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rfc:rfc7265

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) P. Kewisch Request for Comments: 7265 Mozilla Category: Standards Track C. Daboo ISSN: 2070-1721 Apple, Inc.

                                                           M. Douglass
                                                                   RPI
                                                              May 2014
                jCal: The JSON Format for iCalendar

Abstract

 This specification defines "jCal", a JSON format for iCalendar data.
 The iCalendar data format is a text format for capturing and
 exchanging information normally stored within a calendaring and
 scheduling application, for example, tasks and events.  JSON is a
 lightweight, text-based, language-independent data interchange format
 commonly used in Internet applications.

Status of This Memo

 This is an Internet Standards Track document.
 This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
 (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
 received public review and has been approved for publication by the
 Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Further information on
 Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
 Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
 and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
 http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7265.

Copyright Notice

 Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
 document authors.  All rights reserved.
 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
 Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
 (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
 publication of this document.  Please review these documents
 carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
 to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
 include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
 the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
 described in the Simplified BSD License.

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 1] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

Table of Contents

 1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
 2.  Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
 3.  Converting from iCalendar to jCal . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.1.  Pre-processing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.2.  iCalendar Stream and Objects (RFC 5545, Section 3.4)  . .   5
   3.3.  Components (RFC 5545, Section 3.6)  . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   3.4.  Properties (RFC 5545, Sections 3.7 and 3.8) . . . . . . .   6
     3.4.1.  Special Cases for Properties  . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       3.4.1.1.  GEO Property (RFC 5545, Section 3.8.1.6)  . . . .   8
       3.4.1.2.  REQUEST-STATUS Property (RFC 5545, Section
                 3.8.8.3)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   3.5.  Parameters (RFC 5545, Section 3.2)  . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     3.5.1.  VALUE Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     3.5.2.  Multi-value Parameters  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   3.6.  Values (RFC 5545, Section 3.3)  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     3.6.1.  Binary (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.1)  . . . . . . . . . .  12
     3.6.2.  Boolean  (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.2)  . . . . . . . . .  12
     3.6.3.  Calendar User Address (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.3) . . .  12
     3.6.4.  Date (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.4)  . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     3.6.5.  Date-Time (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.5) . . . . . . . . .  13
     3.6.6.  Duration (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.6)  . . . . . . . . .  13
     3.6.7.  Float (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.7) . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     3.6.8.  Integer (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.8) . . . . . . . . . .  14
     3.6.9.  Period of Time (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.9)  . . . . . .  14
     3.6.10. Recurrence Rule (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.10)  . . . . .  15
     3.6.11. Text (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.11) . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     3.6.12. Time (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.12) . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     3.6.13. URI (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.13)  . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     3.6.14. UTC Offset (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.14) . . . . . . . .  17
   3.7.  Extensions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
 4.  Converting from jCal into iCalendar . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
 5.  Handling Unrecognized Properties or Parameters  . . . . . . .  18
   5.1.  Converting iCalendar into jCal  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   5.2.  Converting jCal into iCalendar  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   5.3.  Examples  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
 6.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
 7.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   7.1.  UNKNOWN iCalendar Value Data Type . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
 8.  Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
 9.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   9.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   9.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 2] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

 Appendix A.  ABNF Schema  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
 Appendix B.  Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
   B.1.  Example 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
     B.1.1.  iCalendar Data  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
     B.1.2.  jCal Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
   B.2.  Example 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
     B.2.1.  iCalendar Data  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
     B.2.2.  jCal Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29

1. Introduction

 The iCalendar data format [RFC5545] is a widely deployed interchange
 format for calendaring and scheduling data.  While many applications
 and services consume and generate calendar data, iCalendar is a
 specialized format that requires its own parser/generator.  In
 contrast, JSON-based formats as defined in [RFC7159] are the native
 format for JavaScript widgets and libraries, and it is appropriate to
 have a standard form of calendar data that is easier to work with
 than iCalendar.
 The purpose of this specification is to define "jCal", a JSON format
 for iCalendar data. jCal is defined as a straightforward mapping into
 JSON from iCalendar, so that iCalendar data can be converted to JSON,
 and then back to iCalendar, without losing any semantic meaning in
 the data.  Anyone creating jCal calendar data according to this
 specification will know that their data can be converted to a valid
 iCalendar representation as well.
 The key design considerations are essentially the same as those for
 [RFC6321], that is:
    Round-tripping (converting an iCalendar instance to jCal and back)
    will give the same semantic result as the starting point.  For
    example, all components, properties, and property parameters are
    guaranteed to be preserved.
    Ordering of elements and case of property and parameter names will
    not necessarily be preserved.
    The iCalendar data semantics are to be preserved, allowing a
    simple consumer to easily browse the data in jCal.  A full
    understanding of iCalendar is still required in order to modify
    and/or fully comprehend the calendar data.
    Extensions to the underlying iCalendar specification must not lead
    to requiring an update to jCal.

