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rfc:rfc7798

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Y.-K. Wang Request for Comments: 7798 Qualcomm Category: Standards Track Y. Sanchez ISSN: 2070-1721 T. Schierl

                                                        Fraunhofer HHI
                                                             S. Wenger
                                                                 Vidyo
                                                      M. M. Hannuksela
                                                                 Nokia
                                                            March 2016
     RTP Payload Format for High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)

Abstract

 This memo describes an RTP payload format for the video coding
 standard ITU-T Recommendation H.265 and ISO/IEC International
 Standard 23008-2, both also known as High Efficiency Video Coding
 (HEVC) and developed by the Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding
 (JCT-VC).  The RTP payload format allows for packetization of one or
 more Network Abstraction Layer (NAL) units in each RTP packet payload
 as well as fragmentation of a NAL unit into multiple RTP packets.
 Furthermore, it supports transmission of an HEVC bitstream over a
 single stream as well as multiple RTP streams.  When multiple RTP
 streams are used, a single transport or multiple transports may be
 utilized.  The payload format has wide applicability in
 videoconferencing, Internet video streaming, and high-bitrate
 entertainment-quality video, among others.

Status of This Memo

 This is an Internet Standards Track document.
 This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
 (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
 received public review and has been approved for publication by the
 Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Further information on
 Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
 Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
 and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
 http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7798.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 1] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

Copyright Notice

 Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
 document authors.  All rights reserved.
 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
 Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
 (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
 publication of this document.  Please review these documents
 carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
 to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
 include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
 the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
 described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

 1. Introduction ....................................................3
    1.1. Overview of the HEVC Codec .................................4
         1.1.1. Coding-Tool Features ................................4
         1.1.2. Systems and Transport Interfaces ....................6
         1.1.3. Parallel Processing Support ........................11
         1.1.4. NAL Unit Header ....................................13
    1.2. Overview of the Payload Format ............................14
 2. Conventions ....................................................15
 3. Definitions and Abbreviations ..................................15
    3.1. Definitions ...............................................15
         3.1.1.  Definitions from the HEVC Specification ...........15
         3.1.2.  Definitions Specific to This Memo .................17
    3.2. Abbreviations .............................................19
 4. RTP Payload Format .............................................20
    4.1. RTP Header Usage ..........................................20
    4.2. Payload Header Usage ......................................22
    4.3. Transmission Modes ........................................23
    4.4. Payload Structures ........................................24
         4.4.1. Single NAL Unit Packets ............................24
         4.4.2. Aggregation Packets (APs) ..........................25
         4.4.3. Fragmentation Units ................................29
         4.4.4. PACI Packets .......................................32
                4.4.4.1. Reasons for the PACI Rules (Informative) ..34
                4.4.4.2. PACI Extensions (Informative) .............35
    4.5. Temporal Scalability Control Information ..................36
    4.6. Decoding Order Number .....................................37
 5. Packetization Rules ............................................39
 6. De-packetization Process .......................................40
 7. Payload Format Parameters ......................................42
    7.1. Media Type Registration ...................................42
    7.2. SDP Parameters ............................................64

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 2] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

         7.2.1. Mapping of Payload Type Parameters to SDP ..........64
         7.2.2. Usage with SDP Offer/Answer Model ..................65
         7.2.3. Usage in Declarative Session Descriptions ..........73
         7.2.4. Considerations for Parameter Sets ..................75
         7.2.5. Dependency Signaling in Multi-Stream Mode ..........75
 8. Use with Feedback Messages .....................................75
    8.1. Picture Loss Indication (PLI) .............................75
    8.2. Slice Loss Indication (SLI) ...............................76
    8.3. Reference Picture Selection Indication (RPSI) .............77
    8.4. Full Intra Request (FIR) ..................................77
 9. Security Considerations ........................................78
 10. Congestion Control ............................................79
 11. IANA Considerations ...........................................80
 12. References ....................................................80
    12.1. Normative References .....................................80
    12.2. Informative References ...................................82
 Acknowledgments ...................................................85
 Authors' Addresses ................................................86

1. Introduction

 The High Efficiency Video Coding specification, formally published as
 both ITU-T Recommendation H.265 [HEVC] and ISO/IEC International
 Standard 23008-2 [ISO23008-2], was ratified by the ITU-T in April
 2013; reportedly, it provides significant coding efficiency gains
 over H.264 [H.264].
 This memo describes an RTP payload format for HEVC.  It shares its
 basic design with the RTP payload formats of [RFC6184] and [RFC6190].
 With respect to design philosophy, security, congestion control, and
 overall implementation complexity, it has similar properties to those
 earlier payload format specifications.  This is a conscious choice,
 as at least RFC 6184 is widely deployed and generally known in the
 relevant implementer communities.  Mechanisms from RFC 6190 were
 incorporated as HEVC version 1 supports temporal scalability.
 In order to help the overlapping implementer community, frequently
 only the differences between RFCs 6184 and 6190 and the HEVC payload
 format are highlighted in non-normative, explanatory parts of this
 memo.  Basic familiarity with both specifications is assumed for
 those parts.  However, the normative parts of this memo do not
 require study of RFCs 6184 or 6190.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 3] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

1.1. Overview of the HEVC Codec

 H.264 and HEVC share a similar hybrid video codec design.  In this
 memo, we provide a very brief overview of those features of HEVC that
 are, in some form, addressed by the payload format specified herein.
 Implementers have to read, understand, and apply the ITU-T/ISO/IEC
 specifications pertaining to HEVC to arrive at interoperable, well-
 performing implementations.  Implementers should consider testing
 their design (including the interworking between the payload format
 implementation and the core video codec) using the tools provided by
 ITU-T/ISO/IEC, for example, conformance bitstreams as specified in
 [H.265.1].  Not doing so has historically led to systems that perform
 badly and that are not secure.
 Conceptually, both H.264 and HEVC include a Video Coding Layer (VCL),
 which is often used to refer to the coding-tool features, and a
 Network Abstraction Layer (NAL), which is often used to refer to the
 systems and transport interface aspects of the codecs.

1.1.1. Coding-Tool Features

 Similar to earlier hybrid-video-coding-based standards, including
 H.264, the following basic video coding design is employed by HEVC.
 A prediction signal is first formed by either intra- or motion-
 compensated prediction, and the residual (the difference between the
 original and the prediction) is then coded.  The gains in coding
 efficiency are achieved by redesigning and improving almost all parts
 of the codec over earlier designs.  In addition, HEVC includes
 several tools to make the implementation on parallel architectures
 easier.  Below is a summary of HEVC coding-tool features.
 Quad-tree block and transform structure
 One of the major tools that contributes significantly to the coding
 efficiency of HEVC is the use of flexible coding blocks and
 transforms, which are defined in a hierarchical quad-tree manner.
 Unlike H.264, where the basic coding block is a macroblock of fixed-
 size 16x16, HEVC defines a Coding Tree Unit (CTU) of a maximum size
 of 64x64.  Each CTU can be divided into smaller units in a
 hierarchical quad-tree manner and can represent smaller blocks down
 to size 4x4.  Similarly, the transforms used in HEVC can have
 different sizes, starting from 4x4 and going up to 32x32.  Utilizing
 large blocks and transforms contributes to the major gain of HEVC,
 especially at high resolutions.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 4] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 Entropy coding
 HEVC uses a single entropy-coding engine, which is based on Context
 Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) [CABAC], whereas H.264 uses
 two distinct entropy coding engines.  CABAC in HEVC shares many
 similarities with CABAC of H.264, but contains several improvements.
 Those include improvements in coding efficiency and lowered
 implementation complexity, especially for parallel architectures.
 In-loop filtering
 H.264 includes an in-loop adaptive deblocking filter, where the
 blocking artifacts around the transform edges in the reconstructed
 picture are smoothed to improve the picture quality and compression
 efficiency.  In HEVC, a similar deblocking filter is employed but
 with somewhat lower complexity.  In addition, pictures undergo a
 subsequent filtering operation called Sample Adaptive Offset (SAO),
 which is a new design element in HEVC.  SAO basically adds a pixel-
 level offset in an adaptive manner and usually acts as a de-ringing
 filter.  It is observed that SAO improves the picture quality,
 especially around sharp edges, contributing substantially to visual
 quality improvements of HEVC.
 Motion prediction and coding
 There have been a number of improvements in this area that are
 summarized as follows.  The first category is motion merge and
 Advanced Motion Vector Prediction (AMVP) modes.  The motion
 information of a prediction block can be inferred from the spatially
 or temporally neighboring blocks.  This is similar to the DIRECT mode
 in H.264 but includes new aspects to incorporate the flexible quad-
 tree structure and methods to improve the parallel implementations.
 In addition, the motion vector predictor can be signaled for improved
 efficiency.  The second category is high-precision interpolation.
 The interpolation filter length is increased to 8-tap from 6-tap,
 which improves the coding efficiency but also comes with increased
 complexity.  In addition, the interpolation filter is defined with
 higher precision without any intermediate rounding operations to
 further improve the coding efficiency.
 Intra prediction and intra-coding
 Compared to 8 intra prediction modes in H.264, HEVC supports angular
 intra prediction with 33 directions.  This increased flexibility
 improves both objective coding efficiency and visual quality as the
 edges can be better predicted and ringing artifacts around the edges
 can be reduced.  In addition, the reference samples are adaptively
 smoothed based on the prediction direction.  To avoid contouring

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 5] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 artifacts a new interpolative prediction generation is included to
 improve the visual quality.  Furthermore, Discrete Sine Transform
 (DST) is utilized instead of traditional Discrete Cosine Transform
 (DCT) for 4x4 intra-transform blocks.
 Other coding-tool features
 HEVC includes some tools for lossless coding and efficient screen-
 content coding, such as skipping the transform for certain blocks.
 These tools are particularly useful, for example, when streaming the
 user interface of a mobile device to a large display.

1.1.2. Systems and Transport Interfaces

 HEVC inherited the basic systems and transport interfaces designs
 from H.264.  These include the NAL-unit-based syntax structure, the
 hierarchical syntax and data unit structure, the Supplemental
 Enhancement Information (SEI) message mechanism, and the video
 buffering model based on the Hypothetical Reference Decoder (HRD).
 The hierarchical syntax and data unit structure consists of sequence-
 level parameter sets, multi-picture-level or picture-level parameter
 sets, slice-level header parameters, and lower-level parameters.  In
 the following, a list of differences in these aspects compared to
 H.264 is summarized.
 Video parameter set
 A new type of parameter set, called Video Parameter Set (VPS), was
 introduced.  For the first (2013) version of [HEVC], the VPS NAL unit
 is required to be available prior to its activation, while the
 information contained in the VPS is not necessary for operation of
 the decoding process.  For future HEVC extensions, such as the 3D or
 scalable extensions, the VPS is expected to include information
 necessary for operation of the decoding process, e.g., decoding
 dependency or information for reference picture set construction of
 enhancement layers.  The VPS provides a "big picture" of a bitstream,
 including what types of operation points are provided, the profile,
 tier, and level of the operation points, and some other high-level
 properties of the bitstream that can be used as the basis for session
 negotiation and content selection, etc. (see Section 7.1).
 Profile, tier, and level
 The profile, tier, and level syntax structure that can be included in
 both the VPS and Sequence Parameter Set (SPS) includes 12 bytes of
 data to describe the entire bitstream (including all temporally
 scalable layers, which are referred to as sub-layers in the HEVC
 specification), and can optionally include more profile, tier, and

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 6] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 level information pertaining to individual temporally scalable
 layers.  The profile indicator shows the "best viewed as" profile
 when the bitstream conforms to multiple profiles, similar to the
 major brand concept in the ISO Base Media File Format (ISOBMFF)
 [IS014496-12] [IS015444-12] and file formats derived based on
 ISOBMFF, such as the 3GPP file format [3GPPFF].  The profile, tier,
 and level syntax structure also includes indications such as 1)
 whether the bitstream is free of frame-packed content, 2) whether the
 bitstream is free of interlaced source content, and 3) whether the
 bitstream is free of field pictures.  When the answer is yes for both
 2) and 3), the bitstream contains only frame pictures of progressive
 source.  Based on these indications, clients/players without support
 of post-processing functionalities for the handling of frame-packed,
 interlaced source content or field pictures can reject those
 bitstreams that contain such pictures.
 Bitstream and elementary stream
 HEVC includes a definition of an elementary stream, which is new
 compared to H.264.  An elementary stream consists of a sequence of
 one or more bitstreams.  An elementary stream that consists of two or
 more bitstreams has typically been formed by splicing together two or
 more bitstreams (or parts thereof).  When an elementary stream
 contains more than one bitstream, the last NAL unit of the last
 access unit of a bitstream (except the last bitstream in the
 elementary stream) must contain an end of bitstream NAL unit, and the
 first access unit of the subsequent bitstream must be an Intra-Random
 Access Point (IRAP) access unit.  This IRAP access unit may be a
 Clean Random Access (CRA), Broken Link Access (BLA), or Instantaneous
 Decoding Refresh (IDR) access unit.
 Random access support
 HEVC includes signaling in the NAL unit header, through NAL unit
 types, of IRAP pictures beyond IDR pictures.  Three types of IRAP
 pictures, namely IDR, CRA, and BLA pictures, are supported: IDR
 pictures are conventionally referred to as closed group-of-pictures
 (closed-GOP) random access points whereas CRA and BLA pictures are
 conventionally referred to as open-GOP random access points.  BLA
 pictures usually originate from splicing of two bitstreams or part
 thereof at a CRA picture, e.g., during stream switching.  To enable
 better systems usage of IRAP pictures, altogether six different NAL
 units are defined to signal the properties of the IRAP pictures,
 which can be used to better match the stream access point types as
 defined in the ISOBMFF [IS014496-12] [IS015444-12], which are
 utilized for random access support in both 3GP-DASH [3GPDASH] and
 MPEG DASH [MPEGDASH].  Pictures following an IRAP picture in decoding
 order and preceding the IRAP picture in output order are referred to

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 7] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 as leading pictures associated with the IRAP picture.  There are two
 types of leading pictures: Random Access Decodable Leading (RADL)
 pictures and Random Access Skipped Leading (RASL) pictures.  RADL
 pictures are decodable when the decoding started at the associated
 IRAP picture; RASL pictures are not decodable when the decoding
 started at the associated IRAP picture and are usually discarded.
 HEVC provides mechanisms to enable specifying the conformance of a
 bitstream wherein the originally present RASL pictures have been
 discarded.  Consequently, system components can discard RASL
 pictures, when needed, without worrying about causing the bitstream
 to become non-compliant.
 Temporal scalability support
 HEVC includes an improved support of temporal scalability, by
 inclusion of the signaling of TemporalId in the NAL unit header, the
 restriction that pictures of a particular temporal sub-layer cannot
 be used for inter prediction reference by pictures of a lower
 temporal sub-layer, the sub-bitstream extraction process, and the
 requirement that each sub-bitstream extraction output be a conforming
 bitstream.  Media-Aware Network Elements (MANEs) can utilize the
 TemporalId in the NAL unit header for stream adaptation purposes
 based on temporal scalability.
 Temporal sub-layer switching support
 HEVC specifies, through NAL unit types present in the NAL unit
 header, the signaling of Temporal Sub-layer Access (TSA) and Step-
 wise Temporal Sub-layer Access (STSA).  A TSA picture and pictures
 following the TSA picture in decoding order do not use pictures prior
 to the TSA picture in decoding order with TemporalId greater than or
 equal to that of the TSA picture for inter prediction reference.  A
 TSA picture enables up-switching, at the TSA picture, to the sub-
 layer containing the TSA picture or any higher sub-layer, from the
 immediately lower sub-layer.  An STSA picture does not use pictures
 with the same TemporalId as the STSA picture for inter prediction
 reference.  Pictures following an STSA picture in decoding order with
 the same TemporalId as the STSA picture do not use pictures prior to
 the STSA picture in decoding order with the same TemporalId as the
 STSA picture for inter prediction reference.  An STSA picture enables
 up-switching, at the STSA picture, to the sub-layer containing the
 STSA picture, from the immediately lower sub-layer.
 Sub-layer reference or non-reference pictures
 The concept and signaling of reference/non-reference pictures in HEVC
 are different from H.264.  In H.264, if a picture may be used by any
 other picture for inter prediction reference, it is a reference

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 8] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 picture; otherwise, it is a non-reference picture, and this is
 signaled by two bits in the NAL unit header.  In HEVC, a picture is
 called a reference picture only when it is marked as "used for
 reference".  In addition, the concept of sub-layer reference picture
 was introduced.  If a picture may be used by another other picture
 with the same TemporalId for inter prediction reference, it is a sub-
 layer reference picture; otherwise, it is a sub-layer non-reference
 picture.  Whether a picture is a sub-layer reference picture or sub-
 layer non-reference picture is signaled through NAL unit type values.
 Extensibility
 Besides the TemporalId in the NAL unit header, HEVC also includes the
 signaling of a six-bit layer ID in the NAL unit header, which must be
 equal to 0 for a single-layer bitstream.  Extension mechanisms have
 been included in the VPS, SPS, Picture Parameter Set (PPS), SEI NAL
 unit, slice headers, and so on.  All these extension mechanisms
 enable future extensions in a backward-compatible manner, such that
 bitstreams encoded according to potential future HEVC extensions can
 be fed to then-legacy decoders (e.g., HEVC version 1 decoders), and
 the then-legacy decoders can decode and output the base-layer
 bitstream.
 Bitstream extraction
 HEVC includes a bitstream-extraction process as an integral part of
 the overall decoding process.  The bitstream extraction process is
 used in the process of bitstream conformance tests, which is part of
 the HRD buffering model.
 Reference picture management
 The reference picture management of HEVC, including reference picture
 marking and removal from the Decoded Picture Buffer (DPB) as well as
 Reference Picture List Construction (RPLC), differs from that of
 H.264.  Instead of the reference picture marking mechanism based on a
 sliding window plus adaptive Memory Management Control Operation
 (MMCO) described in H.264, HEVC specifies a reference picture
 management and marking mechanism based on Reference Picture Set
 (RPS), and the RPLC is consequently based on the RPS mechanism.  An
 RPS consists of a set of reference pictures associated with a
 picture, consisting of all reference pictures that are prior to the
 associated picture in decoding order, that may be used for inter
 prediction of the associated picture or any picture following the
 associated picture in decoding order.  The reference picture set
 consists of five lists of reference pictures; RefPicSetStCurrBefore,
 RefPicSetStCurrAfter, RefPicSetStFoll, RefPicSetLtCurr, and
 RefPicSetLtFoll.  RefPicSetStCurrBefore, RefPicSetStCurrAfter, and

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 9] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 RefPicSetLtCurr contain all reference pictures that may be used in
 inter prediction of the current picture and that may be used in inter
 prediction of one or more of the pictures following the current
 picture in decoding order.  RefPicSetStFoll and RefPicSetLtFoll
 consist of all reference pictures that are not used in inter
 prediction of the current picture but may be used in inter prediction
 of one or more of the pictures following the current picture in
 decoding order.  RPS provides an "intra-coded" signaling of the DPB
 status, instead of an "inter-coded" signaling, mainly for improved
 error resilience.  The RPLC process in HEVC is based on the RPS, by
 signaling an index to an RPS subset for each reference index; this
 process is simpler than the RPLC process in H.264.
 Ultra-low delay support
 HEVC specifies a sub-picture-level HRD operation, for support of the
 so-called ultra-low delay.  The mechanism specifies a standard-
 compliant way to enable delay reduction below a one-picture interval.
 Coded Picture Buffer (CPB) and DPB parameters at the sub-picture
 level may be signaled, and utilization of this information for the
 derivation of CPB timing (wherein the CPB removal time corresponds to
 decoding time) and DPB output timing (display time) is specified.
 Decoders are allowed to operate the HRD at the conventional access-
 unit level, even when the sub-picture-level HRD parameters are
 present.
 New SEI messages
 HEVC inherits many H.264 SEI messages with changes in syntax and/or
 semantics making them applicable to HEVC.  Additionally, there are a
 few new SEI messages reviewed briefly in the following paragraphs.
 The display orientation SEI message informs the decoder of a
 transformation that is recommended to be applied to the cropped
 decoded picture prior to display, such that the pictures can be
 properly displayed, e.g., in an upside-up manner.
 The structure of pictures SEI message provides information on the NAL
 unit types, picture-order count values, and prediction dependencies
 of a sequence of pictures.  The SEI message can be used, for example,
 for concluding what impact a lost picture has on other pictures.
 The decoded picture hash SEI message provides a checksum derived from
 the sample values of a decoded picture.  It can be used for detecting
 whether a picture was correctly received and decoded.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 10] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 The active parameter sets SEI message includes the IDs of the active
 video parameter set and the active sequence parameter set and can be
 used to activate VPSs and SPSs.  In addition, the SEI message
 includes the following indications: 1) An indication of whether "full
 random accessibility" is supported (when supported, all parameter
 sets needed for decoding of the remaining of the bitstream when
 random accessing from the beginning of the current CVS by completely
 discarding all access units earlier in decoding order are present in
 the remaining bitstream, and all coded pictures in the remaining
 bitstream can be correctly decoded); 2) An indication of whether
 there is no parameter set within the current CVS that updates another
 parameter set of the same type preceding in decoding order.  An
 update of a parameter set refers to the use of the same parameter set
 ID but with some other parameters changed.  If this property is true
 for all CVSs in the bitstream, then all parameter sets can be sent
 out-of-band before session start.
 The decoding unit information SEI message provides information
 regarding coded picture buffer removal delay for a decoding unit.
 The message can be used in very-low-delay buffering operations.
 The region refresh information SEI message can be used together with
 the recovery point SEI message (present in both H.264 and HEVC) for
 improved support of gradual decoding refresh.  This supports random
 access from inter-coded pictures, wherein complete pictures can be
 correctly decoded or recovered after an indicated number of pictures
 in output/display order.

