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rfc:rfc823

Request for Comments: 823 Obsoletes IEN-30 and IEN-109

                      THE DARPA INTERNET GATEWAY
                                RFC 823
                             Robert Hinden
                             Alan Sheltzer
                     Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc.
                            10 Moulton St.
                    Cambridge, Massachusetts 02238
                            September 1982
                             Prepared for
               Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
               Information Processing Techniques Office
                         1400 Wilson Boulevard
                       Arlington, Virginia 22209

This RFC is a status report on the Internet Gateway developed by BBN. It describes the Internet Gateway as of September 1982. This memo presents detailed descriptions of message formats and gateway procedures, however this is not an implementation specification, and such details are subject to change.

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   RFC 823
                           Table of Contents
   1   INTRODUCTION.......................................... 1
   2   BACKGROUND............................................ 2
   3   FORWARDING INTERNET DATAGRAMS......................... 5
   3.1   Input............................................... 5
   3.2   IP Header Checks.................................... 6
   3.3   Routing............................................. 7
   3.4   Redirects........................................... 9
   3.5   Fragmentation....................................... 9
   3.6   Header Rebuild..................................... 10
   3.7   Output............................................. 10
   4   PROTOCOLS SUPPORTED BY THE GATEWAY................... 12
   4.1   Cross-Net Debugging Protocol....................... 12
   4.2   Host Monitoring Protocol........................... 12
   4.3   ICMP............................................... 14
   4.4   Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol........................ 14
   4.4.1   Determining Connectivity to Networks............. 14
   4.4.2   Determining Connectivity to Neighbors............ 16
   4.4.3   Exchanging Routing Information................... 17
   4.4.4   Computing Routes................................. 19
   4.4.5   Non-Routing Gateways............................. 22
   4.4.6   Adding New Neighbors and Networks................ 23
   4.5   Exterior Gateway Protocol.......................... 24
   5   GATEWAY SOFTWARE..................................... 26
   5.1   Software Structure................................. 26
   5.1.1   Device Drivers................................... 27
   5.1.2   Network Software................................. 27
   5.1.3   Shared Gateway Software.......................... 29
   5.2   Gateway Processes.................................. 29
   5.2.1   Network Processes................................ 29
   5.2.2   GGP Process...................................... 30
   5.2.3   HMP Process...................................... 31
   APPENDIX A. GGP Message Formats.......................... 32
   APPENDIX B. Information Maintained by Gateways........... 39
   APPENDIX C. GGP Events and Responses..................... 41
   REFERENCES............................................... 43
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   1  INTRODUCTION
        This document explains the design of  the  Internet  gateway
   used  in  the  Defense  Advanced  Research Project Agency (DARPA)
   Internet program.  The gateway design was  originally  documented
   in  IEN-30,  "Gateway  Routing:  An Implementation Specification"
   [2], and was later updated in IEN-109, "How to Build  a  Gateway"
   [3].   This  document  reflects changes made both in the internet
   protocols and in the gateway design since  these  documents  were
   released.  It supersedes both IEN-30 and IEN-109.
        The Internet gateway described in this document is based  on
   the  work  of many people; in particular, special credit is given
   to V. Strazisar, M. Brescia, E. Rosen, and J. Haverty.
        The gateway's primary purpose is to route internet datagrams
   to their destination networks.  These datagrams are generated and
   processed as described in RFC 791,  "Internet  Protocol  -  DARPA
   Internet  Program  Protocol  Specification"  [1].   This document
   describes  how  the  gateway  forwards  datagrams,  the   routing
   algorithm  and  protocol  used  to  route  them, and the software
   structure  of  the  current   gateway.    The   current   gateway
   implementation  is written in macro-11 assembly language and runs
   in the DEC PDP-11 or LSI-11 16-bit processor.
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   2  BACKGROUND
        The gateway system has undergone a series of  changes  since
   its  inception,  and  it  is  continuing  to  evolve  as research
   proceeds in the Internet community.  This document describes  the
   implementation as of mid-1982.
        Early versions of gateway software  were  implemented  using
   the   BCPL   language   and   the  ELF  operating  system.   This
   implementation evolved into one  which  used  the  MOS  operating
   system  for  increased  performance.   In  late 1981, we began an
   effort to produce a  totally  new  gateway  implementation.   The
   primary  motivation  for  this was the need for a system oriented
   towards  the  requirements  of  an   operational   communications
   facility,  rather than the research testbed environment which was
   associated with the BCPL implementation.   In  addition,  it  was
   generally   recognized   that   the   complexity   and  buffering
   requirements of future gateway  configurations  were  beyond  the
   capabilities of the PDP-11/LSI-11 and BCPL architecture.  The new
   gateway implementation therefore had a second goal of producing a
   highly  space-efficient  implementation in order to provide space
   for buffers and for the extra  mechanisms,  such  as  monitoring,
   which are needed for an operational environment.
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        This document  describes  the  implementation  of  this  new
   gateway  which  incorporates  several  mechanisms  for operations
   activities,  is coded in assembly  language  for  maximum  space-
   efficiency,  but otherwise is fundamentally the same architecture
   as the older, research-oriented, implementations.