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 3] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

2. Conventions Used in This Document

 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
 document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].  The
 underlying format used for jCal is JSON.  Consequently, the terms
 "object" and "array" as well as the four primitive types (strings,
 numbers, booleans, and null) are to be interpreted as described in
 Section 1 of [RFC7159].
 Some examples in this document contain "partial" JSON documents used
 for illustrative purposes.  In these examples, three periods "..."
 are used to indicate a portion of the document that has been removed
 for compactness.

3. Converting from iCalendar to jCal

 This section describes how iCalendar data is converted to jCal using
 a simple mapping between the iCalendar data model and JSON elements.
 Aside from the formal description in this section, an informative
 ABNF is specified in Appendix A.
 In [RFC5545], an iCalendar object comprises a set of "components",
 "properties", "parameters", and "values".  The top level of iCalendar
 data typically contains a stream of iCalendar objects, each of which
 can be considered a "component".  A "component" can contain other
 "components" or "properties".  A "property" has a "value" and a set
 of zero or more "parameters".  Each of these entities have a
 representation in jCal, defined in the following sections.  The
 representation of an iCalendar object in JSON will be named "jCal
 object" throughout this document.

3.1. Pre-processing

 iCalendar uses a line-folding mechanism to limit lines of data to a
 maximum line length (typically 75 octets) to ensure the maximum
 likelihood of preserving data integrity as it is transported via
 various means (e.g., email) -- see Section 3.1 of [RFC5545].
 iCalendar data uses an "escape" character sequence for text values
 and property parameter values.  See Sections 3.1 and 3.3 of [RFC5545]
 as well as [RFC6868].
 There is a subtle difference in the number representations between
 JSON and iCalendar.  While in iCalendar, a number may have leading
 zeros, as well as a leading plus sign; this is not the case in JSON.
 Numbers should be represented in whatever way needed for the
 underlying format.

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 4] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

 When converting from iCalendar to jCal: First, iCalendar lines MUST
 be unfolded.  Afterwards, any iCalendar escaping MUST be unescaped.
 Finally, JSON escaping, as described in Section 7 of [RFC7159], MUST
 be applied.  The reverse order applies when converting from jCal to
 iCalendar, which is further described in Section 4.
 iCalendar uses a base64 encoding for binary data.  However, it does
 not restrict the encoding from being applied to non-binary value
 types.  So, the following rules are applied when processing a
 property with the "ENCODING" property parameter set to "BASE64":
 o  If the property value type is "BINARY", the base64 encoding MUST
    be preserved.
 o  If the value type is not "BINARY", the "ENCODING" property
    parameter MUST be removed, and the value MUST be base64 decoded.
 When base64 encoding is used, it MUST conform to Section 4 of
 [RFC4648], which is the base64 method used in [RFC5545].
 One key difference in the formatting of values used in iCalendar and
 jCal is that in jCal, the specification uses date/time values aligned
 with the extended format of [ISO.8601.2004], which is more commonly
 used in Internet applications that make use of the JSON format.  The
 sections of this document describing the various date and time
 formats contain more information on the use of the complete
 representation, reduced accuracy, or truncated representation.

3.2. iCalendar Stream and Objects (RFC 5545, Section 3.4)

 At the top level of the iCalendar object model is an "iCalendar
 stream".  This stream encompasses multiple "iCalendar objects".  As
 the typical use case is transporting a single iCalendar object, there
 is no defined equivalent to an "iCalendar stream" in jCal.  To
 transport multiple jCal objects in a stream, a simple JSON array can
 be used.
 Example:
 ["vcalendar",
   [ /* Add jCal properties in place of this comment */ ],
   [ /* Add jCal components in place of this comment */ ]
 ]

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 5] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

3.3. Components (RFC 5545, Section 3.6)

 Each iCalendar component, delimited by "BEGIN" and "END", will be
 converted to a fixed-length array with three fields that have a
 specific structure:
 1.  A string with the name of the iCalendar component, but in
     lowercase.
 2.  An array of jCal properties as described in Section 3.4.
 3.  An array of jCal components, representing the sub-components of
     the component in question.
 This mapping applies to the top level iCalendar objects, as well as
 individual sub-components in the same way.  The iCalendar to jCal
 component mapping is valid for both current iCalendar components and
 any new iCalendar components added in the future.  Conversion is to
 be done in the same way.
 While the grouping of properties and sub-components does not retain
 the original order specified in the iCalendar data, the semantics of
 a component are preserved.
 Example:
 ["vevent",
   [ /* Add jCal properties in place of this comment */ ],
   [ /* Add jCal components in place of this comment */ ]
 ]

3.4. Properties (RFC 5545, Sections 3.7 and 3.8)

 iCalendar properties, whether they apply to the "VCALENDAR" object or
 to a component, are handled in a consistent way in the jCal format.
 In jCal, each individual iCalendar property MUST be represented by an
 array with three fixed elements, followed by one or more additional
 elements, depending on if the property is a multi-valued property as
 described in Section 3.1.2 of [RFC5545].

