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rfc:rfc8225

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) C. Wendt Request for Comments: 8225 Comcast Category: Standards Track J. Peterson ISSN: 2070-1721 Neustar Inc.

                                                         February 2018
                 PASSporT: Personal Assertion Token

Abstract

 This document defines a method for creating and validating a token
 that cryptographically verifies an originating identity or, more
 generally, a URI or telephone number representing the originator of
 personal communications.  The Personal Assertion Token, PASSporT, is
 cryptographically signed to protect the integrity of the identity of
 the originator and to verify the assertion of the identity
 information at the destination.  The cryptographic signature is
 defined with the intention that it can confidently verify the
 originating persona even when the signature is sent to the
 destination party over an insecure channel.  PASSporT is particularly
 useful for many personal-communications applications over IP networks
 and other multi-hop interconnection scenarios where the originating
 and destination parties may not have a direct trusted relationship.

Status of This Memo

 This is an Internet Standards Track document.
 This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
 (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
 received public review and has been approved for publication by the
 Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Further information on
 Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.
 Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
 and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
 https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8225.

Wendt & Peterson Standards Track [Page 1] RFC 8225 PASSporT February 2018

Copyright Notice

 Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
 document authors.  All rights reserved.
 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
 Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
 (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
 publication of this document.  Please review these documents
 carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
 to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
 include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
 the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
 described in the Simplified BSD License.

Wendt & Peterson Standards Track [Page 2] RFC 8225 PASSporT February 2018

Table of Contents

 1. Introduction ....................................................4
 2. Terminology .....................................................4
 3. PASSporT Overview ...............................................5
 4. PASSporT Header .................................................6
    4.1. "typ" (Type) Header Parameter ..............................6
    4.2. "alg" (Algorithm) Header Parameter .........................6
    4.3. "x5u" (X.509 URL) Header Parameter .........................6
    4.4. Example PASSporT Header ....................................7
 5. PASSporT Payload ................................................7
    5.1. JWT-Defined Claims .........................................7
         5.1.1. "iat" (Issued At) Claim .............................7
    5.2. PASSporT-Specific Claims ...................................8
         5.2.1. Originating and Destination Identity Claims .........8
         5.2.2. "mky" (Media Key) Claim ............................10
 6. PASSporT Signature .............................................11
 7. Compact Form of PASSporT .......................................12
    7.1. Example Compact Form of PASSporT ..........................13
 8. Extending PASSporT .............................................13
    8.1. "ppt" (PASSporT) Header Parameter .........................13
    8.2. Example Extended PASSporT Header ..........................14
    8.3. Extended PASSporT Claims ..................................14
 9. Deterministic JSON Serialization ...............................15
    9.1. Example PASSporT Deterministic JSON Form ..................16
 10. Security Considerations .......................................17
    10.1. Avoidance of Replay and Cut-and-Paste Attacks ............17
    10.2. Solution Considerations ..................................18
 11. IANA Considerations ...........................................18
    11.1. Media Type Registration ..................................18
    11.2. Registrations in "JSON Web Token Claims" .................19
    11.3. Registration in "JSON Web Signature and
          Encryption Header Parameters" ............................20
    11.4. PASSporT Extensions Registry .............................20
 12. References ....................................................20
    12.1. Normative References .....................................20
    12.2. Informative References ...................................22
 Appendix A. Example ES256-Based PASSporT JWS Serialization and
             Signature .............................................23
   A.1. X.509 Private Key in PKCS #8 Format for ES256 Example ......24
   A.2. X.509 Public Key for ES256 Example .........................25
 Acknowledgments ...................................................25
 Authors' Addresses ................................................25

Wendt & Peterson Standards Track [Page 3] RFC 8225 PASSporT February 2018

1. Introduction

 In today's IP-enabled telecommunications world, there is a growing
 concern about the ability to trust incoming invitations for
 communications sessions, including video, voice, and messaging
 [RFC7340].  As an example, modern telephone networks provide the
 ability to spoof the calling party's telephone number for many
 legitimate purposes, including providing network features and
 services on behalf of a legitimate telephone number.  However, as we
 have seen, bad actors have taken advantage of this ability for
 illegitimate and fraudulent purposes meant to trick telephone users
 into believing that they are someone they are not.  This problem can
 be extended to many emerging forms of personal communications.
 This document defines a method for creating and validating a token
 that cryptographically verifies an originating identity or, more
 generally, a URI or telephone number representing the originator of
 personal communications.  Through the extensions defined in Section 8
 of this document, other information relevant to the personal
 communications can also be added to the token.  The goal of PASSporT
 is to provide a common framework for signing information related to
 the originating identity in an extensible way.  Additionally, this
 functionality is independent of any specific call logic for
 personal-communications signaling, so that the assertion of
 information related to the originating identity can be implemented in
 a flexible way and can be used in such applications as end-to-end
 applications that require different signaling protocols or gateways
 between different communications systems.  It is anticipated that
 guidance specific to the signaling protocol will be provided in other
 related documents and specifications to specify how to use and
 transport PASSporTs; however, this is intentionally out of scope for
 this document.
 [RFC8224] provides details of the use of PASSporT within the SIP
 [RFC3261] signaling protocol for the signing and verification of
 telephone numbers and SIP URIs.