1.1.3. Parallel Processing Support

 The reportedly significantly higher encoding computational demand of
 HEVC over H.264, in conjunction with the ever-increasing video
 resolution (both spatially and temporally) required by the market,
 led to the adoption of VCL coding tools specifically targeted to
 allow for parallelization on the sub-picture level.  That is,
 parallelization occurs, at the minimum, at the granularity of an
 integer number of CTUs.  The targets for this type of high-level
 parallelization are multicore CPUs and DSPs as well as multiprocessor
 systems.  In a system design, to be useful, these tools require
 signaling support, which is provided in Section 7 of this memo.  This
 section provides a brief overview of the tools available in [HEVC].
 Many of the tools incorporated in HEVC were designed keeping in mind
 the potential parallel implementations in multicore/multiprocessor
 architectures.  Specifically, for parallelization, four picture
 partition strategies, as described below, are available.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 11] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 Slices are segments of the bitstream that can be reconstructed
 independently from other slices within the same picture (though there
 may still be interdependencies through loop filtering operations).
 Slices are the only tool that can be used for parallelization that is
 also available, in virtually identical form, in H.264.
 Parallelization based on slices does not require much inter-processor
 or inter-core communication (except for inter-processor or inter-core
 data sharing for motion compensation when decoding a predictively
 coded picture, which is typically much heavier than inter-processor
 or inter-core data sharing due to in-picture prediction), as slices
 are designed to be independently decodable.  However, for the same
 reason, slices can require some coding overhead.  Further, slices (in
 contrast to some of the other tools mentioned below) also serve as
 the key mechanism for bitstream partitioning to match Maximum
 Transfer Unit (MTU) size requirements, due to the in-picture
 independence of slices and the fact that each regular slice is
 encapsulated in its own NAL unit.  In many cases, the goal of
 parallelization and the goal of MTU size matching can place
 contradicting demands to the slice layout in a picture.  The
 realization of this situation led to the development of the more
 advanced tools mentioned below.
 Dependent slice segments allow for fragmentation of a coded slice
 into fragments at CTU boundaries without breaking any in-picture
 prediction mechanisms.  They are complementary to the fragmentation
 mechanism described in this memo in that they need the cooperation of
 the encoder.  As a dependent slice segment necessarily contains an
 integer number of CTUs, a decoder using multiple cores operating on
 CTUs can process a dependent slice segment without communicating
 parts of the slice segment's bitstream to other cores.
 Fragmentation, as specified in this memo, in contrast, does not
 guarantee that a fragment contains an integer number of CTUs.
 In Wavefront Parallel Processing (WPP), the picture is partitioned
 into rows of CTUs.  Entropy decoding and prediction are allowed to
 use data from CTUs in other partitions.  Parallel processing is
 possible through parallel decoding of CTU rows, where the start of
 the decoding of a row is delayed by two CTUs, so to ensure that data
 related to a CTU above and to the right of the subject CTU is
 available before the subject CTU is being decoded.  Using this
 staggered start (which appears like a wavefront when represented
 graphically), parallelization is possible with up to as many
 processors/cores as the picture contains CTU rows.
 Because in-picture prediction between neighboring CTU rows within a
 picture is allowed, the required inter-processor/inter-core
 communication to enable in-picture prediction can be substantial.
 The WPP partitioning does not result in the creation of more NAL

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 12] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 units compared to when it is not applied; thus, WPP cannot be used
 for MTU size matching, though slices can be used in combination for
 that purpose.
 Tiles define horizontal and vertical boundaries that partition a
 picture into tile columns and rows.  The scan order of CTUs is
 changed to be local within a tile (in the order of a CTU raster scan
 of a tile), before decoding the top-left CTU of the next tile in the
 order of tile raster scan of a picture.  Similar to slices, tiles
 break in-picture prediction dependencies (including entropy decoding
 dependencies).  However, they do not need to be included into
 individual NAL units (same as WPP in this regard); hence, tiles
 cannot be used for MTU size matching, though slices can be used in
 combination for that purpose.  Each tile can be processed by one
 processor/core, and the inter-processor/inter-core communication
 required for in-picture prediction between processing units decoding
 neighboring tiles is limited to conveying the shared slice header in
 cases a slice is spanning more than one tile, and loop-filtering-
 related sharing of reconstructed samples and metadata.  Insofar,
 tiles are less demanding in terms of inter-processor communication
 bandwidth compared to WPP due to the in-picture independence between
 two neighboring partitions.

1.1.4. NAL Unit Header

 HEVC maintains the NAL unit concept of H.264 with modifications.
 HEVC uses a two-byte NAL unit header, as shown in Figure 1.  The
 payload of a NAL unit refers to the NAL unit excluding the NAL unit
 header.
          +---------------+---------------+
          |0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|
          +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
          |F|   Type    |  LayerId  | TID |
          +-------------+-----------------+
 Figure 1: The Structure of the HEVC NAL Unit Header
 The semantics of the fields in the NAL unit header are as specified
 in [HEVC] and described briefly below for convenience.  In addition
 to the name and size of each field, the corresponding syntax element
 name in [HEVC] is also provided.
 F: 1 bit
    forbidden_zero_bit.  Required to be zero in [HEVC].  Note that the
    inclusion of this bit in the NAL unit header was to enable
    transport of HEVC video over MPEG-2 transport systems (avoidance
    of start code emulations) [MPEG2S].  In the context of this memo,

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 13] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

    the value 1 may be used to indicate a syntax violation, e.g., for
    a NAL unit resulted from aggregating a number of fragmented units
    of a NAL unit but missing the last fragment, as described in
    Section 4.4.3.
 Type: 6 bits
    nal_unit_type.  This field specifies the NAL unit type as defined
    in Table 7-1 of [HEVC].  If the most significant bit of this field
    of a NAL unit is equal to 0 (i.e., the value of this field is less
    than 32), the NAL unit is a VCL NAL unit.  Otherwise, the NAL unit
    is a non-VCL NAL unit.  For a reference of all currently defined
    NAL unit types and their semantics, please refer to Section 7.4.2
    in [HEVC].
 LayerId: 6 bits
    nuh_layer_id.  Required to be equal to zero in [HEVC].  It is
    anticipated that in future scalable or 3D video coding extensions
    of this specification, this syntax element will be used to
    identify additional layers that may be present in the CVS, wherein
    a layer may be, e.g., a spatial scalable layer, a quality scalable
    layer, a texture view, or a depth view.
 TID: 3 bits
    nuh_temporal_id_plus1.  This field specifies the temporal
    identifier of the NAL unit plus 1.  The value of TemporalId is
    equal to TID minus 1.  A TID value of 0 is illegal to ensure that
    there is at least one bit in the NAL unit header equal to 1, so to
    enable independent considerations of start code emulations in the
    NAL unit header and in the NAL unit payload data.

1.2. Overview of the Payload Format

 This payload format defines the following processes required for
 transport of HEVC coded data over RTP [RFC3550]:
 o  Usage of RTP header with this payload format
 o  Packetization of HEVC coded NAL units into RTP packets using three
    types of payload structures: a single NAL unit packet, aggregation
    packet, and fragment unit
 o  Transmission of HEVC NAL units of the same bitstream within a
    single RTP stream or multiple RTP streams (within one or more RTP
    sessions), where within an RTP stream transmission of NAL units
    may be either non-interleaved (i.e., the transmission order of NAL
    units is the same as their decoding order) or interleaved (i.e.,
    the transmission order of NAL units is different from the decoding
    order)

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 14] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 o  Media type parameters to be used with the Session Description
    Protocol (SDP) [RFC4566]
 o  A payload header extension mechanism and data structures for
    enhanced support of temporal scalability based on that extension
    mechanism.

2. Conventions

 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
 document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119].
 In this document, the above key words will convey that interpretation
 only when in ALL CAPS.  Lowercase uses of these words are not to be
 interpreted as carrying the significance described in RFC 2119.
 This specification uses the notion of setting and clearing a bit when
 bit fields are handled.  Setting a bit is the same as assigning that
 bit the value of 1 (On).  Clearing a bit is the same as assigning
 that bit the value of 0 (Off).

3. Definitions and Abbreviations

3.1. Definitions

 This document uses the terms and definitions of [HEVC].  Section
 3.1.1 lists relevant definitions from [HEVC] for convenience.
 Section 3.1.2 provides definitions specific to this memo.

3.1.1. Definitions from the HEVC Specification

 access unit: A set of NAL units that are associated with each other
 according to a specified classification rule, that are consecutive in
 decoding order, and that contain exactly one coded picture.
 BLA access unit: An access unit in which the coded picture is a BLA
 picture.
 BLA picture: An IRAP picture for which each VCL NAL unit has
 nal_unit_type equal to BLA_W_LP, BLA_W_RADL, or BLA_N_LP.
 Coded Video Sequence (CVS): A sequence of access units that consists,
 in decoding order, of an IRAP access unit with NoRaslOutputFlag equal
 to 1, followed by zero or more access units that are not IRAP access
 units with NoRaslOutputFlag equal to 1, including all subsequent
 access units up to but not including any subsequent access unit that
 is an IRAP access unit with NoRaslOutputFlag equal to 1.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 15] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

    Informative note: An IRAP access unit may be an IDR access unit, a
    BLA access unit, or a CRA access unit.  The value of
    NoRaslOutputFlag is equal to 1 for each IDR access unit, each BLA
    access unit, and each CRA access unit that is the first access
    unit in the bitstream in decoding order, is the first access unit
    that follows an end of sequence NAL unit in decoding order, or has
    HandleCraAsBlaFlag equal to 1.
 CRA access unit: An access unit in which the coded picture is a CRA
 picture.
 CRA picture: A RAP picture for which each VCL NAL unit has
 nal_unit_type equal to CRA_NUT.
 IDR access unit: An access unit in which the coded picture is an IDR
 picture.
 IDR picture: A RAP picture for which each VCL NAL unit has
 nal_unit_type equal to IDR_W_RADL or IDR_N_LP.
 IRAP access unit: An access unit in which the coded picture is an
 IRAP picture.
 IRAP picture: A coded picture for which each VCL NAL unit has
 nal_unit_type in the range of BLA_W_LP (16) to RSV_IRAP_VCL23 (23),
 inclusive.
 layer: A set of VCL NAL units that all have a particular value of
 nuh_layer_id and the associated non-VCL NAL units, or one of a set of
 syntactical structures having a hierarchical relationship.
 operation point: bitstream created from another bitstream by
 operation of the sub-bitstream extraction process with the another
 bitstream, a target highest TemporalId, and a target-layer identifier
 list as input.
 random access: The act of starting the decoding process for a
 bitstream at a point other than the beginning of the bitstream.
 sub-layer: A temporal scalable layer of a temporal scalable bitstream
 consisting of VCL NAL units with a particular value of the TemporalId
 variable, and the associated non-VCL NAL units.
 sub-layer representation: A subset of the bitstream consisting of NAL
 units of a particular sub-layer and the lower sub-layers.
 tile: A rectangular region of coding tree blocks within a particular
 tile column and a particular tile row in a picture.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 16] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 tile column: A rectangular region of coding tree blocks having a
 height equal to the height of the picture and a width specified by
 syntax elements in the picture parameter set.
 tile row: A rectangular region of coding tree blocks having a height
 specified by syntax elements in the picture parameter set and a width
 equal to the width of the picture.

3.1.2. Definitions Specific to This Memo

 dependee RTP stream: An RTP stream on which another RTP stream
 depends.  All RTP streams in a Multiple RTP streams on a Single media
 Transport (MRST) or Multiple RTP streams on Multiple media Transports
 (MRMT), except for the highest RTP stream, are dependee RTP streams.
 highest RTP stream: The RTP stream on which no other RTP stream
 depends.  The RTP stream in a Single RTP stream on a Single media
 Transport (SRST) is the highest RTP stream.
 Media-Aware Network Element (MANE): A network element, such as a
 middlebox, selective forwarding unit, or application-layer gateway
 that is capable of parsing certain aspects of the RTP payload headers
 or the RTP payload and reacting to their contents.
    Informative note: The concept of a MANE goes beyond normal routers
    or gateways in that a MANE has to be aware of the signaling (e.g.,
    to learn about the payload type mappings of the media streams),
    and in that it has to be trusted when working with Secure RTP
    (SRTP).  The advantage of using MANEs is that they allow packets
    to be dropped according to the needs of the media coding.  For
    example, if a MANE has to drop packets due to congestion on a
    certain link, it can identify and remove those packets whose
    elimination produces the least adverse effect on the user
    experience.  After dropping packets, MANEs must rewrite RTCP
    packets to match the changes to the RTP stream, as specified in
    Section 7 of [RFC3550].
 Media Transport: As used in the MRST, MRMT, and SRST definitions
 below, Media Transport denotes the transport of packets over a
 transport association identified by a 5-tuple (source address, source
 port, destination address, destination port, transport protocol).
 See also Section 2.1.13 of [RFC7656].
    Informative note: The term "bitstream" in this document is
    equivalent to the term "encoded stream" in [RFC7656].

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 17] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 Multiple RTP streams on a Single media Transport (MRST):  Multiple
 RTP streams carrying a single HEVC bitstream on a Single Transport.
 See also Section 3.5 of [RFC7656].
 Multiple RTP streams on Multiple media Transports (MRMT):  Multiple
 RTP streams carrying a single HEVC bitstream on Multiple Transports.
 See also Section 3.5 of [RFC7656].
 NAL unit decoding order: A NAL unit order that conforms to the
 constraints on NAL unit order given in Section 7.4.2.4 in [HEVC].
 NAL unit output order: A NAL unit order in which NAL units of
 different access units are in the output order of the decoded
 pictures corresponding to the access units, as specified in [HEVC],
 and in which NAL units within an access unit are in their decoding
 order.
 NAL-unit-like structure: A data structure that is similar to NAL
 units in the sense that it also has a NAL unit header and a payload,
 with a difference that the payload does not follow the start code
 emulation prevention mechanism required for the NAL unit syntax as
 specified in Section 7.3.1.1 of [HEVC].  Examples of NAL-unit-like
 structures defined in this memo are packet payloads of Aggregation
 Packet (AP), PAyload Content Information (PACI), and Fragmentation
 Unit (FU) packets.
 NALU-time: The value that the RTP timestamp would have if the NAL
 unit would be transported in its own RTP packet.
 RTP stream: See [RFC7656].  Within the scope of this memo, one RTP
 stream is utilized to transport one or more temporal sub-layers.
 Single RTP stream on a Single media Transport (SRST):  Single RTP
 stream carrying a single HEVC bitstream on a Single (Media)
 Transport.  See also Section 3.5 of [RFC7656].
 transmission order: The order of packets in ascending RTP sequence
 number order (in modulo arithmetic).  Within an aggregation packet,
 the NAL unit transmission order is the same as the order of
 appearance of NAL units in the packet.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 18] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

3.2. Abbreviations

 AP       Aggregation Packet
 BLA      Broken Link Access
 CRA      Clean Random Access
 CTB      Coding Tree Block
 CTU      Coding Tree Unit
 CVS      Coded Video Sequence
 DPH      Decoded Picture Hash
 FU       Fragmentation Unit
 HRD      Hypothetical Reference Decoder
 IDR      Instantaneous Decoding Refresh
 IRAP     Intra Random Access Point
 MANE     Media-Aware Network Element
 MRMT     Multiple RTP streams on Multiple media Transports
 MRST     Multiple RTP streams on a Single media Transport
 MTU      Maximum Transfer Unit
 NAL      Network Abstraction Layer
 NALU     Network Abstraction Layer Unit
 PACI     PAyload Content Information
 PHES     Payload Header Extension Structure
 PPS      Picture Parameter Set
 RADL     Random Access Decodable Leading (Picture)
 RASL     Random Access Skipped Leading (Picture)
 RPS      Reference Picture Set

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 19] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 SEI      Supplemental Enhancement Information
 SPS      Sequence Parameter Set
 SRST     Single RTP stream on a Single media Transport
 STSA     Step-wise Temporal Sub-layer Access
 TSA      Temporal Sub-layer Access
 TSCI     Temporal Scalability Control Information
 VCL      Video Coding Layer
 VPS      Video Parameter Set

4. RTP Payload Format

4.1. RTP Header Usage

 The format of the RTP header is specified in [RFC3550] (reprinted as
 Figure 2 for convenience).  This payload format uses the fields of
 the header in a manner consistent with that specification.
 The RTP payload (and the settings for some RTP header bits) for
 aggregation packets and fragmentation units are specified in Sections
 4.4.2 and 4.4.3, respectively.
  0                   1                   2                   3
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |V=2|P|X|  CC   |M|     PT      |       sequence number         |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |                           timestamp                           |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |           synchronization source (SSRC) identifier            |
 +=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
 |            contributing source (CSRC) identifiers             |
 |                             ....                              |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
             Figure 2: RTP Header According to [RFC3550]

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 20] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 The RTP header information to be set according to this RTP payload
 format is set as follows:
 Marker bit (M): 1 bit
    Set for the last packet of the access unit, carried in the current
    RTP stream.  This is in line with the normal use of the M bit in
    video formats to allow an efficient playout buffer handling.  When
    MRST or MRMT is in use, if an access unit appears in multiple RTP
    streams, the marker bit is set on each RTP stream's last packet of
    the access unit.
       Informative note: The content of a NAL unit does not tell
       whether or not the NAL unit is the last NAL unit, in decoding
       order, of an access unit.  An RTP sender implementation may
       obtain this information from the video encoder.  If, however,
       the implementation cannot obtain this information directly from
       the encoder, e.g., when the bitstream was pre-encoded, and also
       there is no timestamp allocated for each NAL unit, then the
       sender implementation can inspect subsequent NAL units in
       decoding order to determine whether or not the NAL unit is the
       last NAL unit of an access unit as follows.  A NAL unit is
       determined to be the last NAL unit of an access unit if it is
       the last NAL unit of the bitstream.  A NAL unit naluX is also
       determined to be the last NAL unit of an access unit if both
       the following conditions are true: 1) the next VCL NAL unit
       naluY in decoding order has the high-order bit of the first
       byte after its NAL unit header equal to 1, and 2) all NAL units
       between naluX and naluY, when present, have nal_unit_type in
       the range of 32 to 35, inclusive, equal to 39, or in the ranges
       of 41 to 44, inclusive, or 48 to 55, inclusive.
 Payload Type (PT): 7 bits
    The assignment of an RTP payload type for this new packet format
    is outside the scope of this document and will not be specified
    here.  The assignment of a payload type has to be performed either
    through the profile used or in a dynamic way.
       Informative note: It is not required to use different payload
       type values for different RTP streams in MRST or MRMT.
 Sequence Number (SN): 16 bits
    Set and used in accordance with [RFC3550].

