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rfc:rfc7578

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) L. Masinter Request for Comments: 7578 Adobe Obsoletes: 2388 July 2015 Category: Standards Track ISSN: 2070-1721

          Returning Values from Forms: multipart/form-data

Abstract

 This specification defines the multipart/form-data media type, which
 can be used by a wide variety of applications and transported by a
 wide variety of protocols as a way of returning a set of values as
 the result of a user filling out a form.  This document obsoletes
 RFC 2388.

Status of This Memo

 This is an Internet Standards Track document.
 This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
 (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
 received public review and has been approved for publication by the
 Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Further information on
 Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
 Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
 and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
 http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7578.

Copyright Notice

 Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
 document authors.  All rights reserved.
 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
 Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
 (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
 publication of this document.  Please review these documents
 carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
 to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
 include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
 the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
 described in the Simplified BSD License.

Masinter Standards Track [Page 1] RFC 7578 multipart/form-data July 2015

Table of Contents

 1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
 2.  Percent-Encoding Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
 3.  Advice for Forms and Form Processing  . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
 4.  Definition of multipart/form-data . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   4.1.  "Boundary" Parameter of multipart/form-data . . . . . . .   4
   4.2.  Content-Disposition Header Field for Each Part  . . . . .   4
   4.3.  Multiple Files for One Form Field . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   4.4.  Content-Type Header Field for Each Part . . . . . . . . .   5
   4.5.  The Charset Parameter for "text/plain" Form Data  . . . .   5
   4.6.  The _charset_ Field for Default Charset . . . . . . . . .   6
   4.7.  Content-Transfer-Encoding Deprecated  . . . . . . . . . .   6
   4.8.  Other "Content-" Header Fields  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
 5.  Operability Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   5.1.  Non-ASCII Field Names and Values  . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     5.1.1.  Avoid Non-ASCII Field Names . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     5.1.2.  Interpreting Forms and Creating multipart/form-data
             Data  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     5.1.3.  Parsing and Interpreting Form Data  . . . . . . . . .   8
   5.2.  Ordered Fields and Duplicated Field Names . . . . . . . .   8
   5.3.  Interoperability with Web Applications  . . . . . . . . .   8
   5.4.  Correlating Form Data with the Original Form  . . . . . .   9
 6.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
 7.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
 8.  Media Type Registration for multipart/form-data . . . . . . .  10
 9.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   9.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   9.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
 Appendix A.  Changes from RFC 2388  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
 Appendix B.  Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
 Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
 Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15

1. Introduction

 In many applications, it is possible for a user to be presented with
 a form.  The user will fill out the form, including information that
 is typed, generated by user input, or included from files that the
 user has selected.  When the form is filled out, the data from the
 form is sent from the user to the receiving application.
 The definition of multipart/form-data is derived from one of those
 applications, originally set out in [RFC1867] and subsequently
 incorporated into HTML 3.2 [W3C.REC-html32-19970114], where forms are
 expressed in HTML, and the form data is sent via HTTP or electronic
 mail.  This representation is widely implemented in numerous web
 browsers and web servers.

Masinter Standards Track [Page 2] RFC 7578 multipart/form-data July 2015

 However, multipart/form-data is also used for forms that are
 presented using representations other than HTML (spreadsheets, PDF,
 etc.) and for transport using means other than electronic mail or
 HTTP; it is used in distributed applications that do not involve
 forms at all or do not have users filling out the form.  For this
 reason, this document defines a general syntax and semantics
 independent of the application for which it is used, with specific
 rules for web applications noted in context.
 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
 document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119
 [RFC2119].

2. Percent-Encoding Option

 Within this specification, "percent-encoding" (as defined in
 [RFC3986]) is offered as a possible way of encoding characters in
 file names that are otherwise disallowed, including non-ASCII
 characters, spaces, control characters, and so forth.  The encoding
 is created replacing each non-ASCII or disallowed character with a
 sequence, where each byte of the UTF-8 encoding of the character is
 represented by a percent-sign (%) followed by the (case-insensitive)
 hexadecimal of that byte.

3. Advice for Forms and Form Processing

 The representation and interpretation of forms and the nature of form
 processing is not specified by this document.  However, for forms and
 form processing that result in the generation of multipart/form-data,
 some suggestions are included.
 In a form, there is generally a sequence of fields, where each field
 is expected to be supplied with a value, e.g., by a user who fills
 out the form.  Each field has a name.  After a form has been filled
 out and the form's data is "submitted", the form processing results
 in a set of values for each field -- the "form data".
 In forms that work with multipart/form-data, field names could be
 arbitrary Unicode strings; however, restricting field names to ASCII
 will help avoid some interoperability issues (see Section 5.1).
 Within a given form, ensuring field names are unique is also helpful.
 Some fields may have default values or presupplied values in the form
 itself.  Fields with presupplied values might be hidden or invisible;
 this allows using generic processing for form data from a variety of
 actual forms.

