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rfc:rfc8241

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) S. Hares Request for Comments: 8241 Huawei Category: Informational D. Migault ISSN: 2070-1721 J. Halpern

                                                              Ericsson
                                                        September 2017
Interface to the Routing System (I2RS) Security-Related Requirements

Abstract

 This document presents security-related requirements for the
 Interface to the Routing System (I2RS) protocol, which provides a new
 interface to the routing system described in the I2RS architecture
 document (RFC 7921).  The I2RS protocol is implemented by reusing
 portions of existing IETF protocols and adding new features to them.
 One such reuse is of the security features of a secure transport
 (e.g., Transport Layer Security (TLS), Secure SHell (SSH) Protocol,
 Datagram TLS (DTLS)) such as encryption, message integrity, mutual
 peer authentication, and anti-replay protection.  The new I2RS
 features to consider from a security perspective are as follows: a
 priority mechanism to handle multi-headed write transactions, an
 opaque secondary identifier that identifies an application using the
 I2RS client, and an extremely constrained read-only non-secure
 transport.

Status of This Memo

 This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
 published for informational purposes.
 This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
 (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
 received public review and has been approved for publication by the
 Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Not all documents
 approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet
 Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 7841.
 Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
 and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
 https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8241.

Hares, et al. Informational [Page 1] RFC 8241 I2RS Security Requirements September 2017

Copyright Notice

 Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
 document authors.  All rights reserved.
 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
 Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
 (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
 publication of this document.  Please review these documents
 carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
 to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
 include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
 the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
 described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

 1. Introduction ....................................................3
 2. Terminology and Concepts ........................................4
    2.1. Requirements Language ......................................4
    2.2. Security Terminology .......................................4
    2.3. I2RS-Specific Terminology ..................................5
    2.4. Concepts ...................................................5
 3. Security Features and Protocols: Reused and New .................6
    3.1. Security Protocols Reused by the I2RS Protocol .............6
    3.2. New Features Related to Security ...........................7
    3.3. I2RS Protocol Security Requirements vs. IETF
         Management Protocols .......................................8
 4. Security-Related Requirements ..................................10
    4.1. I2RS Peer (Agent and Client) Identity Authentication ......10
    4.2. Identity Validation before Role-Based Message Actions .....11
    4.3. Peer Identity, Priority, and Client Redundancy ............12
    4.4. Multi-Channel Transport: Secure and Non-Secure ............13
    4.5. Management Protocol Security ..............................15
    4.6. Role-Based Data Model Security ............................16
    4.7. Security of the Environment ...............................17
 5. IANA Considerations ............................................17
 6. Security Considerations ........................................17
 7. References .....................................................18
    7.1. Normative References ......................................18
    7.2. Informative References ....................................18
 Acknowledgements ..................................................20
 Authors' Addresses ................................................20

Hares, et al. Informational [Page 2] RFC 8241 I2RS Security Requirements September 2017

1. Introduction

 The Interface to the Routing System (I2RS) protocol provides read and
 write access to information and state within the routing system.  An
 I2RS client interacts with one or more I2RS agents to collect
 information from network routing systems.  [RFC7921] describes the
 architecture of this interface, and this document assumes the reader
 is familiar with this architecture and its definitions.
 The I2RS interface is instantiated by the I2RS protocol connecting an
 I2RS client and an I2RS agent associated with a routing system.  The
 I2RS protocol is implemented by reusing portions of existing IETF
 protocols and adding new features to them.  As a reuse protocol, it
 can be considered a higher-layer protocol because it can be
 instantiated in multiple management protocols (e.g., NETCONF
 [RFC6241] or RESTCONF [RFC8040]) operating over a secure transport.
 These protocols are what provide its security.
 This document is part of a suite of documents outlining requirements
 for the I2RS protocol, which also includes the following:
 o  "An Architecture for the Interface to the Routing System"
    [RFC7921]
 o  "I2RS Ephemeral State Requirements" [RFC8242]
 o  "Interface to the Routing System (I2RS) Traceability: Framework
    and Information Model" (which discusses traceability) [RFC7923]
 o  "Requirements for Subscription to YANG Datastores" (which
    highlights the publication/subscription requirements) [RFC7922]
 Since the I2RS "higher-layer" protocol changes the interface to the
 routing systems, it is important that implementers understand the new
 security requirements for the environment the I2RS protocol operates
 in.  A summary of the I2RS protocol security environment is found in
 the I2RS architecture [RFC7921].
 I2RS reuses the secure transport protocols (TLS, SSH, DTLS) that
 support encryption, message integrity, peer authentication, and key
 distribution protocols.  Optionally, implementers may utilize
 Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) protocols (Radius
 over TLS or Diameter over TLS) to securely distribute identity
 information.
 Section 2 highlights some of the terminology and concepts that the
 reader is required to be familiar with.