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 21] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 Timestamp: 32 bits
    The RTP timestamp is set to the sampling timestamp of the content.
    A 90 kHz clock rate MUST be used.
    If the NAL unit has no timing properties of its own (e.g.,
    parameter set and SEI NAL units), the RTP timestamp MUST be set to
    the RTP timestamp of the coded picture of the access unit in which
    the NAL unit (according to Section 7.4.2.4.4 of [HEVC]) is
    included.
    Receivers MUST use the RTP timestamp for the display process, even
    when the bitstream contains picture timing SEI messages or
    decoding unit information SEI messages as specified in [HEVC].
    However, this does not mean that picture timing SEI messages in
    the bitstream should be discarded, as picture timing SEI messages
    may contain frame-field information that is important in
    appropriately rendering interlaced video.
 Synchronization source (SSRC): 32 bits
    Used to identify the source of the RTP packets.  When using SRST,
    by definition a single SSRC is used for all parts of a single
    bitstream.  In MRST or MRMT, different SSRCs are used for each RTP
    stream containing a subset of the sub-layers of the single
    (temporally scalable) bitstream.  A receiver is required to
    correctly associate the set of SSRCs that are included parts of
    the same bitstream.

4.2. Payload Header Usage

 The first two bytes of the payload of an RTP packet are referred to
 as the payload header.  The payload header consists of the same
 fields (F, Type, LayerId, and TID) as the NAL unit header as shown in
 Section 1.1.4, irrespective of the type of the payload structure.
 The TID value indicates (among other things) the relative importance
 of an RTP packet, for example, because NAL units belonging to higher
 temporal sub-layers are not used for the decoding of lower temporal
 sub-layers.  A lower value of TID indicates a higher importance.
 More-important NAL units MAY be better protected against transmission
 losses than less-important NAL units.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 22] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

4.3. Transmission Modes

 This memo enables transmission of an HEVC bitstream over:
    o a Single RTP stream on a Single media Transport (SRST),
    o Multiple RTP streams over a Single media Transport (MRST), or
    o Multiple RTP streams on Multiple media Transports (MRMT).
    Informative note: While this specification enables the use of MRST
    within the H.265 RTP payload, the signaling of MRST within SDP
    offer/answer is not fully specified at the time of this writing.
    See [RFC5576] and [RFC5583] for what is supported today as well as
    [RTP-MULTI-STREAM] and [SDP-NEG] for future directions.
 When in MRMT, the dependency of one RTP stream on another RTP stream
 is typically indicated as specified in [RFC5583].  [RFC5583] can also
 be utilized to specify dependencies within MRST, but only if the RTP
 streams utilize distinct payload types.
 SRST or MRST SHOULD be used for point-to-point unicast scenarios,
 whereas MRMT SHOULD be used for point-to-multipoint multicast
 scenarios where different receivers require different operation
 points of the same HEVC bitstream, to improve bandwidth utilizing
 efficiency.
    Informative note: A multicast may degrade to a unicast after all
    but one receivers have left (this is a justification of the first
    "SHOULD" instead of "MUST"), and there might be scenarios where
    MRMT is desirable but not possible, e.g., when IP multicast is not
    deployed in certain network (this is a justification of the second
    "SHOULD" instead of "MUST").
 The transmission mode is indicated by the tx-mode media parameter
 (see Section 7.1).  If tx-mode is equal to "SRST", SRST MUST be used.
 Otherwise, if tx-mode is equal to "MRST", MRST MUST be used.
 Otherwise (tx-mode is equal to "MRMT"), MRMT MUST be used.
    Informative note: When an RTP stream does not depend on other RTP
    streams, any of SRST, MRST, or MRMT may be in use for the RTP
    stream.
 Receivers MUST support all of SRST, MRST, and MRMT.
    Informative note: The required support of MRMT by receivers does
    not imply that multicast must be supported by receivers.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 23] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

4.4. Payload Structures

 Four different types of RTP packet payload structures are specified.
 A receiver can identify the type of an RTP packet payload through the
 Type field in the payload header.
 The four different payload structures are as follows:
 o  Single NAL unit packet: Contains a single NAL unit in the payload,
    and the NAL unit header of the NAL unit also serves as the payload
    header.  This payload structure is specified in Section 4.4.1.
 o  Aggregation Packet (AP): Contains more than one NAL unit within
    one access unit.  This payload structure is specified in Section
    4.4.2.
 o  Fragmentation Unit (FU): Contains a subset of a single NAL unit.
    This payload structure is specified in Section 4.4.3.
 o  PACI carrying RTP packet: Contains a payload header (that differs
    from other payload headers for efficiency), a Payload Header
    Extension Structure (PHES), and a PACI payload.  This payload
    structure is specified in Section 4.4.4.

4.4.1. Single NAL Unit Packets

 A single NAL unit packet contains exactly one NAL unit, and consists
 of a payload header (denoted as PayloadHdr), a conditional 16-bit
 DONL field (in network byte order), and the NAL unit payload data
 (the NAL unit excluding its NAL unit header) of the contained NAL
 unit, as shown in Figure 3.
  0                   1                   2                   3
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |           PayloadHdr          |      DONL (conditional)       |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |                                                               |
 |                  NAL unit payload data                        |
 |                                                               |
 |                               +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |                               :...OPTIONAL RTP padding        |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
          Figure 3: The Structure of a Single NAL Unit Packet

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 24] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 The payload header SHOULD be an exact copy of the NAL unit header of
 the contained NAL unit.  However, the Type (i.e., nal_unit_type)
 field MAY be changed, e.g., when it is desirable to handle a CRA
 picture to be a BLA picture [JCTVC-J0107].
 The DONL field, when present, specifies the value of the 16 least
 significant bits of the decoding order number of the contained NAL
 unit.  If sprop-max-don-diff is greater than 0 for any of the RTP
 streams, the DONL field MUST be present, and the variable DON for the
 contained NAL unit is derived as equal to the value of the DONL
 field.  Otherwise (sprop-max-don-diff is equal to 0 for all the RTP
 streams), the DONL field MUST NOT be present.

4.4.2. Aggregation Packets (APs)

 Aggregation Packets (APs) are introduced to enable the reduction of
 packetization overhead for small NAL units, such as most of the non-
 VCL NAL units, which are often only a few octets in size.
 An AP aggregates NAL units within one access unit.  Each NAL unit to
 be carried in an AP is encapsulated in an aggregation unit.  NAL
 units aggregated in one AP are in NAL unit decoding order.
 An AP consists of a payload header (denoted as PayloadHdr) followed
 by two or more aggregation units, as shown in Figure 4.
  0                   1                   2                   3
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |    PayloadHdr (Type=48)       |                               |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                               |
 |                                                               |
 |             two or more aggregation units                     |
 |                                                               |
 |                               +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |                               :...OPTIONAL RTP padding        |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
          Figure 4: The Structure of an Aggregation Packet
 The fields in the payload header are set as follows.  The F bit MUST
 be equal to 0 if the F bit of each aggregated NAL unit is equal to
 zero; otherwise, it MUST be equal to 1.  The Type field MUST be equal
 to 48.  The value of LayerId MUST be equal to the lowest value of
 LayerId of all the aggregated NAL units.  The value of TID MUST be
 the lowest value of TID of all the aggregated NAL units.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 25] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

    Informative note: All VCL NAL units in an AP have the same TID
    value since they belong to the same access unit.  However, an AP
    may contain non-VCL NAL units for which the TID value in the NAL
    unit header may be different than the TID value of the VCL NAL
    units in the same AP.
 An AP MUST carry at least two aggregation units and can carry as many
 aggregation units as necessary; however, the total amount of data in
 an AP obviously MUST fit into an IP packet, and the size SHOULD be
 chosen so that the resulting IP packet is smaller than the MTU size
 so to avoid IP layer fragmentation.  An AP MUST NOT contain FUs
 specified in Section 4.4.3.  APs MUST NOT be nested; i.e., an AP must
 not contain another AP.
 The first aggregation unit in an AP consists of a conditional 16-bit
 DONL field (in network byte order) followed by a 16-bit unsigned size
 information (in network byte order) that indicates the size of the
 NAL unit in bytes (excluding these two octets, but including the NAL
 unit header), followed by the NAL unit itself, including its NAL unit
 header, as shown in Figure 5.
  0                   1                   2                   3
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                 :       DONL (conditional)      |   NALU size   |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |   NALU size   |                                               |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+         NAL unit                              |
 |                                                               |
 |                               +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |                               :
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   Figure 5: The Structure of the First Aggregation Unit in an AP
 The DONL field, when present, specifies the value of the 16 least
 significant bits of the decoding order number of the aggregated NAL
 unit.
 If sprop-max-don-diff is greater than 0 for any of the RTP streams,
 the DONL field MUST be present in an aggregation unit that is the
 first aggregation unit in an AP, and the variable DON for the
 aggregated NAL unit is derived as equal to the value of the DONL
 field.  Otherwise (sprop-max-don-diff is equal to 0 for all the RTP
 streams), the DONL field MUST NOT be present in an aggregation unit
 that is the first aggregation unit in an AP.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 26] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 An aggregation unit that is not the first aggregation unit in an AP
 consists of a conditional 8-bit DOND field followed by a 16-bit
 unsigned size information (in network byte order) that indicates the
 size of the NAL unit in bytes (excluding these two octets, but
 including the NAL unit header), followed by the NAL unit itself,
 including its NAL unit header, as shown in Figure 6.
  0                   1                   2                   3
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                 : DOND (cond)   |          NALU size            |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |                                                               |
 |                       NAL unit                                |
 |                               +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |                               :
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 Figure 6: The Structure of an Aggregation Unit That Is Not the
 First Aggregation Unit in an AP
 When present, the DOND field plus 1 specifies the difference between
 the decoding order number values of the current aggregated NAL unit
 and the preceding aggregated NAL unit in the same AP.
 If sprop-max-don-diff is greater than 0 for any of the RTP streams,
 the DOND field MUST be present in an aggregation unit that is not the
 first aggregation unit in an AP, and the variable DON for the
 aggregated NAL unit is derived as equal to the DON of the preceding
 aggregated NAL unit in the same AP plus the value of the DOND field
 plus 1 modulo 65536.  Otherwise (sprop-max-don-diff is equal to 0 for
 all the RTP streams), the DOND field MUST NOT be present in an
 aggregation unit that is not the first aggregation unit in an AP, and
 in this case the transmission order and decoding order of NAL units
 carried in the AP are the same as the order the NAL units appear in
 the AP.
 Figure 7 presents an example of an AP that contains two aggregation
 units, labeled as 1 and 2 in the figure, without the DONL and DOND
 fields being present.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 27] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

  0                   1                   2                   3
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |                          RTP Header                           |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |   PayloadHdr (Type=48)        |         NALU 1 Size           |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |          NALU 1 HDR           |                               |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+         NALU 1 Data           |
 |                   . . .                                       |
 |                                                               |
 +               +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |  . . .        | NALU 2 Size                   | NALU 2 HDR    |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 | NALU 2 HDR    |                                               |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+              NALU 2 Data                      |
 |                   . . .                                       |
 |                               +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |                               :...OPTIONAL RTP padding        |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 Figure 7: An Example of an AP Packet Containing Two Aggregation
 Units without the DONL and DOND Fields

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 28] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 Figure 8 presents an example of an AP that contains two aggregation
 units, labeled as 1 and 2 in the figure, with the DONL and DOND
 fields being present.
  0                   1                   2                   3
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |                          RTP Header                           |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |   PayloadHdr (Type=48)        |        NALU 1 DONL            |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |          NALU 1 Size          |            NALU 1 HDR         |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |                                                               |
 |                 NALU 1 Data   . . .                           |
 |                                                               |
 +     . . .     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |               |  NALU 2 DOND  |          NALU 2 Size          |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |          NALU 2 HDR           |                               |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+          NALU 2 Data          |
 |                                                               |
 |        . . .                  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |                               :...OPTIONAL RTP padding        |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 Figure 8: An Example of an AP Containing Two Aggregation Units
 with the DONL and DOND Fields

4.4.3. Fragmentation Units

 Fragmentation Units (FUs) are introduced to enable fragmenting a
 single NAL unit into multiple RTP packets, possibly without
 cooperation or knowledge of the HEVC encoder.  A fragment of a NAL
 unit consists of an integer number of consecutive octets of that NAL
 unit.  Fragments of the same NAL unit MUST be sent in consecutive
 order with ascending RTP sequence numbers (with no other RTP packets
 within the same RTP stream being sent between the first and last
 fragment).
 When a NAL unit is fragmented and conveyed within FUs, it is referred
 to as a fragmented NAL unit.  APs MUST NOT be fragmented.  FUs MUST
 NOT be nested; i.e., an FU must not contain a subset of another FU.
 The RTP timestamp of an RTP packet carrying an FU is set to the NALU-
 time of the fragmented NAL unit.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 29] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 An FU consists of a payload header (denoted as PayloadHdr), an FU
 header of one octet, a conditional 16-bit DONL field (in network byte
 order), and an FU payload, as shown in Figure 9.
  0                   1                   2                   3
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |    PayloadHdr (Type=49)       |   FU header   | DONL (cond)   |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-|
 | DONL (cond)   |                                               |
 |-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                                               |
 |                         FU payload                            |
 |                                                               |
 |                               +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |                               :...OPTIONAL RTP padding        |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
              Figure 9: The Structure of an FU
 The fields in the payload header are set as follows.  The Type field
 MUST be equal to 49.  The fields F, LayerId, and TID MUST be equal to
 the fields F, LayerId, and TID, respectively, of the fragmented NAL
 unit.
 The FU header consists of an S bit, an E bit, and a 6-bit FuType
 field, as shown in Figure 10.
 +---------------+
 |0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |S|E|  FuType   |
 +---------------+
 Figure 10: The Structure of FU Header
 The semantics of the FU header fields are as follows:
 S: 1 bit
    When set to 1, the S bit indicates the start of a fragmented NAL
    unit, i.e., the first byte of the FU payload is also the first
    byte of the payload of the fragmented NAL unit.  When the FU
    payload is not the start of the fragmented NAL unit payload, the S
    bit MUST be set to 0.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 30] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 E: 1 bit
    When set to 1, the E bit indicates the end of a fragmented NAL
    unit, i.e., the last byte of the payload is also the last byte of
    the fragmented NAL unit.  When the FU payload is not the last
    fragment of a fragmented NAL unit, the E bit MUST be set to 0.
 FuType: 6 bits
    The field FuType MUST be equal to the field Type of the fragmented
    NAL unit.
 The DONL field, when present, specifies the value of the 16 least
 significant bits of the decoding order number of the fragmented NAL
 unit.
 If sprop-max-don-diff is greater than 0 for any of the RTP streams,
 and the S bit is equal to 1, the DONL field MUST be present in the
 FU, and the variable DON for the fragmented NAL unit is derived as
 equal to the value of the DONL field.  Otherwise (sprop-max-don-diff
 is equal to 0 for all the RTP streams, or the S bit is equal to 0),
 the DONL field MUST NOT be present in the FU.
 A non-fragmented NAL unit MUST NOT be transmitted in one FU; i.e.,
 the Start bit and End bit must not both be set to 1 in the same FU
 header.
 The FU payload consists of fragments of the payload of the fragmented
 NAL unit so that if the FU payloads of consecutive FUs, starting with
 an FU with the S bit equal to 1 and ending with an FU with the E bit
 equal to 1, are sequentially concatenated, the payload of the
 fragmented NAL unit can be reconstructed.  The NAL unit header of the
 fragmented NAL unit is not included as such in the FU payload, but
 rather the information of the NAL unit header of the fragmented NAL
 unit is conveyed in F, LayerId, and TID fields of the FU payload
 headers of the FUs and the FuType field of the FU header of the FUs.
 An FU payload MUST NOT be empty.
 If an FU is lost, the receiver SHOULD discard all following
 fragmentation units in transmission order corresponding to the same
 fragmented NAL unit, unless the decoder in the receiver is known to
 be prepared to gracefully handle incomplete NAL units.
 A receiver in an endpoint or in a MANE MAY aggregate the first n-1
 fragments of a NAL unit to an (incomplete) NAL unit, even if fragment
 n of that NAL unit is not received.  In this case, the
 forbidden_zero_bit of the NAL unit MUST be set to 1 to indicate a
 syntax violation.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 31] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

4.4.4. PACI Packets

 This section specifies the PACI packet structure.  The basic payload
 header specified in this memo is intentionally limited to the 16 bits
 of the NAL unit header so to keep the packetization overhead to a
 minimum.  However, cases have been identified where it is advisable
 to include control information in an easily accessible position in
 the packet header, despite the additional overhead.  One such control
 information is the TSCI as specified in Section 4.5.  PACI packets
 carry this and future, similar structures.
 The PACI packet structure is based on a payload header extension
 mechanism that is generic and extensible to carry payload header
 extensions.  In this section, the focus lies on the use within this
 specification.  Section 4.4.4.2 provides guidance for the
 specification designers in how to employ the extension mechanism in
 future specifications.
 A PACI packet consists of a payload header (denoted as PayloadHdr),
 for which the structure follows what is described in Section 4.2.
 The payload header is followed by the fields A, cType, PHSsize,
 F[0..2], and Y.
 Figure 11 shows a PACI packet in compliance with this memo, i.e.,
 without any extensions.
  0                   1                   2                   3
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |    PayloadHdr (Type=50)       |A|   cType   | PHSsize |F0..2|Y|
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |        Payload Header Extension Structure (PHES)              |
 |=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=|
 |                                                               |
 |                  PACI payload: NAL unit                       |
 |                   . . .                                       |
 |                                                               |
 |                               +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |                               :...OPTIONAL RTP padding        |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
             Figure 11: The Structure of a PACI

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 32] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 The fields in the payload header are set as follows.  The F bit MUST
 be equal to 0.  The Type field MUST be equal to 50.  The value of
 LayerId MUST be a copy of the LayerId field of the PACI payload NAL
 unit or NAL-unit-like structure.  The value of TID MUST be a copy of
 the TID field of the PACI payload NAL unit or NAL-unit-like
 structure.
 The semantics of other fields are as follows:
 A: 1 bit
    Copy of the F bit of the PACI payload NAL unit or NAL-unit-like
    structure.
 cType: 6 bits
    Copy of the Type field of the PACI payload NAL unit or NAL-unit-
    like structure.
 PHSsize: 5 bits
    Indicates the length of the PHES field.  The value is limited to
    be less than or equal to 32 octets, to simplify encoder design for
    MTU size matching.
 F0:
    This field equal to 1 specifies the presence of a temporal
    scalability support extension in the PHES.
 F1, F2:
    MUST be 0, available for future extensions, see Section 4.4.4.2.
    Receivers compliant with this version of the HEVC payload format
    MUST ignore F1=1 and/or F2=1, and also ignore any information in
    the PHES indicated as present by F1=1 and/or F2=1.
       Informative note: The receiver can do that by first decoding
       information associated with F0=1, and then skipping over any
       remaining bytes of the PHES based on the value of PHSsize.
 Y: 1 bit
    MUST be 0, available for future extensions, see Section 4.4.4.2.
    Receivers compliant with this version of the HEVC payload format
    MUST ignore Y=1, and also ignore any information in the PHES
    indicated as present by Y.
 PHES: variable number of octets
    A variable number of octets as indicated by the value of PHSsize.
 PACI Payload:
    The single NAL unit packet or NAL-unit-like structure (such as: FU
    or AP) to be carried, not including the first two octets.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 33] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

       Informative note: The first two octets of the NAL unit or NAL-
       unit-like structure carried in the PACI payload are not
       included in the PACI payload.  Rather, the respective values
       are copied in locations of the PayloadHdr of the RTP packet.
       This design offers two advantages: first, the overall structure
       of the payload header is preserved, i.e., there is no special
       case of payload header structure that needs to be implemented
       for PACI.  Second, no additional overhead is introduced.
    A PACI payload MAY be a single NAL unit, an FU, or an AP.  PACIs
    MUST NOT be fragmented or aggregated.  The following subsection
    documents the reasons for these design choices.

