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rfc:rfc7744

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) L. Seitz, Ed. Request for Comments: 7744 SICS Swedish ICT AB Category: Informational S. Gerdes, Ed. ISSN: 2070-1721 Universitaet Bremen TZI

                                                           G. Selander
                                                              Ericsson
                                                               M. Mani
                                                                 Itron
                                                              S. Kumar
                                                      Philips Research
                                                          January 2016
           Use Cases for Authentication and Authorization
                    in Constrained Environments

Abstract

 Constrained devices are nodes with limited processing power, storage
 space, and transmission capacities.  In many cases, these devices do
 not provide user interfaces, and they are often intended to interact
 without human intervention.
 This document includes a collection of representative use cases for
 authentication and authorization in constrained environments.  These
 use cases aim at identifying authorization problems that arise during
 the life cycle of a constrained device and are intended to provide a
 guideline for developing a comprehensive authentication and
 authorization solution for this class of scenarios.
 Where specific details are relevant, it is assumed that the devices
 use the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) as a communication
 protocol.  However, most conclusions apply generally.

Seitz, et al. Informational [Page 1] RFC 7744 ACE Use Cases January 2016

Status of This Memo

 This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
 published for informational purposes.
 This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
 (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
 received public review and has been approved for publication by the
 Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Not all documents
 approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet
 Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.
 Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
 and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
 http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7744.

Copyright Notice

 Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
 document authors.  All rights reserved.
 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
 Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
 (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
 publication of this document.  Please review these documents
 carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
 to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
 include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
 the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
 described in the Simplified BSD License.

Seitz, et al. Informational [Page 2] RFC 7744 ACE Use Cases January 2016

Table of Contents

 1. Introduction ....................................................4
    1.1. Terminology ................................................4
 2. Use Cases .......................................................5
    2.1. Container Monitoring .......................................5
         2.1.1. Bananas for Munich ..................................6
         2.1.2. Authorization Problems Summary ......................7
    2.2. Home Automation ............................................8
         2.2.1. Controlling the Smart Home Infrastructure ...........8
         2.2.2. Seamless Authorization ..............................8
         2.2.3. Remotely Letting in a Visitor .......................9
         2.2.4. Selling the House ...................................9
         2.2.5. Authorization Problems Summary ......................9
    2.3. Personal Health Monitoring ................................10
         2.3.1. John and the Heart Rate Monitor ....................11
         2.3.2. Authorization Problems Summary .....................12
    2.4. Building Automation .......................................13
         2.4.1. Device Life Cycle ..................................13
                2.4.1.1. Installation and Commissioning ............13
                2.4.1.2. Operational ...............................14
                2.4.1.3. Maintenance ...............................15
                2.4.1.4. Recommissioning ...........................16
                2.4.1.5. Decommissioning ...........................16
         2.4.2. Public Safety ......................................17
                2.4.2.1. A Fire Breaks Out .........................17
         2.4.3. Authorization Problems Summary .....................18
    2.5. Smart Metering ............................................19
         2.5.1. Drive-By Metering ..................................19
         2.5.2. Meshed Topology ....................................20
         2.5.3. Advanced Metering Infrastructure ...................20
         2.5.4. Authorization Problems Summary .....................21
    2.6. Sports and Entertainment ..................................22
         2.6.1. Dynamically Connecting Smart Sports Equipment ......22
         2.6.2. Authorization Problems Summary .....................23
    2.7. Industrial Control Systems ................................23
         2.7.1. Oil Platform Control ...............................23
         2.7.2. Authorization Problems Summary .....................24
 3. Security Considerations ........................................24
    3.1. Attacks ...................................................25
    3.2. Configuration of Access Permissions .......................26
    3.3. Authorization Considerations ..............................26
    3.4. Proxies ...................................................28
 4. Privacy Considerations .........................................28
 5. Informative References .........................................28
 Acknowledgments ...................................................29
 Authors' Addresses ................................................30

Seitz, et al. Informational [Page 3] RFC 7744 ACE Use Cases January 2016

1. Introduction

 Constrained devices [RFC7228] are nodes with limited processing
 power, storage space, and transmission capacities.  These devices are
 often battery-powered and in many cases do not provide user
 interfaces.
 Constrained devices benefit from being interconnected using Internet
 protocols.  However, deploying common security protocols can
 sometimes be difficult because of device or network limitations.
 Regardless, adequate security mechanisms are required to protect
 these constrained devices, which are expected to be integrated in all
 aspects of everyday life, from attackers wishing to gain control over
 the device's data or functions.
 This document comprises a collection of representative use cases for
 the application of authentication and authorization in constrained
 environments.  These use cases aim at identifying authorization
 problems that arise during the life cycle of a constrained device.
 Note that this document does not aim at collecting all possible use
 cases.
 We assume that the communication between the devices is based on the
 Representational State Transfer (REST) architectural style, i.e., a
 device acts as a server that offers resources such as sensor data and
 actuators.  The resources can be accessed by clients, sometimes
 without human intervention (M2M).  In some situations, the
 communication will happen through intermediaries (e.g., gateways,
 proxies).
 Where specific detail is necessary, it is assumed that the devices
 communicate using CoAP [RFC7252], although most conclusions are
 generic.

1.1. Terminology

 Readers are required to be familiar with the terms defined in
 [RFC7228].

Seitz, et al. Informational [Page 4] RFC 7744 ACE Use Cases January 2016

2. Use Cases

 This section includes the use cases; each use case first presents a
 general description of the application environment, then one or more
 specific use cases, and finally a summary of the authorization-
 related problems to be solved.  The document aims at listing the
 relevant authorization problems and not to provide an exhaustive
 list.  It might not be possible to address all of the listed problems
 with a single solution; there might be conflicting goals within or
 among some requirements.
 There are various reasons for assigning a function (client or server)
 to a device.  The function may even change over time; e.g., the
 device that initiates a conversation is temporarily assigned the role
 of client, but could act as a server in another context.  The
 definition of the function of a device in a certain use case is not
 in scope of this document.  Readers should be aware that there might
 be reasons for each setting and that endpoints might even have
 different functions at different times.

2.1. Container Monitoring

 The ability of sensors to communicate environmental data wirelessly
 opens up new application areas.  Sensor systems make it possible to
 continuously track and transmit characteristics such as temperature,
 humidity, and gas content while goods are transported and stored.
 Sensors in this scenario have to be associated with the appropriate
 pallet of the respective container.  Sensors, as well as the goods,
 belong to specific customers.
 While in transit, goods often pass stops where they are transloaded
 to other means of transportation, e.g., from ship transport to road
 transport.
 Perishable goods need to be stored at a constant temperature and with
 proper ventilation.  Real-time information on the state of the goods
 is needed by both the transporter and the vendor.  Transporters want
 to prioritize goods that will expire soon.  Vendors want to react
 when goods are spoiled to continue to fulfill delivery obligations.
 The Intelligent Container <http://www.intelligentcontainer.com> is an
 example project that explores solutions to continuously monitor
 perishable goods.