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 6] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

 The array consists of the following fixed elements:
 1.  The name of the property, as a lowercase string.  The iCalendar
     format specifies that property names are case insensitive and
     recommends that they be rendered in uppercase.  In jCal, they
     MUST be in lowercase.
 2.  An object containing the parameters as described in Section 3.5.
     If the property has no parameters, an empty object is used to
     represent that.
 3.  The type identifier string of the value, in lowercase.  Due to
     special casing of certain properties as described in
     Section 3.4.1, it is important that parsers check both the type
     identifier and the value data type and do not rely on assumptions
     based on the property name.
 The remaining elements of the array are used for one or more values
 of the property.  For single-valued properties, the array has exactly
 four elements; for multi-valued properties, as described in
 Section 3.1.2 of [RFC5545], each value is another element, and there
 can be any number of additional elements.
 In the following example, the "categories" property is multi-valued
 and has two values, while the summary property is single-valued:
 Example:
 ["vevent",
   [
     ["summary", {}, "text", "Meeting with Fred"],
     ["categories", {}, "text", "Meetings", "Work"]
     ...
   ],
   [ /* sub-components */ ]
 ]

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 7] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

3.4.1. Special Cases for Properties

 This section describes some properties that have special handling
 when converting to jCal.

3.4.1.1. GEO Property (RFC 5545, Section 3.8.1.6)

 In iCalendar, the "GEO" property value is defined as a semicolon-
 separated list of two "FLOAT" values, the first representing latitude
 and the second longitude.
 In jCal, the value for the "geo" property value is represented as an
 array of two values.  The first value of the property represents the
 latitude; the second value represents the longitude.
 When converting from jCal to iCalendar, be careful to use a semicolon
 as the separator between the two values as required by [RFC5545].
 When converting from jCal to iCalendar, the two values MUST be
 converted using a semicolon as the separator character.
 Example
 ["vevent",
   [
     ["geo", {}, "float", [ 37.386013, -122.082932 ] ]
     ...
   ],
   ...
 ]

3.4.1.2. REQUEST-STATUS Property (RFC 5545, Section 3.8.8.3)

 In iCalendar, the "REQUEST-STATUS" property value is defined as a
 semicolon-separated list of two or three "TEXT" values.  The first
 represents a code, the second a description, and the third any
 additional data.
 In jCal, the value for the "request-status" property value is
 represented as an array with two or three values.  The first array
 element corresponds to the code, the second element corresponds to
 the description, and the third element corresponds to the additional
 data.  Each value is represented using a string value.  If there is
 no additional data in the iCalendar value, the last element of the
 array SHOULD NOT be present.
 When converting from jCal to iCalendar, the two or three values MUST
 be converted using a semicolon as the separator character.

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 8] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

 iCalendar Example:
 BEGIN:VEVENT
 ...
 REQUEST-STATUS:2.0;Success
 REQUEST-STATUS:3.7;Invalid calendar user;ATTENDEE:
  mailto:jsmith@example.com
 ...
 END:VEVENT
 jCal Example:
 ["vevent":
   [
     ["request-status", {}, "text", ["2.0", "Success"] ],
     ["request-status", {}, "text",
        [
         "3.7",
         "Invalid calendar user",
         "ATTENDEE:mailto:jsmith@example.org"
        ]
     ],
     ...
   ],
   ...
 ]

3.5. Parameters (RFC 5545, Section 3.2)

 Property parameters are represented as a JSON object where each key-
 value pair represents the iCalendar parameter name and its value.
 The name of the parameter MUST be in lowercase; the original case of
 the parameter value MUST be preserved.  For example, the "PARTSTAT"
 property parameter is represented in jCal by the "partstat" key.  Any
 new iCalendar parameters added in the future will be converted in the
 same way.

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 9] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

 Example:
 ["vevent":
   [
     ["attendee",
      {
        "partstat": "ACCEPTED",
        "rsvp": "TRUE",
        "role": "REQ-PARTICIPANT"
      },
      "cal-address",
      "mailto:jsmith@example.org"
     ],
     ["summary", {}, "text", "Meeting"],
     ...
   ],
   ...
 ]

3.5.1. VALUE Parameter

 iCalendar defines a "VALUE" property parameter (Section 3.2.20 of
 [RFC5545]).  This property parameter MUST NOT be added to the
 parameters object.  Instead, the value type is signaled through the
 type identifier in the third element of the array describing the
 property.  When converting a property from iCalendar to jCal, the
 value type is determined as follows:
 1.  If the property has a "VALUE" parameter, that parameter's value
     is used as the value type.
 2.  If the property has no "VALUE" parameter but has a default value
     type, the default value type is used.
 3.  If the property has no "VALUE" parameter and has no default value
     type, "unknown" is used.
 Converting from jCal into iCalendar is done as follows:
 1.  If the property's value type is "unknown", no "VALUE" parameter
     is included.
 2.  If the property's value type is the default type for that
     property, no "VALUE" parameter is included.
 3.  Otherwise, a "VALUE" parameter is included, and the value type is
     used as the parameter value.