4.4.4.1. Reasons for the PACI Rules (Informative)

 A PACI cannot be fragmented.  If a PACI could be fragmented, and a
 fragment other than the first fragment got lost, access to the
 information in the PACI would not be possible.  Therefore, a PACI
 must not be fragmented.  In other words, an FU must not carry
 (fragments of) a PACI.
 A PACI cannot be aggregated.  Aggregation of PACIs is inadvisable
 from a compression viewpoint, as, in many cases, several to be
 aggregated NAL units would share identical PACI fields and values
 which would be carried redundantly for no reason.  Most, if not all,
 of the practical effects of PACI aggregation can be achieved by
 aggregating NAL units and bundling them with a PACI (see below).
 Therefore, a PACI must not be aggregated.  In other words, an AP must
 not contain a PACI.
 The payload of a PACI can be a fragment.  Both middleboxes and
 sending systems with inflexible (often hardware-based) encoders
 occasionally find themselves in situations where a PACI and its
 headers, combined, are larger than the MTU size.  In such a scenario,
 the middlebox or sender can fragment the NAL unit and encapsulate the
 fragment in a PACI.  Doing so preserves the payload header extension
 information for all fragments, allowing downstream middleboxes and
 the receiver to take advantage of that information.  Therefore, a
 sender may place a fragment into a PACI, and a receiver must be able
 to handle such a PACI.
 The payload of a PACI can be an aggregation NAL unit.  HEVC
 bitstreams can contain unevenly sized and/or small (when compared to
 the MTU size) NAL units.  In order to efficiently packetize such
 small NAL units, APs were introduced.  The benefits of APs are
 independent from the need for a payload header extension.  Therefore,
 a sender may place an AP into a PACI, and a receiver must be able to
 handle such a PACI.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 34] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

4.4.4.2. PACI Extensions (Informative)

 This section includes recommendations for future specification
 designers on how to extent the PACI syntax to accommodate future
 extensions.  Obviously, designers are free to specify whatever
 appears to be appropriate to them at the time of their design.
 However, a lot of thought has been invested into the extension
 mechanism described below, and we suggest that deviations from it
 warrant a good explanation.
 This memo defines only a single payload header extension (TSCI,
 described in Section 4.5); therefore, only the F0 bit carries
 semantics.  F1 and F2 are already named (and not just marked as
 reserved, as a typical video spec designer would do).  They are
 intended to signal two additional extensions.  The Y bit allows one
 to, recursively, add further F and Y bits to extend the mechanism
 beyond three possible payload header extensions.  It is suggested to
 define a new packet type (using a different value for Type) when
 assigning the F1, F2, or Y bits different semantics than what is
 suggested below.
 When a Y bit is set, an 8-bit flag-extension is inserted after the Y
 bit.  A flag-extension consists of 7 flags F[n..n+6], and another Y
 bit.
 The basic PACI header already includes F0, F1, and F2.  Therefore,
 the Fx bits in the first flag-extensions are numbered F3, F4, ...,
 F9; the F bits in the second flag-extension are numbered F10, F11,
 ..., F16, and so forth.  As a result, at least three Fx bits are
 always in the PACI, but the number of Fx bits (and associated types
 of extensions) can be increased by setting the next Y bit and adding
 an octet of flag-extensions, carrying seven flags and another Y bit.
 The size of this list of flags is subject to the limits specified in
 Section 4.4.4 (32 octets for all flag-extensions and the PHES
 information combined).
 Each of the F bits can indicate either the presence or the absence of
 certain information in the Payload Header Extension Structure (PHES).
 When a spec developer devises a new syntax that takes advantage of
 the PACI extension mechanism, he/she must follow the constraints
 listed below; otherwise, the extension mechanism may break.
    1) The fields added for a particular Fx bit MUST be fixed in
       length and not depend on what other Fx bits are set (no parsing
       dependency).
    2) The Fx bits must be assigned in order.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 35] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

    3) An implementation that supports the n-th Fn bit for any value
       of n must understand the syntax (though not necessarily the
       semantics) of the fields Fk (with k < n), so as to be able to
       either use those bits when present, or at least be able to skip
       over them.

4.5. Temporal Scalability Control Information

 This section describes the single payload header extension defined in
 this specification, known as TSCI.  If, in the future, additional
 payload header extensions become necessary, they could be specified
 in this section of an updated version of this document, or in their
 own documents.
 When F0 is set to 1 in a PACI, this specifies that the PHES field
 includes the TSCI fields TL0PICIDX, IrapPicID, S, and E as follows:
 0                   1                   2                   3
 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |    PayloadHdr (Type=50)       |A|   cType   | PHSsize |F0..2|Y|
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |   TL0PICIDX   |   IrapPicID   |S|E|    RES    |               |
 |-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+               |
 |                           ....                                |
 |               PACI payload: NAL unit                          |
 |                                                               |
 |                               +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |                               :...OPTIONAL RTP padding        |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 Figure 12: The Structure of a PACI with a PHES Containing a TSCI
 TL0PICIDX (8 bits)
    When present, the TL0PICIDX field MUST be set to equal to
    temporal_sub_layer_zero_idx as specified in Section D.3.22 of
    [HEVC] for the access unit containing the NAL unit in the PACI.
 IrapPicID (8 bits)
    When present, the IrapPicID field MUST be set to equal to
    irap_pic_id as specified in Section D.3.22 of [HEVC] for the
    access unit containing the NAL unit in the PACI.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 36] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 S (1 bit)
    The S bit MUST be set to 1 if any of the following conditions is
    true and MUST be set to 0 otherwise:
    o  The NAL unit in the payload of the PACI is the first VCL NAL
       unit, in decoding order, of a picture.
    o  The NAL unit in the payload of the PACI is an AP, and the NAL
       unit in the first contained aggregation unit is the first VCL
       NAL unit, in decoding order, of a picture.
    o  The NAL unit in the payload of the PACI is an FU with its S bit
       equal to 1 and the FU payload containing a fragment of the
       first VCL NAL unit, in decoding order, of a picture.
 E (1 bit)
    The E bit MUST be set to 1 if any of the following conditions is
    true and MUST be set to 0 otherwise:
    o  The NAL unit in the payload of the PACI is the last VCL NAL
       unit, in decoding order, of a picture.
    o  The NAL unit in the payload of the PACI is an AP and the NAL
       unit in the last contained aggregation unit is the last VCL NAL
       unit, in decoding order, of a picture.
    o  The NAL unit in the payload of the PACI is an FU with its E bit
       equal to 1 and the FU payload containing a fragment of the last
       VCL NAL unit, in decoding order, of a picture.
 RES (6 bits)
    MUST be equal to 0.  Reserved for future extensions.
 The value of PHSsize MUST be set to 3.  Receivers MUST allow other
 values of the fields F0, F1, F2, Y, and PHSsize, and MUST ignore any
 additional fields, when present, than specified above in the PHES.

4.6. Decoding Order Number

 For each NAL unit, the variable AbsDon is derived, representing the
 decoding order number that is indicative of the NAL unit decoding
 order.
 Let NAL unit n be the n-th NAL unit in transmission order within an
 RTP stream.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 37] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 If sprop-max-don-diff is equal to 0 for all the RTP streams carrying
 the HEVC bitstream, AbsDon[n], the value of AbsDon for NAL unit n, is
 derived as equal to n.
 Otherwise (sprop-max-don-diff is greater than 0 for any of the RTP
 streams), AbsDon[n] is derived as follows, where DON[n] is the value
 of the variable DON for NAL unit n:
 o  If n is equal to 0 (i.e., NAL unit n is the very first NAL unit in
    transmission order), AbsDon[0] is set equal to DON[0].
 o  Otherwise (n is greater than 0), the following applies for
    derivation of AbsDon[n]:
    If DON[n] == DON[n-1],
        AbsDon[n] = AbsDon[n-1]
    If (DON[n] > DON[n-1] and DON[n] - DON[n-1] < 32768),
        AbsDon[n] = AbsDon[n-1] + DON[n] - DON[n-1]
    If (DON[n] < DON[n-1] and DON[n-1] - DON[n] >= 32768),
        AbsDon[n] = AbsDon[n-1] + 65536 - DON[n-1] + DON[n]
    If (DON[n] > DON[n-1] and DON[n] - DON[n-1] >= 32768),
        AbsDon[n] = AbsDon[n-1] - (DON[n-1] + 65536 -
        DON[n])
    If (DON[n] < DON[n-1] and DON[n-1] - DON[n] < 32768),
        AbsDon[n] = AbsDon[n-1] - (DON[n-1] - DON[n])
 For any two NAL units m and n, the following applies:
 o  AbsDon[n] greater than AbsDon[m] indicates that NAL unit n follows
    NAL unit m in NAL unit decoding order.
 o  When AbsDon[n] is equal to AbsDon[m], the NAL unit decoding order
    of the two NAL units can be in either order.
 o  AbsDon[n] less than AbsDon[m] indicates that NAL unit n precedes
    NAL unit m in decoding order.
       Informative note: When two consecutive NAL units in the NAL
       unit decoding order have different values of AbsDon, the
       absolute difference between the two AbsDon values may be
       greater than or equal to 1.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 38] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

       Informative note: There are multiple reasons to allow for the
       absolute difference of the values of AbsDon for two consecutive
       NAL units in the NAL unit decoding order to be greater than
       one.  An increment by one is not required, as at the time of
       associating values of AbsDon to NAL units, it may not be known
       whether all NAL units are to be delivered to the receiver.  For
       example, a gateway may not forward VCL NAL units of higher sub-
       layers or some SEI NAL units when there is congestion in the
       network.  In another example, the first intra-coded picture of
       a pre-encoded clip is transmitted in advance to ensure that it
       is readily available in the receiver, and when transmitting the
       first intra-coded picture, the originator does not exactly know
       how many NAL units will be encoded before the first intra-coded
       picture of the pre-encoded clip follows in decoding order.
       Thus, the values of AbsDon for the NAL units of the first
       intra-coded picture of the pre-encoded clip have to be
       estimated when they are transmitted, and gaps in values of
       AbsDon may occur.  Another example is MRST or MRMT with sprop-
       max-don-diff greater than 0, where the AbsDon values must
       indicate cross-layer decoding order for NAL units conveyed in
       all the RTP streams.

5. Packetization Rules

 The following packetization rules apply:
 o  If sprop-max-don-diff is greater than 0 for any of the RTP
    streams, the transmission order of NAL units carried in the RTP
    stream MAY be different than the NAL unit decoding order and the
    NAL unit output order.  Otherwise (sprop-max-don-diff is equal to
    0 for all the RTP streams), the transmission order of NAL units
    carried in the RTP stream MUST be the same as the NAL unit
    decoding order and, when tx-mode is equal to "MRST" or "MRMT",
    MUST also be the same as the NAL unit output order.
 o  A NAL unit of a small size SHOULD be encapsulated in an
    aggregation packet together with one or more other NAL units in
    order to avoid the unnecessary packetization overhead for small
    NAL units.  For example, non-VCL NAL units such as access unit
    delimiters, parameter sets, or SEI NAL units are typically small
    and can often be aggregated with VCL NAL units without violating
    MTU size constraints.
 o  Each non-VCL NAL unit SHOULD, when possible from an MTU size match
    viewpoint, be encapsulated in an aggregation packet together with
    its associated VCL NAL unit, as typically a non-VCL NAL unit would
    be meaningless without the associated VCL NAL unit being
    available.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 39] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 o  For carrying exactly one NAL unit in an RTP packet, a single NAL
    unit packet MUST be used.

6. De-packetization Process

 The general concept behind de-packetization is to get the NAL units
 out of the RTP packets in an RTP stream and all RTP streams the RTP
 stream depends on, if any, and pass them to the decoder in the NAL
 unit decoding order.
 The de-packetization process is implementation dependent.  Therefore,
 the following description should be seen as an example of a suitable
 implementation.  Other schemes may be used as well, as long as the
 output for the same input is the same as the process described below.
 The output is the same when the set of output NAL units and their
 order are both identical.  Optimizations relative to the described
 algorithms are possible.
 All normal RTP mechanisms related to buffer management apply.  In
 particular, duplicated or outdated RTP packets (as indicated by the
 RTP sequences number and the RTP timestamp) are removed.  To
 determine the exact time for decoding, factors such as a possible
 intentional delay to allow for proper inter-stream synchronization
 must be factored in.
 NAL units with NAL unit type values in the range of 0 to 47,
 inclusive, may be passed to the decoder.  NAL-unit-like structures
 with NAL unit type values in the range of 48 to 63, inclusive, MUST
 NOT be passed to the decoder.
 The receiver includes a receiver buffer, which is used to compensate
 for transmission delay jitter within individual RTP streams and
 across RTP streams, to reorder NAL units from transmission order to
 the NAL unit decoding order, and to recover the NAL unit decoding
 order in MRST or MRMT, when applicable.  In this section, the
 receiver operation is described under the assumption that there is no
 transmission delay jitter within an RTP stream and across RTP
 streams.  To make a difference from a practical receiver buffer that
 is also used for compensation of transmission delay jitter, the
 receiver buffer is hereafter called the de-packetization buffer in
 this section.  Receivers should also prepare for transmission delay
 jitter; that is, either reserve separate buffers for transmission
 delay jitter buffering and de-packetization buffering or use a
 receiver buffer for both transmission delay jitter and de-
 packetization.  Moreover, receivers should take transmission delay
 jitter into account in the buffering operation, e.g., by additional
 initial buffering before starting of decoding and playback.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 40] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 When sprop-max-don-diff is equal to 0 for all the received RTP
 streams, the de-packetization buffer size is zero bytes, and the
 process described in the remainder of this paragraph applies.  When
 there is only one RTP stream received, the NAL units carried in the
 single RTP stream are directly passed to the decoder in their
 transmission order, which is identical to their decoding order.  When
 there is more than one RTP stream received, the NAL units carried in
 the multiple RTP streams are passed to the decoder in their NTP
 timestamp order.  When there are several NAL units of different RTP
 streams with the same NTP timestamp, the order to pass them to the
 decoder is their dependency order, where NAL units of a dependee RTP
 stream are passed to the decoder prior to the NAL units of the
 dependent RTP stream.  When there are several NAL units of the same
 RTP stream with the same NTP timestamp, the order to pass them to the
 decoder is their transmission order.
    Informative note: The mapping between RTP and NTP timestamps is
    conveyed in RTCP SR packets.  In addition, the mechanisms for
    faster media timestamp synchronization discussed in [RFC6051] may
    be used to speed up the acquisition of the RTP-to-wall-clock
    mapping.
 When sprop-max-don-diff is greater than 0 for any the received RTP
 streams, the process described in the remainder of this section
 applies.
 There are two buffering states in the receiver: initial buffering and
 buffering while playing.  Initial buffering starts when the reception
 is initialized.  After initial buffering, decoding and playback are
 started, and the buffering-while-playing mode is used.
 Regardless of the buffering state, the receiver stores incoming NAL
 units, in reception order, into the de-packetization buffer.  NAL
 units carried in RTP packets are stored in the de-packetization
 buffer individually, and the value of AbsDon is calculated and stored
 for each NAL unit.  When MRST or MRMT is in use, NAL units of all RTP
 streams of a bitstream are stored in the same de-packetization
 buffer.  When NAL units carried in any two RTP streams are available
 to be placed into the de-packetization buffer, those NAL units
 carried in the RTP stream that is lower in the dependency tree are
 placed into the buffer first.  For example, if RTP stream A depends
 on RTP stream B, then NAL units carried in RTP stream B are placed
 into the buffer first.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 41] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 Initial buffering lasts until condition A (the difference between the
 greatest and smallest AbsDon values of the NAL units in the de-
 packetization buffer is greater than or equal to the value of sprop-
 max-don-diff of the highest RTP stream) or condition B (the number of
 NAL units in the de-packetization buffer is greater than the value of
 sprop-depack-buf-nalus) is true.
 After initial buffering, whenever condition A or condition B is true,
 the following operation is repeatedly applied until both condition A
 and condition B become false:
    o  The NAL unit in the de-packetization buffer with the smallest
       value of AbsDon is removed from the de-packetization buffer and
       passed to the decoder.
 When no more NAL units are flowing into the de-packetization buffer,
 all NAL units remaining in the de-packetization buffer are removed
 from the buffer and passed to the decoder in the order of increasing
 AbsDon values.

7. Payload Format Parameters

 This section specifies the parameters that MAY be used to select
 optional features of the payload format and certain features or
 properties of the bitstream or the RTP stream.  The parameters are
 specified here as part of the media type registration for the HEVC
 codec.  A mapping of the parameters into the Session Description
 Protocol (SDP) [RFC4566] is also provided for applications that use
 SDP.  Equivalent parameters could be defined elsewhere for use with
 control protocols that do not use SDP.

