension called
 "SPLICE" in the "Semantics for the 'group' SDP Attribute" subregistry
 of the "Session Description Protocol (SDP) Parameters" registry:
    Semantics: Splice
    Token: SPLICE
    Reference: This document

9. References

9.1. Normative References

 [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
            Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
 [RFC3264]  Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "An Offer/Answer Model
            with Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 3264,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC3264, June 2002,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3264>.
 [RFC3550]  Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V.
            Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time
            Applications", STD 64, RFC 3550, DOI 10.17487/RFC3550,
            July 2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3550>.
 [RFC5888]  Camarillo, G. and H. Schulzrinne, "The Session Description
            Protocol (SDP) Grouping Framework", RFC 5888,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC5888, June 2010,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5888>.

Xia, et al. Standards Track [Page 20] RFC 8286 RTP Splicing Notification October 2017

 [RFC5905]  Mills, D., Martin, J., Ed., Burbank, J., and W. Kasch,
            "Network Time Protocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms
            Specification", RFC 5905, DOI 10.17487/RFC5905, June 2010,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5905>.
 [RFC6051]  Perkins, C. and T. Schierl, "Rapid Synchronisation of RTP
            Flows", RFC 6051, DOI 10.17487/RFC6051, November 2010,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6051>.
 [RFC7201]  Westerlund, M. and C. Perkins, "Options for Securing RTP
            Sessions", RFC 7201, DOI 10.17487/RFC7201, April 2014,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7201>.
 [RFC7667]  Westerlund, M. and S. Wenger, "RTP Topologies", RFC 7667,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC7667, November 2015,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7667>.
 [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in
            RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
 [RFC8285]  Singer, D., Desineni, H., and R. Even, Ed., "A General
            Mechanism for RTP Header Extensions", RFC 8285,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC8285, October 2017,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8285>.

9.2. Informative References

 [RFC3711]  Baugher, M., McGrew, D., Naslund, M., Carrara, E., and K.
            Norrman, "The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)",
            RFC 3711, DOI 10.17487/RFC3711, March 2004,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3711>.
 [RFC5506]  Johansson, I. and M. Westerlund, "Support for Reduced-Size
            Real-Time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP): Opportunities
            and Consequences", RFC 5506, DOI 10.17487/RFC5506,
            April 2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5506>.
 [RFC6285]  Ver Steeg, B., Begen, A., Van Caenegem, T., and Z. Vax,
            "Unicast-Based Rapid Acquisition of Multicast RTP
            Sessions", RFC 6285, DOI 10.17487/RFC6285, June 2011,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6285>.
 [RFC6828]  Xia, J., "Content Splicing for RTP Sessions", RFC 6828,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC6828, January 2013,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6828>.

Xia, et al. Standards Track [Page 21] RFC 8286 RTP Splicing Notification October 2017

 [RFC6904]  Lennox, J., "Encryption of Header Extensions in the Secure
            Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)", RFC 6904,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC6904, April 2013,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6904>.
 [RFC8126]  Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
            Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
            RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.
 [SCTE35]   Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers (SCTE),
            "Digital Program Insertion Cueing Message for Cable",
            2016, <http://www.scte.org/SCTEDocs/Standards/
            SCTE%2035%202016.pdf>.

Acknowledgements

 The authors would like to thank the following individuals who helped
 to review this document and provided very valuable comments: Colin
 Perkins, Bo Burman, Stephen Botzko, and Ben Campbell.

Authors' Addresses

 Jinwei Xia
 Huawei
 Email: xiajinwei@huawei.com
 Roni Even
 Huawei
 Email: roni.even@huawei.com
 Rachel Huang
 Huawei
 Email: rachel.huang@huawei.com
 Lingli Deng
 China Mobile
 Email: denglingli@chinamobile.com

Xia, et al. Standards Track [Page 22]

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