Hares, et al. Informational [Page 3] RFC 8241 I2RS Security Requirements September 2017

 Section 3 provides an overview of security features and protocols
 being reused (Section 3.1), lists the new security features being
 required (Section 3.2), and explores how existing and new security
 features and protocols would be paired with existing IETF management
 protocols (Section 3.3).
 The new features I2RS extends to these protocols are a priority
 mechanism to handle multi-headed writes, an opaque secondary
 identifier to allow traceability of an application utilizing a
 specific I2RS client to communicate with an I2RS agent, and non-
 secure transport constrained to be used only for read-only data,
 which may include publicly available data (e.g., public BGP events,
 public telemetry information, web service availability) and some
 legacy data.
 Section 4 provides the I2RS protocol security requirements of several
 security features.  Protocols designed to be I2RS higher-layer
 protocols need to fulfill these security requirements.

2. Terminology and Concepts

2.1. Requirements Language

 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
 "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
 BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
 capitals, as shown here.

2.2. Security Terminology

 This document uses the terminology found in [RFC4949] and [RFC7921].
 Specifically, this document reuses the following terms from
 [RFC4949]:
 o  access control
 o  authentication
 o  data confidentiality
 o  data integrity
 o  data privacy
 o  identity
 o  identifier
 o  mutual authentication
 o  role
 o  role-based access control
 o  security audit trail
 o  trust

Hares, et al. Informational [Page 4] RFC 8241 I2RS Security Requirements September 2017

 [RFC7922] describes traceability for the I2RS interface and the I2RS
 protocol.  Traceability is not equivalent to a security audit trail
 or simple logging of information.  A security audit trail may utilize
 traceability information.

2.3. I2RS-Specific Terminology

 This document discusses the security of the multiple I2RS
 communication channels that operate over the higher-layer I2RS
 protocol.  The higher-layer I2RS protocol combines a secure transport
 and I2RS contextual information, and it reuses IETF protocols and
 data models to create the secure transport and the contextual
 information driven by the I2RS data model.  To describe how the I2RS
 higher-layer protocol combines other protocols, the following terms
 are used:
 I2RS component protocols
    Protocols that are reused and combined to create the I2RS higher-
    layer protocol.
 I2RS secure transport component protocols (required)
    Secure transport protocols that combine to support the I2RS
    higher-layer protocol.
 I2RS management component protocols (required)
    Management protocols that combine to provide the management-
    information context for the I@RS higher-layer protocol.
 I2RS AAA component protocols (optional)
    AAA protocols supporting the I2RS higher-layer protocol.

2.4. Concepts

 The reader should be familiar with the pervasive security
 requirements in [RFC7258].
 This document uses the following concepts from the I2RS architecture
 [RFC7921] listed below with their respective section numbers from
 said RFC:
 o  I2RS client, agent, and protocol (Section 2)
 o  I2RS higher-layer protocol (Section 7.2)

Hares, et al. Informational [Page 5] RFC 8241 I2RS Security Requirements September 2017

 o  scope: read, notification, identity, and write (Section 2)
 o  identity and secondary identity (Section 2)
 o  roles or security rules (Section 2)
 o  routing system/subsystem (Section 2)
 o  I2RS assumed security environment (Section 4)
 o  I2RS identity and authentication (Section 4.1)
 o  scope of Authorization in I2RS client and agent (Section 4.2)
 o  client redundancy with a single client identity (Section 4.3),
 o  restrictions on I2RS in personal devices (Section 4.4)
 o  communication channels and I2RS higher-layer protocol
    (Section 7.2)
 o  active communication versus connectivity (Section 7.5)
 o  multi-headed control (Section 7.8)
 o  transaction, message, multi-message atomicity (Section 7.9)