Masinter Standards Track [Page 3] RFC 7578 multipart/form-data July 2015

4. Definition of multipart/form-data

 The media type multipart/form-data follows the model of multipart
 MIME data streams as specified in Section 5.1 of [RFC2046]; changes
 are noted in this document.
 A multipart/form-data body contains a series of parts separated by a
 boundary.

4.1. "Boundary" Parameter of multipart/form-data

 As with other multipart types, the parts are delimited with a
 boundary delimiter, constructed using CRLF, "--", and the value of
 the "boundary" parameter.  The boundary is supplied as a "boundary"
 parameter to the multipart/form-data type.  As noted in Section 5.1
 of [RFC2046], the boundary delimiter MUST NOT appear inside any of
 the encapsulated parts, and it is often necessary to enclose the
 "boundary" parameter values in quotes in the Content-Type header
 field.

4.2. Content-Disposition Header Field for Each Part

 Each part MUST contain a Content-Disposition header field [RFC2183]
 where the disposition type is "form-data".  The Content-Disposition
 header field MUST also contain an additional parameter of "name"; the
 value of the "name" parameter is the original field name from the
 form (possibly encoded; see Section 5.1).  For example, a part might
 contain a header field such as the following, with the body of the
 part containing the form data of the "user" field:
         Content-Disposition: form-data; name="user"
 For form data that represents the content of a file, a name for the
 file SHOULD be supplied as well, by using a "filename" parameter of
 the Content-Disposition header field.  The file name isn't mandatory
 for cases where the file name isn't available or is meaningless or
 private; this might result, for example, when selection or drag-and-
 drop is used or when the form data content is streamed directly from
 a device.
 If a "filename" parameter is supplied, the requirements of
 Section 2.3 of [RFC2183] for the "receiving MUA" (i.e., the receiving
 Mail User Agent) apply to receivers of multipart/form-data as well:
 do not use the file name blindly, check and possibly change to match
 local file system conventions if applicable, and do not use directory
 path information that may be present.

Masinter Standards Track [Page 4] RFC 7578 multipart/form-data July 2015

 In most multipart types, the MIME header fields in each part are
 restricted to US-ASCII; for compatibility with those systems, file
 names normally visible to users MAY be encoded using the percent-
 encoding method in Section 2, following how a "file:" URI
 [URI-SCHEME] might be encoded.
 NOTE: The encoding method described in [RFC5987], which would add a
 "filename*" parameter to the Content-Disposition header field, MUST
 NOT be used.
 Some commonly deployed systems use multipart/form-data with file
 names directly encoded including octets outside the US-ASCII range.
 The encoding used for the file names is typically UTF-8, although
 HTML forms will use the charset associated with the form.

4.3. Multiple Files for One Form Field

 The form data for a form field might include multiple files.
 [RFC2388] suggested that multiple files for a single form field be
 transmitted using a nested "multipart/mixed" part.  This usage is
 deprecated.
 To match widely deployed implementations, multiple files MUST be sent
 by supplying each file in a separate part but all with the same
 "name" parameter.
 Receiving applications intended for wide applicability (e.g.,
 multipart/form-data parsing libraries) SHOULD also support the older
 method of supplying multiple files.

4.4. Content-Type Header Field for Each Part

 Each part MAY have an (optional) "Content-Type" header field, which
 defaults to "text/plain".  If the contents of a file are to be sent,
 the file data SHOULD be labeled with an appropriate media type, if
 known, or "application/octet-stream".

4.5. The Charset Parameter for "text/plain" Form Data

 In the case where the form data is text, the charset parameter for
 the "text/plain" Content-Type MAY be used to indicate the character
 encoding used in that part.  For example, a form with a text field in
 which a user typed "Joe owes <eu>100", where <eu> is the Euro symbol,
 might have form data returned as:

Masinter Standards Track [Page 5] RFC 7578 multipart/form-data July 2015

  1. -AaB03x

content-disposition: form-data; name="field1"

     content-type: text/plain;charset=UTF-8
     content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable
     Joe owes =E2=82=AC100.
     --AaB03x
 In practice, many widely deployed implementations do not supply a
 charset parameter in each part, but rather, they rely on the notion
 of a "default charset" for a multipart/form-data instance.
 Subsequent sections will explain how the default charset is
 established.