2. Terminology

 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
 "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
 BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
 capitals, as shown here.

Wendt & Peterson Standards Track [Page 4] RFC 8225 PASSporT February 2018

3. PASSporT Overview

 "JSON Web Token (JWT)" [RFC7519], "JSON Web Signature (JWS)"
 [RFC7515], and other related specifications define a standard token
 format that can be used as a way of encapsulating claimed or asserted
 information with an associated digital signature using X.509-based
 certificates.  JWT provides a set of claims in JSON format that can
 conveniently accommodate asserted originating-identity information
 and that are easily extensible for use in the extension mechanisms
 defined below.  Additionally, JWS provides a path for updating
 methods and cryptographic algorithms used for the associated digital
 signatures.
 JWS defines the use of JSON data structures in a specified canonical
 format for signing data corresponding to the JSON Object Signing and
 Encryption (JOSE) Header, JWS Payload, and JWS Signature.  JWT
 defines a set of claims that are represented by specified JSON
 objects that can be extended with custom keys for specific
 applications.  The next sections define the header and claims that
 MUST be minimally used with JWT and JWS for PASSporT.
 PASSporT specifically uses this token format and defines claims that
 convey the identity of the origination and destination of personal
 communications.  The primary value asserted in a PASSporT object is
 the originating identity representing the identity of the calling
 party or the initiator of a personal-communications session.  The
 signer of a PASSporT object may or may not correspond to the
 originating identity.  For a given application's use or using
 protocol of PASSporT, the creation of the PASSporT object is
 performed by an entity that is authoritative to assert the caller's
 identity.  This authority is represented by the certificate
 credentials and the signature, and the PASSporT object is created and
 initiated to the destination(s) per the application's choice of
 authoritative point(s) in the network.  For example, the PASSporT
 object could be created at a device that has authenticated with a
 user or at a network entity with an authenticated trust relationship
 with that device and its user.  Destination identities represent the
 intended destination of the personal communications, i.e., the
 identity(s) being called by the caller.  The destination point or
 points determined by the application need to have the capability to
 verify the PASSporT and the digital signature.  The PASSporT-
 associated certificate is used to validate the authority of the
 originating signer, generally via a certificate chain to the trust
 anchor for that application.

Wendt & Peterson Standards Track [Page 5] RFC 8225 PASSporT February 2018

4. PASSporT Header

 The JWS token header is a JOSE Header ([RFC7515], Section 4) that
 defines the type and encryption algorithm used in the token.
 The PASSporT header should include, at a minimum, the Header
 Parameters defined in the next three subsections.

4.1. "typ" (Type) Header Parameter

 The "typ" (Type) Header Parameter is defined in JWS ([RFC7515],
 Section 4.1.9) to declare the media type of the complete JWS.
 For the PASSporT, the "typ" header MUST be the string "passport".
 This signifies that the encoded token is a JWT of type "passport".

4.2. "alg" (Algorithm) Header Parameter

 The "alg" (Algorithm) Header Parameter is defined in JWS ([RFC7515],
 Section 4.1.1).  This definition includes the ability to specify the
 use of a cryptographic algorithm for the signature part of the JWS.
 It also refers to a list of defined "alg" values as part of a
 registry established by JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) ([RFC7518],
 Section 3.1).
 For the creation and verification of PASSporTs and their digital
 signatures, implementations MUST support ES256 as defined in JWA
 ([RFC7518], Section 3.4).  Implementations MAY support other
 algorithms registered in the "JSON Web Signature and Encryption
 Algorithms" registry created by [RFC7518].  The contents of that
 registry may be updated in the future, depending on cryptographic
 strength requirements guided by current security best practices.  The
 mandatory-to-support algorithm for PASSporTs may likewise be updated
 in future updates to this document.
 Implementations of PASSporT digital signatures using ES256 as defined
 above SHOULD use the deterministic Elliptic Curve Digital Signature
 Algorithm (ECDSA) if or when supported for the reasons stated in
 [RFC6979].

4.3. "x5u" (X.509 URL) Header Parameter

 As defined in JWS ([RFC7515], Section 4.1.5), the "x5u" Header
 Parameter defines a URI [RFC3986] referring to the resource for the
 X.509 public key certificate or certificate chain [RFC5280]
 corresponding to the key used to digitally sign the JWS.  Generally,
 as defined in JWS ([RFC7515], Section 4.1.5), this would correspond
 to an HTTPS or DNSSEC resource using integrity protection.