        One of the results of recent research  is  the  thesis  that
   gateways  should be viewed as elements of a gateway system, where
   the  gateways   act   as   a   loosely-coupled   packet-switching
   communications   system.   For  reasons  of  maintainability  and
   operability,  it  is  easiest  to  build  such  a  system  in  an
   homogeneous  fashion  where  all  gateways  are  under  a  single
   authority and control,  as  is  the  practice  in  other  network
   implementations.
        In order to create  a  system  architecture  that  permitted
   multiple  sets of gateways with each set under single control but
   acting together to implement a composite single Internet  System,
   new  protocols  needed to be developed.  These protocols, such as
   the "Exterior Gateway Protocol," will be introduced in the  later
   releases of the gateway implementation.
        We  also  anticipate  further   changes   to   the   gateway
   architecture  and  implementation  to  introduce  support for new
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   capabilities, such as large numbers of networks, access  control,
   and  other  requirements which have been proposed by the Internet
   research community.  This document represents a snapshot  of  the
   current implementation, rather than a specification.
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   3  FORWARDING INTERNET DATAGRAMS
        This section describes how the  gateway  forwards  datagrams
   between  networks.   A host computer that wants an IP datagram to
   reach a host on another network  must  send  the  datagram  to  a
   gateway to be forwarded.  Before it is sent into the network, the
   host attaches to the datagram a local network  header  containing
   the address of the gateway.
   3.1  Input
        When a gateway receives a message, the  gateway  checks  the
   message's  local  network header for possible errors and performs
   any actions  required  by  the  host-to-network  protocol.   This
   processing involves functions such as verifying the local network
   header checksum or  generating  a  local  network  acknowledgment
   message.   If  the  header indicates that the message contains an
   Internet datagram, the datagram is passed to the Internet  header
   check  routine.   All  other  messages  received that do not pass
   these tests are discarded.
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   3.2  IP Header Checks
        The Internet header  check  routine  performs  a  number  of
   validity tests on the IP header.  Datagrams that fail these tests
   are discarded causing an HMP trap to  be  sent  to  the  Internet
   Network  Operations  Center (INOC) [7].  The following checks are
   currently performed:
        o  Proper IP Version Number
        o  Valid IP Header Length ( >= 20 bytes)
        o  Valid IP Message Length
        o  Valid IP Header Checksum
        o  Non-Zero Time to Live field
   After a datagram passes these checks,  its  Internet  destination
   address  is examined to determine if the datagram is addressed to
   the gateway.  Each of the gateway's internet addresses  (one  for
   each  network  interface)  is  checked  against  the  destination
   address in the datagram.  If a match is not found,  the  datagram
   is passed to the forwarding routine.
        If the datagram is addressed to the gateway itself,  the  IP
   options  in  the IP header are processed.  Currently, the gateway
   supports the following IP options:
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        o  NOP
        o  End of Option List
        o  Loose Source and Record Route
        o  Strict Source and Record Route
   The datagram is next processed according to the protocol  in  the
   IP  header.  If  the protocol is not supported by the gateway, it
   replies with an ICMP error message  and  discards  the  datagram.
   The  gateway  does  not  support  IP  reassembly,  so  fragmented
   datagrams which are addressed to the gateway are discarded.
   3.3  Routing
        The gateway must make a routing decision for  all  datagrams
   that  are to be to forwarded.  The routing algorithm provides two
   pieces of information for the gateway:  1) the network  interface
   that  should be used to send this datagram and 2) the destination
   address that should be put in the local  network  header  of  the
   datagram.
        The gateway maintains a dynamic Routing Table which contains
   an  entry  for  each  reachable network.  The entry consists of a
   network number and the address of the  neighbor  gateway  on  the
   shortest  route  to  the  network, or else an indication that the
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   gateway is directly connected to the network.  A neighbor gateway
   is  one  which  shares  a  common network with this gateway.  The
   distance metric that is  used  to  determine  which  neighbor  is
   closest  is  defined  as the "number of hops," where a gateway is
   considered to be zero hops from its directly connected  networks,
   one  hop  from a network that is reachable via one other gateway,
   etc.  The Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol (GGP) is used to update the
   Routing  Table (see Section 4.4 describing the Gateway-to-Gateway
   Protocol).
        The gateway tries to match the destination  network  address
   in  the IP header of the datagram to be forwarded, with a network
   in its Routing Table.  If no match is found,  the  gateway  drops
   the datagram and sends an ICMP Destination Unreachable message to
   the IP source.  If the gateway does find an entry for the network
   in  its  table,  it  will use the network address of the neighbor
   gateway entry as the local network  destination  address  of  the
   datagram.   However, if the final destination network is one that
   the gateway is directly connected to, the destination address  in
   the  local network header is created from the destination address
   in the IP header of the datagram.
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   3.4  Redirects
        If the routing procedure decides that an IP datagram  is  to
   be  sent back out the same network interface that it was read in,
   then this gateway is not on the shortest path  to  the  IP  final
   destination.   Nevertheless, the datagram will still be forwarded
   to the next address chosen by  the  routing  procedure.   If  the
   datagram  is  not  using  the  IP Source Route Option, and the IP
   source network of the datagram is the same as the network of  the
   next  gateway  chosen  by the routing procedure, an ICMP Redirect
   message will be sent  to  the  IP  source  host  indicating  that
   another  gateway  should  be used to send traffic to the final IP
   destination.