Seitz, et al. Informational [Page 5] RFC 7744 ACE Use Cases January 2016

2.1.1. Bananas for Munich

 A fruit vendor grows bananas in Costa Rica for the German market.  It
 instructs a transport company to deliver the goods via ship to
 Rotterdam where they are picked up by trucks and transported to a
 ripening facility.  A Munich supermarket chain buys ripened bananas
 from the fruit vendor and transports them from the ripening facility
 to the individual markets with their own company's trucks.
 The fruit vendor's quality management wants to assure the quality of
 their products; thus, it equips the banana boxes with sensors.  The
 state of the goods is monitored consistently during shipment and
 ripening, and abnormal sensor values are recorded (U1.2).
 Additionally, the sensor values are used to control the climate
 within the cargo containers (U1.1, U1.5, U1.7).  Therefore, the
 sensors need to communicate with the climate-control system.  Since
 an incorrect sensor value leads to a wrong temperature, and thus to
 spoiled goods, the integrity of the sensor data must be assured
 (U1.2, U1.3).  The banana boxes within a container will, in most
 cases, belong to the same owner.  Adjacent containers might contain
 goods and sensors of different owners (U1.1).
 The personnel that transloads the goods must be able to locate the
 goods meant for a specific customer (U1.1, U1.6, U1.7).  However, the
 fruit vendor does not want to disclose sensor information pertaining
 to the condition of the goods to other companies and therefore wants
 to assure the confidentiality of this data (U1.4).  Thus, the
 transloading personnel is only allowed to access logistic information
 (U1.1).  Moreover, the transloading personnel is only allowed to
 access the data for the time of the transloading (U1.8).
 Due to the high water content of the fruits, the propagation of radio
 waves is hindered, thus often inhibiting direct communication between
 nodes [Jedermann14].  Instead, messages are forwarded over multiple
 hops (U1.9).  The sensors in the banana boxes cannot always reach the
 Internet during the journey (U1.10).  Sensors may need to use relay
 stations owned by the transport company to connect to endpoints on
 the Internet.
 In the ripening facility bananas are stored until they are ready to
 be sold.  The banana box sensors are used to control the ventilation
 system and to monitor the degree of ripeness of the bananas.  Ripe
 bananas need to be identified and sold before they spoil (U1.2,
 U1.8).
 The supermarket chain gains ownership of the banana boxes when the
 bananas have ripened and are ready to leave the ripening facility.

Seitz, et al. Informational [Page 6] RFC 7744 ACE Use Cases January 2016

2.1.2. Authorization Problems Summary

 U1.1:   Fruit vendors and container owners want to grant different
         authorizations for their resources and/or endpoints to
         different parties.
 U1.2:   The fruit vendor requires the integrity and authenticity of
         the sensor data that pertains to the state of the goods for
         climate control and to ensure the quality of the monitored
         recordings.
 U1.3:   The container owner requires the integrity and authenticity
         of the sensor data that is used for climate control.
 U1.4:   The fruit vendor requires the confidentiality of the sensor
         data that pertains the state of the goods and the
         confidentiality of location data, e.g., to protect them from
         targeted attacks from competitors.
 U1.5:   The fruit vendor may need different protection for several
         different types of data on the same endpoint, e.g., sensor
         data and the data used for logistics.
 U1.6:   The fruit vendor and the transloading personnel require the
         authenticity and integrity of the data that is used to locate
         the goods, in order to ensure that the goods are correctly
         treated and delivered.
 U1.7:   The container owner and the fruit vendor may not be present
         at the time of access and cannot manually intervene in the
         authorization process.
 U1.8:   The fruit vendor, container owner, and transloading company
         want to grant temporary access permissions to a party, in
         order to avoid giving permanent access to parties that are no
         longer involved in processing the bananas.
 U1.9:   The fruit vendor, container owner, and transloading company
         want their security objectives to be achieved, even if the
         messages between the endpoints need to be forwarded over
         multiple hops.
 U1.10:  The constrained devices might not always be able to reach the
         Internet but still need to enact the authorization policies
         of their principals.
 U1.11:  Fruit vendors and container owners want to be able to revoke
         authorization on a malfunctioning sensor.

Seitz, et al. Informational [Page 7] RFC 7744 ACE Use Cases January 2016

2.2. Home Automation

 One application of the Internet of Things is home automation systems.
 Such a system can connect household devices that control, for
 example, heating, ventilation, lighting, home entertainment, and home
 security to the Internet making them remotely accessible and
 manageable.
 Such a system needs to accommodate a number of regular users
 (inhabitants, close friends, cleaning personnel) as well as a
 heterogeneous group of dynamically varying users (visitors,
 repairmen, delivery men).
 As the users are not typically trained in security (or even computer
 use), the configuration must use secure default settings, and the
 interface must be well adapted to novice users.

2.2.1. Controlling the Smart Home Infrastructure

 Alice and Bob own a flat that is equipped with home automation
 devices such as HVAC and shutter control, and they have a motion
 sensor in the corridor that controls the light bulbs there (U2.5).
 Alice and Bob can control the shutters and the temperature in each
 room using either wall-mounted touch panels or an Internet connected
 device (e.g., a smartphone).  Since Alice and Bob both have full-time
 jobs, they want to be able to change settings remotely, e.g., turn up
 the heating on a cold day if they will be home earlier than expected
 (U2.5).
 The couple does not want people in radio range of their devices,
 e.g., their neighbors, to be able to control them without
 authorization.  Moreover, they don't want burglars to be able to
 deduce behavioral patterns from eavesdropping on the network (U2.8).

2.2.2. Seamless Authorization

 Alice buys a new light bulb for the corridor and integrates it into
 the home network, i.e., makes resources known to other devices in the
 network.  Alice makes sure that the new light bulb and her other
 devices in the network get to know the authorization policies for the
 new device.  Bob is not at home, but Alice wants him to be able to
 control the new device with his devices (e.g., his smartphone)
 without the need for additional administration effort (U2.7).  She
 provides the necessary configurations for that (U2.9, U2.10).