Wendt & Peterson Standards Track [Page 6] RFC 8225 PASSporT February 2018

4.4. Example PASSporT Header

 An example of the header would be the following, including the
 specified passport type, ES256 algorithm, and a URI referencing the
 network location of the certificate needed to validate the PASSporT
 signature.
 {
   "typ":"passport",
   "alg":"ES256",
   "x5u":"https://cert.example.org/passport.cer"
 }

5. PASSporT Payload

 The token claims consist of the information that needs to be verified
 at the destination party.  These claims follow the definition of a
 JWT claim ([RFC7519], Section 4) and are encoded as defined by the
 JWS Payload ([RFC7515], Section 3).
 PASSporT defines the use of a standard JWT-defined claim as well as
 custom claims corresponding to the two parties associated with
 personal communications -- the originator and destination, as
 detailed below.
 For PASSporT, any claim names MUST use the ASCII character set.  Any
 claim values can contain characters that are outside the ASCII range,
 consistent with the rules of creating a JWT Claims Set as defined in
 [RFC7519], Section 7.1.

5.1. JWT-Defined Claims

5.1.1. "iat" (Issued At) Claim

 The JSON claim MUST include the "iat" (Issued At) claim ([RFC7519],
 Section 4.1.6).  As defined, the "iat" claim should be set to the
 date and time of issuance of the JWT and MUST indicate the date and
 time of the origination of the personal communications.  The time
 value should be of the NumericDate format as defined in [RFC7519],
 Section 2.  This is included for securing the token against replay
 and cut-and-paste attacks, as explained further in Section 10
 ("Security Considerations").

Wendt & Peterson Standards Track [Page 7] RFC 8225 PASSporT February 2018

5.2. PASSporT-Specific Claims

5.2.1. Originating and Destination Identity Claims

 The originating identity and the destination identity are represented
 by two claims that are required for PASSporT -- the "orig" and "dest"
 claims.  Both "orig" and "dest" MUST contain claim values that are
 identity claim JSON objects where the child claim name represents an
 identity type and the claim value is the identity string, both
 defined in subsequent subsections.  Currently, these identities can
 be represented as either telephone numbers or Uniform Resource
 Indicators (URIs).
 The "orig" claim is a JSON object with the claim name of "orig" and a
 claim value that is a JSON object representing the asserted identity
 of any type (currently either "tn" or "uri") of the originator of the
 personal-communications signaling.  There MUST be exactly one "orig"
 claim with exactly one identity claim object in a PASSporT object.
 Note: As explained in Section 3, the originating identity represents
 the calling party and may or may not correspond to the authoritative
 signer of the token.
 The "dest" claim is a JSON object with the claim name of "dest" and
 MUST have at least one identity claim object.  The "dest" claim value
 is an array containing one or more identity claim JSON objects
 representing the destination identities of any type (currently "tn"
 or "uri").  If the "dest" claim value array contains both "tn" and
 "uri" claim names, the JSON object should list the "tn" array first
 and the "uri" array second.  Within the "tn" and "uri" arrays, the
 identity strings should be put in lexicographical order, including
 the scheme-specific portion of the URI characters.
 Note: As explained in Section 3, the destination identity represents
 the called party and may or may not correspond to the authoritative
 party verifying the token signature.

5.2.1.1. "tn" (Telephone Number) Identity

 If the originating or destination identity is a telephone number, the
 claim name representing the identity MUST be "tn".
 The claim value for the "tn" claim is the telephone number and MUST
 be canonicalized according to the procedures specified in [RFC8224],
 Section 8.3.

Wendt & Peterson Standards Track [Page 8] RFC 8225 PASSporT February 2018

5.2.1.2. "uri" (URI) Identity

 If any of the originating or destination identities is in the form of
 a URI as defined in [RFC3986], the claim name representing the
 identity MUST be "uri", and the claim value is the URI form of the
 identity.

5.2.1.3. Future Identity Forms

 We recognize that in the future there may be other standard
 mechanisms for representing identities.  The "orig" and "dest" claims
 currently support "tn" and "uri" but could be extended in the future
 to allow for other identity types with new IANA-registered unique
 types to represent these forms.

5.2.1.4. Examples

 The following is an example of a single originator with telephone
 number identity +12155551212, to a single destination with URI
 identity "sip:alice@example.com":
 {
   "dest":{"uri":["sip:alice@example.com"]},
   "iat":1443208345,
   "orig":{"tn":"12155551212"}
 }
 The following is an example of a single originator with telephone
 number identity +12155551212, to multiple destination identities with
 telephone number identity +12125551212 and two URI identities --
 "sip:alice@example.com" and "sip:bob@example.com":
 {
   "dest":{
     "tn":["12125551212"],
     "uri":["sip:alice@example.com",
       "sip:bob@example.net"]
   },
   "iat":1443208345,
   "orig":{"tn":"12155551212"}
 }