3. Security Features and Protocols: Reused and New

3.1. Security Protocols Reused by the I2RS Protocol

 I2RS requires a secure transport protocol and key distribution
 protocols.  The secure transport for I2RS requires one to provide
 peer authentication.  In addition, the features required for I2RS
 messages are confidentiality, authentication, and replay protection.
 According to [RFC8095], the secure transport protocols that support
 peer authentication, confidentiality, data integrity, and replay
 protection are the following:
 1.  TLS [RFC5246] over TCP or Stream Control Transmission Protocol
     (SCTP)
 2.  DTLS over UDP with replay detection and an anti-DoS stateless
     cookie mechanism required for the I2RS protocol and the DTLS
     options of record-size negotiation and conveyance of the Don't
     Fragment (DF) bit are set for IPv4, or no fragmentation extension
     headers for IPv6 to be optional in deployments are allowed by the
     I2RS protocol

Hares, et al. Informational [Page 6] RFC 8241 I2RS Security Requirements September 2017

 3.  HTTP over TLS (over TCP or SCTP)
 4.  HTTP over DTLS (with the requirements and optional features
     specified above in item 2)
 As detailed in Section 3.3, the following protocols would need to be
 extended to provide confidentiality, data integrity, peer
 authentication, and key distribution and to run over a secure
 transport (TLS or DTLS):
 o  IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) over SCTP, TCP, or UDP
 o  Forwarding and Control Element Separation (ForCES) Transport
    Mapping Layer (TML) over SCTP
 The specific type of key management protocols an I2RS secure
 transport uses depends on the transport.  Key management protocols
 utilized for the I2RS protocols SHOULD support automatic rotation.
 An I2RS implementer may use AAA protocols over secure transport to
 distribute the identities for the I2RS client, I2RS agent, and role-
 authorization information.  Two AAA protocols are as follows:
 Diameter [RFC6733] and Radius [RFC2865].  To provide I2RS peer
 identities with the best security, the AAA protocols MUST be run over
 a secure transport (Diameter over secure transport (TLS over TCP)
 [RFC6733]), Radius over a secure transport (TLS) [RFC6614]).

3.2. New Features Related to Security

 The new features are priority, an opaque secondary identifier, and a
 non-secure protocol for read-only data constrained to specific
 standard usages.  The I2RS protocol allows multi-headed control by
 several I2RS clients.  This multi-headed control is based on the
 assumption that the operator deploying the I2RS clients, I2RS agents,
 and the I2RS protocol will coordinate the read, write, and
 notification scope so the I2RS clients will not contend for the same
 write scope.  However, just in case there is an unforeseen overlap of
 I2RS clients attempting to write a particular piece of data, the I2RS
 architecture [RFC7921] provides the concept of each I2RS client
 having a priority.  The I2RS client with the highest priority will
 have its write succeed.  This document specifies requirements for
 this new concept of priority (see Section 4.3).
 The opaque secondary identifier identifies an application that uses
 communication from the I2RS client to I2RS agent to manage the
 routing system.  The secondary identifier is opaque to the I2RS
 protocol.  In order to protect personal privacy, the secondary
 identifier should not contain identifiable personal information.

Hares, et al. Informational [Page 7] RFC 8241 I2RS Security Requirements September 2017

 The last new feature related to I2RS security is the ability to allow
 nonconfidential data to be transferred over a non-secure transport.
 It is expected that most I2RS data models will describe information
 that will be transferred with confidentiality.  Therefore, any model
 that transfers data over a non-secure transport is marked.  The use
 of a non-secure transport is optional, and an implementer SHOULD
 create knobs that allow data marked as nonconfidential to be sent
 over a secure transport.
 Nonconfidential data can only be data with read-scope or
 notification-scope transmission of events.  Nonconfidential data
 cannot have write-scope or notification-scope configuration.
 Examples of nonconfidential data would be the telemetry information
 that is publicly known (e.g., BGP route-views data or website status
 data) or some legacy data (e.g., interface) that cannot be
 transported using secure transport.  The IETF I2RS data models MUST
 indicate (in the model) the specific data that is nonconfidential.
 Most I2RS data models will expect that the information described in
 the model will be transferred with confidentiality.

3.3. I2RS Protocol Security Requirements vs. IETF Management Protocols

 Figure 1 provides a partial list of the candidate management
 protocols.  It also lists the secure transports each protocol
 supports.  The column on the right of the table indicates whether or
 not the transport protocol will need I2RS security extensions.