Seitz, et al. Informational [Page 8] RFC 7744 ACE Use Cases January 2016

2.2.3. Remotely Letting in a Visitor

 Alice and Bob have equipped their home with automated connected door-
 locks and an alarm system at the door and the windows.  The couple
 can control this system remotely.
 Alice and Bob have invited Alice's parents over for dinner, but are
 stuck in traffic and cannot arrive in time; whereas Alice's parents
 are using the subway and will arrive punctually.  Alice calls her
 parents and offers to let them in remotely, so they can make
 themselves comfortable while waiting (U2.1, U2.6).  Then, Alice sets
 temporary permissions that allow them to open the door and shut down
 the alarm (U2.2).  She wants these permissions to be only valid for
 the evening since she does not like it if her parents are able to
 enter the house as they see fit (U2.3, U2.4).
 When Alice's parents arrive at Alice and Bob's home, they use their
 smartphone to communicate with the door-lock and alarm system (U2.5,
 U2.9).  The permissions Alice issued to her parents only allow
 limited access to the house (e.g., opening the door, turning on the
 lights).  Certain other functions, such as checking the footage from
 the surveillance cameras, are not accessible to them (U2.3).
 Alice and Bob also issue similarly restricted permissions to e.g.,
 cleaners, repairmen, or their nanny (U2.3).

2.2.4. Selling the House

 Alice and Bob have to move because Alice is starting a new job.  They
 therefore decide to sell the house and transfer control of all
 automated services to the new owners (U2.11).  Before doing so, they
 want to erase privacy-relevant data from the logs of the automated
 systems, while the new owner is interested to keep some historic data
 e.g., pertaining to the behavior of the heating system (U2.12).  At
 the time of transfer of ownership of the house, the new owners also
 want to make sure that permissions issued by the previous owners to
 access the house or connected devices (in the case where device
 management may have separate permissions from house access) are no
 longer valid (U2.13).

2.2.5. Authorization Problems Summary

 U2.1:   A home owner (Alice and Bob in the example above) wants to
         spontaneously provision authorization means to visitors.
 U2.2:   A home owner wants to spontaneously change the home's access
         control policies.

Seitz, et al. Informational [Page 9] RFC 7744 ACE Use Cases January 2016

 U2.3:   A home owner wants to apply different access rights for
         different users (including other inhabitants).
 U2.4:   The home owners want to grant access permissions to someone
         during a specified time frame.
 U2.5:   The smart home devices need to be able to securely
         communicate with different control devices (e.g., wall-
         mounted touch panels, smartphones, electronic key fobs, and
         device gateways).
 U2.6:   The home owner wants to be able to configure authorization
         policies remotely.
 U2.7:   Authorized users want to be able to obtain access with little
         effort.
 U2.8:   The owners of the automated home want to prevent unauthorized
         entities from being able to deduce behavioral profiles from
         devices in the home network.
 U2.9:   Usability is particularly important in this scenario since
         the necessary authorization related tasks in the life cycle
         of the device (commissioning, operation, maintenance, and
         decommissioning) likely need to be performed by the home
         owners who, in most cases, have little knowledge of security.
 U2.10:  Home owners want their devices to seamlessly (and in some
         cases even unnoticeably) fulfill their purpose.  Therefore,
         the authorization administration effort needs to be kept at a
         minimum.
 U2.11:  Home owners want to be able to transfer ownership of their
         automated systems when they sell the house.
 U2.12:  Home owners want to be able to sanitize the logs of the
         automated systems when transferring ownership without
         deleting important operational data.
 U2.13:  When a transfer of ownership occurs, the new owner wants to
         make sure that access rights created by the previous owner
         are no longer valid.

2.3. Personal Health Monitoring

 Personal health monitoring devices, i.e., eHealth devices, are
 typically battery-driven and located physically on or in the user to
 monitor some bodily function, such as temperature, blood pressure, or

Seitz, et al. Informational [Page 10] RFC 7744 ACE Use Cases January 2016

 pulse rate.  These devices typically connect to the Internet through
 an intermediary base station, using wireless technologies and through
 this connection they report the monitored data to some entity, which
 may either be the user or a medical caregiver.
 Medical data has always been considered very sensitive, and therefore
 requires good protection against unauthorized disclosure.  A
 frequent, conflicting requirement is the capability for medical
 personnel to gain emergency access, even if no specific access rights
 exist.  As a result, the importance of secure audit logs increases in
 such scenarios.
 Since the users are not typically trained in security (or even
 computer use), the configuration must use secure default settings,
 and the interface must be well adapted to novice users.  Parts of the
 system must operate with minimal maintenance.  Especially frequent
 changes of battery are unacceptable.
 There is a plethora of wearable health monitoring technology and the
 need for open industry standards to ensure interoperability between
 products has lead to initiatives such as Continua Alliance
 <http://continuaalliance.org> and Personal Connected Health Alliance
 <http://www.pchalliance.org>.

2.3.1. John and the Heart Rate Monitor

 John has a heart condition that can result in sudden cardiac arrests.
 He therefore uses a device called "HeartGuard" that monitors his
 heart rate and his location (U3.7).  In the event of a cardiac
 arrest, it automatically sends an alarm to an emergency service,
 transmitting John's current location (U3.1).  Either the device has
 long-range connectivity itself (e.g., via GSM) or it uses some
 intermediary, nearby device (e.g., John's smartphone) to transmit
 such an alarm.  To ensure John's safety, the device is expected to be
 in constant operation (U3.3, U3.6).
 The device includes an authentication mechanism to prevent other
 persons who get physical access to it from acting as the owner and
 altering the access control and security settings (U3.8).
 John can configure a list of people that get notified in an
 emergency, for example his daughter Jill.  Furthermore, the device
 stores data on John's heart rate, which can later be accessed by a
 physician to assess the condition of John's heart (U3.2).
 However, John is a privacy-conscious person and is worried that Jill
 might use HeartGuard to monitor his location even when there is no
 emergency.  Furthermore, he doesn't want his health insurance to get

Seitz, et al. Informational [Page 11] RFC 7744 ACE Use Cases January 2016

 access to the HeartGuard data, or even to the fact that he is wearing
 a HeartGuard, since they might refuse to renew his insurance if they
 decided he was too great of a risk for them (U3.8).
 Finally, John, while being comfortable with modern technology and
 able to operate it reasonably well, is not trained in computer
 security.  Therefore, he needs an interface for the configuration of
 the HeartGuard security that is easy to understand and use (U3.5).
 If John does not understand the meaning of a setting, he tends to
 leave it alone, assuming that the manufacturer has initialized the
 device to secure settings (U3.4).
 Note: Monitoring of some state parameter (e.g., an alarm button) and
 the position of a person also fits well into a nursing service
 context.  This is particularly useful for people suffering from
 dementia, where the relatives or caregivers need to be notified of
 the whereabouts of the person under certain conditions.  In that
 case, it is not the patient that decides about access.