   3.5  Fragmentation
        The datagram is passed to the  fragmentation  routine  after
   the  routing decision has been made.  If the next network through
   which the datagram must pass has a maximum message size  that  is
   smaller  than  the  size  of  the  datagram, the datagram must be
   fragmented.   Fragmentation  is  performed   according   to   the
   algorithm  described  in the Internet Protocol Specification [1].
   Certain IP options must be copied  into  the  IP  header  of  all
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   fragments, and others appear only in the first fragment according
   to the IP specification.  If a datagram must be  fragmented,  but
   the  Don't  fragment bit is set, the datagram is discarded and an
   ICMP error message is sent to the IP source of the datagram.
   3.6  Header Rebuild
        The datagram (or the fragments of the original  datagram  if
   fragmentation  was  needed)  is  next  passed  to  a routine that
   rebuilds  the  Internet  header.  The  Time  to  Live  field   is
   decremented by one and the IP checksum is recomputed.
        The  local  network  header  is  now   built.    Using   the
   information  obtained  from  its  routing  procedure, the gateway
   chooses the network interface it considers  proper  to  send  the
   datagram  and  to  build  the  destination  address  in the local
   network header.
   3.7  Output
        The datagram is now enqueued on an output queue for delivery
   towards  its destination.  A limit is enforced on the size of the
   output queue for each network interface so that  a  slow  network
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   does  not  unfairly  use  up  all of the gateway's buffers.  If a
   datagram cannot be enqueued due to the limit on the output  queue
   length, it is dropped and an HMP trap is sent to the INOC.  These
   traps, and others of a similar nature, are  used  by  operational
   personnel to monitor the operations of the gateways.
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   4  PROTOCOLS SUPPORTED BY THE GATEWAY
        A number of  protocols  are  supported  by  the  gateway  to
   provide   dynamic   routing,  monitoring,  debugging,  and  error
   reporting.  These protocols are described below.
   4.1  Cross-Net Debugging Protocol
        The Cross-Net Debugging Protocol (XNET) [8] is used to  load
   the  gateway  and  to  examine  and  deposit  data.   The gateway
   supports the following XNET op-codes:
        o  NOP
        o  Debug
        o  End Debug
        o  Deposit
        o  Examine
        o  Create Process
   4.2  Host Monitoring Protocol
        The Host Monitoring Protocol (HMP) [6] is  used  to  collect
   measurements   and   status   information   from   the  gateways.
   Exceptional conditions in the gateways are reported in HMP traps.
   The status of a gateway's interfaces, neighbors, and the networks
   which it can reach are reported in the HMP status message.
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        Two types of gateway statistics, the Host Traffic Matrix and
   the  gateway  throughput,  are currently defined by the HMP.  The
   Host Traffic Matrix records the number  of  datagrams  that  pass
   through  the  gateway  with  a  given IP source, destination, and
   protocol number.   The  gateway  throughput  message  collects  a
   number  of  important counters that are kept by the gateway.  The
   current gateway reports the following values:
        o  Datagrams dropped because destination net unreachable
        o  Datagrams dropped because destination host unreachable
        o  Per Interface:
                Datagrams received with IP errors
                Datagrams received for this gateway
                Datagrams received to be forwarded
                Datagrams looped
                Bytes received
                Datagrams sent, originating at this gateway
                Datagrams sent to destination hosts
                Datagrams dropped due to flow control limitations
                Datagrams dropped due to full queue
                Bytes sent
        o  Per Neighbor:
                Routing updates sent to
                Routing updates received from
                Datagrams sent, originating here
                Datagrams forwarded to
                Datagrams dropped due to flow control limitations
                Datagrams dropped due to full queue
                Bytes sent
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   4.3  ICMP
        The gateway will generate the following ICMP messages  under
   appropriate  circumstances  as  defined by the ICMP specification
   [4]:
        o  Echo Reply
        o  Destination Unreachable
        o  Source Quench
        o  Redirect
        o  Time Exceeded
        o  Parameter Problem
        o  Information Reply
   4.4  Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol
        The gateway uses the Gateway-to-Gateway  Protocol  (GGP)  to
   determine  connectivity  to networks and neighbor gateways; it is
   also used in  the  implementation  of  a  dynamic,  shortest-path
   routing  algorithm.  The current GGP message formats (for release
   1003 of the gateway software) are presented in Appendix A.
   4.4.1  Determining Connectivity to Networks
        When a gateway  starts  running  it  assumes  that  all  its
   neighbor  gateways  are  "down,"  that  it  is  disconnected from
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   networks to which it is attached, and that the distance  reported
   in  routing  updates  from  each  neighbor  to  each  network  is
   "infinity."
        The gateway first determines the state of  its  connectivity
   to  networks  to  which it is physically attached.  The gateway's
   connection to a network is declared up if it can send and receive
   internet  datagrams  on its interface to that network.  Note that
   the method that the gateway uses to determine its connectivity to
   a  network  is network-dependent.  In some networks, the host-to-
   network protocol determines whether or not datagrams can be  sent
   and  received  on  the  host  interface.   In these networks, the
   gateway simply checks-status information provided by the protocol
   in order to determine if it can communicate with the network.  In
   other networks, where  the  host-to-network  protocols  are  less
   sophisticated,  it  may  be  necessary  for  the  gateway to send
   datagrams to itself to determine if it can communicate  with  the
   network.   In  these networks, the gateways periodically poll the
   network using GGP network interface status messages [Appendix  A]
   to determine if the network interface is operational.