Hares, et al. Informational [Page 8] RFC 8241 I2RS Security Requirements September 2017

   Management                         I2RS Security
   Protocol   Transport Protocol      Extensions
   =========  =====================   =================
   NETCONF     TLS over TCP (*1)      None required (*2)
   RESTCONF    HTTP over TLS with     None required (*2)
               X.509v3 certificates,
               certificate validation,
               mutual authentication:
               1) authenticated
                  server identity,
               2) authenticated
                  client identity
              (*1)
    ForCES    TML over SCTP           Needs an extension to
              (*1)                    TML to run TML over
                                      TLS over SCTP, or
                                      DTLS with options for
                                      replay protection
                                      and anti-DoS stateless
                                      cookie mechanism.
                                      (DTLS record size
                                      negotiation and conveyance
                                      of DF bits are optional).
                                      The IPsec mechanism is
                                      not sufficient for
                                      I2RS traveling over
                                      multiple hops
                                      (router + link) (*2)
    IPFIX     SCTP, TCP, UDP          Needs an extension
              TLS or DTLS for         to support TLS or DTLS with
              secure client (*1)      options for replay protection
                                      and anti-DoS stateless
                                      cookie mechanism.
                                      (DTLS record size
                                      negotiation and conveyance
                                      of DF bits are optional)
  • 1 - Key management protocols MUST support appropriate key

rotation.

  • 2 - Identity and role authorization distributed by Diameter or

Radius MUST use Diameter over TLS or Radius over TLS.

 Figure 1: Candidate Management Protocols and Their Secure Transports

Hares, et al. Informational [Page 9] RFC 8241 I2RS Security Requirements September 2017

4. Security-Related Requirements

 This section discusses security requirements based on the following
 security functions:
 o  peer identity authentication (Section 4.1)
 o  Peer Identity validation before role-based message actions
    (Section 4.2)
 o  peer identity and client redundancy (Section 4.3)
 o  multi-channel transport requirements: Secure transport and non-
    secure Transport (Section 4.4)
 o  management protocol security requirements (Section 4.5)
 o  role-based security (Section 4.6)
 o  security environment (Section 4.7)
 The I2RS protocol depends upon a secure transport layer for peer
 authentication, data integrity, confidentiality, and replay
 protection.  The optional non-secure transport can only be used for a
 restricted set of data available publicly (events or information) or
 a select set of legacy data.  Data passed over the non-secure
 transport channel MUST NOT contain any data that identifies a person.

4.1. I2RS Peer (Agent and Client) Identity Authentication

 Requirements:
    SEC-REQ-01: All I2RS clients and agents MUST have an identity and
    at least one unique identifier for each party in the I2RS protocol
    context.
    SEC-REQ-02: The I2RS protocol MUST utilize these identifiers for
    mutual identification of the I2RS client and agent.
    SEC-REQ-03: Identifier distribution and the loading of these
    identifiers into the I2RS agent and client SHOULD occur outside
    the I2RS protocol prior to the I2RS protocol establishing a
    connection between I2RS client and agent.  AAA protocols MAY be
    used to distribute these identifiers, but other mechanism can be
    used.

Hares, et al. Informational [Page 10] RFC 8241 I2RS Security Requirements September 2017

 Explanation:
 These requirements are for I2RS peer (I2RS agent and client)
 authentication.  A secure transport (e.g., TLS) will authenticate
 based on these identities, but these identities are for the I2RS
 management layer.  A AAA protocol distributing I2RS identity
 information SHOULD transport its information over a secure transport.

4.2. Identity Validation before Role-Based Message Actions

 Requirements:
    SEC-REQ-04: An I2RS agent receiving a request from an I2RS client
    MUST confirm that the I2RS client has a valid identity.
    SEC-REQ-05: An I2RS client receiving an I2RS message over a secure
    transport MUST confirm that the I2RS agent has a valid identifier.
    SEC-REQ-06: An I2RS agent receiving an I2RS message over a non-
    secure transport MUST confirm that the content is suitable for
    transfer over such a transport.
 Explanation:
 Each I2RS client has a scope based on its identity and the security
 roles (read, write, or events) associated with that identity, and
 that scope must be considered in processing an I2RS message sent on a
 communication channel.  An I2RS communication channel may utilize
 multiple transport sessions or establish a transport session and then
 close the transport session.  Therefore, it is important that the
 I2RS peers operate utilizing valid peer identities when a message is
 processed rather than checking if a transport session exists.
 During the time period when a secure transport session is active, the
 I2RS agent SHOULD assume that the I2RS client's identity remains
 valid.  Similarly, while a secure connection exists that included
 validating the I2RS agent's identity and a message is received via
 that connection, the I2RS client SHOULD assume that the I2RS agent's
 identity remains valid.
 The definition of what constitutes a valid identity or a valid
 identifier MUST be defined by the I2RS protocol.