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 10] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

 See Section 5 for information on handling unknown value types.

3.5.2. Multi-value Parameters

 In [RFC5545], some parameters allow using a COMMA-separated list of
 values.  To ease processing in jCal, the value of such parameters
 MUST be represented in an array containing the separated values.  The
 array elements MUST be string values.  Single-value parameters can be
 represented using either a single string value or an array with one
 string element.  A jCal parser MUST be able to understand both value
 data types.  Examples of such parameters are the iCalendar
 "DELEGATED-FROM" and "DELEGATED-TO" parameters; more such parameters
 may be added in extensions.
 The iCalendar specification requires encapsulation between DQUOTE
 characters if a parameter value contains a colon, a semicolon, or a
 comma.  These extra DQUOTE characters do not belong to the actual
 parameter value, and hence are not included when the parameter is
 converted to jCal.
 Example 1:
 ["attendee",
  {
    "delegated-to": ["mailto:jdoe@example.org",
                     "mailto:jqpublic@example.org"]
  },
  "cal-address",
  "mailto:jsmith@example.org"
 ]
 Example 2:
 ["attendee",
  {
    "delegated-to": "mailto:jdoe@example.org"
  },
  "cal-address",
  "mailto:jsmith@example.org"
 ]

3.6. Values (RFC 5545, Section 3.3)

 The following subsections specify how iCalendar property value data
 types, which are defined in the subsections of [RFC5545],
 Section 3.3, are represented in jCal.

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 11] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

3.6.1. Binary (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.1)

 Description:  iCalendar "BINARY" property values are represented by a
    property with the type identifier "binary".  The value element is
    a JSON string, encoded with base64 encoding as specified in
    Section 4 of [RFC4648].
 Example:
 ["attach", {}, "binary", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQh"]

3.6.2. Boolean (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.2)

 Description:  iCalendar "BOOLEAN" property values are represented by
    a property with the type identifier "boolean".  The value is a
    JSON boolean value.
 Example:
 ["x-non-smoking", {}, "boolean", true]

3.6.3. Calendar User Address (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.3)

 Description:  iCalendar "CAL-ADDRESS" property values are represented
    by a property with the type identifier "cal-address".  The value
    is a JSON string with the URI as described in [RFC3986].
 Example:
 ["attendee", {}, "cal-address", "mailto:kewisch@example.com"]

3.6.4. Date (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.4)

 Description:  iCalendar "DATE" property values are represented by a
    property with the type identifier "date".  The value elements are
    JSON strings with the same date value specified by [RFC5545], but
    represented using the extended format of the complete
    representation specified in [ISO.8601.2004], Section 4.1.2.2.
    Other variations, for example, representation with reduced
    accuracy, MUST NOT be used.
 ABNF Schema:
 ; year, month, and day rules are
 ; defined in [ISO.8601.2004], Section 2.2.
 date = year "-" month "-" day ;YYYY-MM-DD

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 12] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

 Example:
 ["dtstart", {}, "date", "2011-05-17"]

3.6.5. Date-Time (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.5)

 Description:  iCalendar "DATE-TIME" property values are represented
    by a property with the type identifier "date-time".  The value
    elements are JSON strings with the same date value specified by
    [RFC5545], but represented using the extended format of the
    complete representation specified in [ISO.8601.2004],
    Section 4.3.2.  Other variations, for example, representation with
    reduced accuracy, MUST NOT be used.  The same restrictions apply
    with respect to leap seconds and time zone offsets as specified in
    [RFC5545], Section 3.3.5.
 ABNF Schema:
 ; year, month, day, hour, minute, and second rules are
 ; defined in [ISO.8601.2004], Section 2.2.
 ; The zone identifier is described in [ISO.8601.2004], Section 4.3.2.
 date-complete = year "-" month "-" day ;YYYY-MM-DD
 time-complete =  hour ":" minute ":" second [zone] ; HH:MM:SS
 datetime = date-complete "T" time-complete
 Examples:
 ["dtstart", {}, "date-time", "2012-10-17T12:00:00"],
 ["dtstamp", {}, "date-time", "2012-10-17T12:00:00Z"],
 ["dtend",
  { "tzid": "Europe/Berlin" },
  "date-time",
  "2011-10-17T13:00:00"
 ]

3.6.6. Duration (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.6)

 Description:  iCalendar "DURATION" property values are represented by
    a property with the type identifier "duration".  The value
    elements are JSON strings with the same duration value specified
    by [RFC5545].
 Example:
 ["duration", {}, "duration", "P1D"]

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 13] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

3.6.7. Float (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.7)

 Description:  iCalendar "FLOAT" property values are represented by a
    property with the type identifier "float".  The value elements are
    JSON primitive number values.
 Example:
 ["x-grade", {}, "float", 1.3]