        The gateway has two rules relevant to computing distances to
   networks:   1) if the gateway can send and receive traffic on its
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   network interface, its distance to the network is zero;  2) if it
   cannot send and receive traffic on the interface, its distance to
   the network is "infinity."  Note  that  if  a  gateway's  network
   interface is not working, it may still be able to send traffic to
   the network on  an  alternate  route  via  one  of  its  neighbor
   gateways.
   4.4.2  Determining Connectivity to Neighbors
        The gateway determines connectivity to neighbors using a  "K
   out  of  N"  algorithm.   Every 15 seconds, the gateway sends GGP
   Echo messages  [Appendix  A]  to  each  of  its  neighbors.   The
   neighbors  respond  by  sending GGP echo replies.  If there is no
   reply to K out of  N  (current  values  are  K=3  and  N=4)  echo
   messages sent to a neighbor, the neighbor is declared down.  If a
   neighbor is down and J out of M (current values are J=2 and  M=4)
   echo  replies  are  received,  the neighbor is declared to be up.
   The values of J,K,M,N  and  the  time  interval  are  operational
   parameters which can be adjusted as required.
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   4.4.3  Exchanging Routing Information
        The gateway sends routing information in GGP Routing  Update
   messages.  The gateway receives and transmits routing information
   reliably using sequence-numbered messages  and  a  retransmission
   and acknowledgment scheme as explained below.  For each neighbor,
   the gateway remembers the Receive Sequence  Number,  R,  that  it
   received  in  the  most recent routing update from that neighbor.
   This value is initialized with the sequence number in  the  first
   Routing  Update  received  from  a neighbor after that neighbor's
   status is set to "up."  On receipt of a  routing  update  from  a
   neighbor,  the  gateway subtracts the Receive Sequence Number, R,
   from the sequence number in the routing update, S. If this  value
   (S-R)  is greater than or equal to zero, then the gateway accepts
   the routing update, sends an acknowledgment (see Appendix  A)  to
   the  neighbor  containing the sequence number S, and replaces the
   Receive Sequence Number, R, with S. If this value (S-R)  is  less
   than  zero,  the  gateway  rejects the routing update and sends a
   negative  acknowledgment  [Appendix  A]  to  the  neighbor   with
   sequence number R.
        The gateway has a  Send  Sequence  Number,  N,  for  sending
   routing  updates  to  all of its neighbors.  This sequence number
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   can be initialized to any value.  The  Send  Sequence  Number  is
   incremented  each  time  a  new  routing  update  is created.  On
   receiving an acknowledgment for a  routing  update,  the  gateway
   subtracts  the  sequence  number  acknowledged,  A, from the Send
   Sequence Number, N.  If the value (N-A) is non-zero, then an  old
   routing  update  is being acknowledged.  The gateway continues to
   retransmit the most recent routing update to  the  neighbor  that
   sent  the  acknowledgment.   If (N-A) is zero, the routing update
   has been acknowledged.  Note that only the  most  recent  routing
   update  must  be  acknowledged;  if  a  second  routing update is
   generated before the first routing update is  acknowledged,  only
   the second routing update must be acknowledged.
        If  a  negative  acknowledgment  is  received,  the  gateway
   subtracts  the  sequence  number negatively acknowledged, A, from
   its Send Sequence Number, N.  If this value (N-A)  is  less  than
   zero, then the gateway replaces its Send Sequence Number, N, with
   the sequence number negatively acknowledged plus  one,  A+1,  and
   retransmits the routing update to all of its neighbors.  If (N-A)
   is greater than or equal to zero, then the gateway  continues  to
   retransmit  the routing update using sequence number N.  In order
   to maintain the correct sequence numbers at all gateways, routing
   updates  must  be  retransmitted  to  all  neighbors  if the Send
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   Sequence Number changes, even if the routing information does not
   change.
        The gateway retransmits routing updates  periodically  until
   they  are  acknowledged  and  whenever  its  Send Sequence Number
   changes.  The gateway sends routing  updates  only  to  neighbors
   that are in the "up" state.
   4.4.4  Computing Routes
        A routing update  contains  a  list  of  networks  that  are
   reachable  through  this  gateway, and the distance in "number of
   hops"  to  each  network  mentioned.   The  routing  update  only
   contains information about a network if the gateway believes that
   it is as close or closer to that network then the neighbor  which
   is  to receive the routing update.  The network address may be an
   internet class A, B, or C address.
        The information inside a  routing  update  is  processed  as
   follows.   The gateway contains an N x K distance matrix, where N
   is the number of  networks  and  K  is  the  number  of  neighbor
   gateways.   An  entry  in this matrix, represented as dm(I,J), is
   the distance to network I from neighbor J as reported in the most
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   recent routing update from neighbor J.  The gateway also contains
   a vector indicating  the  connectivity  between  itself  and  its
   neighbor  gateways.   The  values  in this vector are computed as
   discussed above (see Section 4.4.2, Determining  Connectivity  to
   Neighbors).   The value of the Jth entry of this vector, which is
   the connectivity between the gateway and  the  Jth  neighbor,  is
   represented as d(J).