2.3.2. Authorization Problems Summary

 U3.1:  The wearer of an eHealth device (John in the example above)
        wants to preconfigure special access rights in the context of
        an emergency.
 U3.2:  The wearer of an eHealth device wants to selectively allow
        different persons or groups access to medical data.
 U3.3:  Battery changes are very inconvenient and sometimes
        impractical, so battery life impacts on the authorization
        mechanisms need to be minimized.
 U3.4:  Devices are often used with default access control settings
        that might threaten the security objectives of the device's
        users.
 U3.5:  Wearers of eHealth devices are often not trained in computer
        use, especially computer security.
 U3.6:  Security mechanisms themselves could provide opportunities for
        denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, especially on the constrained
        devices.
 U3.7:  The device provides a service that can be fatal for the wearer
        if it fails.  Accordingly, the wearer wants the device to have
        a high degree of resistance against attacks that may cause the
        device to fail to operate partially or completely.

Seitz, et al. Informational [Page 12] RFC 7744 ACE Use Cases January 2016

 U3.8:  The wearer of an eHealth device requires the integrity and
        confidentiality of the data measured by the device.

2.4. Building Automation

 Buildings for commercial use such as shopping malls or office
 buildings nowadays are equipped increasingly with semi-automatic
 components to enhance the overall living quality and to save energy
 where possible.  This includes for example heating, ventilation and
 air condition (HVAC) as well as illumination and security systems
 such as fire alarms.  These components are being increasingly managed
 centrally in a Building and Lighting Management System (BLMS) by a
 facility manager.
 Different areas of these buildings are often exclusively leased to
 different companies.  However, they also share some of the common
 areas of the building.  Accordingly, a company must be able to
 control the lighting and HVAC system of its own part of the building
 and must not have access to control rooms that belong to other
 companies.
 Some parts of the building automation system such as entrance
 illumination and fire-alarm systems are controlled either by all
 parties together or by a facility-management company.

2.4.1. Device Life Cycle

2.4.1.1. Installation and Commissioning

 Installation of the building automation components often start even
 before the construction work is completed.  Lighting is one of the
 first components to be installed in new buildings.  A lighting plan
 created by a lighting designer provides the necessary information
 related to the kind of lighting devices (luminaires, sensors, and
 switches) to be installed along with their expected behavior.  The
 physical installation of the correct lighting devices at the right
 locations are done by electricians based on the lighting plan.  They
 ensure that the electrical wiring is performed according to local
 regulations and lighting devices, which may be from multiple
 manufacturers, are connected to the electrical power supply properly.
 After the installation, lighting can be used in a default out-of-box
 mode, e.g., at full brightness when powered on.  After this step (or
 in parallel in a different section of the building), a lighting
 commissioner adds the devices to the building domain (U4.1) and
 performs the proper configuration of the lights as prescribed in the
 lighting plan.  This involves, for example, grouping to ensure that
 light points react together, more or less synchronously (U4.8) and
 defining lighting scenes for particular areas of the building.  The

Seitz, et al. Informational [Page 13] RFC 7744 ACE Use Cases January 2016

 commissioning is often done in phases, either by one or more
 commissioners, on different floors.  The building lighting network at
 this stage may be in different network islands with no connectivity
 between them due to lack of the IT infrastructure.
 After this, other building components, like HVAC and security
 systems, are similarly installed by electricians and later
 commissioned by their respective domain professionals.  Similar
 configurations related to grouping (U4.8) are required to ensure,
 e.g., HVAC equipment is controlled by the closest temperature sensor.
 For the building IT systems, the Ethernet wiring is initially laid
 out in the building according to the IT plan.  The IT network is
 often commissioned after the construction is completed to avoid any
 damage to sensitive networking and computing equipment.  The
 commissioning is performed by an IT engineer with additional switches
 (wired and/or wireless), IP routers, and computing devices.  Direct
 Internet connectivity for all installed/commissioned devices in the
 building is only available at this point.  The BLMS that monitors and
 controls the various building automation components is only connected
 to the field devices at this stage.  The different network islands
 (for lighting and HVAC) are also joined together without any further
 involvement of domain specialists, such as lighting or HVAC
 commissioners.

2.4.1.2. Operational

 The building automation system is now finally ready, and the
 operational access is transferred to the facility management company
 of the building (U4.2).  The facility manager is responsible for
 monitoring and ensuring that the building automation system meets the
 needs of the building occupants.  If changes are needed, the
 facility-management company hires an external installation and
 commissioning company to perform the changes.
 Different parts of the building are rented out to different companies
 for office space.  The tenants are provided access to use the
 automated HVAC, lighting, and physical access control systems
 deployed.  The safety of the occupants is also managed using
 automated systems, such as a fire-alarm system, which is triggered by
 several smoke detectors that are spread out across the building.
 Company A's staff moves into the newly furnished office space.  Most
 lighting is controlled by presence sensors that control the lighting
 of a specific group of lights based on the authorization rules in the
 BLMS.  Additionally, employees are allowed to manually override the
 lighting brightness and color in their offices by using the switches

Seitz, et al. Informational [Page 14] RFC 7744 ACE Use Cases January 2016

 or handheld controllers.  Such changes are allowed only if the
 authorization rules exist in the BLMS.  For example, lighting in the
 corridors may not be manually adjustable.
 At the end of the day, lighting is dimmed or switched off if no
 occupancy is detected, even if manually overridden during the day.
 On a later date, Company B also moves into the same building, and
 shares some of the common spaces and associated building automation
 components with Company A (U4.2, U4.9).

2.4.1.3. Maintenance

 Company A's staff is annoyed that the lighting switches off too often
 in their rooms if they work silently in front of their computers.
 Company A notifies the facility manager of the building to increase
 the delay before lights switch off.  The facility manager can either
 configure the new values directly in the BLMS or, if additional
 changes are needed on the field devices, hire commissioning Company C
 to perform the needed changes (U4.4).
 Company C gets the necessary authorization from the facility-
 management company to interact with the BLMS.  The commissioner's
 tool gets the necessary authorization from the BLMS to send a
 configuration change to all lighting devices in Company A's offices
 to increase the delay before they switch off.
 At some point, the facility-management company wants to update the
 firmware of lighting devices in order to eliminate software bugs.
 Before accepting the new firmware, each device checks the
 authorization of the facility-management company to perform this
 update (U4.13).
 A network-diagnostic tool of the BLMS detects that a luminaire in one
 of Company A's offices is no longer connected to the network.  The
 BLMS alerts the facility manager to replace the luminaire.  The
 facility manager replaces the old broken luminaire and informs the
 BLMS of the identity (e.g., the Media Access Control (MAC) address)
 of the newly added device.  Then, the BLMS authorizes the new device
 in the system and seamlessly transfers all the permissions of the
 previous broken device to the replacement device (U4.12).