7.1. Media Type Registration

 The media subtype for the HEVC codec is allocated from the IETF tree.
 The receiver MUST ignore any unrecognized parameter.
 Type name:     video
 Subtype name:  H265
 Required parameters: none
 OPTIONAL parameters:
    profile-space, tier-flag, profile-id, profile-compatibility-
    indicator, interop-constraints, and level-id:

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 42] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

       These parameters indicate the profile, tier, default level, and
       some constraints of the bitstream carried by the RTP stream and
       all RTP streams the RTP stream depends on, or a specific set of
       the profile, tier, default level, and some constraints the
       receiver supports.
       The profile and some constraints are indicated collectively by
       profile-space, profile-id, profile-compatibility-indicator, and
       interop-constraints.  The profile specifies the subset of
       coding tools that may have been used to generate the bitstream
       or that the receiver supports.
          Informative note: There are 32 values of profile-id, and
          there are 32 flags in profile-compatibility-indicator, each
          flag corresponding to one value of profile-id.  According to
          HEVC version 1 in [HEVC], when more than one of the 32 flags
          is set for a bitstream, the bitstream would comply with all
          the profiles corresponding to the set flags.  However, in a
          draft of HEVC version 2 in [HEVCv2], Subclause A.3.5, 19
          Format Range Extensions profiles have been specified, all
          using the same value of profile-id (4), differentiated by
          some of the 48 bits in interop-constraints; this (rather
          unexpected way of profile signaling) means that one of the
          32 flags may correspond to multiple profiles.  To be able to
          support whatever HEVC extension profile that might be
          specified and indicated using profile-space, profile-id,
          profile-compatibility-indicator, and interop-constraints in
          the future, it would be safe to require symmetric use of
          these parameters in SDP offer/answer unless recv-sub-layer-
          id is included in the SDP answer for choosing one of the
          sub-layers offered.
       The tier is indicated by tier-flag.  The default level is
       indicated by level-id.  The tier and the default level specify
       the limits on values of syntax elements or arithmetic
       combinations of values of syntax elements that are followed
       when generating the bitstream or that the receiver supports.
       A set of profile-space, tier-flag, profile-id, profile-
       compatibility-indicator, interop-constraints, and level-id
       parameters ptlA is said to be consistent with another set of
       these parameters ptlB if any decoder that conforms to the
       profile, tier, level, and constraints indicated by ptlB can
       decode any bitstream that conforms to the profile, tier, level,
       and constraints indicated by ptlA.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 43] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

       In SDP offer/answer, when the SDP answer does not include the
       recv-sub-layer-id parameter that is less than the sprop-sub-
       layer-id parameter in the SDP offer, the following applies:
          o  The profile-space, tier-flag, profile-id, profile-
             compatibility-indicator, and interop-constraints
             parameters MUST be used symmetrically, i.e., the value of
             each of these parameters in the offer MUST be the same as
             that in the answer, either explicitly signaled or
             implicitly inferred.
          o  The level-id parameter is changeable as long as the
             highest level indicated by the answer is either equal to
             or lower than that in the offer.  Note that the highest
             level is indicated by level-id and max-recv-level-id
             together.
       In SDP offer/answer, when the SDP answer does include the recv-
       sub-layer-id parameter that is less than the sprop-sub-layer-id
       parameter in the SDP offer, the set of profile-space, tier-
       flag, profile-id, profile-compatibility-indicator, interop-
       constraints, and level-id parameters included in the answer
       MUST be consistent with that for the chosen sub-layer
       representation as indicated in the SDP offer, with the
       exception that the level-id parameter in the SDP answer is
       changeable as long as the highest level indicated by the answer
       is either lower than or equal to that in the offer.
       More specifications of these parameters, including how they
       relate to the values of the profile, tier, and level syntax
       elements specified in [HEVC] are provided below.
    profile-space, profile-id:
       The value of profile-space MUST be in the range of 0 to 3,
       inclusive.  The value of profile-id MUST be in the range of 0
       to 31, inclusive.
       When profile-space is not present, a value of 0 MUST be
       inferred.  When profile-id is not present, a value of 1 (i.e.,
       the Main profile) MUST be inferred.
       When used to indicate properties of a bitstream, profile-space
       and profile-id are derived from the profile, tier, and level
       syntax elements in SPS or VPS NAL units as follows, where
       general_profile_space, general_profile_idc,
       sub_layer_profile_space[j], and sub_layer_profile_idc[j] are
       specified in [HEVC]:

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          If the RTP stream is the highest RTP stream, the following
          applies:
          o profile-space = general_profile_space
          o profile-id = general_profile_idc
          Otherwise (the RTP stream is a dependee RTP stream), the
          following applies, with j being the value of the sprop-sub-
          layer-id parameter:
          o profile-space = sub_layer_profile_space[j]
          o profile-id = sub_layer_profile_idc[j]
    tier-flag, level-id:
       The value of tier-flag MUST be in the range of 0 to 1,
       inclusive.  The value of level-id MUST be in the range of 0 to
       255, inclusive.
       If the tier-flag and level-id parameters are used to indicate
       properties of a bitstream, they indicate the tier and the
       highest level the bitstream complies with.
       If the tier-flag and level-id parameters are used for
       capability exchange, the following applies.  If max-recv-level-
       id is not present, the default level defined by level-id
       indicates the highest level the codec wishes to support.
       Otherwise, max-recv-level-id indicates the highest level the
       codec supports for receiving.  For either receiving or sending,
       all levels that are lower than the highest level supported MUST
       also be supported.
       If no tier-flag is present, a value of 0 MUST be inferred; if
       no level-id is present, a value of 93 (i.e., level 3.1) MUST be
       inferred.
       When used to indicate properties of a bitstream, the tier-flag
       and level-id parameters are derived from the profile, tier, and
       level syntax elements in SPS or VPS NAL units as follows, where
       general_tier_flag, general_level_idc, sub_layer_tier_flag[j],
       and sub_layer_level_idc[j] are specified in [HEVC]:
          If the RTP stream is the highest RTP stream, the following
          applies:
          o tier-flag = general_tier_flag
          o level-id = general_level_idc

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 45] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

          Otherwise (the RTP stream is a dependee RTP stream), the
          following applies, with j being the value of the sprop-sub-
          layer-id parameter:
          o tier-flag = sub_layer_tier_flag[j]
          o level-id = sub_layer_level_idc[j]
    interop-constraints:
       A base16 [RFC4648] (hexadecimal) representation of six bytes of
       data, consisting of progressive_source_flag,
       interlaced_source_flag, non_packed_constraint_flag,
       frame_only_constraint_flag, and reserved_zero_44bits.
       If the interop-constraints parameter is not present, the
       following MUST be inferred:
          o progressive_source_flag = 1
          o interlaced_source_flag = 0
          o non_packed_constraint_flag = 1
          o frame_only_constraint_flag = 1
          o reserved_zero_44bits = 0
       When the interop-constraints parameter is used to indicate
       properties of a bitstream, the following applies, where
       general_progressive_source_flag,
       general_interlaced_source_flag,
       general_non_packed_constraint_flag,
       general_non_packed_constraint_flag,
       general_frame_only_constraint_flag,
       general_reserved_zero_44bits,
       sub_layer_progressive_source_flag[j],
       sub_layer_interlaced_source_flag[j],
       sub_layer_non_packed_constraint_flag[j],
       sub_layer_frame_only_constraint_flag[j], and
       sub_layer_reserved_zero_44bits[j] are specified in [HEVC]:
          If the RTP stream is the highest RTP stream, the following
          applies:
          o progressive_source_flag = general_progressive_source_flag
          o interlaced_source_flag = general_interlaced_source_flag
          o non_packed_constraint_flag =
               general_non_packed_constraint_flag

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 46] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

          o frame_only_constraint_flag =
               general_frame_only_constraint_flag
          o reserved_zero_44bits = general_reserved_zero_44bits
          Otherwise (the RTP stream is a dependee RTP stream), the
          following applies, with j being the value of the sprop-sub-
          layer-id parameter:
          o progressive_source_flag =
               sub_layer_progressive_source_flag[j]
          o interlaced_source_flag =
               sub_layer_interlaced_source_flag[j]
          o non_packed_constraint_flag =
               sub_layer_non_packed_constraint_flag[j]
          o frame_only_constraint_flag =
               sub_layer_frame_only_constraint_flag[j]
          o reserved_zero_44bits = sub_layer_reserved_zero_44bits[j]
          Using interop-constraints for capability exchange results in
          a requirement on any bitstream to be compliant with the
          interop-constraints.
    profile-compatibility-indicator:
       A base16 [RFC4648] representation of four bytes of data.
       When profile-compatibility-indicator is used to indicate
       properties of a bitstream, the following applies, where
       general_profile_compatibility_flag[j] and
       sub_layer_profile_compatibility_flag[i][j] are specified in
       [HEVC]:
          The profile-compatibility-indicator in this case indicates
          additional profiles to the profile defined by profile-space,
          profile-id, and interop-constraints the bitstream conforms
          to.  A decoder that conforms to any of all the profiles the
          bitstream conforms to would be capable of decoding the
          bitstream.  These additional profiles are defined by
          profile-space, each set bit of profile-compatibility-
          indicator, and interop-constraints.

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          If the RTP stream is the highest RTP stream, the following
          applies for each value of j in the range of 0 to 31,
          inclusive:
          o bit j of profile-compatibility-indicator =
               general_profile_compatibility_flag[j]
          Otherwise (the RTP stream is a dependee RTP stream), the
          following applies for i equal to sprop-sub-layer-id and for
          each value of j in the range of 0 to 31, inclusive:
          o bit j of profile-compatibility-indicator =
               sub_layer_profile_compatibility_flag[i][j]
       Using profile-compatibility-indicator for capability exchange
       results in a requirement on any bitstream to be compliant with
       the profile-compatibility-indicator.  This is intended to
       handle cases where any future HEVC profile is defined as an
       intersection of two or more profiles.
       If this parameter is not present, this parameter defaults to
       the following: bit j, with j equal to profile-id, of profile-
       compatibility-indicator is inferred to be equal to 1, and all
       other bits are inferred to be equal to 0.
    sprop-sub-layer-id:
       This parameter MAY be used to indicate the highest allowed
       value of TID in the bitstream.  When not present, the value of
       sprop-sub-layer-id is inferred to be equal to 6.
       The value of sprop-sub-layer-id MUST be in the range of 0 to 6,
       inclusive.
    recv-sub-layer-id:
       This parameter MAY be used to signal a receiver's choice of the
       offered or declared sub-layer representations in the sprop-vps.
       The value of recv-sub-layer-id indicates the TID of the highest
       sub-layer of the bitstream that a receiver supports.  When not
       present, the value of recv-sub-layer-id is inferred to be equal
       to the value of the sprop-sub-layer-id parameter in the SDP
       offer.
       The value of recv-sub-layer-id MUST be in the range of 0 to 6,
       inclusive.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 48] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

    max-recv-level-id:
       This parameter MAY be used to indicate the highest level a
       receiver supports.  The highest level the receiver supports is
       equal to the value of max-recv-level-id divided by 30.
       The value of max-recv-level-id MUST be in the range of 0 to
       255, inclusive.
       When max-recv-level-id is not present, the value is inferred to
       be equal to level-id.
       max-recv-level-id MUST NOT be present when the highest level
       the receiver supports is not higher than the default level.
    tx-mode:
       This parameter indicates whether the transmission mode is SRST,
       MRST, or MRMT.
       The value of tx-mode MUST be equal to "SRST", "MRST" or "MRMT".
       When not present, the value of tx-mode is inferred to be equal
       to "SRST".
       If the value is equal to "MRST", MRST MUST be in use.
       Otherwise, if the value is equal to "MRMT", MRMT MUST be in
       use.  Otherwise (the value is equal to "SRST"), SRST MUST be in
       use.
       The value of tx-mode MUST be equal to "MRST" for all RTP
       streams in an MRST.
       The value of tx-mode MUST be equal to "MRMT" for all RTP
       streams in an MRMT.
    sprop-vps:
       This parameter MAY be used to convey any video parameter set
       NAL unit of the bitstream for out-of-band transmission of video
       parameter sets.  The parameter MAY also be used for capability
       exchange and to indicate sub-stream characteristics (i.e.,
       properties of sub-layer representations as defined in [HEVC]).
       The value of the parameter is a comma-separated (',') list of
       base64 [RFC4648] representations of the video parameter set NAL
       units as specified in Section 7.3.2.1 of [HEVC].

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 49] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

       The sprop-vps parameter MAY contain one or more than one video
       parameter set NAL unit. However, all other video parameter sets
       contained in the sprop-vps parameter MUST be consistent with
       the first video parameter set in the sprop-vps parameter.  A
       video parameter set vpsB is said to be consistent with another
       video parameter set vpsA if any decoder that conforms to the
       profile, tier, level, and constraints indicated by the 12 bytes
       of data starting from the syntax element general_profile_space
       to the syntax element general_level_idc, inclusive, in the
       first profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure in vpsA can decode
       any bitstream that conforms to the profile, tier, level, and
       constraints indicated by the 12 bytes of data starting from the
       syntax element general_profile_space to the syntax element
       general_level_idc, inclusive, in the first profile_tier_level(
       ) syntax structure in vpsB.
    sprop-sps:
       This parameter MAY be used to convey sequence parameter set NAL
       units of the bitstream for out-of-band transmission of sequence
       parameter sets.  The value of the parameter is a comma-
       separated (',') list of base64 [RFC4648] representations of the
       sequence parameter set NAL units as specified in Section
       7.3.2.2 of [HEVC].
    sprop-pps:
       This parameter MAY be used to convey picture parameter set NAL
       units of the bitstream for out-of-band transmission of picture
       parameter sets.  The value of the parameter is a comma-
       separated (',') list of base64 [RFC4648] representations of the
       picture parameter set NAL units as specified in Section 7.3.2.3
       of [HEVC].
    sprop-sei:
       This parameter MAY be used to convey one or more SEI messages
       that describe bitstream characteristics.  When present, a
       decoder can rely on the bitstream characteristics that are
       described in the SEI messages for the entire duration of the
       session, independently from the persistence scopes of the SEI
       messages as specified in [HEVC].
       The value of the parameter is a comma-separated (',') list of
       base64 [RFC4648] representations of SEI NAL units as specified
       in Section 7.3.2.4 of [HEVC].

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          Informative note: Intentionally, no list of applicable or
          inapplicable SEI messages is specified here.  Conveying
          certain SEI messages in sprop-sei may be sensible in some
          application scenarios and meaningless in others.  However, a
          few examples are described below:
             1) In an environment where the bitstream was created from
                film-based source material, and no splicing is going
                to occur during the lifetime of the session, the film
                grain characteristics SEI message or the tone mapping
                information SEI message are likely meaningful, and
                sending them in sprop-sei rather than in the bitstream
                at each entry point may help with saving bits and
                allows one to configure the renderer only once,
                avoiding unwanted artifacts.
             2) The structure of pictures information SEI message in
                sprop-sei can be used to inform a decoder of
                information on the NAL unit types, picture-order count
                values, and prediction dependencies of a sequence of
                pictures.  Having such knowledge can be helpful for
                error recovery.
             3) Examples for SEI messages that would be meaningless to
                be conveyed in sprop-sei include the decoded picture
                hash SEI message (it is close to impossible that all
                decoded pictures have the same hashtag), the display
                orientation SEI message when the device is a handheld
                device (as the display orientation may change when the
                handheld device is turned around), or the filler
                payload SEI message (as there is no point in just
                having more bits in SDP).
    max-lsr, max-lps, max-cpb, max-dpb, max-br, max-tr, max-tc:
       These parameters MAY be used to signal the capabilities of a
       receiver implementation.  These parameters MUST NOT be used for
       any other purpose.  The highest level (specified by max-recv-
       level-id) MUST be the highest that the receiver is fully
       capable of supporting.  max-lsr, max-lps, max-cpb, max-dpb,
       max-br, max-tr, and max-tc MAY be used to indicate capabilities
       of the receiver that extend the required capabilities of the
       highest level, as specified below.
       When more than one parameter from the set (max-lsr, max-lps,
       max-cpb, max-dpb, max-br, max-tr, max-tc) is present, the
       receiver MUST support all signaled capabilities simultaneously.
       For example, if both max-lsr and max-br are present, the

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       highest level with the extension of both the picture rate and
       bitrate is supported.  That is, the receiver is able to decode
       bitstreams in which the luma sample rate is up to max-lsr
       (inclusive), the bitrate is up to max-br (inclusive), the coded
       picture buffer size is derived as specified in the semantics of
       the max-br parameter below, and the other properties comply
       with the highest level specified by max-recv-level-id.
          Informative note: When the OPTIONAL media type parameters
          are used to signal the properties of a bitstream, and max-
          lsr, max-lps, max-cpb, max-dpb, max-br, max-tr, and max-tc
          are not present, the values of profile-space, tier-flag,
          profile-id, profile-compatibility-indicator, interop-
          constraints, and level-id must always be such that the
          bitstream complies fully with the specified profile, tier,
          and level.
    max-lsr:
       The value of max-lsr is an integer indicating the maximum
       processing rate in units of luma samples per second.  The max-
       lsr parameter signals that the receiver is capable of decoding
       video at a higher rate than is required by the highest level.
       When max-lsr is signaled, the receiver MUST be able to decode
       bitstreams that conform to the highest level, with the
       exception that the MaxLumaSR value in Table A-2 of [HEVC] for
       the highest level is replaced with the value of max-lsr.
       Senders MAY use this knowledge to send pictures of a given size
       at a higher picture rate than is indicated in the highest
       level.
       When not present, the value of max-lsr is inferred to be equal
       to the value of MaxLumaSR given in Table A-2 of [HEVC] for the
       highest level.
       The value of max-lsr MUST be in the range of MaxLumaSR to 16 *
       MaxLumaSR, inclusive, where MaxLumaSR is given in Table A-2 of
       [HEVC] for the highest level.
    max-lps:
       The value of max-lps is an integer indicating the maximum
       picture size in units of luma samples.  The max-lps parameter
       signals that the receiver is capable of decoding larger picture
       sizes than are required by the highest level.  When max-lps is
       signaled, the receiver MUST be able to decode bitstreams that
       conform to the highest level, with the exception that the

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       MaxLumaPS value in Table A-1 of [HEVC] for the highest level is
       replaced with the value of max-lps.  Senders MAY use this
       knowledge to send larger pictures at a proportionally lower
       picture rate than is indicated in the highest level.
       When not present, the value of max-lps is inferred to be equal
       to the value of MaxLumaPS given in Table A-1 of [HEVC] for the
       highest level.
       The value of max-lps MUST be in the range of MaxLumaPS to 16 *
       MaxLumaPS, inclusive, where MaxLumaPS is given in Table A-1 of
       [HEVC] for the highest level.
    max-cpb:
       The value of max-cpb is an integer indicating the maximum coded
       picture buffer size in units of CpbBrVclFactor bits for the VCL
       HRD parameters and in units of CpbBrNalFactor bits for the NAL
       HRD parameters, where CpbBrVclFactor and CpbBrNalFactor are
       defined in Section A.4 of [HEVC].  The max-cpb parameter
       signals that the receiver has more memory than the minimum
       amount of coded picture buffer memory required by the highest
       level.  When max-cpb is signaled, the receiver MUST be able to
       decode bitstreams that conform to the highest level, with the
       exception that the MaxCPB value in Table A-1 of [HEVC] for the
       highest level is replaced with the value of max-cpb.  Senders
       MAY use this knowledge to construct coded bitstreams with
       greater variation of bitrate than can be achieved with the
       MaxCPB value in Table A-1 of [HEVC].
       When not present, the value of max-cpb is inferred to be equal
       to the value of MaxCPB given in Table A-1 of [HEVC] for the
       highest level.
       The value of max-cpb MUST be in the range of MaxCPB to 16 *
       MaxCPB, inclusive, where MaxLumaCPB is given in Table A-1 of
       [HEVC] for the highest level.
          Informative note: The coded picture buffer is used in the
          hypothetical reference decoder (Annex C of [HEVC]).  The use
          of the hypothetical reference decoder is recommended in HEVC
          encoders to verify that the produced bitstream conforms to
          the standard and to control the output bitrate.  Thus, the
          coded picture buffer is conceptually independent of any
          other potential buffers in the receiver, including de-
          packetization and de-jitter buffers.  The coded picture
          buffer need not be implemented in decoders as specified in
          Annex C of [HEVC], but rather standard-compliant decoders

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 53] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

          can have any buffering arrangements provided that they can
          decode standard-compliant bitstreams.  Thus, in practice,
          the input buffer for a video decoder can be integrated with
          de-packetization and de-jitter buffers of the receiver.
    max-dpb:
       The value of max-dpb is an integer indicating the maximum
       decoded picture buffer size in units decoded pictures at the
       MaxLumaPS for the highest level, i.e., the number of decoded
       pictures at the maximum picture size defined by the highest
       level.  The value of max-dpb MUST be in the range of 1 to 16,
       respectively.  The max-dpb parameter signals that the receiver
       has more memory than the minimum amount of decoded picture
       buffer memory required by default, which is MaxDpbPicBuf as
       defined in [HEVC] (equal to 6).  When max-dpb is signaled, the
       receiver MUST be able to decode bitstreams that conform to the
       highest level, with the exception that the MaxDpbPicBuff value
       defined in [HEVC] as 6 is replaced with the value of max-dpb.
       Consequently, a receiver that signals max-dpb MUST be capable
       of storing the following number of decoded pictures
       (MaxDpbSize) in its decoded picture buffer:
         if( PicSizeInSamplesY <= ( MaxLumaPS >> 2 ) )
            MaxDpbSize = Min( 4 * max-dpb, 16 )
         else if ( PicSizeInSamplesY <= ( MaxLumaPS >> 1 ) )
            MaxDpbSize = Min( 2 * max-dpb, 16 )
         else if ( PicSizeInSamplesY <= ( ( 3 * MaxLumaPS ) >> 2
       ) )
            MaxDpbSize = Min( (4 * max-dpb) / 3, 16 )
         else
            MaxDpbSize = max-dpb
       Wherein MaxLumaPS given in Table A-1 of [HEVC] for the highest
       level and PicSizeInSamplesY is the current size of each decoded
       picture in units of luma samples as defined in [HEVC].
       The value of max-dpb MUST be greater than or equal to the value
       of MaxDpbPicBuf (i.e., 6) as defined in [HEVC].  Senders MAY
       use this knowledge to construct coded bitstreams with improved
       compression.
       When not present, the value of max-dpb is inferred to be equal
       to the value of MaxDpbPicBuf (i.e., 6) as defined in [HEVC].
          Informative note: This parameter was added primarily to
          complement a similar codepoint in the ITU-T Recommendation
          H.245, so as to facilitate signaling gateway designs.  The