        The gateway copies the routing update received from the  Jth
   neighbor  into  the  appropriate row of the distance matrix, then
   updates its routes as follows.  The gateway calculates a  minimum
   distance  vector  which  contains  the  minimum  distance to each
   network  from  the  gateway.   The  Ith  entry  of  this  vector,
   represented as MinD(I) is:
     MinD(I) = minimum over all neighbors of d(J) + dm(I,J)
   where d(J) is the  distance  between  the  gateway  and  the  Jth
   neighbor,  and  dm(I,J)  is the distance from the Jth neighbor to
   the Ith network.  If the Ith network is attached to  the  gateway
   and  the  gateway  can  send  and  receive traffic on its network
   interface (see Section 4.4.2), then  the  gateway  sets  the  Ith
   entry of the minimum distance vector to zero.
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        Using the minimum distance vector, the  gateway  computes  a
   list  of  neighbor gateways through which to send traffic to each
   network.  The entry for a  given  network  contains  one  of  the
   neighbors that is the minimum distance away from that network.
        After updating its  routes  to  the  networks,  the  gateway
   computes  the  new  routing  updates to be sent to its neighbors.
   The gateway reports a network to a neighbor  only  if  it  is  as
   close  to  or closer to that network than its neighbor.  For each
   network I, the routing update contains the address of the network
   and the minimum distance to that network which is MinD(I).
        Finally, the gateway must determine whether it  should  send
   routing  updates to its neighbors.  The gateway sends new updates
   to its neighbors if every one of the following  three  conditions
   occurs:   1)  one  of the gateway's interfaces changes state,  2)
   one of the gateway's neighbor gateways changes state, and  3) the
   gateway  receives  a  routing  update  from  a  neighbor  that is
   different from the update that it had  previously  received  from
   that  neighbor.   The  gateway  sends  routing  updates  only  to
   neighbors that are currently in the "up" state.
        The gateway requests a routing update  from  neighbors  that
   are  in  the  "up"  state,  but  from which it has yet received a
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   routing update.  Routing updates are  requested  by  setting  the
   appropriate  bit  in  the routing update being sent [Appendix A].
   Similarly, if a gateway receives from a neighbor a routing update
   in  which the bit requesting a routing update is set, the gateway
   sends the neighbor the most recent routing update.
   4.4.5  Non-Routing Gateways
        A Non-routing Gateway is a gateway  that  forwards  internet
   traffic,  but  does  not  implement  the  GGP  routing algorithm.
   Networks that are behind a Non-routing Gateway are known a-priori
   to  Routing Gateways.  There can be one or more of these networks
   which are considered to be directly connected to the  Non-routing
   Gateway.   A  Routing  Gateway  will forward a datagram to a Non-
   routing Gateway if it is addressed to a network behind  the  Non-
   routing   Gateway.    Routing  Gateways  currently  do  not  send
   Redirects for  Non-routing  Gateways.   A  Routing  Gateway  will
   always  use  another  Routing Gateway as a path instead of a Non-
   routing Gateways if both exist and are the same  number  of  hops
   away from the destination network.  The Non-routing Gateways path
   will be used only when the Routing Gateway path is down; when the
   Routing Gateway path comes back up, it will be used again.
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   4.4.6  Adding New Neighbors and Networks
        Gateways  dynamically  add  routing  information  about  new
   neighbors   and  new  networks  to  their  tables.   The  gateway
   maintains a list of neighbor gateway addresses.  When  a  routing
   update  is  received, the gateway searches this list of addresses
   for the Internet source address of the  routing  update  message.
   If  the  Internet  source  address  of  the routing update is not
   contained in the list of neighbor  addresses,  the  gateway  adds
   this  address  to  the  list  of  neighbor addresses and sets the
   neighbor's connectivity status to "down."   Routing  updates  are
   not  accepted  from neighbors until the GGP polling mechanism has
   determined that the neighbor is up.
        This strategy of adding  new  neighbors  requires  that  one
   gateway   in  each  pair  of  neighbor  gateways  must  have  the
   neighbor's address configured in its tables.  The newest  gateway
   can be given a complete list of neighbors, thus avoiding the need
   to re-configure older gateways when new gateways are installed.
        Gateways obtain routing information about  new  networks  in
   several  steps.   The  gateway has a list of all the networks for
   which it currently maintains routing information.  When a routing
   update  is  received,  if the routing update contains information
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   about a new network, the gateway adds this network to the list of
   networks  for  which it maintains routing information.  Next, the
   gateway adds  the  new  network  to  its  distance  matrix.   The
   distance  matrix comprises the is the matrix of distances (number
   of hops) to networks as reported  in  routing  updates  from  the
   neighbor  gateways.   The  gateway  sets  the distance to all new
   networks to "infinity," and then  computes  new  routes  and  new
   routing updates as outlined above.
   4.5  Exterior Gateway Protocol
        The Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) is used to permit  other
   gateways  and  gateway systems to pass routing information to the
   DARPA Internet gateways.  The use of the EGP permits the user  to
   perceive  all  of  the networks and gateways as part of one total
   Internet system, even though the "exterior" gateways are disjoint
   and  may  use  a  routing  algorithm  that  is  different and not
   compatible with  that  used  in  the  "interior"  gateways.   The
   important elements of the EGP are:
   o Neighbor Acquisition
        The procedure by which a gateway requests that it  become  a
        neighbor  of  another  gateway.  This is used when a gateway
        wants to become a neighbor  of  another  in  order  to  pass
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        routing information.  This includes the capability to accept
        or refuse the request.
   o Neighbor Up/Down
        The procedure by which a gateway decides if another  gateway
        is up or down.
   o Network Reachability Information
        The facility used to pass routing and  neighbor  information
        between gateways.
   o Gateway Going Down
        The ability of a gateway to inform other gateways that it is
        going  down  and  no  longer  has  any  routes  to any other
        networks.  This permits a gateway to go down in  an  orderly
        way without disrupting the rest of the Internet system.