Wendt & Peterson Standards Track [Page 9] RFC 8225 PASSporT February 2018

5.2.2. "mky" (Media Key) Claim

 Some protocols that use PASSporT may also want to protect media
 security keys delivered within their signaling in order to bind those
 keys to the identities established in the signaling layers.  The
 "mky" claim is an optional PASSporT claim defining the assertion of
 media key fingerprints carried in the Session Description Protocol
 (SDP) [RFC4566] via the "a=fingerprint" attribute ([RFC4572],
 Section 5).  This claim can support either a single fingerprint or
 multiple fingerprints appearing in a single SDP body corresponding to
 one or more media streams offered as defined in [RFC8122].
 The "mky" claim MUST be formatted as a JSON object with an array that
 includes the "alg" and "dig" claims with the corresponding algorithm
 and hexadecimal values.  If there is more than one fingerprint value
 associated with different media streams in SDP, the fingerprint
 values MUST be constructed as a JSON array denoted by square brackets
 ("[" and "]").  For the "dig" claim, the claim value MUST be the hash
 of the hexadecimal value without any colons.
 The "mky" claim is a JSON object with a claim name of "mky" and a
 claim value of a JSON array denoted by brackets.  The "mky" claim
 value JSON array MUST be constructed as follows:
 1.  Take each "a=fingerprint" line carried in the SDP.
 2.  Sort the lines based on the UTF-8 [RFC3629] encoding of the
     concatenation of the "alg" and "dig" claim value strings.
 3.  Encode the array in the order of the sorted lines, where each
     "mky" array element is a JSON object with two elements
     corresponding to the "alg" and "dig" objects, with "alg" first
     and "dig" second.

Wendt & Peterson Standards Track [Page 10] RFC 8225 PASSporT February 2018

 An example claim with the "mky" claim is as follows:
 For an SDP offer that includes the following fingerprint values,
 a=fingerprint:sha-256 4A:AD:B9:B1:3F:82:18:3B:54:02:12:DF:3E:
 5D:49:6B:19:E5:7C:AB:3E:4B:65:2E:7D:46:3F:54:42:CD:54:F1
 a=fingerprint:sha-256 02:1A:CC:54:27:AB:EB:9C:53:3F:3E:4B:65
 :2E:7D:46:3F:54:42:CD:54:F1:7A:03:A2:7D:F9:B0:7F:46:19:B2
 the PASSporT Payload object would be:
 {
   "dest":{"uri":["sip:alice@example.com"]},
   "iat":1443208345,
   "mky":[
     {
       "alg":"sha-256",
       "dig":"021ACC5427ABEB9C533F3E4B652E7D463F5442CD54
         F17A03A27DF9B07F4619B2"
     },
     {
       "alg":"sha-256",
       "dig":"4AADB9B13F82183B540212DF3E5D496B19E57C
         AB3E4B652E7D463F5442CD54F1"
     }
   ],
   "orig":{"tn":"12155551212"}
 }

6. PASSporT Signature

 The signature of the PASSporT is created as specified by JWS
 ([RFC7515], Section 5.1, Steps 1 through 6).  PASSporT MUST use the
 JWS Protected Header.  For the JWS Payload and the JWS Protected
 Header, however, the lexicographic ordering and whitespace rules
 described in Sections 4 and 5 of this document, and the JSON
 serialization rules in Section 9 of this document, MUST be followed.
 Appendix A of this document has a detailed example of how to follow
 the steps to create the JWS Signature.
 Step 7 of the JSON serialization procedure in [RFC7515], Section 5.1
 is not supported for PASSporT.
 [RFC7515], Section 5.1, Step 8 describes the method to create the
 final JWS Compact Serialization form of the PASSporT.

Wendt & Peterson Standards Track [Page 11] RFC 8225 PASSporT February 2018

7. Compact Form of PASSporT

 For a using protocol of PASSporT, the PASSporT claims as well as the
 PASSporT header may include redundant or default information that
 could be reconstructed at the destination based on information
 provided in the signaling protocol transporting the PASSporT object.
 In this case, it may be advantageous to have a more compact form of
 PASSporT to save the transmission of the bytes needed to represent
 the header and claims.
 This specification defines the compact form of the PASSporT, in the
 spirit of the form defined in [RFC7515], Appendix F, with the use of
 two periods ("..") to represent the header and claim objects being
 removed, followed by the PASSporT signature as defined in Section 6,
 and the need for the destination to reconstruct the header and claim
 objects in order to verify the signature.
 In order to construct the compact form of the PASSporT string, the
 procedure described in Section 6 MUST be used, with the exception of
 [RFC7515], Section 5.1, Step 8.  This step would be replaced by the
 following construction of the compact form of PASSporT, ".." ||
 BASE64URL(JWS Signature).
 The using protocol of the compact form of PASSporT MUST be
 accompanied by a specification for how the header and claims objects
 can be reconstructed from information in the signaling protocol being
 used.
 Note that the full form of the PASSporT, containing the entire
 header, payload, and signature, should also use the lexicographic
 ordering and whitespace serialization rules, particularly in the case
 where some using protocols or interworking between protocols may
 require switching between full and compact forms and maintaining the
 integrity of the signature.