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 54] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

          decoded picture buffer stores reconstructed samples.  There
          is no relationship between the size of the decoded picture
          buffer and the buffers used in RTP, especially de-
          packetization and de-jitter buffers.
    max-br:
       The value of max-br is an integer indicating the maximum video
       bitrate in units of CpbBrVclFactor bits per second for the VCL
       HRD parameters and in units of CpbBrNalFactor bits per second
       for the NAL HRD parameters, where CpbBrVclFactor and
       CpbBrNalFactor are defined in Section A.4 of [HEVC].
       The max-br parameter signals that the video decoder of the
       receiver is capable of decoding video at a higher bitrate than
       is required by the highest level.
       When max-br is signaled, the video codec of the receiver MUST
       be able to decode bitstreams that conform to the highest level,
       with the following exceptions in the limits specified by the
       highest level:
          o  The value of max-br replaces the MaxBR value in Table A-2
             of [HEVC] for the highest level.
          o  When the max-cpb parameter is not present, the result of
             the following formula replaces the value of MaxCPB in
             Table A-1 of [HEVC]:
             (MaxCPB of the highest level) * max-br / (MaxBR of the
             highest level)
       For example, if a receiver signals capability for Main profile
       Level 2 with max-br equal to 2000, this indicates a maximum
       video bitrate of 2000 kbits/sec for VCL HRD parameters, a
       maximum video bitrate of 2200 kbits/sec for NAL HRD parameters,
       and a CPB size of 2000000 bits (2000000 / 1500000 * 1500000).
       Senders MAY use this knowledge to send higher bitrate video as
       allowed in the level definition of Annex A of [HEVC] to achieve
       improved video quality.
       When not present, the value of max-br is inferred to be equal
       to the value of MaxBR given in Table A-2 of [HEVC] for the
       highest level.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 55] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

       The value of max-br MUST be in the range of MaxBR to 16 *
       MaxBR, inclusive, where MaxBR is given in Table A-2 of [HEVC]
       for the highest level.
          Informative note: This parameter was added primarily to
          complement a similar codepoint in the ITU-T Recommendation
          H.245, so as to facilitate signaling gateway designs.  The
          assumption that the network is capable of handling such
          bitrates at any given time cannot be made from the value of
          this parameter.  In particular, no conclusion can be drawn
          that the signaled bitrate is possible under congestion
          control constraints.
    max-tr:
       The value of max-tr is an integer indication the maximum number
       of tile rows.  The max-tr parameter signals that the receiver
       is capable of decoding video with a larger number of tile rows
       than the value allowed by the highest level.
       When max-tr is signaled, the receiver MUST be able to decode
       bitstreams that conform to the highest level, with the
       exception that the MaxTileRows value in Table A-1 of [HEVC] for
       the highest level is replaced with the value of max-tr.
       Senders MAY use this knowledge to send pictures utilizing a
       larger number of tile rows than the value allowed by the
       highest level.
       When not present, the value of max-tr is inferred to be equal
       to the value of MaxTileRows given in Table A-1 of [HEVC] for
       the highest level.
       The value of max-tr MUST be in the range of MaxTileRows to 16 *
       MaxTileRows, inclusive, where MaxTileRows is given in Table A-1
       of [HEVC] for the highest level.
    max-tc:
       The value of max-tc is an integer indication the maximum number
       of tile columns.  The max-tc parameter signals that the
       receiver is capable of decoding video with a larger number of
       tile columns than the value allowed by the highest level.
       When max-tc is signaled, the receiver MUST be able to decode
       bitstreams that conform to the highest level, with the
       exception that the MaxTileCols value in Table A-1 of [HEVC] for
       the highest level is replaced with the value of max-tc.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 56] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

       Senders MAY use this knowledge to send pictures utilizing a
       larger number of tile columns than the value allowed by the
       highest level.
       When not present, the value of max-tc is inferred to be equal
       to the value of MaxTileCols given in Table A-1 of [HEVC] for
       the highest level.
       The value of max-tc MUST be in the range of MaxTileCols to 16 *
       MaxTileCols, inclusive, where MaxTileCols is given in Table A-1
       of [HEVC] for the highest level.
    max-fps:
       The value of max-fps is an integer indicating the maximum
       picture rate in units of pictures per 100 seconds that can be
       effectively processed by the receiver.  The max-fps parameter
       MAY be used to signal that the receiver has a constraint in
       that it is not capable of processing video effectively at the
       full picture rate that is implied by the highest level and,
       when present, one or more of the parameters max-lsr, max-lps,
       and max-br.
       The value of max-fps is not necessarily the picture rate at
       which the maximum picture size can be sent, it constitutes a
       constraint on maximum picture rate for all resolutions.
          Informative note: The max-fps parameter is semantically
          different from max-lsr, max-lps, max-cpb, max-dpb, max-br,
          max-tr, and max-tc in that max-fps is used to signal a
          constraint, lowering the maximum picture rate from what is
          implied by other parameters.
       The encoder MUST use a picture rate equal to or less than this
       value.  In cases where the max-fps parameter is absent, the
       encoder is free to choose any picture rate according to the
       highest level and any signaled optional parameters.
       The value of max-fps MUST be smaller than or equal to the full
       picture rate that is implied by the highest level and, when
       present, one or more of the parameters max-lsr, max-lps, and
       max-br.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 57] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

    sprop-max-don-diff:
       If tx-mode is equal to "SRST" and there is no NAL unit naluA
       that is followed in transmission order by any NAL unit
       preceding naluA in decoding order (i.e., the transmission order
       of the NAL units is the same as the decoding order), the value
       of this parameter MUST be equal to 0.
       Otherwise, if tx-mode is equal to "MRST" or "MRMT", the
       decoding order of the NAL units of all the RTP streams is the
       same as the NAL unit transmission order and the NAL unit output
       order, the value of this parameter MUST be equal to either 0 or
       1.
       Otherwise, if tx-mode is equal to "MRST" or "MRMT" and the
       decoding order of the NAL units of all the RTP streams is the
       same as the NAL unit transmission order but not the same as the
       NAL unit output order, the value of this parameter MUST be
       equal to 1.
       Otherwise, this parameter specifies the maximum absolute
       difference between the decoding order number (i.e., AbsDon)
       values of any two NAL units naluA and naluB, where naluA
       follows naluB in decoding order and precedes naluB in
       transmission order.
       The value of sprop-max-don-diff MUST be an integer in the range
       of 0 to 32767, inclusive.
       When not present, the value of sprop-max-don-diff is inferred
       to be equal to 0.
    sprop-depack-buf-nalus:
       This parameter specifies the maximum number of NAL units that
       precede a NAL unit in transmission order and follow the NAL
       unit in decoding order.
       The value of sprop-depack-buf-nalus MUST be an integer in the
       range of 0 to 32767, inclusive.
       When not present, the value of sprop-depack-buf-nalus is
       inferred to be equal to 0.
       When sprop-max-don-diff is present and greater than 0, this
       parameter MUST be present and the value MUST be greater than 0.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 58] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

    sprop-depack-buf-bytes:
       This parameter signals the required size of the de-
       packetization buffer in units of bytes.  The value of the
       parameter MUST be greater than or equal to the maximum buffer
       occupancy (in units of bytes) of the de-packetization buffer as
       specified in Section 6.
       The value of sprop-depack-buf-bytes MUST be an integer in the
       range of 0 to 4294967295, inclusive.
       When sprop-max-don-diff is present and greater than 0, this
       parameter MUST be present and the value MUST be greater than 0.
       When not present, the value of sprop-depack-buf-bytes is
       inferred to be equal to 0.
          Informative note: The value of sprop-depack-buf-bytes
          indicates the required size of the de-packetization buffer
          only.  When network jitter can occur, an appropriately sized
          jitter buffer has to be available as well.
    depack-buf-cap:
       This parameter signals the capabilities of a receiver
       implementation and indicates the amount of de-packetization
       buffer space in units of bytes that the receiver has available
       for reconstructing the NAL unit decoding order from NAL units
       carried in one or more RTP streams.  A receiver is able to
       handle any RTP stream, and all RTP streams the RTP stream
       depends on, when present, for which the value of the sprop-
       depack-buf-bytes parameter is smaller than or equal to this
       parameter.
       When not present, the value of depack-buf-cap is inferred to be
       equal to 4294967295.  The value of depack-buf-cap MUST be an
       integer in the range of 1 to 4294967295, inclusive.
          Informative note: depack-buf-cap indicates the maximum
          possible size of the de-packetization buffer of the receiver
          only, without allowing for network jitter.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 59] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

    sprop-segmentation-id:
       This parameter MAY be used to signal the segmentation tools
       present in the bitstream and that can be used for
       parallelization.  The value of sprop-segmentation-id MUST be an
       integer in the range of 0 to 3, inclusive.  When not present,
       the value of sprop-segmentation-id is inferred to be equal to
       0.
       When sprop-segmentation-id is equal to 0, no information about
       the segmentation tools is provided.  When sprop-segmentation-id
       is equal to 1, it indicates that slices are present in the
       bitstream.  When sprop-segmentation-id is equal to 2, it
       indicates that tiles are present in the bitstream.  When sprop-
       segmentation-id is equal to 3, it indicates that WPP is used in
       the bitstream.
    sprop-spatial-segmentation-idc:
       A base16 [RFC4648] representation of the syntax element
       min_spatial_segmentation_idc as specified in [HEVC].  This
       parameter MAY be used to describe parallelization capabilities
       of the bitstream.
    dec-parallel-cap:
       This parameter MAY be used to indicate the decoder's additional
       decoding capabilities given the presence of tools enabling
       parallel decoding, such as slices, tiles, and WPP, in the
       bitstream.  The decoding capability of the decoder may vary
       with the setting of the parallel decoding tools present in the
       bitstream, e.g., the size of the tiles that are present in a
       bitstream.  Therefore, multiple capability points may be
       provided, each indicating the minimum required decoding
       capability that is associated with a parallelism requirement,
       which is a requirement on the bitstream that enables parallel
       decoding.
       Each capability point is defined as a combination of 1) a
       parallelism requirement, 2) a profile (determined by profile-
       space and profile-id), 3) a highest level, and 4) a maximum
       processing rate, a maximum picture size, and a maximum video
       bitrate that may be equal to or greater than that determined by
       the highest level.  The parameter's syntax in ABNF [RFC5234] is
       as follows:

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 60] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

       dec-parallel-cap = "dec-parallel-cap={" cap-point *(","
                          cap-point) "}"
       cap-point = ("w" / "t") ":" spatial-seg-idc 1*(";"
                    cap-parameter)
       spatial-seg-idc = 1*4DIGIT ; (1-4095)
       cap-parameter = tier-flag / level-id / max-lsr
                       / max-lps / max-br
       tier-flag = "tier-flag" EQ ("0" / "1")
       level-id  = "level-id" EQ 1*3DIGIT ; (0-255)
       max-lsr   = "max-lsr" EQ  1*20DIGIT ; (0-
       18,446,744,073,709,551,615)
       max-lps   = "max-lps" EQ 1*10DIGIT ; (0-4,294,967,295)
       max-br    = "max-br"  EQ 1*20DIGIT ; (0-
       18,446,744,073,709,551,615)
       EQ = "="
       The set of capability points expressed by the dec-parallel-cap
       parameter is enclosed in a pair of curly braces ("{}").  Each
       set of two consecutive capability points is separated by a
       comma (',').  Within each capability point, each set of two
       consecutive parameters, and, when present, their values, is
       separated by a semicolon (';').
       The profile of all capability points is determined by profile-
       space and profile-id, which are outside the dec-parallel-cap
       parameter.
       Each capability point starts with an indication of the
       parallelism requirement, which consists of a parallel tool
       type, which may be equal to 'w' or 't', and a decimal value of
       the spatial-seg-idc parameter.  When the type is 'w', the
       capability point is valid only for H.265 bitstreams with WPP in
       use, i.e., entropy_coding_sync_enabled_flag equal to 1.  When
       the type is 't', the capability point is valid only for H.265
       bitstreams with WPP not in use (i.e.,
       entropy_coding_sync_enabled_flag equal to 0).  The capability-
       point is valid only for H.265 bitstreams with
       min_spatial_segmentation_idc equal to or greater than spatial-
       seg-idc.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 61] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

       After the parallelism requirement indication, each capability
       point continues with one or more pairs of parameter and value
       in any order for any of the following parameters:
          o tier-flag
          o level-id
          o max-lsr
          o max-lps
          o max-br
       At most, one occurrence of each of the above five parameters is
       allowed within each capability point.
       The values of dec-parallel-cap.tier-flag and dec-parallel-
       cap.level-id for a capability point indicate the highest level
       of the capability point.  The values of dec-parallel-cap.max-
       lsr, dec-parallel-cap.max-lps, and dec-parallel-cap.max-br for
       a capability point indicate the maximum processing rate in
       units of luma samples per second, the maximum picture size in
       units of luma samples, and the maximum video bitrate (in units
       of CpbBrVclFactor bits per second for the VCL HRD parameters
       and in units of CpbBrNalFactor bits per second for the NAL HRD
       parameters where CpbBrVclFactor and CpbBrNalFactor are defined
       in Section A.4 of [HEVC]).
       When not present, the value of dec-parallel-cap.tier-flag is
       inferred to be equal to the value of tier-flag outside the dec-
       parallel-cap parameter.  When not present, the value of dec-
       parallel-cap.level-id is inferred to be equal to the value of
       max-recv-level-id outside the dec-parallel-cap parameter.  When
       not present, the value of dec-parallel-cap.max-lsr, dec-
       parallel-cap.max-lps, or dec-parallel-cap.max-br is inferred to
       be equal to the value of max-lsr, max-lps, or max-br,
       respectively, outside the dec-parallel-cap parameter.
       The general decoding capability, expressed by the set of
       parameters outside of dec-parallel-cap, is defined as the
       capability point that is determined by the following
       combination of parameters: 1) the parallelism requirement
       corresponding to the value of sprop-segmentation-id equal to 0
       for a bitstream, 2) the profile determined by profile-space,
       profile-id, profile-compatibility-indicator, and interop-
       constraints, 3) the tier and the highest level determined by
       tier-flag and max-recv-level-id, and 4) the maximum processing
       rate, the maximum picture size, and the maximum video bitrate
       determined by the highest level.  The general decoding
       capability MUST NOT be included as one of the set of capability
       points in the dec-parallel-cap parameter.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 62] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

       For example, the following parameters express the general
       decoding capability of 720p30 (Level 3.1) plus an additional
       decoding capability of 1080p30 (Level 4) given that the
       spatially largest tile or slice used in the bitstream is equal
       to or less than 1/3 of the picture size:
          a=fmtp:98 level-id=93;dec-parallel-cap={t:8;level- id=120}
       For another example, the following parameters express an
       additional decoding capability of 1080p30, using dec-parallel-
       cap.max-lsr and dec-parallel-cap.max-lps, given that WPP is
       used in the bitstream:
          a=fmtp:98 level-id=93;dec-parallel-cap={w:8;
                      max-lsr=62668800;max-lps=2088960}
          Informative note: When min_spatial_segmentation_idc is
          present in a bitstream and WPP is not used, [HEVC] specifies
          that there is no slice or no tile in the bitstream
          containing more than 4 * PicSizeInSamplesY / (
          min_spatial_segmentation_idc + 4 ) luma samples.
    include-dph:
       This parameter is used to indicate the capability and
       preference to utilize or include Decoded Picture Hash (DPH) SEI
       messages (see Section D.3.19 of [HEVC]) in the bitstream. DPH
       SEI messages can be used to detect picture corruption so the
       receiver can request picture repair, see Section 8.  The value
       is a comma-separated list of hash types that is supported or
       requested to be used, each hash type provided as an unsigned
       integer value (0-255), with the hash types listed from most
       preferred to the least preferred.  Example: "include-dph=0,2",
       which indicates the capability for MD5 (most preferred) and
       Checksum (less preferred).  If the parameter is not included or
       the value contains no hash types, then no capability to utilize
       DPH SEI messages is assumed.  Note that DPH SEI messages MAY
       still be included in the bitstream even when there is no
       declaration of capability to use them, as in general SEI
       messages do not affect the normative decoding process and
       decoders are allowed to ignore SEI messages.
 Encoding considerations:
    This type is only defined for transfer via RTP (RFC 3550).

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 63] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 Security considerations:
    See Section 9 of RFC 7798.
 Published specification:
    Please refer to RFC 7798 and its Section 12.
 Additional information: None
 File extensions: none
 Macintosh file type code: none
 Object identifier or OID: none
 Person & email address to contact for further information:
    Ye-Kui Wang (yekui.wang@gmail.com)
 Intended usage: COMMON
 Author: See Authors' Addresses section of RFC 7798.
 Change controller:
    IETF Audio/Video Transport Payloads working group delegated from
    the IESG.

7.2. SDP Parameters

 The receiver MUST ignore any parameter unspecified in this memo.

7.2.1. Mapping of Payload Type Parameters to SDP

 The media type video/H265 string is mapped to fields in the Session
 Description Protocol (SDP) [RFC4566] as follows:
 o  The media name in the "m=" line of SDP MUST be video.
 o  The encoding name in the "a=rtpmap" line of SDP MUST be H265 (the
    media subtype).
 o  The clock rate in the "a=rtpmap" line MUST be 90000.
 o  The OPTIONAL parameters profile-space, profile-id, tier-flag,
    level-id, interop-constraints, profile-compatibility-indicator,
    sprop-sub-layer-id, recv-sub-layer-id, max-recv-level-id, tx-mode,

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 64] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

    max-lsr, max-lps, max-cpb, max-dpb, max-br, max-tr, max-tc, max-
    fps, sprop-max-don-diff, sprop-depack-buf-nalus, sprop-depack-buf-
    bytes, depack-buf-cap, sprop-segmentation-id, sprop-spatial-
    segmentation-idc, dec-parallel-cap, and include-dph, when present,
    MUST be included in the "a=fmtp" line of SDP.  This parameter is
    expressed as a media type string, in the form of a semicolon-
    separated list of parameter=value pairs.
 o  The OPTIONAL parameters sprop-vps, sprop-sps, and sprop-pps, when
    present, MUST be included in the "a=fmtp" line of SDP or conveyed
    using the "fmtp" source attribute as specified in Section 6.3 of
    [RFC5576].  For a particular media format (i.e., RTP payload
    type), sprop-vps sprop-sps, or sprop-pps MUST NOT be both included
    in the "a=fmtp" line of SDP and conveyed using the "fmtp" source
    attribute.  When included in the "a=fmtp" line of SDP, these
    parameters are expressed as a media type string, in the form of a
    semicolon-separated list of parameter=value pairs.  When conveyed
    in the "a=fmtp" line of SDP for a particular payload type, the
    parameters sprop-vps, sprop-sps, and sprop-pps MUST be applied to
    each SSRC with the payload type.  When conveyed using the "fmtp"
    source attribute, these parameters are only associated with the
    given source and payload type as parts of the "fmtp" source
    attribute.
       Informative note: Conveyance of sprop-vps, sprop-sps, and
       sprop-pps using the "fmtp" source attribute allows for out-of-
       band transport of parameter sets in topologies like Topo-Video-
       switch-MCU as specified in [RFC7667].
 An example of media representation in SDP is as follows:
    m=video 49170 RTP/AVP 98
    a=rtpmap:98 H265/90000
    a=fmtp:98 profile-id=1;
              sprop-vps=<video parameter sets data>

7.2.2. Usage with SDP Offer/Answer Model

 When HEVC is offered over RTP using SDP in an offer/answer model
 [RFC3264] for negotiation for unicast usage, the following
 limitations and rules apply:
 o  The parameters identifying a media format configuration for HEVC
    are profile-space, profile-id, tier-flag, level-id, interop-
    constraints, profile-compatibility-indicator, and tx-mode.  These
    media configuration parameters, except level-id, MUST be used
    symmetrically when the answerer does not include recv-sub-layer-id