   A complete description of the EGP can be found  in  IEN-209,  the
   "Exterior Gateway Protocol" [10].
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   5  GATEWAY SOFTWARE
        The DARPA Internet Gateway  runs  under  the  MOS  operating
   system [9] which provides facilities for:
        o Multiple processes
        o Interprocess communication
        o Buffer management
        o Asynchronous input/output
        o Shareable real-time clock
   There is a MOS process for  each  network  that  the  gateway  is
   directly  connected  to.   A  data  structure  called  a NETBLOCK
   contains variables of interest for each network and  pointers  to
   local  network  routines.   Network  processes run common gateway
   code while  network-specific  functions  are  dispatched  to  the
   routines  pointed  to  in the NETBLOCK.  There are also processes
   for gateway functions which require their own timing, such as GGP
   and HMP.
   5.1  Software Structure
        The gateway software can be divided conceptually into  three
   parts:   MOS Device Drivers, Network software, and Shared Gateway
   software.
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   5.1.1  Device Drivers
        The gateway has a set of  routines  to  handle  sending  and
   receiving  data  for  each type of hardware interface.  There are
   routines for initialization,  initiation,  and  interruption  for
   both  the  transmit  and  receive sides of a device.  The gateway
   supports the following types of devices:
        a)  ACC LSI-11 1822
        b)  DEC IMP11a 1822
        c)  ACC LHDH 1822
        d)  ACC VDH11E
        e)  ACC VDH11C
        f)  Proteon Ring Network
        g)  RSRE HDLC
        h)  Interlan Ethernet
        i)  BBN Fibernet
        j)  ACC XQ/CP X.25 **
        k)  ACC XQ/CP HDH  **
   5.1.2  Network Software
        For each connected network, the gateway has a set  of  eight
   routines  which  handle  local  network  functions.   The network
   routines and their functions are described briefly below.
   _______________
   ** Planned, not yet supported.
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        Up.net    Perform  local  network  initialization  such   as
                  flapping the 1822 ready line.
        Sg.net    Handle specific  local  network  timing  functions
                  such as timing out 1822 Destination Deads.
        Rc.net    A message  has  been  received  from  the  network
                  interface.  Check for any input errors.
        Wc.net    A message has  been  transmitted  to  the  network
                  interface.  Check for any output errors.
        Rs.net    Set up a buffer (or buffers) to  receive  messages
                  on the network interface.
        Ws.net    Transmit a message to the network interface.
        Hc.net    Check the local network  header  of  the  received
                  message.    Perform  any  local  network  protocol
                  tasks.
        Hb.net    Rebuild the local network header.
        There are  network  routines  for  the  following  types  of
   networks:
        o  Arpanet (a,b,c,k)
        o  Satnet (d,e,k)
        o  Proteon Ring Network (f)
        o  Packet Radio Network (a,b,c)
        o  Rsre HDLC Null Network (g)
        o  Ethernet (h)
        o  Fibernet (i)
        o  Telenet X.25 (j) **
   Note: The letters in parentheses refer to the device drivers used
   _______________
   ** Planned, not yet supported.
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   for each type of network as described in the previous section.
   5.1.3  Shared Gateway Software
        The internet processing of a datagram is performed by a body
   of  code  which  is  shared  by the network processes.  This code
   includes  routines  to  check   the   IP   header,   perform   IP
   fragmentation, calculate the IP checksum, forward a datagram, and
   implement the routing, monitoring, and error reporting protocols.
   5.2  Gateway Processes
   5.2.1  Network Processes
        When the gateway starts up, each network process  calls  its
   local network initialization routine and read start routine.  The
   read start routine sets up two maximum network size  buffers  for
   receiving datagrams.  The network process then waits for an input
   complete signal from the network device driver.
        When a message has been received, the MOS  Operating  System
   signals  the  appropriate  network process with an input complete
   signal.  The network process wakes up and executes the  net  read
  1. 29-
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   RFC 823
   complete  routine.   After  the  message  has been processed, the
   network process waits for more input.
        The  net  read  complete  routine  is  the   major   message
   processing  loop  in  the  gateway.   The  following  actions are
   performed when a message has been received:
        o  Call Local Network Read Complete Routine
        o  Start more reads
        o  Check local Network Header
        o  Check Internet header
        o  Check if datagram is for the gateway
        o  Forward the datagram if necessary
        o  Send ICMP error message if necessary.
   5.2.2  GGP Process
        The GGP process periodically sends GGP echos to each of  the
   gateway's neighbors to determine neighbor connectivity, and sends
   interface  status  messages  addressed  to  itself  to  determine
   network  connectivity.   The  GGP  process also sends out routing
   updates when necessary.  The details of the algorithms  currently
   implemented  by  the  GGP  process  are  given  in  Section  4.4,
   Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol, and in Appendix C.