Wendt & Peterson Standards Track [Page 12] RFC 8225 PASSporT February 2018

7.1. Example Compact Form of PASSporT

 The compact form of the following example token (with line breaks
 between periods used for readability purposes only)
 eyJhbGciOiJFUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6InBhc3Nwb3J0IiwieDV1IjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9j
 ZXJ0LmV4YW1wbGUub3JnL3Bhc3Nwb3J0LmNlciJ9
 .
 eyJkZXN0Ijp7InVyaSI6WyJzaXA6YWxpY2VAZXhhbXBsZS5jb20iXX0sImlhdCI
 6IjE0NDMyMDgzNDUiLCJvcmlnIjp7InRuIjoiMTIxNTU1NTEyMTIifX0
 .
 rq3pjT1hoRwakEGjHCnWSwUnshd0-zJ6F1VOgFWSjHBr8Qjpjlk-cpFYpFYsojN
 CpTzO3QfPOlckGaS6hEck7w
 would be as follows:
 ..rq3pjT1hoRwakEGjHCnWSwUnshd0-zJ6F1VOgFWSjHBr8Qjpjlk-cpFYpFYsojN
 CpTzO3QfPOlckGaS6hEck7w

8. Extending PASSporT

 PASSporT includes the bare-minimum set of claims needed to securely
 assert the originating identity and support the secure properties
 discussed in various parts of this document.  JWT supports a
 straightforward way to add additional asserted or signed information
 by simply adding new claims.  PASSporT can be extended beyond the
 defined base set of claims to represent other information requiring
 assertion or validation beyond the originating identity itself as
 needed.

8.1. "ppt" (PASSporT) Header Parameter

 Any using protocol can extend the payload of PASSporT with additional
 JWT claims.  JWT claims are managed by the "JSON Web Token Claims"
 IANA registry as defined in [RFC7519], Section 10.1.  Implementations
 of PASSporT MUST support the baseline claims defined in Section 5.2
 and MAY support extended claims.  If it is necessary for an extension
 to PASSporT to require that a relying party support a particular
 extended claim or set of claims in the PASSporT object, it can do so
 by specifying a "ppt" element for the PASSporT JOSE Header.  All
 values of "ppt" need to be defined in a specification that associates
 the new value of the "ppt" element with the required claims and
 behaviors.  Relying parties MUST fail to validate PASSporT objects
 containing an unsupported "ppt".

Wendt & Peterson Standards Track [Page 13] RFC 8225 PASSporT February 2018

 Using protocols MUST explicitly define how they carry each claim and
 the rules for how the header and payload objects are constructed
 beyond the lexicographical and serialization rules defined in this
 document.
 Using protocols that carry the compact form of PASSporT (Section 7)
 instead of the full form MUST use only mandatory extensions signaled
 with "ppt" -- if a using protocol were to add additional optional
 claims to a PASSporT object it carried in compact form, relying
 parties would have no way to reconstruct the token.  Moreover, using
 protocols that support the compact form of PASSporT MUST have some
 field to signal "ppt" to relying parties, as the compact form of
 PASSporT omits the JOSE Header.

8.2. Example Extended PASSporT Header

 An example header with a PASSporT extension type of "foo" is as
 follows:
 {
   "alg":"ES256",
   "ppt":"foo",
   "typ":"passport",
   "x5u":"https://tel.example.org/passport.cer"
 }

8.3. Extended PASSporT Claims

 Specifications that define extensions to the PASSporT mechanism MUST
 explicitly specify what claims they include beyond the base set of
 claims from this document, the order in which they will appear, and
 any further information necessary to implement the extension.  All
 extensions MUST include the baseline PASSporT claim elements
 specified in Section 5; claims may only be appended to the claims
 object specified; they can never be removed or reordered.  Specifying
 new claims follows the baseline JWT procedures ([RFC7519],
 Section 10.1).  Understanding an extension or new claims defined by
 the extension on the destination verification of the PASSporT is
 optional.  The creator of a PASSporT object cannot assume that
 destination systems will understand any given extension.
 Verification of PASSporTs by destination systems that do support an
 extension may then trigger appropriate application-level behavior in
 the presence of an extension; authors of extensions should provide
 appropriate extension-specific guidance to application developers on
 this point.

Wendt & Peterson Standards Track [Page 14] RFC 8225 PASSporT February 2018

 An example set of extended claims, extending the first example in
 Section 5.2.1.4 using "bar" as the newly defined claim, would be as
 follows:
 {
   "bar":"beyond all recognition"
   "dest":{"uri":["sip:alice@example.com"]},
   "iat":1443208345,
   "orig":{"tn":"12155551212"}
 }

9. Deterministic JSON Serialization

 JSON objects can include spaces and line breaks, and key value pairs
 can occur in any order.  It is therefore a non-deterministic string
 format.  In order to make the digital signature verification work
 deterministically, the JSON representation of the JWS Protected
 Header object and JWS Payload object MUST be computed as follows.
 The JSON object MUST follow the following rules.  These rules are
 based on the thumbprint of a JSON Web Key (JWK) as defined in
 Section 3 Step 1 of [RFC7638].
 1.  The JSON object MUST contain no whitespace or line breaks before
     or after any syntactic elements.
 2.  JSON objects MUST have the keys ordered lexicographically by the
     Unicode [UNICODE] code points of the member names.
 3.  JSON value literals MUST be lowercase.
 4.  JSON numbers are to be encoded as integers unless the field is
     defined to be encoded otherwise.
 5.  Encoding rules MUST be applied recursively to member values and
     array values.
 Note: For any PASSporT extension claims, member names within the
 scope of a JSON object MUST NOT be equal to other member names;
 otherwise, serialization will not be deterministic.