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 65] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

    in the answer for the media format (payload type) or the included
    recv-sub-layer-id is equal to sprop-sub-layer-id in the offer.
    The answerer MUST:
    1) maintain all configuration parameters with the values remaining
       the same as in the offer for the media format (payload type),
       with the exception that the value of level-id is changeable as
       long as the highest level indicated by the answer is not higher
       than that indicated by the offer;
    2) include in the answer the recv-sub-layer-id parameter, with a
       value less than the sprop-sub-layer-id parameter in the offer,
       for the media format (payload type), and maintain all
       configuration parameters with the values being the same as
       signaled in the sprop-vps for the chosen sub-layer
       representation, with the exception that the value of level-id
       is changeable as long as the highest level indicated by the
       answer is not higher than the level indicated by the sprop-vps
       in offer for the chosen sub-layer representation; or
    3) remove the media format (payload type) completely (when one or
       more of the parameter values are not supported).
          Informative note: The above requirement for symmetric use
          does not apply for level-id, and does not apply for the
          other bitstream or RTP stream properties and capability
          parameters.
 o  The profile-compatibility-indicator, when offered as sendonly,
    describes bitstream properties.  The answerer MAY accept an RTP
    payload type even if the decoder is not capable of handling the
    profile indicated by the profile-space, profile-id, and interop-
    constraints parameters, but capable of any of the profiles
    indicated by the profile-space, profile-compatibility-indicator,
    and interop-constraints.  However, when the profile-compatibility-
    indicator is used in a recvonly or sendrecv media description, the
    bitstream using this RTP payload type is required to conform to
    all profiles indicated by profile-space, profile-compatibility-
    indicator, and interop-constraints.
 o  To simplify handling and matching of these configurations, the
    same RTP payload type number used in the offer SHOULD also be used
    in the answer, as specified in [RFC3264].
 o  The same RTP payload type number used in the offer for the media
    subtype H265 MUST be used in the answer when the answer includes
    recv-sub-layer-id.  When the answer does not include recv-sub-
    layer-id, the answer MUST NOT contain a payload type number used

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 66] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

    in the offer for the media subtype H265 unless the configuration
    is exactly the same as in the offer or the configuration in the
    answer only differs from that in the offer with a different value
    of level-id.  The answer MAY contain the recv-sub-layer-id
    parameter if an HEVC bitstream contains multiple operation points
    (using temporal scalability and sub-layers) and sprop-vps is
    included in the offer where information of sub-layers are present
    in the first video parameter set contained in sprop-vps.  If the
    sprop-vps is provided in an offer, an answerer MAY select a
    particular operation point indicated in the first video parameter
    set contained in sprop-vps.  When the answer includes a recv-sub-
    layer-id that is less than a sprop-sub-layer-id in the offer, all
    video parameter sets contained in the sprop-vps parameter in the
    SDP answer and all video parameter sets sent in-band for either
    the offerer-to-answerer direction or the answerer-to-offerer
    direction MUST be consistent with the first video parameter set in
    the sprop-vps parameter of the offer (see the semantics of sprop-
    vps in Section 7.1 of this document on one video parameter set
    being consistent with another video parameter set), and the
    bitstream sent in either direction MUST conform to the profile,
    tier, level, and constraints of the chosen sub-layer
    representation as indicated by the first profile_tier_level( )
    syntax structure in the first video parameter set in the sprop-vps
    parameter of the offer.
       Informative note: When an offerer receives an answer that does
       not include recv-sub-layer-id, it has to compare payload types
       not declared in the offer based on the media type (i.e.,
       video/H265) and the above media configuration parameters with
       any payload types it has already declared.  This will enable it
       to determine whether the configuration in question is new or if
       it is equivalent to configuration already offered, since a
       different payload type number may be used in the answer.  The
       ability to perform operation point selection enables a receiver
       to utilize the temporal scalable nature of an HEVC bitstream.
 o  The parameters sprop-max-don-diff, sprop-depack-buf-nalus, and
    sprop-depack-buf-bytes describe the properties of an RTP stream,
    and all RTP streams the RTP stream depends on, when present, that
    the offerer or the answerer is sending for the media format
    configuration.  This differs from the normal usage of the
    offer/answer parameters: normally such parameters declare the
    properties of the bitstream or RTP stream that the offerer or the
    answerer is able to receive.  When dealing with HEVC, the offerer
    assumes that the answerer will be able to receive media encoded
    using the configuration being offered.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 67] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

       Informative note:  The above parameters apply for any RTP
       stream and all RTP streams the RTP stream depends on, when
       present, sent by a declaring entity with the same
       configuration.  In other words, the applicability of the above
       parameters to RTP streams depends on the source endpoint.
       Rather than being bound to the payload type, the values may
       have to be applied to another payload type when being sent, as
       they apply for the configuration.
 o  The capability parameters max-lsr, max-lps, max-cpb, max-dpb, max-
    br, max-tr, and max-tc MAY be used to declare further capabilities
    of the offerer or answerer for receiving.  These parameters MUST
    NOT be present when the direction attribute is sendonly.
 o  The capability parameter max-fps MAY be used to declare lower
    capabilities of the offerer or answerer for receiving.  The
    parameters MUST NOT be present when the direction attribute is
    sendonly.
 o  The capability parameter dec-parallel-cap MAY be used to declare
    additional decoding capabilities of the offerer or answerer for
    receiving.  Upon receiving such a declaration of a receiver, a
    sender MAY send a bitstream to the receiver utilizing those
    capabilities under the assumption that the bitstream fulfills the
    parallelism requirement.  A bitstream that is sent based on
    choosing a capability point with parallel tool type 'w' from dec-
    parallel-cap MUST have entropy_coding_sync_enabled_flag equal to 1
    and min_spatial_segmentation_idc equal to or larger than dec-
    parallel-cap.spatial-seg-idc of the capability point.  A bitstream
    that is sent based on choosing a capability point with parallel
    tool type 't' from dec-parallel-cap MUST have
    entropy_coding_sync_enabled_flag equal to 0 and
    min_spatial_segmentation_idc equal to or larger than dec-parallel-
    cap.spatial-seg-idc of the capability point.
 o  An offerer has to include the size of the de-packetization buffer,
    sprop-depack-buf-bytes, as well as sprop-max-don-diff and sprop-
    depack-buf-nalus, in the offer for an interleaved HEVC bitstream
    or for the MRST or MRMT transmission mode when sprop-max-don-diff
    is greater than 0 for at least one of the RTP streams.  To enable
    the offerer and answerer to inform each other about their
    capabilities for de-packetization buffering in receiving RTP
    streams, both parties are RECOMMENDED to include depack-buf-cap.
    For interleaved RTP streams or in MRST or MRMT, it is also
    RECOMMENDED to consider offering multiple payload types with
    different buffering requirements when the capabilities of the
    receiver are unknown.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 68] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 o  The capability parameter include-dph MAY be used to declare the
    capability to utilize decoded picture hash SEI messages and which
    types of hashes in any HEVC RTP streams received by the offerer or
    answerer.
 o  The sprop-vps, sprop-sps, or sprop-pps, when present (included in
    the "a=fmtp" line of SDP or conveyed using the "fmtp" source
    attribute as specified in Section 6.3 of [RFC5576]), are used for
    out-of-band transport of the parameter sets (VPS, SPS, or PPS,
    respectively).
 o  The answerer MAY use either out-of-band or in-band transport of
    parameter sets for the bitstream it is sending, regardless of
    whether out-of-band parameter sets transport has been used in the
    offerer-to-answerer direction.  Parameter sets included in an
    answer are independent of those parameter sets included in the
    offer, as they are used for decoding two different bitstreams, one
    from the answerer to the offerer and the other in the opposite
    direction.  In case some RTP streams are sent before the SDP
    offer/answer settles down, in-band parameter sets MUST be used for
    those RTP stream parts sent before the SDP offer/answer.
 o  The following rules apply to transport of parameter set in the
    offerer-to-answerer direction.
    +  An offer MAY include sprop-vps, sprop-sps, and/or sprop-pps.
       If none of these parameters is present in the offer, then only
       in-band transport of parameter sets is used.
    +  If the level to use in the offerer-to-answerer direction is
       equal to the default level in the offer, the answerer MUST be
       prepared to use the parameter sets included in sprop-vps,
       sprop-sps, and sprop-pps (either included in the "a=fmtp" line
       of SDP or conveyed using the "fmtp" source attribute) for
       decoding the incoming bitstream, e.g., by passing these
       parameter set NAL units to the video decoder before passing any
       NAL units carried in the RTP streams.  Otherwise, the answerer
       MUST ignore sprop-vps, sprop-sps, and sprop-pps (either
       included in the "a=fmtp" line of SDP or conveyed using the
       "fmtp" source attribute) and the offerer MUST transmit
       parameter sets in-band.
    +  In MRST or MRMT, the answerer MUST be prepared to use the
       parameter sets out-of-band transmitted for the RTP stream and
       all RTP streams the RTP stream depends on, when present, for
       decoding the incoming bitstream, e.g., by passing these
       parameter set NAL units to the video decoder before passing any
       NAL units carried in the RTP streams.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 69] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 o  The following rules apply to transport of parameter set in the
    answerer-to-offerer direction.
    +  An answer MAY include sprop-vps, sprop-sps, and/or sprop-pps.
       If none of these parameters is present in the answer, then only
       in-band transport of parameter sets is used.
    +  The offerer MUST be prepared to use the parameter sets included
       in sprop-vps, sprop-sps, and sprop-pps (either included in the
       "a=fmtp" line of SDP or conveyed using the "fmtp" source
       attribute) for decoding the incoming bitstream, e.g., by
       passing these parameter set NAL units to the video decoder
       before passing any NAL units carried in the RTP streams.
    +  In MRST or MRMT, the offerer MUST be prepared to use the
       parameter sets out-of-band transmitted for the RTP stream and
       all RTP streams the RTP stream depends on, when present, for
       decoding the incoming bitstream, e.g., by passing these
       parameter set NAL units to the video decoder before passing any
       NAL units carried in the RTP streams.
 o  When sprop-vps, sprop-sps, and/or sprop-pps are conveyed using the
    "fmtp" source attribute as specified in Section 6.3 of [RFC5576],
    the receiver of the parameters MUST store the parameter sets
    included in sprop-vps, sprop-sps, and/or sprop-pps and associate
    them with the source given as part of the "fmtp" source attribute.
    Parameter sets associated with one source (given as part of the
    "fmtp" source attribute) MUST only be used to decode NAL units
    conveyed in RTP packets from the same source (given as part of the
    "fmtp" source attribute).  When this mechanism is in use, SSRC
    collision detection and resolution MUST be performed as specified
    in [RFC5576].
 For bitstreams being delivered over multicast, the following rules
 apply:
    o  The media format configuration is identified by profile-space,
       profile-id, tier-flag, level-id, interop-constraints, profile-
       compatibility-indicator, and tx-mode.  These media format
       configuration parameters, including level-id, MUST be used
       symmetrically; that is, the answerer MUST either maintain all
       configuration parameters or remove the media format (payload
       type) completely.  Note that this implies that the level-id for
       offer/answer in multicast is not changeable.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 70] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

    o  To simplify the handling and matching of these configurations,
       the same RTP payload type number used in the offer SHOULD also
       be used in the answer, as specified in [RFC3264].  An answer
       MUST NOT contain a payload type number used in the offer unless
       the configuration is the same as in the offer.
    o  Parameter sets received MUST be associated with the originating
       source and MUST only be used in decoding the incoming bitstream
       from the same source.
    o  The rules for other parameters are the same as above for
       unicast as long as the three above rules are obeyed.
 Table 1 lists the interpretation of all the parameters that MUST be
 used for the various combinations of offer, answer, and direction
 attributes.  Note that the two columns wherein the recv-sub-layer-id
 parameter is used only apply to answers, whereas the other columns
 apply to both offers and answers.
 Table 1.  Interpretation of parameters for various combinations of
 offers, answers, direction attributes, with and without recv-sub-
 layer-id.  Columns that do not indicate offer or answer apply to
 both.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 71] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

                                     sendonly --+
       answer: recvonly, recv-sub-layer-id --+  |
         recvonly w/o recv-sub-layer-id --+  |  |
 answer: sendrecv, recv-sub-layer-id --+  |  |  |
   sendrecv w/o recv-sub-layer-id --+  |  |  |  |
                                    |  |  |  |  |
 profile-space                      C  D  C  D  P
 profile-id                         C  D  C  D  P
 tier-flag                          C  D  C  D  P
 level-id                           D  D  D  D  P
 interop-constraints                C  D  C  D  P
 profile-compatibility-indicator    C  D  C  D  P
 tx-mode                            C  C  C  C  P
 max-recv-level-id                  R  R  R  R  -
 sprop-max-don-diff                 P  P  -  -  P
 sprop-depack-buf-nalus             P  P  -  -  P
 sprop-depack-buf-bytes             P  P  -  -  P
 depack-buf-cap                     R  R  R  R  -
 sprop-segmentation-id              P  P  P  P  P
 sprop-spatial-segmentation-idc     P  P  P  P  P
 max-br                             R  R  R  R  -
 max-cpb                            R  R  R  R  -
 max-dpb                            R  R  R  R  -
 max-lsr                            R  R  R  R  -
 max-lps                            R  R  R  R  -
 max-tr                             R  R  R  R  -
 max-tc                             R  R  R  R  -
 max-fps                            R  R  R  R  -
 sprop-vps                          P  P  -  -  P
 sprop-sps                          P  P  -  -  P
 sprop-pps                          P  P  -  -  P
 sprop-sub-layer-id                 P  P  -  -  P
 recv-sub-layer-id                  X  O  X  O  -
 dec-parallel-cap                   R  R  R  R  -
 include-dph                        R  R  R  R  -
 Legend:
  C: configuration for sending and receiving bitstreams
  D: changeable configuration, same as C except possible
     to answer with a different but consistent value (see the
     semantics of the six parameters related to profile, tier,
     and level on these parameters being consistent)
  P: properties of the bitstream to be sent
  R: receiver capabilities
  O: operation point selection
  X: MUST NOT be present
  -: not usable, when present MUST be ignored

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 72] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 Parameters used for declaring receiver capabilities are, in general,
 downgradable; i.e., they express the upper limit for a sender's
 possible behavior.  Thus, a sender MAY select to set its encoder
 using only lower/lesser or equal values of these parameters.
 When the answer does not include a recv-sub-layer-id that is less
 than the sprop-sub-layer-id in the offer, parameters declaring a
 configuration point are not changeable, with the exception of the
 level-id parameter for unicast usage, and these parameters express
 values a receiver expects to be used and MUST be used verbatim in the
 answer as in the offer.
 When a sender's capabilities are declared with the configuration
 parameters, these parameters express a configuration that is
 acceptable for the sender to receive bitstreams.  In order to achieve
 high interoperability levels, it is often advisable to offer multiple
 alternative configurations.  It is impossible to offer multiple
 configurations in a single payload type.  Thus, when multiple
 configuration offers are made, each offer requires its own RTP
 payload type associated with the offer.  However, it is possible to
 offer multiple operation points using one configuration in a single
 payload type by including sprop-vps in the offer and recv-sub-layer-
 id in the answer.
 A receiver SHOULD understand all media type parameters, even if it
 only supports a subset of the payload format's functionality.  This
 ensures that a receiver is capable of understanding when an offer to
 receive media can be downgraded to what is supported by the receiver
 of the offer.
 An answerer MAY extend the offer with additional media format
 configurations.  However, to enable their usage, in most cases a
 second offer is required from the offerer to provide the bitstream
 property parameters that the media sender will use.  This also has
 the effect that the offerer has to be able to receive this media
 format configuration, not only to send it.

7.2.3. Usage in Declarative Session Descriptions

 When HEVC over RTP is offered with SDP in a declarative style, as in
 Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) [RFC2326] or Session Announcement
 Protocol (SAP) [RFC2974], the following considerations are necessary.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 73] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

    o  All parameters capable of indicating both bitstream properties
       and receiver capabilities are used to indicate only bitstream
       properties.  For example, in this case, the parameter profile-
       tier-level-id declares the values used by the bitstream, not
       the capabilities for receiving bitstreams.  As a result, the
       following interpretation of the parameters MUST be used:
       + Declaring actual configuration or bitstream properties:
          - profile-space
          - profile-id
          - tier-flag
          - level-id
          - interop-constraints
          - profile-compatibility-indicator
          - tx-mode
          - sprop-vps
          - sprop-sps
          - sprop-pps
          - sprop-max-don-diff
          - sprop-depack-buf-nalus
          - sprop-depack-buf-bytes
          - sprop-segmentation-id
          - sprop-spatial-segmentation-idc
       + Not usable (when present, they MUST be ignored):
          - max-lps
          - max-lsr
          - max-cpb
          - max-dpb
          - max-br
          - max-tr
          - max-tc
          - max-fps
          - max-recv-level-id
          - depack-buf-cap
          - sprop-sub-layer-id
          - dec-parallel-cap
          - include-dph
    o  A receiver of the SDP is required to support all parameters and
       values of the parameters provided; otherwise, the receiver MUST
       reject (RTSP) or not participate in (SAP) the session.  It
       falls on the creator of the session to use values that are
       expected to be supported by the receiving application.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 74] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

7.2.4. Considerations for Parameter Sets

 When out-of-band transport of parameter sets is used, parameter sets
 MAY still be additionally transported in-band unless explicitly
 disallowed by an application, and some of these additional parameter
 sets may update some of the out-of-band transported parameter sets.
 Update of a parameter set refers to the sending of a parameter set of
 the same type using the same parameter set ID but with different
 values for at least one other parameter of the parameter set.

7.2.5. Dependency Signaling in Multi-Stream Mode

 If MRST or MRMT is used, the rules on signaling media decoding
 dependency in SDP as defined in [RFC5583] apply.  The rules on
 "hierarchical or layered encoding" with multicast in Section 5.7 of
 [RFC4566] do not apply.  This means that the notation for Connection
 Data "c=" SHALL NOT be used with more than one address, i.e., the
 sub-field <number of addresses> in the sub-field <connection-address>
 of the "c=" field, described in [RFC4566], must not be present.  The
 order of session dependency is given from the RTP stream containing
 the lowest temporal sub-layer to the RTP stream containing the
 highest temporal sub-layer.

8. Use with Feedback Messages

 The following subsections define the use of the Picture Loss
 Indication (PLI), Slice Lost Indication (SLI), Reference Picture
 Selection Indication (RPSI), and Full Intra Request (FIR) feedback
 messages with HEVC.  The PLI, SLI, and RPSI messages are defined in
 [RFC4585], and the FIR message is defined in [RFC5104].

8.1. Picture Loss Indication (PLI)

 As specified in RFC 4585, Section 6.3.1, the reception of a PLI by a
 media sender indicates "the loss of an undefined amount of coded
 video data belonging to one or more pictures".  Without having any
 specific knowledge of the setup of the bitstream (such as use and
 location of in-band parameter sets, non-IDR decoder refresh points,
 picture structures, and so forth), a reaction to the reception of an
 PLI by an HEVC sender SHOULD be to send an IDR picture and relevant
 parameter sets; potentially with sufficient redundancy so to ensure
 correct reception.  However, sometimes information about the
 bitstream structure is known.  For example, state could have been
 established outside of the mechanisms defined in this document that
 parameter sets are conveyed out of band only, and stay static for the
 duration of the session.  In that case, it is obviously unnecessary
 to send them in-band as a result of the reception of a PLI.  Other

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 75] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 examples could be devised based on a priori knowledge of different
 aspects of the bitstream structure.  In all cases, the timing and
 congestion control mechanisms of RFC 4585 MUST be observed.