  1. 30-
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   5.2.3  HMP Process
        The  HMP  process  handles  timer-based  gateway  statistics
   collection and the periodic transmission of traps.
  1. 31-
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   APPENDIX A. GGP Message Formats
        Note that the GGP protocol is currently undergoing extensive
   changes to introduce the Exterior Gateway Protocol facility; this
   is the vehicle needed to permit  gateways  in  other  systems  to
   exchange  routing information with the gateways described in this
   document.
        Each GGP message consists of an Internet header followed  by
   one  of the messages explained below.  The values (in decimal) in
   the Internet header used in a GGP message are as follows.
   Version                  4.
   IHL                      Internet header length in 32-bit words.
   Type of Service          0.
   Total Length             Length of Internet header  and  data  in
                            octets.
   ID, Flags,
   Fragment Offset          0.
   Time to Live             Time to live in seconds.  This field  is
                            decremented   at   least  once  by  each
                            machine that processes the datagram.
   Protocol                 Gateway Protocol = 3.
   Header Checksum          The 16 bit one's complement of the one's
                            complement  sum  of  all 16-bit words in
                            the header.  For computing the checksum,
                            the checksum field should be zero.
  1. 32-
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   RFC 823
   Source Address           The address of the  gateway's  interface
                            from which the message is sent.
   Destination Address      The address of the gateway to which  the
                            message is sent.
  1. 33-
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   RFC 823
   ROUTING UPDATE
    0                   1
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   !Gateway Type   !  unused (0)   !                 ; 2 bytes
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   !     Sequence Number           !                 ; 2 bytes
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   !  need-update  !  n-distances  !                 ; 2 bytes
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   !  distance 1   !   n1-dist     !                 ; 2 bytes
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   !   net11       !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ; 1, 2 or 3
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ;   bytes
   !   net12       !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ; 1, 2 or 3
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ;   bytes
                                   .
                                   .
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   !   net1n1      !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!  ; n1 nets at
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  ;   dist 1
                                   .                      ...
                                   .                  ; ndist groups
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                  ;    of nets
   !  distance n   !   nn-dist     !                  ; 2 bytes
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   !   netn1       !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!  ; 1, 2 or 3
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  ;   bytes
   !   netn2       !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!  ; 1, 2 or 3
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  ;   bytes
                              .
                              .
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   !   netnnn      !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!  ; nn nets at
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  ;  dist n
   Gateway Type             12 (decimal)
   Sequence Number          The  16-bit  sequence  number  used   to
                            identify routing updates.
   need-update              An 8-bit field.  This byte is set  to  1
  1. 34-
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   RFC 823
                            if the source gateway requests a routing
                            update from the destination gateway, and
                            set to 0 if not.
   n-distances              An   8-bit   field.    The   number   of
                            distance-groups reported in this update.
                            Each  distance-group   consists   of   a
                            distance  value  and  a  number of nets,
                            followed by the actual net numbers which
                            are reachable at that distance.  Not all
                            distances need be reported.
   distance 1               hop count (or  other  distance  measure)
                            which applies to this distance-group.
   n1-dist                  number of nets  which  are  reported  in
                            this distance-group.
   net11                    1, 2, or 3 bytes for the  first  net  at
                            distance "distance 1".
   net12                    second net
   ...
   net1n1                   etc.
  1. 35-
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   ACKNOWLEDGMENT or NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGMENT
    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | Gateway Type  |  Unused       |        Sequence number        |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   Gateway Type             Acknowledgments are  type  2.   Negative
                            acknowledgments are type 10.
   Sequence Number          The  16-bit  sequence  number  that  the
                            gateway  is  acknowledging or negatively
                            acknowledging.
  1. 36-
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   GGP ECHO and ECHO REPLY
    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | Gateway Type  |            Unused                             |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   Gateway Type             8 for echo message; 0 for echo reply.
   Source Address           In an echo message, this is the  address
                            of  the  gateway  on the same network as
                            the neighbor to which it is sending  the
                            echo message.  In an echo reply message,
                            the source and destination addresses are
                            simply  reversed,  and  the remainder is
                            returned unchanged.
  1. 37-
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   RFC 823
   NETWORK INTERFACE STATUS
    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   ! Gateway Type  !                  unused                       !
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   Gateway Type             9
   Source Address
   Destination Address      The address  of  the  gateway's  network
                            interface.   The  gateway  can  send Net
                            Interface Status messages to  itself  to
                            determine  if  it  is  able  to send and
                            receive   traffic   on    its    network
                            interface.
  1. 38-
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   RFC 823
   APPENDIX B. Information Maintained by Gateways
        In order to implement the shortest-path  routing  algorithm,
   gateways  must  maintain  information about their connectivity to
   networks  and  other  gateways.   This   section   explains   the
   information  maintained  by each gateway; this information can be
   organized into the following tables and variables.
   o  Number of Networks
        The number of  networks  for  which  the  gateway  maintains
        routing information and to which it can forward traffic.
   o  Number of Neighbors
        The number of  neighbor  gateways  with  which  the  gateway
        exchanges routing information.
   o  Gateway Addresses
        The addresses of the gateway's network interfaces.
   o  Neighbor Gateway Addresses
        The address of each  neighbor  gateway's  network  interface
        that is on the same network as this gateway.
   o  Neighbor Connectivity Vector
        A vector of the connectivity between this gateway  and  each
        of its neighbors.
   o  Distance Matrix
        A matrix of the routing updates received from  the  neighbor
        gateways.