Wendt & Peterson Standards Track [Page 15] RFC 8225 PASSporT February 2018

9.1. Example PASSporT Deterministic JSON Form

 This section demonstrates the deterministic JSON serialization for
 the example PASSporT Payload shown in Section 5.2.1.4.
 The initial JSON object is shown here:
 {
   "dest":{"uri":["sip:alice@example.com"]},
   "orig":{"tn":"12155551212"}
   "iat":1443208345,
   "mky":[
     {
       "alg":"sha-256",
       "dig":"021ACC5427ABEB9C533F3E4B652E7D463F5442CD54
         F17A03A27DF9B07F4619B2"
     },
     {
       "alg":"sha-256",
       "dig":"4AADB9B13F82183B540212DF3E5D496B19E57C
         AB3E4B652E7D463F5442CD54F1"
     }
   ],
 }
 The parent members of the JSON object are as follows:
 o  "dest"
 o  "orig"
 o  "iat"
 o  "mky"
 Their lexicographic order is:
 o  "dest"
 o  "iat"
 o  "mky"
 o  "orig"

Wendt & Peterson Standards Track [Page 16] RFC 8225 PASSporT February 2018

 The final constructed deterministic JSON serialization
 representation, with whitespace and line breaks removed (with line
 breaks used for display purposes only), is:
 {"dest":{"uri":["sip:alice@example.com"],"iat":1443208345,"mky":
 [{"alg":"sha-256","dig":"021ACC5427ABEB9C533F3E4B652E7D463F5442CD5
 4F17A03A27DF9B07F4619B2"},{"alg":"sha-256","dig":"4AADB9B13F82183B5
 40212DF3E5D496B19E57CAB3E4B652E7D463F5442CD54F1"}],
 "orig":{"tn":"12155551212"}}

10. Security Considerations

10.1. Avoidance of Replay and Cut-and-Paste Attacks

 There are a number of security considerations regarding the use of
 the token for the avoidance of replay and cut-and-paste attacks.
 PASSporTs SHOULD only be sent with application-level protocol
 information (e.g., for SIP, an INVITE as defined in [RFC3261])
 corresponding to the required fields in the token.  A unique set of
 token claims and token signature is constructed using the originating
 identity being asserted with the "orig" claim along with the
 following two claims:
 o  The "iat" claim should correspond to a date/time that the message
    was originated.  It should also be within a relative time that is
    reasonable for clock drift and transmission time characteristics
    associated with the application using the PASSporT.  Therefore,
    validation of the token should consider date and time correlation,
    which could be influenced by usage specific to the signaling
    protocol and by network time differences.
 o  The "dest" claim is included to further restrict the use of a
    valid PASSporT being sent as a replay attack to other destination
    parties.  The verification of the PASSporT at the destination
    should verify that the "dest" claim matches the destination party
    as the intended recipient of the message.

Wendt & Peterson Standards Track [Page 17] RFC 8225 PASSporT February 2018

10.2. Solution Considerations

 The use of PASSporTs based on the validation of the digital signature
 and the associated certificate requires consideration of the
 authentication and authority or reputation of the signer to attest to
 the identity being asserted.  The following considerations should be
 recognized when using PASSporT:
 o  The use of this token should not, in its own right, be considered
    a full solution for absolute non-repudiation of the identity being
    asserted.
 o  In many applications, the signer and the end user represented by
    the asserted identity may not be one and the same.  For example,
    when a service provider signs and validates the token on behalf of
    the user consuming the service, the provider MUST have an
    authenticated and secure relationship with the end user or the
    device initiating and terminating the communications signaling.
 o  Applications that use PASSporT should ensure that the verification
    of the signature includes a means for verifying that the signer is
    authoritative through the use of an application-specific or
    service-specific set of common trust anchors for the application.

11. IANA Considerations

11.1. Media Type Registration

 This section registers the "application/passport" media type (see
 [RFC2046] for the definition of "media type") in the "Media Types"
 registry in the manner described in [RFC6838], to indicate that the
 content is a PASSporT-defined JWT.
 o  Type name: application
 o  Subtype name: passport
 o  Required parameters: N/A
 o  Optional parameters: N/A
 o  Encoding considerations: 8bit; application/passport values are
    encoded as a series of base64url-encoded values (some of which may
    be the empty string) separated by period (".") characters.
 o  Security considerations: See the Security Considerations section
    of [RFC7515].