Hares, et al. Informational [Page 11] RFC 8241 I2RS Security Requirements September 2017

4.3. Peer Identity, Priority, and Client Redundancy

 Requirements:
    SEC-REQ-07: Each I2RS identifier MUST be associated with just one
    priority.
    SEC-REQ-08: Each identifier is associated with one secondary
    identifier during a particular I2RS transaction (e.g., read/write
    sequence), but the secondary identifier may vary during the time a
    connection between the I2RS client and I2RS agent is active.
 Explanation:
 The I2RS architecture also allows multiple I2RS clients with unique
 identities to connect to an I2RS agent (see Section 7.8 of
 [RFC7921]).  The I2RS deployment using multiple clients SHOULD
 coordinate this multi-headed control of I2RS agents by I2RS clients
 so no conflict occurs in the write scope.  However, in the case of
 conflict on a write-scope variable, the error resolution mechanisms
 defined by the I2RS architecture multi-headed control (Section 7.8 of
 [RFC7921]) allow the I2RS agent to deterministically choose one I2RS
 client.  The I2RS client with highest priority is given permission to
 write the variable, and the second client receives an error message.
 A single I2RS client may be associated with multiple applications
 with different tasks (e.g., weekly configurations or emergency
 configurations).  The secondary identity is an opaque value that the
 I2RS client passes to the I2RS agent so that this opaque value can be
 placed in the tracing file or event stream to identify the
 application using the communication from I2RS client to agent.  The
 I2RS client is trusted to simply assert the secondary identifier.
 One example of the use of the secondary identity is the situation
 where an operator of a network has two applications that use an I2RS
 client.  The first application is a weekly configuration application
 that uses the I2RS protocol to change configurations.  The second
 application allows operators to makes emergency changes to routers in
 the network.  Both of these applications use the same I2RS client to
 write to an I2RS agent.  In order for traceability to determine which
 application (weekly configuration or emergency) wrote some
 configuration changes to a router, the I2RS client sends a different
 opaque value for each of the applications.  The weekly configuration
 secondary opaque value could be "xzzy-splot" and the emergency
 secondary opaque value could be "splish-splash".

Hares, et al. Informational [Page 12] RFC 8241 I2RS Security Requirements September 2017

 A second example is if the I2RS client is used for the monitoring of
 critical infrastructure.  The operator of a network using the I2RS
 client may desire I2RS client redundancy where the monitoring
 application with the I2RS client is deployed on two different boxes
 with the same I2RS client identity (see Section 4.3 of [RFC7921]).
 These two monitoring applications pass to the I2RS client whether the
 application is the primary or back-up application, and the I2RS
 client passes this information in the I2RS secondary identifier, as
 the figure below shows.  The primary application's secondary
 identifier is "primary-monitoring", and the back-up application
 secondary identifier is "backup-monitoring".  The I2RS tracing
 information will include the secondary identifier information along
 with the transport information in the tracing file in the agent.
 Application A--I2RS client--Secure transport(#1)
  [I2RS identity 1, secondary identifier: "primary-monitoring"]-->
 Application B--I2RS client--Secure transport(#2)
  [I2RS identity 1, secondary identifier: "backup-monitoring"]-->
       Figure 2: Primary and Back-Up Application for Monitoring
                     Identification Sent to Agent

4.4. Multi-Channel Transport: Secure and Non-Secure

 Requirements:
    SEC-REQ-09: The I2RS protocol MUST be able to transfer data over a
    secure transport and optionally MAY be able to transfer data over
    a non-secure transport.  The default transport is a secure
    transport, and this secure transport is mandatory to implement in
    all I2RS agents and in any I2RS client that a) performs a write
    scope transaction that is sent to the I2RS agent or b) configures
    an Event Scope transaction.  This secure transport is mandatory to
    use on any I2RS client's Write transaction or the configuration of
    an Event Scope transaction.
    SEC-REQ-10: The secure transport MUST provide data
    confidentiality, data integrity, and practical replay prevention.
    SEC-REQ-11: The I2RS client and I2RS agent SHOULD implement
    mechanisms that mitigate DoS attacks.  This means the secure
    transport must support DoS prevention.  For the non-secure
    transport, the I2RS higher-layer protocol MUST contain a transport
    management layer that considers the detection of DoS attacks and
    provides a warning over a secure transport channel.