3.6.8. Integer (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.8)

 Description:  vCard "INTEGER" property values are represented by a
    property with the type identifier "integer".  The value elements
    are JSON primitive number values that MUST resolve to an integer
    value in the range specified in [RFC5545], Section 3.3.8.  Thus, a
    fractional and/or exponential part are only allowed under limited
    circumstances.
 Examples:
 ["percent-complete", {}, "integer", 42]

3.6.9. Period of Time (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.9)

 Description:  iCalendar "PERIOD" property values are represented by a
    jCal property with the type identifier "period".  The value
    element is an array of JSON strings, with the first element
    representing the start of the period and the second element
    representing the end of the period.  As in [RFC5545], the start of
    the period is always formatted as a date-time value, and the end
    of the period MUST be either a date-time or duration value.  Any
    date, date-time, or duration values contained in the period value
    MUST be formatted in accordance to the rules for date, date-time,
    or duration values specified in this document.
 Example:
 ["freebusy",
  { "fbtype": "FREE" },
  "period",
  ["1997-03-08T16:00:00Z", "P1D"]
 ]

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 14] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

3.6.10. Recurrence Rule (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.10)

 Description:  iCalendar "RECUR" property values are represented by a
    property with the type identifier "recur".  The value elements are
    objects describing the structured data as specified by [RFC5545].
    Each rule part is described by the combination of key and value.
    The key specifies the name of the rule part and MUST be converted
    to lowercase.  The value of the rule part MUST be mapped by the
    following rules:
  • The value of the "freq" and "wkst" rule parts MUST be a string

as specified in [RFC5545], with case preserved.

  • The value of the "until" rule part MUST be a date or date-time

value formatted in accordance to the rules for date or date-

       time specified in this document.
  • The "count" and "interval" rule parts MUST be specified as a

single JSON number value.

  • The following rule parts can have one or more numeric values:

"bysecond", "byminute", "byhour", "bymonthday", "byyearday",

       "byweekno", "bymonth", and "bysetpos".  If a rule part contains
       multiple values, an array of numbers MUST be used for that rule
       part.  Single-valued rule parts can be represented by either
       using a single number value, omitting the array completely, or
       using an array with one number element.  A jCal parser MUST be
       able to understand both data types.
  • Similarly, the "byday" rule part can have one or more string

values. If it contains multiple values, an array of strings

       MUST be used.  As before, a single-valued rule part can be
       represented using either a single string value or an array with
       one string element, both of which a jCal parser MUST be able to
       understand.
 Example 1:
 ["rrule",
  {},
  "recur",
  {
    "freq": "YEARLY",
    "count": 5,
    "byday": [ "-1SU", "2MO" ],
    "bymonth": 10
  }
 ]

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 15] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

 Example 2:
 ["rrule",
  {},
  "recur",
  {
    "freq": "MONTHLY",
    "interval": 2,
    "bymonthday": [ 1, 15, -1 ],
    "until": "2013-10-01"
  }
 ]

3.6.11. Text (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.11)

 Description:  iCalendar "TEXT" property values are represented by a
    property with the type identifier "text".  The value elements are
    JSON strings.
 Example:
 ["comment", {}, "text", "hello, world"]

3.6.12. Time (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.12)

 Description:  iCalendar "TIME" property values are represented by a
    property with the type identifier "time".  The value elements are
    JSON strings with the same time value specified by [RFC5545], but
    represented using the extended format of the complete
    representation specified in [ISO.8601.2004], Section 4.2.2.2.
    Other variations, for example, representation with reduced
    accuracy, MUST NOT be used.  The same restrictions apply with
    respect to leap seconds, time fractions, and time zone offsets as
    specified in [RFC5545], Section 3.3.12.
 ABNF Schema:
 ; hour, minute, and second rules are
 ; defined in [ISO.8601.2004], Section 2.2.
 ; The zone identifier is described in [ISO.8601.2004], Section 4.3.2.
 time-complete =  hour ":" minute ":" second [zone] ; HH:MM:SS
 Example:
 ["x-time-local", {}, "time", "12:30:00"],
 ["x-time-utc", {}, "time", "12:30:00Z"],
 ["x-time-offset", { "tzid": "Europe/Berlin" }, "time", "12:30:00"]

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 16] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

3.6.13. URI (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.13)

 Description:  iCalendar "URI" property values are represented by a
    property with the type identifier "uri".  The value elements are
    JSON strings representing the URI.
 Example:
 ["tzurl", {}, "uri", "http://example.org/tz/Europe-Berlin.ics"]

3.6.14. UTC Offset (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.14)

 Description:  iCalendar "UTC-OFFSET" property values are represented
    by a property with the type identifier "utc-offset".  The value
    elements are JSON strings with the same UTC offset value specified
    by [RFC5545], with the exception that the hour and minute
    components are separated by a ":" character, for consistency with
    the [ISO.8601.2004] time zone offset, extended format.
 Example:
 ["tzoffsetfrom", {}, "utc-offset", "-05:00"],
 ["tzoffsetto", {}, "utc-offset", "+12:45"]

3.7. Extensions

 iCalendar extension properties and property parameters (those with an
 "X-" prefix in their name) are handled in the same way as other
 properties and property parameters: the property is represented by an
 array, and the property parameter is represented by an object.  The
 property or parameter name uses the same name as for the iCalendar
 extension, but in lowercase.  For example, the "X-FOO" property in
 iCalendar turns into the "x-foo" jCal property.  See Section 5 for
 how to deal with default values for unrecognized extension properties
 or property parameters.