4.6. The _charset_ Field for Default Charset

 Some form-processing applications (including HTML) have the
 convention that the value of a form entry with entry name "_charset_"
 and type "hidden" is automatically set when the form is opened; the
 value is used as the default charset of text field values (see form-
 charset in Section 5.1.2).  In such cases, the value of the default
 charset for each "text/plain" part without a charset parameter is the
 supplied value.  For example:
  1. -AaB03x

content-disposition: form-data; name="_charset_"

     iso-8859-1
     --AaB03x--
     content-disposition: form-data; name="field1"
     ...text encoded in iso-8859-1 ...
     AaB03x--

4.7. Content-Transfer-Encoding Deprecated

 Previously, it was recommended that senders use a Content-Transfer-
 Encoding encoding (such as "quoted-printable") for each non-ASCII
 part of a multipart/form-data body because that would allow use in
 transports that only support a "7bit" encoding.  This use is
 deprecated for use in contexts that support binary data such as HTTP.
 Senders SHOULD NOT generate any parts with a Content-Transfer-
 Encoding header field.
 Currently, no deployed implementations that send such bodies have
 been discovered.

Masinter Standards Track [Page 6] RFC 7578 multipart/form-data July 2015

4.8. Other "Content-" Header Fields

 The multipart/form-data media type does not support any MIME header
 fields in parts other than Content-Type, Content-Disposition, and (in
 limited circumstances) Content-Transfer-Encoding.  Other header
 fields MUST NOT be included and MUST be ignored.

5. Operability Considerations

5.1. Non-ASCII Field Names and Values

 Normally, MIME header fields in multipart bodies are required to
 consist only of 7-bit data in the US-ASCII character set.  While
 [RFC2388] suggested that non-ASCII field names be encoded according
 to the method in [RFC2047], this practice doesn't seem to have been
 followed widely.
 This specification makes three sets of recommendations for three
 different states of workflow.

5.1.1. Avoid Non-ASCII Field Names

 For broadest interoperability with existing deployed software, those
 creating forms SHOULD avoid non-ASCII field names.  This should not
 be a burden because, in general, the field names are not visible to
 users.  The field names in the underlying need not match what the
 user sees on the screen.
 If non-ASCII field names are unavoidable, form or application
 creators SHOULD use UTF-8 uniformly.  This will minimize
 interoperability problems.

5.1.2. Interpreting Forms and Creating multipart/form-data Data

 Some applications of this specification will supply a character
 encoding to be used for interpretation of the multipart/form-data
 body.  In particular, HTML 5 [W3C.REC-html5-20141028] uses
 o  the content of a "_charset_" field, if there is one;
 o  the value of an accept-charset attribute of the <form> element, if
    there is one;
 o  the character encoding of the document containing the form, if it
    is US-ASCII compatible;
 o  otherwise, UTF-8.

Masinter Standards Track [Page 7] RFC 7578 multipart/form-data July 2015

 Call this value the form-charset.  Any text, whether field name,
 field value, or ("text/plain") form data that uses characters outside
 the ASCII range MAY be represented directly encoded in the form-
 charset.

5.1.3. Parsing and Interpreting Form Data

 While this specification provides guidance for the creation of
 multipart/form-data, parsers and interpreters should be aware of the
 variety of implementations.  File systems differ as to whether and
 how they normalize Unicode names, for example.  The matching of form
 elements to form-data parts may rely on a fuzzier match.  In
 particular, some multipart/form-data generators might have followed
 the previous advice of [RFC2388] and used the "encoded-word" method
 of encoding non-ASCII values, as described in [RFC2047]:
    encoded-word = "=?" charset "?" encoding "?" encoded-text "?="
 Others have been known to follow [RFC2231], to send unencoded UTF-8,
 or even to send strings encoded in the form-charset.
 For this reason, interpreting multipart/form-data (even from
 conforming generators) may require knowing the charset used in form
 encoding in cases where the _charset_ field value or a charset
 parameter of a "text/plain" Content-Type header field is not
 supplied.

5.2. Ordered Fields and Duplicated Field Names

 Form processors given forms with a well-defined ordering SHOULD send
 back results in order.  (Note that there are some forms that do not
 define a natural order.)  Intermediaries MUST NOT reorder the
 results.  Form parts with identical field names MUST NOT be
 coalesced.