8.2. Slice Loss Indication (SLI)

 The SLI described in RFC 4585 can be used to indicate, to a sender,
 the loss of a number of Coded Tree Blocks (CTBs) in a CTB raster scan
 order of a picture.  In the SLI's Feedback Control Indication (FCI)
 field, the subfield "First" MUST be set to the CTB address of the
 first lost CTB.  Note that the CTB address is in CTB-raster-scan
 order of a picture.  For the first CTB of a slice segment, the CTB
 address is the value of slice_segment_address when present, or 0 when
 the value of first_slice_segment_in_pic_flag is equal to 1; both
 syntax elements are in the slice segment header.  The subfield
 "Number" MUST be set to the number of consecutive lost CTBs, again in
 CTB-raster-scan order of a picture.  Note that due to both the
 "First" and "Number" being counted in CTBs in CTB-raster-scan order,
 of a picture, not in tile-scan order (which is the bitstream order of
 CTBs), multiple SLI messages may be needed to report the loss of one
 tile covering multiple CTB rows but less wide than the picture.
 The subfield "PictureID" MUST be set to the 6 least significant bits
 of a binary representation of the value of PicOrderCntVal, as defined
 in [HEVC], of the picture for which the lost CTBs are indicated.
 Note that for IDR pictures the syntax element slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb
 is not present, but then the value is inferred to be equal to 0.
 As described in RFC 4585, an encoder in a media sender can use this
 information to "clean up" the corrupted picture by sending intra
 information, while observing the constraints described in RFC 4585,
 for example, with respect to congestion control.  In many cases,
 error tracking is required to identify the corrupted region in the
 receiver's state (reference pictures) because of error import in
 uncorrupted regions of the picture through motion compensation.
 Reference-picture selection can also be used to "clean up" the
 corrupted picture, which is usually more efficient and less likely to
 generate congestion than sending intra information.
 In contrast to the video codecs contemplated in RFCs 4585 and 5104
 [RFC5104], in HEVC, the "macroblock size" is not fixed to 16x16 luma
 samples, but is variable.  That, however, does not create a
 conceptual difficulty with SLI, because the setting of the CTB size
 is a sequence-level functionality, and using a slice loss indication
 across CVS boundaries is meaningless as there is no prediction across
 sequence boundaries.  However, a proper use of SLI messages is not as
 straightforward as it was with older, fixed-macroblock-sized video

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 76] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 codecs, as the state of the sequence parameter set (where the CTB
 size is located) has to be taken into account when interpreting the
 "First" subfield in the FCI.

8.3. Reference Picture Selection Indication (RPSI)

 Feedback-based reference picture selection has been shown as a
 powerful tool to stop temporal error propagation for improved error
 resilience [Girod99][Wang05].  In one approach, the decoder side
 tracks errors in the decoded pictures and informs the encoder side
 that a particular picture that has been decoded relatively earlier is
 correct and still present in the decoded picture buffer; it requests
 the encoder to use that correct picture-availability information when
 encoding the next picture, so to stop further temporal error
 propagation.  For this approach, the decoder side should use the RPSI
 feedback message.
 Encoders can encode some long-term reference pictures as specified in
 H.264 or HEVC for purposes described in the previous paragraph
 without the need of a huge decoded picture buffer.  As shown in
 [Wang05], with a flexible reference picture management scheme, as in
 H.264 and HEVC, even a decoded picture buffer size of two picture
 storage buffers would work for the approach described in the previous
 paragraph.
 The field "Native RPSI bit string defined per codec" is a base16
 [RFC4648] representation of the 8 bits consisting of the 2 most
 significant bits equal to 0 and 6 bits of nuh_layer_id, as defined in
 [HEVC], followed by the 32 bits representing the value of the
 PicOrderCntVal (in network byte order), as defined in [HEVC], for the
 picture that is indicated by the RPSI feedback message.
 The use of the RPSI feedback message as positive acknowledgement with
 HEVC is deprecated.  In other words, the RPSI feedback message MUST
 only be used as a reference picture selection request, such that it
 can also be used in multicast.

8.4. Full Intra Request (FIR)

 The purpose of the FIR message is to force an encoder to send an
 independent decoder refresh point as soon as possible (observing, for
 example, the congestion-control-related constraints set out in RFC
 5104).
 Upon reception of a FIR, a sender MUST send an IDR picture.
 Parameter sets MUST also be sent, except when there is a priori
 knowledge that the parameter sets have been correctly established.  A

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 77] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 typical example for that is an understanding between sender and
 receiver, established by means outside this document, that parameter
 sets are exclusively sent out-of-band.

9. Security Considerations

 The scope of this Security Considerations section is limited to the
 payload format itself and to one feature of HEVC that may pose a
 particularly serious security risk if implemented naively.  The
 payload format, in isolation, does not form a complete system.
 Implementers are advised to read and understand relevant security-
 related documents, especially those pertaining to RTP (see the
 Security Considerations section in [RFC3550]), and the security of
 the call-control stack chosen (that may make use of the media type
 registration of this memo).  Implementers should also consider known
 security vulnerabilities of video coding and decoding implementations
 in general and avoid those.
 Within this RTP payload format, and with the exception of the user
 data SEI message as described below, no security threats other than
 those common to RTP payload formats are known.  In other words,
 neither the various media-plane-based mechanisms, nor the signaling
 part of this memo, seems to pose a security risk beyond those common
 to all RTP-based systems.
 RTP packets using the payload format defined in this specification
 are subject to the security considerations discussed in the RTP
 specification [RFC3550], and in any applicable RTP profile such as
 RTP/AVP [RFC3551], RTP/AVPF [RFC4585], RTP/SAVP [RFC3711], or
 RTP/SAVPF [RFC5124].  However, as "Securing the RTP Framework: Why
 RTP Does Not Mandate a Single Media Security Solution" [RFC7202]
 discusses, it is not an RTP payload format's responsibility to
 discuss or mandate what solutions are used to meet the basic security
 goals like confidentiality, integrity and source authenticity for RTP
 in general.  This responsibility lays on anyone using RTP in an
 application.  They can find guidance on available security mechanisms
 and important considerations in "Options for Securing RTP Sessions"
 [RFC7201].  Applications SHOULD use one or more appropriate strong
 security mechanisms.  The rest of this section discusses the security
 impacting properties of the payload format itself.
 Because the data compression used with this payload format is applied
 end-to-end, any encryption needs to be performed after compression.
 A potential denial-of-service threat exists for data encodings using
 compression techniques that have non-uniform receiver-end
 computational load.  The attacker can inject pathological datagrams
 into the bitstream that are complex to decode and that cause the
 receiver to be overloaded.  H.265 is particularly vulnerable to such

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 78] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 attacks, as it is extremely simple to generate datagrams containing
 NAL units that affect the decoding process of many future NAL units.
 Therefore, the usage of data origin authentication and data integrity
 protection of at least the RTP packet is RECOMMENDED, for example,
 with SRTP [RFC3711].
 Like [H.264], HEVC includes a user data Supplemental Enhancement
 Information (SEI) message.  This SEI message allows inclusion of an
 arbitrary bitstring into the video bitstream.  Such a bitstring could
 include JavaScript, machine code, and other active content.  HEVC
 leaves the handling of this SEI message to the receiving system.  In
 order to avoid harmful side effects of the user data SEI message,
 decoder implementations cannot naively trust its content.  For
 example, it would be a bad and insecure implementation practice to
 forward any JavaScript a decoder implementation detects to a web
 browser.  The safest way to deal with user data SEI messages is to
 simply discard them, but that can have negative side effects on the
 quality of experience by the user.
 End-to-end security with authentication, integrity, or
 confidentiality protection will prevent a MANE from performing media-
 aware operations other than discarding complete packets.  In the case
 of confidentiality protection, it will even be prevented from
 discarding packets in a media-aware way.  To be allowed to perform
 such operations, a MANE is required to be a trusted entity that is
 included in the security context establishment.

10. Congestion Control

 Congestion control for RTP SHALL be used in accordance with RTP
 [RFC3550] and with any applicable RTP profile, e.g., AVP [RFC3551].
 If best-effort service is being used, an additional requirement is
 that users of this payload format MUST monitor packet loss to ensure
 that the packet loss rate is within an acceptable range.  Packet loss
 is considered acceptable if a TCP flow across the same network path,
 and experiencing the same network conditions, would achieve an
 average throughput, measured on a reasonable timescale, that is not
 less than all RTP streams combined is achieving.  This condition can
 be satisfied by implementing congestion-control mechanisms to adapt
 the transmission rate, the number of layers subscribed for a layered
 multicast session, or by arranging for a receiver to leave the
 session if the loss rate is unacceptably high.
 The bitrate adaptation necessary for obeying the congestion control
 principle is easily achievable when real-time encoding is used, for
 example, by adequately tuning the quantization parameter.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 79] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 However, when pre-encoded content is being transmitted, bandwidth
 adaptation requires the pre-coded bitstream to be tailored for such
 adaptivity.  The key mechanism available in HEVC is temporal
 scalability.  A media sender can remove NAL units belonging to higher
 temporal sub-layers (i.e., those NAL units with a high value of TID)
 until the sending bitrate drops to an acceptable range.  HEVC
 contains mechanisms that allow the lightweight identification of
 switching points in temporal enhancement layers, as discussed in
 Section 1.1.2 of this memo.  An HEVC media sender can send packets
 belonging to NAL units of temporal enhancement layers starting from
 these switching points to probe for available bandwidth and to
 utilized bandwidth that has been shown to be available.
 Above mechanisms generally work within a defined profile and level
 and, therefore, no renegotiation of the channel is required.  Only
 when non-downgradable parameters (such as profile) are required to be
 changed does it become necessary to terminate and restart the RTP
 stream(s).  This may be accomplished by using different RTP payload
 types.
 MANEs MAY remove certain unusable packets from the RTP stream when
 that RTP stream was damaged due to previous packet losses.  This can
 help reduce the network load in certain special cases.  For example,
 MANES can remove those FUs where the leading FUs belonging to the
 same NAL unit have been lost or those dependent slice segments when
 the leading slice segments belonging to the same slice have been
 lost, because the trailing FUs or dependent slice segments are
 meaningless to most decoders.  MANES can also remove higher temporal
 scalable layers if the outbound transmission (from the MANE's
 viewpoint) experiences congestion.

11. IANA Considerations

 A new media type, as specified in Section 7.1 of this memo, has been
 registered with IANA.

12. References

12.1. Normative References

 [H.264]   ITU-T, "Advanced video coding for generic audiovisual
           services", ITU-T Recommendation H.264, April 2013.
 [HEVC]    ITU-T, "High efficiency video coding", ITU-T Recommendation
           H.265, April 2013.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 80] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 [ISO23008-2]
           ISO/IEC, "Information technology -- High efficiency coding
           and media delivery in heterogeneous environments -- Part 2:
           High efficiency video coding", ISO/IEC 23008-2, 2013.
 [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
           Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
           DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
           <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
 [RFC3264] Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "An Offer/Answer Model
           with Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 3264,
           DOI 10.17487/RFC3264, June 2002,
           <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3264>.
 [RFC3550] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V.
           Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time
           Applications", STD 64, RFC 3550, DOI 10.17487/RFC3550, July
           2003, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3550>.
 [RFC3551] Schulzrinne, H. and S. Casner, "RTP Profile for Audio and
           Video Conferences with Minimal Control", STD 65, RFC 3551,
           DOI 10.17487/RFC3551, July 2003,
           <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3551>.
 [RFC3711] Baugher, M., McGrew, D., Naslund, M., Carrara, E., and K.
           Norrman, "The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)",
           RFC 3711, DOI 10.17487/RFC3711, March 2004,
           <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3711>.
 [RFC4566] Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins, "SDP: Session
           Description Protocol", RFC 4566, DOI 10.17487/RFC4566, July
           2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4566>.
 [RFC4585] Ott, J., Wenger, S., Sato, N., Burmeister, C., and J. Rey,
           "Extended RTP Profile for Real-time Transport Control
           Protocol (RTCP)-Based Feedback (RTP/AVPF)", RFC 4585,
           DOI 10.17487/RFC4585, July 2006,
           <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4585>.
 [RFC4648] Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data
           Encodings", RFC 4648, DOI 10.17487/RFC4648, October 2006,
           <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4648>.
 [RFC5104] Wenger, S., Chandra, U., Westerlund, M., and B. Burman,
           "Codec Control Messages in the RTP Audio-Visual Profile
           with Feedback (AVPF)", RFC 5104, DOI 10.17487/RFC5104,
           February 2008, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5104>.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 81] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 [RFC5124] Ott, J. and E. Carrara, "Extended Secure RTP Profile for
           Real-time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP)-Based Feedback
           (RTP/SAVPF)", RFC 5124, DOI 10.17487/RFC5124, February
           2008, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5124>.
 [RFC5234] Crocker, D., Ed., and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
           Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234,
           DOI 10.17487/RFC5234, January 2008,
           <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5234>.
 [RFC5576] Lennox, J., Ott, J., and T. Schierl, "Source-Specific Media
           Attributes in the Session Description Protocol (SDP)",
           RFC 5576, DOI 10.17487/RFC5576, June 2009,
           <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5576>.
 [RFC5583] Schierl, T. and S. Wenger, "Signaling Media Decoding
           Dependency in the Session Description Protocol (SDP)",
           RFC 5583, DOI 10.17487/RFC5583, July 2009,
           <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5583>.

12.2. Informative References

 [3GPDASH] 3GPP, "Transparent end-to-end Packet-switched Streaming
           Service (PSS); Progressive Download and Dynamic Adaptive
           Streaming over HTTP (3GP-DASH)", 3GPP TS 26.247 12.1.0,
           December 2013.
 [3GPPFF]  3GPP, "Transparent end-to-end packet switched streaming
           service (PSS); 3GPP file format (3GP)", 3GPP TS 26.244
           12.20, December 2013.
 [CABAC]   Sole, J., Joshi, R., Nguyen, N., Ji, T., Karczewicz, M.,
           Clare, G., Henry, F., and Duenas, A., "Transform
           coefficient coding in HEVC", IEEE Transactions on Circuts
           and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 22, No. 12,
           pp. 1765-1777, DOI 10.1109/TCSVT.2012.2223055, December
           2012.
 [Girod99] Girod, B. and Faerber, F., "Feedback-based error control
           for mobile video transmission", Proceedings of the IEEE,
           Vol. 87, No. 10, pp. 1707-1723, DOI 10.1109/5.790632,
           October 1999.
 [H.265.1] ITU-T, "Conformance specification for ITU-T H.265 high
           efficiency video coding", ITU-T Recommendation H.265.1,
           October 2014.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 82] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 [HEVCv2]  Flynn, D., Naccari, M., Rosewarne, C., Sharman, K., Sole,
           J., Sullivan, G. J., and T. Suzuki, "High Efficiency Video
           Coding (HEVC) Range Extensions text specification: Draft
           7", JCT-VC document JCTVC-Q1005, 17th JCT-VC meeting,
           Valencia, Spain, March/April 2014.
 [IS014496-12]
           IS0/IEC, "Information technology - Coding of audio-visual
           objects - Part 12: ISO base media file format", IS0/IEC
           14496-12, 2015.
 [IS015444-12]
           IS0/IEC, "Information technology - JPEG 2000 image coding
           system - Part 12: ISO base media file format", IS0/IEC
           15444-12, 2015.
 [JCTVC-J0107]
           Wang, Y.-K., Chen, Y., Joshi, R., and Ramasubramonian, K.,
           "AHG9: On RAP pictures", JCT-VC document JCTVC-L0107, 10th
           JCT-VC meeting, Stockholm, Sweden, July 2012.
 [MPEG2S]  ISO/IEC, "Information technology - Generic coding of moving
           pictures and associated audio information - Part 1:
           Systems", ISO International Standard 13818-1, 2013.
 [MPEGDASH] ISO/IEC, "Information technology - Dynamic adaptive
           streaming over HTTP (DASH) -- Part 1: Media presentation
           description and segment formats", ISO International
           Standard 23009-1, 2012.
 [RFC2326] Schulzrinne, H., Rao, A., and R. Lanphier, "Real Time
           Streaming Protocol (RTSP)", RFC 2326, DOI 10.17487/RFC2326,
           April 1998, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2326>.
 [RFC2974] Handley, M., Perkins, C., and E. Whelan, "Session
           Announcement Protocol", RFC 2974, DOI 10.17487/RFC2974,
           October 2000, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2974>.
 [RFC6051] Perkins, C. and T. Schierl, "Rapid Synchronisation of RTP
           Flows", RFC 6051, DOI 10.17487/RFC6051, November 2010,
           <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6051>.
 [RFC6184] Wang, Y.-K., Even, R., Kristensen, T., and R. Jesup, "RTP
           Payload Format for H.264 Video", RFC 6184,
           DOI 10.17487/RFC6184, May 2011,
           <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6184>.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 83] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

 [RFC6190] Wenger, S., Wang, Y.-K., Schierl, T., and A. Eleftheriadis,
           "RTP Payload Format for Scalable Video Coding", RFC 6190,
           DOI 10.17487/RFC6190, May 2011,
           <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6190>.
 [RFC7201] Westerlund, M. and C. Perkins, "Options for Securing RTP
           Sessions", RFC 7201, DOI 10.17487/RFC7201, April 2014,
           <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7201>.
 [RFC7202] Perkins, C. and M. Westerlund, "Securing the RTP Framework:
           Why RTP Does Not Mandate a Single Media Security Solution",
           RFC 7202, DOI 10.17487/RFC7202, April 2014,
           <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7202>.
 [RFC7656] Lennox, J., Gross, K., Nandakumar, S., Salgueiro, G., and
           B. Burman, Ed., "A Taxonomy of Semantics and Mechanisms for
           Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) Sources", RFC 7656,
           DOI 10.17487/RFC7656, November 2015,
           <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7656>.
 [RFC7667] Westerlund, M. and S. Wenger, "RTP Topologies", RFC 7667,
           DOI 10.17487/RFC7667, November 2015,
           <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7667>.
 [RTP-MULTI-STREAM]
           Lennox, J., Westerlund, M., Wu, Q., and C. Perkins,
           "Sending Multiple Media Streams in a Single RTP Session",
           Work in Progress, draft-ietf-avtcore-rtp-multi-stream-11,
           December 2015.
 [SDP-NEG] Holmberg, C., Alvestrand, H., and C. Jennings, "Negotiating
           Medai Multiplexing Using Session Description Protocol
           (SDP)", Work in Progress,
           draft-ietf-mmusic-sdp-bundle-negotiation-25, January 2016.
 [Wang05]  Wang, Y.-K., Zhu, C., and Li, H., "Error resilient video
           coding using flexible reference fames", Visual
           Communications and Image Processing 2005 (VCIP 2005),
           Beijing, China, July 2005.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 84] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

Acknowledgements

 Muhammed Coban and Marta Karczewicz are thanked for discussions on
 the specification of the use with feedback messages and other aspects
 in this memo.  Jonathan Lennox and Jill Boyce are thanked for their
 contributions to the PACI design included in this memo.  Rickard
 Sjoberg, Arild Fuldseth, Bo Burman, Magnus Westerlund, and Tom
 Kristensen are thanked for their contributions to signaling related
 to parallel processing.  Magnus Westerlund, Jonathan Lennox, Bernard
 Aboba, Jonatan Samuelsson, Roni Even, Rickard Sjoberg, Sachin
 Deshpande, Woo Johnman, Mo Zanaty, Ross Finlayson, Danny Hong, Bo
 Burman, Ben Campbell, Brian Carpenter, Qin Wu, Stephen Farrell, and
 Min Wang made valuable review comments that led to improvements.

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 85] RFC 7798 RTP Payload Format for HEVC March 2016

Authors' Addresses

 Ye-Kui Wang
 Qualcomm Incorporated
 5775 Morehouse Drive
 San Diego, CA 92121
 United States
 Phone: +1-858-651-8345
 Email: yekui.wang@gmail.com
 Yago Sanchez
 Fraunhofer HHI
 Einsteinufer 37
 D-10587 Berlin
 Germany
 Phone: +49 30 31002-663
 Email: yago.sanchez@hhi.fraunhofer.de
 Thomas Schierl
 Fraunhofer HHI
 Einsteinufer 37
 D-10587 Berlin
 Germany
 Phone: +49-30-31002-227
 Email: thomas.schierl@hhi.fraunhofer.de
 Stephan Wenger
 Vidyo, Inc.
 433 Hackensack Ave., 7th floor
 Hackensack, NJ 07601
 United States
 Phone: +1-415-713-5473
 Email: stewe@stewe.org
 Miska M. Hannuksela
 Nokia Corporation
 P.O. Box 1000
 33721 Tampere
 Finland
 Phone: +358-7180-08000
 Email: miska.hannuksela@nokia.com

Wang, et al. Standards Track [Page 86]

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