4. Converting from jCal into iCalendar

 Converting jCal to iCalendar reverses the process described in
 Section 3.  This section describes a few additional requirements for
 conversion.
 When converting component, property, and property parameter names,
 the names SHOULD be converted to uppercase.  Although iCalendar names
 are case insensitive, common practice is to keep them all uppercase
 following the actual definitions in [RFC5545].

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 17] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

 During conversion, JSON escaping MUST be unescaped.  Afterwards,
 iCalendar escaping, as defined by [RFC5545] and [RFC6868], MUST be
 applied.  Finally, long lines SHOULD be folded as described in
 [RFC5545], Section 3.1.
 Non-binary value types MUST NOT be base64 encoded.
 When converting to iCalendar, the VALUE parameter MUST be added to
 properties whose default value type is unknown, but do not have a
 jCal type identifier "unknown".  The VALUE parameter MAY be omitted
 for properties using the default value type.  The VALUE parameter
 MUST be omitted for properties that have the jCal type identifier
 "unknown".

5. Handling Unrecognized Properties or Parameters

 In iCalendar, properties can have one or more value types as
 specified by their definition, with one of those values being defined
 as the default.  When a property uses its default value type, the
 "VALUE" property parameter does not need to be specified on the
 property.  For example, the default value type for "DTSTART" is
 "DATE-TIME", so "VALUE=DATE-TIME" need not be set as a property
 parameter.  However, "DTSTART" also allows a "DATE" value to be
 specified, and if that is used, "VALUE=DATE" has to be set as a
 property parameter.
 When new properties are defined or "X-" properties used, an iCalendar
 to jCal converter might not recognize them, and not know what the
 appropriate default value types are, yet they need to be able to
 preserve the values.  A similar issue arises for unrecognized
 property parameters.
 In jCal, a new "unknown" property value type is introduced.  Its
 purpose is to allow preserving unknown property values when round-
 tripping between jCal and iCalendar.  To avoid collisions, this
 specification reserves the UNKNOWN property value type in iCalendar.
 It MUST NOT be used in any iCalendar as specified by [RFC5545], nor
 any extensions to it.  Thus, the type is registered to the iCalendar
 Value Data Types registry in Section 7.1.

5.1. Converting iCalendar into jCal

 Any property that does not include a "VALUE" property parameter and
 whose default value type is not known, MUST be converted to a
 primitive JSON string.  The content of that string is the unprocessed
 value text.  Also, value type MUST be set to "unknown".

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 18] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

 To correctly implement this format, it is critical that the type
 "unknown" be used if the default type is not known.  If this
 requirement is ignored and, for example, "text" is used, additional
 escaping may occur, which breaks round-tripping values.
 Any unrecognized property parameter MUST be converted to a string
 value, with its content set to the property parameter value text, and
 treated as if it were a "TEXT" value.

5.2. Converting jCal into iCalendar

 In jCal, the value type is always explicitly specified.  It is
 converted to iCalendar using the iCalendar VALUE parameter, except in
 the following two cases:
 o  If the value type specified in jCal matches the default value type
    in iCalendar, the VALUE parameter MAY be omitted.
 o  If the value type specified in jCal is set to "unknown", the VALUE
    parameter MUST NOT be specified.  The value MUST be taken over in
    iCalendar without processing.

5.3. Examples

 The following is an example of an unrecognized iCalendar property
 (that uses a "DATE-TIME" value as its default), and the equivalent
 jCal representation of that property.
 iCalendar:
 X-COMPLAINT-DEADLINE:20110512T120000Z
 jCal:
 ["x-complaint-deadline", {}, "unknown", "20110512T120000Z"]
 The following is an example of how to cope with jCal data where the
 parser was unable to identify the type.  Note how the "unknown" value
 type is not added to the iCalendar data and escaping, aside from
 standard JSON string escaping, is not processed.
 jCal:
 ["x-coffee-data", {}, "unknown", "Stenophylla;Guinea\\,Africa"]
 iCalendar:
 X-COFFEE-DATA:Stenophylla;Guinea\,Africa

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 19] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

 The following is an example of a jCal property (where the
 corresponding iCalendar property uses an "INTEGER" value as its
 default) and the equivalent iCalendar representation of that
 property.
 jCal:
 ["percent-complete", {}, "integer", 95]
 iCalendar:
 PERCENT-COMPLETE:95
 The following is an example of an unrecognized iCalendar property
 parameter (that uses a "FLOAT" value as its default) specified on a
 recognized iCalendar property and the equivalent jCal representation
 of that property and property parameter.
 iCalendar:
 DTSTART;X-SLACK=30.3;VALUE=DATE:20110512
 jCal:
 ["dtstart", { "x-slack": "30.3" }, "date", "2011-05-12"]