Wendt & Peterson Standards Track [Page 18] RFC 8225 PASSporT February 2018

 o  Interoperability considerations: N/A
 o  Published specification: RFC 8225
 o  Applications that use this media type: Secure Telephone Identity
    Revisited (STIR) and other applications that require
    identity-related assertion
 o  Fragment identifier considerations: N/A
 o  Additional information:
       Magic number(s): N/A
       File extension(s): N/A
       Macintosh file type code(s): N/A
 o  Person & email address to contact for further information: Chris
    Wendt, chris-ietf@chriswendt.net
 o  Intended usage: COMMON
 o  Restrictions on usage: none
 o  Author: Chris Wendt <chris-ietf@chriswendt.net>
 o  Change Controller: IESG
 o  Provisional registration?  No

11.2. Registrations in "JSON Web Token Claims"

 Claim Name: "orig"
 Claim Description: Originating Identity String
 Change Controller: IESG
 Reference: Section 5.2.1 of RFC 8225
 Claim Name: "dest"
 Claim Description: Destination Identity String
 Change Controller: IESG
 Reference: Section 5.2.1 of RFC 8225
 Claim Name: "mky"
 Claim Description: Media Key Fingerprint String
 Change Controller: IESG
 Reference: Section 5.2.2 of RFC 8225

Wendt & Peterson Standards Track [Page 19] RFC 8225 PASSporT February 2018

11.3. Registration in "JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header

     Parameters"
 Header Parameter Name: "ppt"
 Header Parameter Description: PASSporT extension identifier
 Header Parameter Usage Location(s): JWS
 Change Controller: IESG
 Reference: Section 8.1 of RFC 8225

11.4. PASSporT Extensions Registry

 The IANA has created a new PASSporT Type registry for "ppt" parameter
 values.  That parameter and its values are defined in Section 8.1.
 New registry entries must contain the name of the "ppt" parameter
 value and the specification in which the value is described.  The
 policy for this registry is Specification Required [RFC8126].

12. References

12.1. Normative References

 [RFC2046]  Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
            Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types", RFC 2046,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC2046, November 1996,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2046>.
 [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
            Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
 [RFC3629]  Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of
            ISO 10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, DOI 10.17487/RFC3629,
            November 2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3629>.
 [RFC3986]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
            Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
            RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986>.
 [RFC4566]  Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins, "SDP: Session
            Description Protocol", RFC 4566, DOI 10.17487/RFC4566,
            July 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4566>.

Wendt & Peterson Standards Track [Page 20] RFC 8225 PASSporT February 2018

 [RFC4572]  Lennox, J., "Connection-Oriented Media Transport over the
            Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol in the Session
            Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 4572,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC4572, July 2006,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4572>.
 [RFC6838]  Freed, N., Klensin, J., and T. Hansen, "Media Type
            Specifications and Registration Procedures", BCP 13,
            RFC 6838, DOI 10.17487/RFC6838, January 2013,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6838>.
 [RFC6979]  Pornin, T., "Deterministic Usage of the Digital Signature
            Algorithm (DSA) and Elliptic Curve Digital Signature
            Algorithm (ECDSA)", RFC 6979, DOI 10.17487/RFC6979,
            August 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6979>.
 [RFC7515]  Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web
            Signature (JWS)", RFC 7515, DOI 10.17487/RFC7515,
            May 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7515>.
 [RFC7518]  Jones, M., "JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)", RFC 7518,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC7518, May 2015,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7518>.
 [RFC7519]  Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web Token
            (JWT)", RFC 7519, DOI 10.17487/RFC7519, May 2015,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7519>.
 [RFC7638]  Jones, M. and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web Key (JWK)
            Thumbprint", RFC 7638, DOI 10.17487/RFC7638,
            September 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7638>.
 [RFC8122]  Lennox, J. and C. Holmberg, "Connection-Oriented Media
            Transport over the Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
            in the Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 8122,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC8122, March 2017,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8122>.
 [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in
            RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

Wendt & Peterson Standards Track [Page 21] RFC 8225 PASSporT February 2018

 [RFC8224]  Peterson, J., Jennings, C., Rescorla, E., and C. Wendt,
            "Authenticated Identity Management in the Session
            Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 8224,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC8224, February 2018,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8224>.
 [UNICODE]  The Unicode Consortium, "The Unicode Standard",
            <http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/>.

12.2. Informative References

 [RFC3261]  Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
            A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
            Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC3261, June 2002,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3261>.
 [RFC5280]  Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
            Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
            Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
            (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, May 2008,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5280>.
 [RFC7340]  Peterson, J., Schulzrinne, H., and H. Tschofenig, "Secure
            Telephone Identity Problem Statement and Requirements",
            RFC 7340, DOI 10.17487/RFC7340, September 2014,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7340>.
 [RFC8126]  Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
            Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
            RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
            <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.