Seitz, et al. Informational [Page 15] RFC 7744 ACE Use Cases January 2016

2.4.1.4. Recommissioning

 A vacant area of the building has recently been leased to Company A.
 Before moving into its new office, Company A wishes to replace the
 lighting with more energy efficient and better light quality
 luminaries.  They hire an installation and commissioning Company C to
 redo the illumination.  Company C is instructed to integrate the new
 lighting devices, which may be from multiple manufacturers, into the
 existing lighting infrastructure of the building, which includes
 presence sensors, switches, controllers, etc.  (U4.1).
 Company C gets the necessary authorization from the facility-
 management company to interact with the existing BLMS (U4.4).  To
 prevent disturbance to other occupants of the building, Company C is
 provided authorization to perform the commissioning only during non-
 office hours and only to modify configuration on devices belonging to
 the domain of Company A's space (U4.5).  Before removing existing
 devices, all security and configuration material that belongs to the
 domain is deleted and the devices are set back to factory state
 (U4.3).  This ensures that these devices may be reused at other
 installations or in other parts of the same building without
 affecting future operations.  After installation (wiring) of the new
 lighting devices, the commissioner adds the devices into Company A's
 lighting domain.
 Once the devices are in the correct domain, the commissioner
 authorizes the interaction rules between the new lighting devices and
 existing devices, like presence sensors (U4.7).  For this, the
 commissioner creates the authorization rules on the BLMS that define
 which lights form a group and which sensors/switches/controllers are
 allowed to control which groups (U4.8).  These authorization rules
 may be context based, like time of the day (office or non-office
 hours) or location of the handheld lighting controller, etc.  (U4.5).

2.4.1.5. Decommissioning

 Company A has noticed that the handheld controllers are often
 misplaced and hard to find when needed.  So most of the time, staff
 use the existing wall switches for manual control.  Company A decides
 it would be better to completely remove handheld controllers and asks
 Company C to decommission them from the lighting system (U4.4).
 Company C again gets the necessary authorization from the facility-
 management company to interact with the BLMS.  The commissioner now
 deletes any rules that allowed handheld controllers authorization to
 control the lighting (U4.3, U4.6).  Additionally, the commissioner
 instructs the BLMS to push these new rules to prevent cached rules at

Seitz, et al. Informational [Page 16] RFC 7744 ACE Use Cases January 2016

 the end devices from being used.  Any cryptographic key material
 belonging to the site in the handheld controllers is also removed,
 and they are set to the factory state (U4.3).

2.4.2. Public Safety

 As part of the building safety code, the fire department requires
 that the building have sensors that sense the level of smoke, heat,
 etc., when a fire breaks out.  These sensors report metrics that are
 then used by a back-end server to map safe areas and unsafe areas
 within a building and possibly the structural integrity of the
 building before firefighters may enter it.
 Sensors may also be used to track where human/animal activity is
 within the building.  This will allow people stuck in the building to
 be guided to safer areas and allow the suggestion of possible actions
 that they may take (e.g., using a client application on their phones
 or giving loudspeaker directions) in order to bring them to safety.
 In certain cases, other organizations such as the police, ambulance,
 and federal organizations are also involved and therefore the co-
 ordination of tasks between the various entities have to be carried
 out using efficient messaging and authorization mechanisms.

2.4.2.1. A Fire Breaks Out

 James, who works for Company A, turns on the air conditioning in his
 office on a really hot day.  Lucy, who works for Company B, wants to
 make tea using an electric kettle.  After she turns it on, she goes
 outside to talk to a colleague until the water is boiling.
 Unfortunately, her kettle has a malfunction that causes overheating
 and results in a smoldering fire of the kettle's plastic case.
 Due to the smoke coming from the kettle, the fire alarm is triggered.
 Alarm sirens throughout the building are switched on simultaneously
 (using a group communication scheme) to alert the staff of both
 companies (U4.8).  Additionally, the ventilation system of the whole
 building is closed off to prevent the smoke from spreading and to
 withdraw oxygen from the fire.  The smoke cannot get into James'
 office, even though he turned on his air conditioning, because the
 fire alarm overrides the manual setting by sending commands (using
 group communication) to switch off all the air conditioning (U4.10).
 The fire department is notified of the fire automatically and arrives
 within a short time.  They automatically get access to all parts of
 the building according to an emergency authorization policy (U4.4,
 U4.5).  After inspecting the damage and extinguishing the smoldering
 fire, a firefighter resets the fire alarm because only the fire
 department is authorized to do that (U4.4, U4.11).

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2.4.3. Authorization Problems Summary

 U4.1:   During commissioning, the building owner or the companies add
         new devices to their administrative domain.  Access control
         should then apply to these devices seamlessly.
 U4.2:   During a handover, the building owner or the companies
         integrate devices that formerly belonged to a different
         administrative domain to their own administrative domain.
         Access control of the old domain should then cease to apply,
         with access control of the new domain taking over.
 U4.3:   During decommissioning, the building owner or the companies
         remove devices from their administrative domain.  Access
         control should cease to apply to these devices and relevant
         credentials need to be erased from the devices.
 U4.4:   The building owner and the companies want to be able to
         delegate specific access rights for their devices to others.
 U4.5:   The building owner and the companies want to be able to
         define context-based authorization rules.
 U4.6:   The building owner and the companies want to be able to
         revoke granted permissions and delegations.
 U4.7:   The building owner and the companies want to allow authorized
         entities to send data to their endpoints (default deny).
 U4.8:   The building owner and the companies want to be able to
         authorize a device to control several devices at the same
         time using a group communication scheme.
 U4.9:   The companies want to be able to interconnect their own
         subsystems with those from a different operational domain
         while keeping the control over the authorizations (e.g.,
         granting and revoking permissions) for their endpoints and
         devices.
 U4.10:  The authorization mechanisms must be able to cope with
         extremely time-sensitive operations that have to be carried
         out quickly.
 U4.11:  The building owner and the public safety authorities want to
         be able to perform data origin authentication on messages
         sent and received by some of the systems in the building.

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 U4.12:  The building owner should be allowed to replace an existing
         device with a new device providing the same functionality
         within their administrative domain.  Access control from the
         replaced device should then apply to these new devices
         seamlessly.
 U4.13:  When software on a device is updated, this update needs to be
         authenticated and authorized.