5.3. Interoperability with Web Applications

 Many web applications use the "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
 method for returning data from forms.  This format is quite compact,
 for example:
    name=Xavier+Xantico&verdict=Yes&colour=Blue&happy=sad&Utf%F6r=Send
 However, there is no opportunity to label the enclosed data with a
 content type, apply a charset, or use other encoding mechanisms.

Masinter Standards Track [Page 8] RFC 7578 multipart/form-data July 2015

 Many form-interpreting programs (primarily web browsers) now
 implement and generate multipart/form-data, but a receiving
 application might also need to support the
 "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" format.

5.4. Correlating Form Data with the Original Form

 This specification provides no specific mechanism by which multipart/
 form-data can be associated with the form that caused it to be
 transmitted.  This separation is intentional; many different forms
 might be used for transmitting the same data.  In practice,
 applications may supply a specific form processing resource (in HTML,
 the ACTION attribute in a FORM tag) for each different form.
 Alternatively, data about the form might be encoded in a "hidden
 field" (a field that is part of the form but that has a fixed value
 to be transmitted back to the form-data processor).

6. IANA Considerations

 The media type registration of multipart/form-data has been updated
 to point to this document, using the template in Section 8.  In
 addition, the registrations of the "name" parameter and the "form-
 data" value in the "Content Disposition Values and Parameters"
 registry have been updated to both point to this document.

7. Security Considerations

 All form-processing software should treat user supplied form-data
 with sensitivity, as it often contains confidential or personally
 identifying information.  There is widespread use of form "auto-fill"
 features in web browsers; these might be used to trick users to
 unknowingly send confidential information when completing otherwise
 innocuous tasks.  multipart/form-data does not supply any features
 for checking integrity, ensuring confidentiality, avoiding user
 confusion, or other security features; those concerns must be
 addressed by the form-filling and form-data-interpreting
 applications.
 Applications that receive forms and process them must be careful not
 to supply data back to the requesting form-processing site that was
 not intended to be sent.
 It is important when interpreting the filename of the Content-
 Disposition header field to not inadvertently overwrite files in the
 recipient's file space.

Masinter Standards Track [Page 9] RFC 7578 multipart/form-data July 2015

 User applications that request form information from users must be
 careful not to cause a user to send information to the requestor or a
 third party unwillingly or unwittingly.  For example, a form might
 request that spam information be sent to an unintended third party or
 private information be sent to someone that the user might not
 actually intend.  While this is primarily an issue for the
 representation and interpretation of forms themselves (rather than
 the data representation of the form data), the transportation of
 private information must be done in a way that does not expose it to
 unwanted prying.
 With the introduction of form-data that can reasonably send back the
 content of files from a user's file space, the possibility arises
 that a user might be sent an automated script that fills out a form
 and then sends one of the user's local files to another address.
 Thus, additional caution is required when executing automated
 scripting where form-data might include a user's files.
 Files sent via multipart/form-data may contain arbitrary executable
 content, and precautions against malicious content are necessary.
 The considerations of Sections 2.3 and 5 of [RFC2183], with respect
 to the "filename" parameter of the Content-Disposition header field,
 also apply to its usage here.

8. Media Type Registration for multipart/form-data

 This section is the media type registration using the template from
 [RFC6838].
 Type name:  multipart
 Subtype name:  form-data
 Required parameters:  boundary
 Optional parameters:  none
 Encoding considerations:  Common use is BINARY.
    In limited use (or transports that restrict the encoding to 7bit
    or 8bit), each part is encoded separately using Content-Transfer-
    Encoding; see Section 4.7.
 Security considerations:  See Section 7 of this document.
 Interoperability considerations:  This document makes several
    recommendations for interoperability with deployed
    implementations, including Section 4.7.

Masinter Standards Track [Page 10] RFC 7578 multipart/form-data July 2015

 Published specification:  This document.
 Applications that use this media type:  Numerous web browsers,
    servers, and web applications.
 Fragment identifier considerations:  None; fragment identifiers are
    not defined for this type.
 Additional information:
 Additional information:
       Deprecated alias names for this type: N/A
       Magic number(s): N/A
       File extension(s): N/A
       Macintosh file type code(s): N/A
 Person & email address to contact for further information:  Author of
    this document.
 Intended usage:  COMMON
 Restrictions on usage:  none
 Author:  Author of this document.
 Change controller:  IETF
 Provisional registration:  N/A

9. References

9.1. Normative References

 [RFC2046]  Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
            Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types", RFC 2046,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC2046, November 1996,
            <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2046>.
 [RFC2047]  Moore, K., "MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)
            Part Three: Message Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text",
            RFC 2047, DOI 10.17487/RFC2047, November 1996,
            <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2047>.
 [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
            Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
            <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