Hares, et al. Informational [Page 13] RFC 8241 I2RS Security Requirements September 2017

    SEC-REQ-12: A secure transport MUST be associated with a key
    management solution that can guarantee that only the entities
    having sufficient privileges can get the keys to encrypt/decrypt
    the sensitive data.
    SEC-REQ-13: A machine-readable mechanism to indicate that a data
    model contains nonconfidential data MUST be provided.  A non-
    secure transport MAY be used to publish only read-scope or
    notification-scope data if the associated data model indicates
    that the data in question is nonconfidential.
    SEC-REQ-14: The I2RS protocol MUST be able to support multiple
    secure transport sessions providing protocol and data
    communication between an I2RS agent and client.  However, a single
    connection between I2RS agent and client MAY elect to use a single
    secure transport session or a single non-secure transport session
    conforming to the requirements above.
    SEC-REQ-15: Deployment configuration knobs SHOULD be created to
    allow operators to send "nonconfidential" read scope (data or
    event streams) over a secure transport.
    SEC-REQ-16: The I2RS protocol makes use of both secure and non-
    secure transports, but this use MUST NOT be done in any way that
    weakens the secure transport protocol used in the I2RS protocol or
    other contexts that do not have this requirement for mixing secure
    and non-secure modes of operation.
 Explanation:
 The I2RS architecture defines three scopes: read, write, and
 notification.  Non-secure data can only be used for read and
 notification scopes of "nonconfidential data".  The configuration of
 ephemeral data in the I2RS agent uses write scope either for data or
 for configuration of event notification streams.  The requirement to
 use secure transport for configuration prevents accidental or
 malevolent entities from altering the I2RS routing system through the
 I2RS agent.
 It is anticipated that the passing of most I2RS ephemeral state
 operational statuses SHOULD be done over a secure transport.
 In most circumstances, the secure transport protocol will be
 associated with a key management system.  Most deployments of the
 I2RS protocol will allow for automatic key management systems.  Since
 the data models for the I2RS protocol will control key routing
 functions, it is important that deployments of I2RS use automatic key
 management systems.

Hares, et al. Informational [Page 14] RFC 8241 I2RS Security Requirements September 2017

 Per BCP 107 [RFC4107], while key management systems SHOULD be
 automatic, the systems MAY be manual in the following scenarios:
 a)  The environment has limited bandwidth or high round-trip times.
 b)  The information being protected has low value.
 c)  The total volume of traffic over the entire lifetime of the long-
     term session key will be very low.
 d)  The scale of the deployment is limited.
 Operators deploying the I2RS protocol selecting manual key management
 SHOULD consider both short- and medium-term plans.  Deploying
 automatic systems initially may save effort in the long term.

4.5. Management Protocol Security

 Requirements:
    SEC-REQ-17: In a critical infrastructure, certain data within
    routing elements is sensitive and read/write operations on such
    data SHOULD be controlled in order to protect its confidentiality.
    To achieve this, higher-layer protocols MUST utilize a secure
    transport, and they SHOULD provide access-control functions to
    protect confidentiality of the data.
    SEC-REQ-18: An integrity protection mechanism for I2RS MUST be
    provided that will be able to ensure the following:
    1)  the data being protected is not modified without detection
        during its transportation,
    2)  the data is actually from where it is expected to come from,
        and
    3)  the data is not repeated from some earlier interaction the
        higher-layer protocol (best effort).
    The I2RS higher-layer protocol operating over a secure transport
    provides this integrity.  The I2RS higher-layer protocol operating
    over a non-secure transport SHOULD provide some way for the client
    receiving nonconfidential read-scoped or event-scoped data over
    the non-secure connection to detect when the data integrity is
    questionable; and in the event of a questionable data integrity,
    the I2RS client should disconnect the non-secure transport
    connection.