2.5. Smart Metering

 Automated measuring of customer consumption is an established
 technology for electricity, water, and gas providers.  Increasingly,
 these systems also feature networking capability to allow for remote
 management.  Such systems are in use for commercial, industrial, and
 residential customers and require a certain level of security, in
 order to avoid economic loss to the providers, vulnerability of the
 distribution system, as well as disruption of services for the
 customers.
 The smart metering equipment for gas and water solutions is battery-
 driven and communication should be used sparingly due to battery
 consumption.  Therefore, these types of meters sleep most of the
 time, and only wake up every minute/hour to check for incoming
 instructions.  Furthermore, they wake up a few times a day (based on
 their configuration) to upload their measured metering data.
 Different networking topologies exist for smart metering solutions.
 Based on environment, regulatory rules, and expected cost, one or a
 mixture of these topologies may be deployed to collect the metering
 information.  Drive-by metering is one of the most current solutions
 deployed for collection of gas and water meters.
 Various stakeholders have a claim on the metering data.  Utility
 companies need the data for accounting, the metering equipment may be
 operated by a third-party service operator who needs to maintain it,
 and the equipment is installed in the premises of the consumers,
 measuring their consumption, which entails privacy questions.

2.5.1. Drive-By Metering

 A service operator offers smart metering infrastructures and related
 services to various utility companies.  Among these is a water
 provider, who in turn supplies several residential complexes in a
 city.  The smart meters are installed in the end customer's homes to
 measure water consumption and thus generate billing data for the
 utility company.  They can also be used to shut off the water if the
 bills are not paid (U5.1, U5.3).  The meters do this by sending and

Seitz, et al. Informational [Page 19] RFC 7744 ACE Use Cases January 2016

 receiving data to and from a base station (U5.2).  Several base
 stations are installed around the city to collect the metering data.
 However, in the denser urban areas, the base stations would have to
 be installed very close to the meters.  This would require a high
 number of base stations and expose this more expensive equipment to
 manipulation or sabotage.  The service operator has therefore chosen
 another approach, which is to drive around with a mobile base station
 and let the meters connect to that in regular intervals in order to
 gather metering data (U5.4, U5.6, U5.8).

2.5.2. Meshed Topology

 In another deployment, the water meters are installed in a building
 that already has power meters installed, the latter are mains
 powered, and are therefore not subject to the same power saving
 restrictions.  The water meters can therefore use the power meters as
 proxies, in order to achieve better connectivity.  This requires the
 security measures on the water meters to work through intermediaries
 (U5.9).

2.5.3. Advanced Metering Infrastructure

 A utility company is updating its old utility distribution network
 with advanced meters and new communication systems, known as an
 Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI).  AMI refers to a system that
 measures, collects, and analyzes usage, and interacts with metering
 devices such as electricity meters, gas meters, heat meters, and
 water meters, through various communication media either on request
 (on-demand) or on predefined schedules.  Based on this technology,
 new services make it possible for consumers to control their utility
 consumption (U5.2, U5.7) and reduce costs by supporting new tariff
 models from utility companies, and more accurate and timely billing.
 However, the end consumers do not want unauthorized persons to gain
 access to this data.  Furthermore, the fine-grained measurement of
 consumption data may induce privacy concerns, since it may allow
 others to create behavioral profiles (U5.5, U5.10).
 The technical solution is based on levels of data aggregation between
 smart meters located at the consumer premises and the Meter Data
 Management (MDM) system located at the utility company (U5.9).  For
 reasons of efficiency and cost, end-to-end connectivity is not always
 feasible, so metering data is stored and aggregated in various
 intermediate devices before being forwarded to the utility company,
 and in turn accessed by the MDM.  The intermediate devices may be
 operated by a third-party service operator on behalf of the utility
 company (U5.7).  One responsibility of the service operator is to
 make sure that meter readings are performed and delivered in a
 regular, timely manner.  An example of a Service Level Agreement

Seitz, et al. Informational [Page 20] RFC 7744 ACE Use Cases January 2016

 between the service operator and the utility company is, for example,
 at least 95% of the meters have readings recorded during the last 72
 hours.

2.5.4. Authorization Problems Summary

 U5.1:   Devices are installed in hostile environments where they are
         physically accessible by attackers (including dishonest
         customers).  The service operator and the utility company
         want to make sure that an attacker cannot use data from a
         captured device to attack other parts of their
         infrastructure.
 U5.2:   The utility company wants to control which entities are
         allowed to send data to, and read data from, their endpoints.
 U5.3:   The utility company wants to ensure the integrity of the data
         stored on their endpoints.
 U5.4:   The utility company wants to protect such data transfers to
         and from their endpoints.
 U5.5:   Consumers want to access their own usage information and also
         prevent unauthorized access by others.
 U5.6:   The devices may have intermittent Internet connectivity but
         still need to enact the authorization policies of their
         principals.
 U5.7:   Neither the service operator nor the utility company are
         always present at the time of access and cannot manually
         intervene in the authorization process.
 U5.8:   When authorization policies are updated it is impossible, or
         at least very inefficient to contact all affected endpoints
         directly.
 U5.9:   Authorization and authentication must work even if messages
         between endpoints are stored and forwarded over multiple
         nodes.
 U5.10:  Consumers may not want the service operator, the utility
         company or others to have access to a fine-grained level of
         consumption data that allows the creation of behavioral
         profiles.

Seitz, et al. Informational [Page 21] RFC 7744 ACE Use Cases January 2016

2.6. Sports and Entertainment

 In the area of leisure-time activities, applications can benefit from
 the small size and weight of constrained devices.  Sensors and
 actuators with various functions can be integrated into fitness
 equipment, games, and even clothes.  Users can carry their devices
 around with them at all times.
 Usability is especially important in this area since users will often
 want to spontaneously interconnect their devices with others.
 Therefore, the configuration of access permissions must be simple and
 fast and not require much effort at the time of access.
 Continuously monitoring allows authorized users to create behavioral
 or movement profiles, that correspond to the devices' intended use,
 and unauthorized access to the collected data would allow an attacker
 to create the same profiles.
 Moreover, the aggregation of data can seriously increase the impact
 on the privacy of the users.

2.6.1. Dynamically Connecting Smart Sports Equipment

 Jody is an enthusiastic runner.  To keep track of her training
 progress, she has smart running shoes that measure the pressure at
 various points beneath her feet to count her steps, detect
 irregularities in her stride, and help her to improve her posture and
 running style.  On a sunny afternoon, she goes to the Finnbahn track
 near her home to work out.  She meets her friend Lynn, who shows her
 the smart fitness watch she bought a few days ago.  The watch can
 measure the wearer's pulse, show speed and distance, and keep track
 of the configured training program.  The girls realize that the watch
 can be connected with Jody's shoes and can display the information
 the shoes provide.
 Jody asks Lynn to let her try the watch and lend it to her for the
 afternoon.  Lynn agrees, but she doesn't want Jody to access her
 training plan (U6.4).  She configures the access policies for the
 watch so that Jody's shoes are allowed to access the display and
 measuring features but cannot read or add training data (U6.1, U6.2).
 Jody's shoes connect to Lynn's watch at the press of a button,
 because Jody already configured access rights for devices that belong
 to Lynn a while ago (U6.3).  Jody wants the device to report the data
 back to her fitness account while she borrows it, so she allows it to
 access her account temporarily.
 After an hour, Jody gives the watch back and both girls terminate the
 connection between their devices.