6. Security Considerations

 This specification defines how iCalendar data can be "translated"
 between two different data formats -- the original text format and
 JSON -- with a one-to-one mapping to ensure all the semantic data in
 one format (properties, parameters, and values) are preserved in the
 other.  It does not change the semantic meaning of the underlying
 data itself, or impose or remove any security considerations that
 apply to the underlying data.
 The use of JSON as a format does have its own inherent security risks
 as discussed in Section 12 of [RFC7159].  Even though JSON is
 considered a safe subset of JavaScript, it should be kept in mind
 that a flaw in the parser processing JSON could still impose a
 threat, which doesn't arise with conventional iCalendar data.
 With this in mind, a parser for JSON data should be used for jCal
 that is aware of the security implications.  For example, the use of
 JavaScript's eval() function is considered an unacceptable security
 risk, as described in Section 12 of [RFC7159].  A native parser with
 full awareness of the JSON format should be preferred.

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 20] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

 In addition, it is expected that this new format will result in
 iCalendar data being more widely disseminated (e.g., with use in web
 applications rather than just dedicated calendaring applications).
 In all cases, application developers have to conform to the semantics
 of the iCalendar data as defined by [RFC5545] and associated
 extensions, and all of the security considerations described in
 Section 7 of [RFC5545], or any associated extensions, are applicable.

7. IANA Considerations

 This document defines a MIME media type for use with iCalendar in
 JSON data.  This media type SHOULD be used for the transfer of
 calendaring data in JSON.
 Type name:  application
 Subtype name:  calendar+json
 Required parameters:  none
 Optional parameters:  "method", "component", and "optinfo" as defined
    for the text/calendar media type in [RFC5545], Section 8.1.
 Encoding considerations:  Same as encoding considerations of
    application/json as specified in [RFC7159], Section 11.
 Security considerations:  See Section 6.
 Interoperability considerations:  This media type provides an
    alternative format for iCalendar data based on JSON.
 Published specification:  This specification.
 Applications that use this media type:  Applications that currently
    make use of the text/calendar media type can use this as an
    alternative.  Similarly, applications that use the application/
    json media type to transfer calendaring data can use this to
    further specify the content.
 Fragment identifier considerations:  N/A
 Additional information:
    Deprecated alias names for this type:  N/A
    Magic number(s):  N/A

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 21] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

    File extension(s):  N/A
    Macintosh file type code(s):  N/A
 Person & email address to contact for further information:
    calsify@ietf.org
 Intended usage:  COMMON
 Restrictions on usage:  There are no restrictions on where this media
    type can be used.
 Author:  See the "Authors' Addresses" section of this document.
 Change controller:  IETF

7.1. UNKNOWN iCalendar Value Data Type

 IANA has added the following entry to the iCalendar Data Types
 registry:
 Value name:  UNKNOWN
 Purpose:  To allow preserving property values whose default value
    type is not known during round-tripping between jCal and
    iCalendar.
 Format definition:  N/A
 Description:  The UNKNOWN value data type is reserved for the
    exclusive use of the jCal format.  Its use is described in
    Section 5 of this document.
 Example:  As this registration serves as a reservation of the UNKNOWN
    type so that it is not used in iCalendar, there is no applicable
    iCalendar example.  Examples of its usage in jCal can be found in
    this document.
 IANA has made the "Status" column for this entry in the registry say,
 "Reserved - Do not use" and has made the "Reference" column refer to
 Section 5 of this document.

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 22] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

8. Acknowledgments

 The authors would like to thank the following for their valuable
 contributions: William Gill, Erwin Rehme, Dave Thewlis, Simon
 Perreault, Michael Angstadt, Peter Saint-Andre, Bert Greevenbosch,
 and Javier Godoy.  This specification originated from the work of the
 XML-JSON technical committee of the Calendaring and Scheduling
 Consortium.

9. References

9.1. Normative References

 [ISO.8601.2004]
            International Organization for Standardization, "Data
            elements and interchange formats -- Information
            interchange -- Representation of dates and times", ISO
            8601, December 2004,
            <http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=40874>.
 [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
            Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
 [RFC3986]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
            Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC
            3986, January 2005.
 [RFC4648]  Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data
            Encodings", RFC 4648, October 2006.
 [RFC5234]  Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
            Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008.
 [RFC5545]  Desruisseaux, B., "Internet Calendaring and Scheduling
            Core Object Specification (iCalendar)", RFC 5545,
            September 2009.
 [RFC6321]  Daboo, C., Douglass, M., and S. Lees, "xCal: The XML
            Format for iCalendar", RFC 6321, August 2011.
 [RFC6868]  Daboo, C., "Parameter Value Encoding in iCalendar and
            vCard", RFC 6868, February 2013.
 [RFC7159]  Bray, T., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
            Interchange Format", RFC 7159, March 2014.