Hares, et al. Informational [Page 15] RFC 8241 I2RS Security Requirements September 2017

    SEC-REQ-19: The I2RS higher-layer protocol MUST provide a
    mechanism for message traceability (requirements in [RFC7922])
    that supports the tracking higher-layer functions run across
    secure connection or a non-secure transport.
 Explanation:
 Most carriers do not want a router's configuration and data-flow
 statistics to be known by hackers or their competitors.  While
 carriers may share peering information, most carriers do not share
 configuration and traffic statistics.  To achieve this, the I2RS
 higher-layer protocol (e.g., NETCONF) requires access control
 (NETCONF Access Control Model [RFC6536]) for sensitive data needs to
 be provided; and the confidentiality protection on such data during
 transportation needs to be enforced.
 Integrity of data is important even if the I2RS protocol is sending
 nonconfidential data over a non-secure connection.  The ability to
 trace I2RS protocol messages that enact I2RS transactions provides a
 minimal aid to helping operators check how messages enact
 transactions on a secure or non-secure transport.  Contextual checks
 on specific nonconfidential data sent over a non-secure connection
 may indicate the data has been modified.

4.6. Role-Based Data Model Security

 In order to make access control more manageable, the I2RS
 architecture [RFC7921] specifies a "role" to categorize users into a
 group (rather than handling them individually) for access-control
 purposes (role-based access control).  Therefore, an I2RS role
 specifies the access control for a group as being read, write, or
 notification.
    SEC-REQ-20: The rules around what I2RS security role is permitted
    to access and manipulate what information over a secure transport
    (which protects the data in transit) SHOULD ensure that data of
    any level of sensitivity is reasonably protected from being
    observed by those without permission to view it, so that privacy
    requirements are met.
    SEC-REQ-21: Role security MUST work when multiple transport
    connections are being used between the I2RS client and agent as
    the I2RS architecture [RFC7921] describes.
    Sec-REQ-22: If an I2RS agent or client is tightly correlated with
    a person, then the I2RS protocol and data models SHOULD provide
    additional security that protects the person's privacy.

Hares, et al. Informational [Page 16] RFC 8241 I2RS Security Requirements September 2017

 Explanation:
 An I2RS higher-layer protocol uses a management protocol (e.g.,
 NETCONF, RESTCONF) to pass messages in order to enact I2RS
 transactions.  Role security must secure data (sensitive and normal
 data) in a router even when it is operating over multiple connections
 at the same time.  NETCONF can run over TLS (over TCP or SCTP) or
 SSH.  RESTCONF runs over HTTP over a secure transport (TLS).  SCTP
 [RFC4960] provides security for multiple streams plus end-to-end
 transport of data.  Some I2RS functions may wish to operate over DTLS
 [RFC6347], which runs over UDP ([RFC768]) and SCTP ([RFC5764]).
 Please note the security of the connection between application and
 I2RS client is outside of the I2RS protocol or I2RS interface.
 While I2RS clients are expected to be related to network devices and
 not individual people, if an I2RS client ran on a person's phone,
 then privacy protection to anonymize any data relating to a person's
 identity or location would be needed.
 A variety of forms of management may set policy on roles: "operator-
 applied knobs", roles that restrict personal access, data models with
 specific "privacy roles", and access filters.

4.7. Security of the Environment

 The security for the implementation of a protocol also considers the
 protocol environment.  Implementers should review the summary of the
 I2RS security environment in [RFC7921].

5. IANA Considerations

 This document does not require any IANA actions.

6. Security Considerations

 This is a document about security requirements for the I2RS protocol
 and data models.  Security considerations for the I2RS protocol
 include both the protocol and the security environment.

Hares, et al. Informational [Page 17] RFC 8241 I2RS Security Requirements September 2017

7. References

7.1. Normative References

 [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
            Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
 [RFC4107]  Bellovin, S. and R. Housley, "Guidelines for Cryptographic
            Key Management", BCP 107, RFC 4107, DOI 10.17487/RFC4107,
            June 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4107>.
 [RFC4949]  Shirey, R., "Internet Security Glossary, Version 2",
            FYI 36, RFC 4949, DOI 10.17487/RFC4949, August 2007,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4949>.
 [RFC7258]  Farrell, S. and H. Tschofenig, "Pervasive Monitoring Is an
            Attack", BCP 188, RFC 7258, DOI 10.17487/RFC7258, May
            2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7258>.
 [RFC7921]  Atlas, A., Halpern, J., Hares, S., Ward, D., and T.
            Nadeau, "An Architecture for the Interface to the Routing
            System", RFC 7921, DOI 10.17487/RFC7921, June 2016,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7921>.
 [RFC7922]  Clarke, J., Salgueiro, G., and C. Pignataro, "Interface to
            the Routing System (I2RS) Traceability: Framework and
            Information Model", RFC 7922, DOI 10.17487/RFC7922, June
            2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7922>.
 [RFC7923]  Voit, E., Clemm, A., and A. Gonzalez Prieto, "Requirements
            for Subscription to YANG Datastores", RFC 7923,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC7923, June 2016,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7923>.
 [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
            2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
            May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