Seitz, et al. Informational [Page 22] RFC 7744 ACE Use Cases January 2016

2.6.2. Authorization Problems Summary

 U6.1:  Sports equipment owners want to be able to grant access rights
        dynamically when needed.
 U6.2:  Sports equipment owners want the configuration of access
        rights to work with very little effort.
 U6.3:  Sports equipment owners want to be able to preconfigure access
        policies that grant certain access permissions to endpoints
        with certain attributes (e.g., endpoints of a certain user)
        without additional configuration effort at the time of access.
 U6.4:  Sports equipment owners want to protect the confidentiality of
        their data for privacy reasons.

2.7. Industrial Control Systems

 Industrial control systems (ICS) and especially supervisory control
 and data acquisition systems (SCADA) use a multitude of sensors and
 actuators in order to monitor and control industrial processes in the
 physical world.  Example processes include manufacturing, power
 generation, and refining of raw materials.
 Since the advent of the Stuxnet worm, it has become obvious to the
 general public how vulnerable these kind of systems are, especially
 when connected to the Internet [Karnouskos11].  The severity of these
 vulnerabilities are exacerbated by the fact that many ICS are used to
 control critical public infrastructure, such as nuclear power, water
 treatment, or traffic control.  Nevertheless, the economical
 advantages of connecting such systems to the Internet can be
 significant if appropriate security measures are put in place (U7.5).

2.7.1. Oil Platform Control

 An oil platform uses an industrial control system to monitor data and
 control equipment.  The purpose of this system is to gather and
 process data from a large number of sensors and control actuators
 such as valves and switches to steer the oil extraction process on
 the platform.  Raw data, alarms, reports, and other information are
 also available to the operators, who can intervene with manual
 commands.  Many of the sensors are connected to the controlling units
 by direct wire, but the operator is slowly replacing these units by
 wireless ones, since this makes maintenance easier (U7.4).
 Some of the controlling units are connected to the Internet, to allow
 for remote administration, since it is expensive and inconvenient to
 fly in a technician to the platform (U7.3).

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 The main interest of the operator is to ensure the integrity of
 control messages and sensor readings (U7.1).  Access in some cases
 needs to be restricted, e.g., the operator wants wireless actuators
 only to accept commands by authorized control units (U7.2).
 The owner of the platform also wants to collect auditing information
 for liability reasons (U7.1).
 Different levels of access apply e.g., for regular operators vs.
 maintenance technician vs. auditors of the platform (U7.6).

2.7.2. Authorization Problems Summary

 U7.1:  The operator of the platform wants to ensure the integrity and
        confidentiality of sensor and actuator data.
 U7.2:  The operator wants to ensure that data coming from sensors and
        commands sent to actuators are authentic.
 U7.3:  Some devices do not have direct Internet connection, but they
        still need to implement current authorization policies.
 U7.4:  Devices need to authenticate the controlling units, especially
        those using a wireless connection.
 U7.5:  The execution of unauthorized commands or the failure to
        execute an authorized command in an ICS can lead to
        significant financial damage and threaten the availability of
        critical infrastructure services.  Accordingly, the operator
        wants authentication and authorization mechanisms that provide
        a very high level of security.
 U7.6:  Different users should have different levels of access to the
        control system (e.g., operator vs. auditor).

3. Security Considerations

 As the use cases listed in this document demonstrate, constrained
 devices are used in various environments.  These devices are small
 and inexpensive and this makes it easy to integrate them into many
 aspects of everyday life.  With access to vast amounts of valuable
 data and possible control of important functions, these devices need
 to be protected from unauthorized access.  Protecting seemingly
 innocuous data and functions will lessen the possible effects of
 aggregation; attackers collecting data or functions from several
 sources can gain insights or a level of control not immediately
 obvious from each of these sources on its own.

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 Not only the data on the constrained devices themselves is
 threatened, the devices might also be abused as an intrusion point to
 infiltrate a network.  Once an attacker gains control over the
 device, it can be used to attack other devices as well.  Due to their
 limited capabilities, constrained devices appear as the weakest link
 in the network; hence, they pose an attractive target for attackers.
 This section summarizes the security problems highlighted by the use
 cases above and provides guidelines for the design of protocols for
 authentication and authorization in constrained RESTful environments.

3.1. Attacks

 This document lists security problems that users of constrained
 devices want to solve.  Further analysis of attack scenarios is not
 in scope of the document.  However, there are attacks that must be
 considered by solution developers.
 Because of the expected large number of devices and their ubiquity,
 constrained devices increase the danger from Pervasive Monitoring
 [RFC7258] attacks.  Solution Designers should consider this in the
 design of their security solution and provide for protection against
 this type of attack.  In particular, messages containing sensitive
 data that are sent over unprotected channels should be encrypted if
 possible.
 Attacks aimed at altering data in transit (e.g., to perpetrate fraud)
 are a problem that is addressed in many web security protocols such
 as TLS or IPsec.  Developers need to consider these types of attacks,
 and make sure that the protection measures they implement are adapted
 to the constrained environment.
 As some of the use cases indicate, constrained devices may be
 installed in hostile environments where they are physically
 accessible (see Section 2.5).  Protection from physical attacks is
 not in the scope of this document, but it should be kept in mind by
 developers of authorization solutions.
 Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks threaten the availability of services
 a device provides and constrained devices are especially vulnerable
 to these types of attacks because of their limitations.  Attackers
 can illicit a temporary or, if the battery is drained, permanent
 failure in a service simply by repeatedly flooding the device with
 connection attempts; for some services (see Section 2.3),
 availability is especially important.  Solution designers must be
 particularly careful to consider the following limitations in every
 part of the authorization solution:

Seitz, et al. Informational [Page 25] RFC 7744 ACE Use Cases January 2016

 o  Battery usage
 o  Number of required message exchanges
 o  Size of data that is transmitted (e.g., authentication and access
    control data)
 o  Size of code required to run the protocols
 o  Size of RAM memory and stack required to run the protocols
 o  Resources blocked by partially completed exchanges (e.g., while
    one party is waiting for a transaction time to run out)
 Solution developers also need to consider whether the session should
 be protected from information disclosure and tampering.