  1. 39-
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   RFC 823
   o  Minimum Distance Vector
        A vector containing the minimum distance to each network.
   o  Routing Updates from Non-Routing Gateways
        The routing updates that would have been received from  each
        non-routing  neighbor  gateway which does not participate in
        this routing strategy.
   o  Routing Table
        A table containing, for each network, a list of the neighbor
        gateways on a minimum-distance route to the network.
   o  Send Sequence Number
        The sequence number that will  be  used  to  send  the  next
        routing update.
   o  Receive Sequence Numbers
        The sequence numbers that the gateway received in  the  last
        routing update from each of its neighbors.
   o  Received Acknowledgment Vector
        A  vector  indicating  whether  or  not  each  neighbor  has
        acknowledged  the sequence number in the most recent routing
        update sent.
  1. 40-
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   RFC 823
   APPENDIX C. GGP Events and Responses
        The following list shows the GGP  events  that  occur  at  a
   gateway  and  the  gateway's responses.  The variables and tables
   referred to are listed above.
   o  Connectivity to an attached network changes.
        a. Update the Minimum Distance Vector.
        b. Recompute the Routing Updates.
        c. Recompute the Routing Table.
        d. If any routing update has changed, send the  new  routing
           updates to the neighbors.
   o  Connectivity to a neighbor gateway changes.
        a. Update the Neighbor Connectivity Vector.
        b. Recompute the Minimum Distance Vector.
        c. Recompute the Routing Updates.
        d. Recompute the Routing Table.
        e. If any routing update has changed, send the  new  routing
           updates to the neighbors.
   o  A Routing Update message is received.
        a. Compare the Internet source address of the Routing Update
           message to the Neighbor Addresses.  If the address is not
           on the list, add it to the list  of  Neighbor  Addresses,
           increment  the  Number  of Neighbors, and set the Receive
           Sequence Number for this neighbor to the sequence  number
           in the Routing Update message.
        b. Compare the Receive Sequence Number for this neighbor  to
           the  sequence  number  in  the  Routing Update message to
           determine whether or not to accept this message.  If  the
           message  is  rejected,  send  a  Negative  Acknowledgment
           message.   If  the   message   is   accepted,   send   an
           Acknowledgment  message  and  proceed  with the following
           steps.
  1. 41-
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   RFC 823
        c. Compare the  networks  reported  in  the  Routing  Update
           message  to  the Number of Networks.  If new networks are
           reported, enter them in the network vectors, increase the
           number  of  networks,  and  expand the Distance Matrix to
           account for the new networks.
        d. Copy the routing update received into the appropriate row
           of the Distance Matrix.
        e. Recompute the Minimum Distance Vector.
        f. Recompute the Routing Updates.
        g. Recompute the Routing Table.
        h. If any routing update has changed, send the  new  routing
           updates to the neighbors.
   o  An Acknowledgment message is received.
           Compare the sequence number in the message  to  the  Send
           Sequence   Number.    If  the  Send  Sequence  Number  is
           acknowledged,  update   the   entry   in   the   Received
           Acknowledgment  Vector  for  the  neighbor  that sent the
           acknowledgment.
   o  A Negative Acknowledgment message is received.
           Compare the sequence number in the message  to  the  Send
           Sequence Number.  If necessary, replace the Send Sequence
           Number, and retransmit the routing updates.
  1. 42-
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   REFERENCES
   [1]  Postel,  J.  (ed.),  "Internet  Protocol  -  DARPA  Internet
        Program  Protocol  Specification,"  RFC 791, USC/Information
        Sciences Institute, September 1981.
   [2]  Strazisar,  V.,   "Gateway   Routing:    An   Implementation
        Specification," IEN-30, Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc., August
        1979.
   [3]  Strazisar, V., "How  to  Build  a  Gateway,"  IEN-109,  Bolt
        Beranek and Newman Inc., August 1979.
   [4]  Postel, J.,  "Internet  Control  Message  Protocol  -  DARPA
        Internet   Program   Protocol   Specification,"   RFC   792,
        USC/Information Sciences Institute, September 1981.
   [5]  Postel, J., "Assigned  Numbers,"  RFC  790,  USC/Information
        Sciences Institute, September 1981.
   [6]  Littauer, B., Huang, A.,  Hinden,  R.,  "A  Host  Monitoring
        Protocol,"  IEN-197, Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc., September
        1981.
   [7]  Santos,  P.,  Chalstrom,   H.,   Linn,   J.,   Herman,   J.,
        "Architecture   of   a   Network   Monitoring,  Control  and
        Management System," Proc. of  the  5th  Int.  Conference  on
        Computer Communication, October 1980.
   [8]  Haverty, J., "XNET Formats for Internet Protocol Version 4,"
        IEN-158, Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc., October 1980.
   [9]  Mathis, J., Klemba, K., Poggio,  "TIU  Notebook-  Volume  2,
        Software Documentation," SRI, May 1979.
   [10] Rosen,  E.,  "Exterior  Gateway  Protocol,"  IEN-209,   Bolt
        Beranek and Newman Inc., August 1982.
  1. 43-
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