Wendt & Peterson Standards Track [Page 22] RFC 8225 PASSporT February 2018

Appendix A. Example ES256-Based PASSporT JWS Serialization and

           Signature
 For PASSporT, there will always be a JWS with the following members:
 o  "protected", with the value BASE64URL(UTF8(JWS Protected Header))
 o  "payload", with the value BASE64URL(JWS Payload)
 o  "signature", with the value BASE64URL(JWS Signature)
 This example will follow the steps in JWS ([RFC7515], Section 5.1,
 Steps 1-6 and 8); it incorporates the additional serialization steps
 required for PASSporT.
 Step 1 for JWS references the JWS Payload.  An example PASSporT
 Payload is as follows:
 {
   "dest":{"uri":["sip:alice@example.com"]}
   "iat":1471375418,
   "orig":{"tn":"12155551212"}
 }
 This would be serialized to the following form (with line break used
 for display purposes only):
 {"dest":{"uri":["sip:alice@example.com"]},"iat":1471375418,
 "orig":{"tn":"12155551212"}}
 Step 2 computes the BASE64URL(JWS Payload), producing this value
 (with line break used for display purposes only):
 eyJkZXN0Ijp7InVyaSI6WyJzaXA6YWxpY2VAZXhhbXBsZS5jb20iXX0sImlhdCI
 6MTQ3MTM3NTQxOCwib3JpZyI6eyJ0biI6IjEyMTU1NTUxMjEyIn19
 For Step 3, an example PASSporT Protected Header constructed as a
 JOSE Header is as follows:
 {
   "alg":"ES256",
   "typ":"passport",
   "x5u":"https://cert.example.org/passport.cer"
 }

Wendt & Peterson Standards Track [Page 23] RFC 8225 PASSporT February 2018

 This would be serialized to the following form (with line break used
 for display purposes only):
 {"alg":"ES256","typ":"passport","x5u":"https://cert.example.org
   /passport.cer"}
 Step 4 performs the BASE64URL(UTF8(JWS Protected Header)) operation
 and encoding, producing this value (with line break used for display
 purposes only):
 eyJhbGciOiJFUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6InBhc3Nwb3J0IiwieDV1IjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9j
 ZXJ0LmV4YW1wbGUub3JnL3Bhc3Nwb3J0LmNlciJ9
 Steps 5 and 6 perform the computation of the digital signature of the
 PASSporT Signing Input ASCII(BASE64URL(UTF8(JWS Protected Header)) ||
 "." || BASE64URL(JWS Payload)), using ES256 as the algorithm and the
 BASE64URL(JWS Signature).
 VLBCIVDCaeK6M4hLJb6SHQvacAQVvoiiEOWQ_iUkqk79UD81fHQ0E1b3_GluIkb
 a7UWYRM47ZbNFdOJquE35cw
 Step 8 describes how to create the final PASSporT, concatenating the
 values in the order Header.Payload.Signature with period (".")
 characters.  For the above example values, this would produce the
 following (with line breaks between periods used for readability
 purposes only):
 eyJhbGciOiJFUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6InBhc3Nwb3J0IiwieDV1IjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9j
 ZXJ0LmV4YW1wbGUub3JnL3Bhc3Nwb3J0LmNlciJ9
 .
 eyJkZXN0Ijp7InVyaSI6WyJzaXA6YWxpY2VAZXhhbXBsZS5jb20iXX0sImlhdCI
 6MTQ3MTM3NTQxOCwib3JpZyI6eyJ0biI6IjEyMTU1NTUxMjEyIn19
 .
 VLBCIVDCaeK6M4hLJb6SHQvacAQVvoiiEOWQ_iUkqk79UD81fHQ0E1b3_GluIkb
 a7UWYRM47ZbNFdOJquE35cw

A.1. X.509 Private Key in PKCS #8 Format for ES256 Example

  1. —-BEGIN PRIVATE KEY—–

MIGHAgEAMBMGByqGSM49AgEGCCqGSM49AwEHBG0wawIBAQQgi7q2TZvN9VDFg8Vy

 qCP06bETrR2v8MRvr89rn4i+UAahRANCAAQWfaj1HUETpoNCrOtp9KA8o0V79IuW
 ARKt9C1cFPkyd3FBP4SeiNZxQhDrD0tdBHls3/wFe8++K2FrPyQF9vuh
 -----END PRIVATE KEY-----

Wendt & Peterson Standards Track [Page 24] RFC 8225 PASSporT February 2018

A.2. X.509 Public Key for ES256 Example

  1. —-BEGIN PUBLIC KEY—–

MFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAE8HNbQd/TmvCKwPKHkMF9fScavGeH

 78YTU8qLS8I5HLHSSmlATLcslQMhNC/OhlWBYC626nIlo7XeebYS7Sb37g==
 -----END PUBLIC KEY-----

Acknowledgments

 Particular thanks to members of the ATIS and SIP Forum NNI Task
 Group, including Jim McEachern, Martin Dolly, Richard Shockey, John
 Barnhill, Christer Holmberg, Victor Pascual Avila, Mary Barnes, and
 Eric Burger, for their review, ideas, and contributions.  Thanks also
 to Henning Schulzrinne, Russ Housley, Alan Johnston, Richard Barnes,
 Mark Miller, Ted Hardie, Dave Crocker, Robert Sparks, and Jim Schaad
 for valuable feedback on the technical and security aspects of the
 document.  Additional thanks to Harsha Bellur for assistance in
 coding the example tokens.

Authors' Addresses

 Chris Wendt
 Comcast
 One Comcast Center
 Philadelphia, PA  19103
 United States of America
 Email: chris-ietf@chriswendt.net
 Jon Peterson
 Neustar Inc.
 1800 Sutter St. Suite 570
 Concord, CA  94520
 United States of America
 Email: jon.peterson@neustar.biz

Wendt & Peterson Standards Track [Page 25]

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