3.2. Configuration of Access Permissions

 o  The access control policies need to be enforced (all use cases):
    The information that is needed to implement the access control
    policies needs to be provided to the device that enforces the
    authorization and applied to every incoming request.
 o  A single resource might have different access rights for different
    requesting entities (all use cases).
    Rationale: In some cases, different types of users need different
    access rights, as opposed to a binary approach where the same
    access permissions are granted to all authenticated users.
 o  A device might host several resources where each resource has its
    own access control policy (all use cases).
 o  The device that makes the policy decisions should be able to
    evaluate context-based permissions such as location or time of
    access (see Sections 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4).  Access may depend on
    local conditions, e.g., access to health data in an emergency.
    The device that makes the policy decisions should be able to take
    such conditions into account.

3.3. Authorization Considerations

 o  Devices need to be enabled to enforce authorization policies
    without human intervention at the time of the access request (see
    Sections 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, and 2.5).

Seitz, et al. Informational [Page 26] RFC 7744 ACE Use Cases January 2016

 o  Authorization solutions need to consider that constrained devices
    might not have Internet access at the time of the access request
    (see Sections 2.1, 2.3, 2.5, and 2.6).
 o  It should be possible to update access control policies without
    manually re-provisioning individual devices (see Sections 2.2,
    2.3, 2.5, and 2.6).
    Rationale: Peers can change rapidly which makes manual
    re-provisioning unreasonably expensive.
 o  Authorization policies may be defined to apply to a large number
    of devices that might only have intermittent connectivity.
    Distributing policy updates to every device for every update might
    not be a feasible solution (see Section 2.5).
 o  It must be possible to dynamically revoke authorizations (see
    Section 2.4 for example).
 o  The authentication and access control protocol can put undue
    burden on the constrained system resources of a device
    participating in the protocol.  An authorization solution must
    take the limitations of the constrained devices into account (all
    use cases, see also Section 3.1).
 o  Secure default settings are needed for the initial state of the
    authentication and authorization protocols (all use cases).
    Rationale: Many attacks exploit insecure default settings, and
    experience shows that default settings are frequently left
    unchanged by the end users.
 o  Access to resources on other devices should only be permitted if a
    rule exists that explicitly allows this access (default deny) (see
    Section 2.4 for example).
 o  Usability is important for all use cases.  The configuration of
    authorization policies as well as the gaining access to devices
    must be simple for the users of the devices.  Special care needs
    to be taken for scenarios where access control policies have to be
    configured by users that are typically not trained in security
    (see Sections 2.2, 2.3, and 2.6).
 o  Software updates are an important operation for which correct
    authorization is crucial.  Additionally, authenticating the
    receiver of a software update is also important, for example, to
    make sure that the update has been received by the intended
    device.

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3.4. Proxies

 In some cases, the traffic between endpoints might go through
 intermediary nodes (e.g., proxies, gateways).  This might affect the
 function or the security model of authentication and access control
 protocols e.g., end-to-end security between endpoints with Datagram
 Transport Layer Security (DTLS) might not be possible (see
 Section 2.5).

4. Privacy Considerations

 The constrained devices in focus of this document either collect data
 from the physical world via sensors or affect their surroundings via
 actuators.  The collected and processed data often can be associated
 with individuals.  Since sensor data may be collected and distributed
 on a regular interval, a significant amount of information about an
 individual can be collected and used as input for learning algorithms
 as part of big data analysis and used in an automated decision making
 process.
 Offering privacy protection for individuals is important to guarantee
 that only authorized entities are allowed to access collected data,
 to trigger actions, to obtain consent prior to the sharing of data,
 and to deal with other privacy-related threats outlined in RFC 6973.
 RFC 6973 was written as guidance for engineers designing technical
 solutions.  For a short description about the deployment-related
 aspects of privacy and further references relevant for the Internet
 of Things sector, please see Section 7 of RFC 7452.

5. Informative References

 [Jedermann14]
            Jedermann, R., Poetsch, T., and C. LLoyd, "Communication
            techniques and challenges for wireless food quality
            monitoring", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
            Society A Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences,
            May 2014, <http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/
            content/372/2017/20130304.short>.
 [Karnouskos11]
            Karnouskos, S., "Stuxnet Worm Impact on Industrial Cyber-
            Physical System Security", IECON 2011 - 37th Annual
            Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, pp.
            4490-4494 10.1109/econ.2011.612.0048, November 2011,
            <http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/
            articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6120048>.

Seitz, et al. Informational [Page 28] RFC 7744 ACE Use Cases January 2016

 [RFC7228]  Bormann, C., Ersue, M., and A. Keranen, "Terminology for
            Constrained-Node Networks", RFC 7228,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC7228, May 2014,
            <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7228>.
 [RFC7252]  Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained
            Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC7252, June 2014,
            <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7252>.
 [RFC7258]  Farrell, S. and H. Tschofenig, "Pervasive Monitoring Is an
            Attack", BCP 188, RFC 7258, DOI 10.17487/RFC7258, May
            2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7258>.

Acknowledgments

 The authors would like to thank Olaf Bergmann, Sumit Singhal, John
 Mattson, Mohit Sethi, Carsten Bormann, Martin Murillo, Corinna
 Schmitt, Hannes Tschofenig, Erik Wahlstroem, Andreas Baeckman, Samuel
 Erdtman, Steve Moore, Thomas Hardjono, Kepeng Li, Jim Schaad,
 Prashant Jhingran, Kathleen Moriarty, and Sean Turner for reviewing
 and/or contributing to the document.  Also, thanks to Markus Becker,
 Thomas Poetsch, and Koojana Kuladinithi for their input on the
 container monitoring use case.  Furthermore, the authors thank Akbar
 Rahman, Chonggang Wang, Vinod Choyi, and Abhinav Somaraju who
 contributed to the building automation use case.
 Ludwig Seitz and Goeran Selander worked on this document as part of
 EIT-ICT Labs activity PST-14056; and as part of the CelticPlus
 project CyberWI, with funding from Vinnova.

Seitz, et al. Informational [Page 29] RFC 7744 ACE Use Cases January 2016

Authors' Addresses

 Ludwig Seitz (editor)
 SICS Swedish ICT AB
 Scheelevaegen 17
 Lund  223 70
 Sweden
 Email: ludwig@sics.se
 Stefanie Gerdes (editor)
 Universitaet Bremen TZI
 Postfach 330440
 Bremen  28359
 Germany
 Phone: +49-421-218-63906
 Email: gerdes@tzi.org
 Goeran Selander
 Ericsson
 Faroegatan 6
 Kista  164 80
 Sweden
 Email: goran.selander@ericsson.com
 Mehdi Mani
 Itron
 52, rue Camille Desmoulins
 Issy-les-Moulineaux  92130
 France
 Email: Mehdi.Mani@itron.com
 Sandeep S. Kumar
 Philips Research
 High Tech Campus
 Eindhoven  5656 AA
 The Netherlands
 Email: sandeep.kumar@philips.com

Seitz, et al. Informational [Page 30]

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