7.2. Informative References

 [RFC768]   Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC0768, August 1980,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc768>.

Hares, et al. Informational [Page 18] RFC 8241 I2RS Security Requirements September 2017

 [RFC2865]  Rigney, C., Willens, S., Rubens, A., and W. Simpson,
            "Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)",
            RFC 2865, DOI 10.17487/RFC2865, June 2000,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2865>.
 [RFC4960]  Stewart, R., Ed., "Stream Control Transmission Protocol",
            RFC 4960, DOI 10.17487/RFC4960, September 2007,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4960>.
 [RFC5246]  Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
            (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC5246, August 2008,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5246>.
 [RFC5764]  McGrew, D. and E. Rescorla, "Datagram Transport Layer
            Security (DTLS) Extension to Establish Keys for the Secure
            Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)", RFC 5764,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC5764, May 2010,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5764>.
 [RFC6241]  Enns, R., Ed., Bjorklund, M., Ed., Schoenwaelder, J., Ed.,
            and A. Bierman, Ed., "Network Configuration Protocol
            (NETCONF)", RFC 6241, DOI 10.17487/RFC6241, June 2011,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6241>.
 [RFC6347]  Rescorla, E. and N. Modadugu, "Datagram Transport Layer
            Security Version 1.2", RFC 6347, DOI 10.17487/RFC6347,
            January 2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6347>.
 [RFC6536]  Bierman, A. and M. Bjorklund, "Network Configuration
            Protocol (NETCONF) Access Control Model", RFC 6536,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC6536, March 2012,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6536>.
 [RFC6614]  Winter, S., McCauley, M., Venaas, S., and K. Wierenga,
            "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Encryption for RADIUS",
            RFC 6614, DOI 10.17487/RFC6614, May 2012,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6614>.
 [RFC6733]  Fajardo, V., Ed., Arkko, J., Loughney, J., and G. Zorn,
            Ed., "Diameter Base Protocol", RFC 6733,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC6733, October 2012,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6733>.
 [RFC8040]  Bierman, A., Bjorklund, M., and K. Watsen, "RESTCONF
            Protocol", RFC 8040, DOI 10.17487/RFC8040, January 2017,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8040>.

Hares, et al. Informational [Page 19] RFC 8241 I2RS Security Requirements September 2017

 [RFC8095]  Fairhurst, G., Ed., Trammell, B., Ed., and M. Kuehlewind,
            Ed., "Services Provided by IETF Transport Protocols and
            Congestion Control Mechanisms", RFC 8095,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC8095, March 2017,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8095>.
 [RFC8242]  Haas, J. and S. Hares, "Interface to the Routing System
            (I2RS) Ephemeral State Requirements", RFC 8242,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC8242, September 2017,
            <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8242>.

Acknowledgements

 The authors would like to thank Wes George, Ahmed Abro, Qin Wu, Eric
 Yu, Joel Halpern, Scott Brim, Nancy Cam-Winget, Dacheng Zhang, Alia
 Atlas, and Jeff Haas for their contributions to the I2RS security
 requirements discussion and this document.  The authors would like to
 thank Bob Moskowitz, Kathleen Moriarty, Stephen Farrell, Radia
 Perlman, Alvaro Retana, Ben Campbell, and Alissa Cooper for their
 review of these requirements.

Authors' Addresses

 Susan Hares
 Huawei
 7453 Hickory Hill
 Saline, MI  48176
 United States of America
 Email: shares@ndzh.com
 Daniel Migault
 Ericsson
 8275 Trans Canada Route
 Saint Laurent, QC  H4S
 Canada
 Email: daniel.migault@ericsson.com
 Joel Halpern
 Ericsson
 United States of America
 Email: joel.halpern@ericsson.com

Hares, et al. Informational [Page 20]

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