Masinter Standards Track [Page 11] RFC 7578 multipart/form-data July 2015

 [RFC2183]  Troost, R., Dorner, S., and K. Moore, Ed., "Communicating
            Presentation Information in Internet Messages: The
            Content-Disposition Header Field", RFC 2183,
            DOI 10.17487/RFC2183, August 1997,
            <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2183>.
 [RFC2231]  Freed, N. and K. Moore, "MIME Parameter Value and Encoded
            Word Extensions: Character Sets, Languages, and
            Continuations", RFC 2231, DOI 10.17487/RFC2231, November
            1997, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2231>.
 [RFC3986]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
            Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
            RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005,
            <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986>.

9.2. Informative References

 [RFC1867]  Nebel, E. and L. Masinter, "Form-based File Upload in
            HTML", RFC 1867, DOI 10.17487/RFC1867, November 1995,
            <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1867>.
 [RFC2388]  Masinter, L., "Returning Values from Forms: multipart/
            form-data", RFC 2388, DOI 10.17487/RFC2388, August 1998,
            <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2388>.
 [RFC5987]  Reschke, J., "Character Set and Language Encoding for
            Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Header Field
            Parameters", RFC 5987, DOI 10.17487/RFC5987, August 2010,
            <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5987>.
 [RFC6838]  Freed, N., Klensin, J., and T. Hansen, "Media Type
            Specifications and Registration Procedures", BCP 13,
            RFC 6838, DOI 10.17487/RFC6838, January 2013,
            <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6838>.
 [URI-SCHEME]
            Kerwin, M., "The file URI Scheme", Work in Progress,
            draft-ietf-appsawg-file-scheme-02, May 2015.
 [W3C.REC-html32-19970114]
            Raggett, D., "HTML 3.2 Reference Specification", W3C
            Recommendation REC-html32-19970114, January 1997,
            <http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html32-19970114>.

Masinter Standards Track [Page 12] RFC 7578 multipart/form-data July 2015

 [W3C.REC-html5-20141028]
            Hickson, I., Berjon, R., Faulkner, S., Leithead, T.,
            Navara, E., O'Connor, E., and S. Pfeiffer, "HTML5", W3C
            Recommendation REC-html5-20141028, October 2014,
            <http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-html5-20141028>.

Masinter Standards Track [Page 13] RFC 7578 multipart/form-data July 2015

Appendix A. Changes from RFC 2388

 The handling of non-ASCII field names has changed -- the method
 described in RFC 2047 is no longer recommended; instead, it is
 suggested that senders send UTF-8 field names directly and that file
 names be sent directly in the form-charset.
 The handling of multiple files submitted as the result of a single
 form field (e.g., HTML's <input type=file multiple> element) results
 in each file having its own top-level part with the same name
 parameter; the method of using a nested "multipart/mixed" from
 [RFC2388] is no longer recommended for creators and is not required
 for receivers as there are no known implementations of senders.
 The _charset_ convention and use of an explicit "form-data" charset
 is documented; also, "boundary" is now a required parameter in
 Content-Type.
 The relationship of the ordering of fields within a form and the
 ordering of returned values within multipart/form-data was not
 defined before, nor was the handling of the case where a form has
 multiple fields with the same name.
 Various editorial changes were made; they include removing the
 obsolete discussion of alternatives from the appendix, updating the
 references, and moving the outline of form processing into the
 introduction.

Appendix B. Alternatives

 There are numerous alternative ways in which form data can be
 encoded; many are listed in Section 5.2 of [RFC2388].  The multipart/
 form-data encoding is verbose, especially if there are many fields
 with short values.  In most use cases, this overhead isn't
 significant.
 More problematic are the differences introduced when implementors
 opted to not follow [RFC2388] when encoding non-ASCII field names
 (perhaps because "may" should have been "MUST").  As a result,
 parsers need to be more complex for matching against the possible
 outputs of various encoding methods.

Masinter Standards Track [Page 14] RFC 7578 multipart/form-data July 2015

Acknowledgements

 Many thanks to the those who reviewed this document -- Alexey
 Melnikov, Salvatore Loreto, Chris Lonvick, Kathleen Moriarty, Barry
 Leiba, Julian Reschke, Tom Petch, Ned Freed, Cedric Brancourt, as
 well as others, including Ian Hickson, who requested it be produced
 in the first place.

Author's Address

 Larry Masinter
 Adobe
 Email: masinter@adobe.com
 URI:   http://larry.masinter.net

Masinter Standards Track [Page 15]

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