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 23] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

9.2. Informative References

 [calconnect-artifacts]
            The Calendaring and Scheduling Consortium, "Code Artifacts
            and Schemas", <http://www.calconnect.org/artifacts.shtml>.

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 24] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

Appendix A. ABNF Schema

 Below is an ABNF schema as per [RFC5234] for iCalendar in JSON.  ABNF
 symbols not described here are taken from [RFC7159].  The schema is
 non-normative and given for reference only.
 Additional semantic restrictions apply, especially regarding the
 allowed properties and sub-components per component.  Details on
 these restrictions can be found in this document and [RFC5545].
 Additional schemas may be available on the Internet at
 [calconnect-artifacts].
 ; A jCal object is a component with the component-name "vcalendar".
 ; Restrictions to which properties and sub-components may be
 ; specified are to be taken from [RFC5545].
 jcalobject = component
 ; A jCal component consists of the name string, properties array, and
 ; component array
 component = begin-array
             DQUOTE component-name DQUOTE value-separator
             properties-array value-separator
             components-array
             end-array
 components-array = begin-array
                    [ component *(value-separator component) ]
                    end-array
 ; A jCal property consists of the name string, parameters object,
 ; type string, and one or more values as specified in this document.
 property = begin-array
            DQUOTE property-name DQUOTE value-separator
            params-object value-separator
            DQUOTE type-name DQUOTE
            property-value *(value-separator property-value)
            end-array
 properties-array = begin-array
                    [ property *(value-separator property) ]
                    end-array
 ; Property values depend on the type-name. Aside from the value types
 ; mentioned here, extensions may make use of other JSON value types.
 ; The non-terminal symbol structured-prop-value covers the special
 ; cases for GEO and REQUEST-STATUS.
 property-value = simple-prop-value / structured-prop-value
 simple-prop-value = string / number / true / false

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 25] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

 structured-prop-value =
     begin-array
     [ structured-element *(value-separator structured-element) ]
     end-array
 structured-element = simple-prop-value
 ; The jCal params-object is a JSON object that follows the semantic
 ; guidelines described in this document.
 params-object = begin-object
                 [ params-member *(value-separator params-member) ]
                 end-object
 params-member = DQUOTE param-name DQUOTE name-separator param-value
 param-value = string / param-multi
 param-multi = begin-array
               [ string *(value-separator string) ]
               end-array
 ; The type MUST be a valid type as described by this document. New
 ; value types can be added by extensions.
 type-name = "binary" / "boolean" / "cal-address" / "date" /
             "date-time" / "duration" / "float" / "integer" /
             "period" / "recur" / "text" / "time" / "uri" /
             "utc-offset" / x-type
 ; Component, property, parameter, and type names MUST be lowercase.
 ; Additional semantic restrictions apply as described by this
 ; document and [RFC5545].
 component-name = lowercase-name
 property-name = lowercase-name
 param-name = lowercase-name
 x-type = lowercase-name
 lowercase-name = 1*(%x61-7A / DIGIT / "-")
 ; The following rules are defined in [RFC7159], as mentioned above:
 ;   begin-array / end-array
 ;   begin-object / end-object
 ;   name-separator / value-separator
 ;   string / number / true / false

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 26] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

Appendix B. Examples

 This section contains two examples of iCalendar objects with their
 jCal representation.

B.1. Example 1

B.1.1. iCalendar Data

 BEGIN:VCALENDAR
 CALSCALE:GREGORIAN
 PRODID:-//Example Inc.//Example Calendar//EN
 VERSION:2.0
 BEGIN:VEVENT
 DTSTAMP:20080205T191224Z
 DTSTART:20081006
 SUMMARY:Planning meeting
 UID:4088E990AD89CB3DBB484909
 END:VEVENT
 END:VCALENDAR

B.1.2. jCal Data

 ["vcalendar",
   [
     ["calscale", {}, "text", "GREGORIAN"],
     ["prodid", {}, "text", "-//Example Inc.//Example Calendar//EN"],
     ["version", {}, "text", "2.0"]
   ],
   [
     ["vevent",
       [
         ["dtstamp", {}, "date-time", "2008-02-05T19:12:24Z"],
         ["dtstart", {}, "date", "2008-10-06"],
         ["summary", {}, "text", "Planning meeting"],
         ["uid", {}, "text", "4088E990AD89CB3DBB484909"]
       ],
       []
     ]
   ]
 ]

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 27] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

B.2. Example 2

B.2.1. iCalendar Data

 BEGIN:VCALENDAR
 VERSION:2.0
 PRODID:-//Example Corp.//Example Client//EN
 BEGIN:VTIMEZONE
 LAST-MODIFIED:20040110T032845Z
 TZID:US/Eastern
 BEGIN:DAYLIGHT
 DTSTART:20000404T020000
 RRULE:FREQ=YEARLY;BYDAY=1SU;BYMONTH=4
 TZNAME:EDT
 TZOFFSETFROM:-0500
 TZOFFSETTO:-0400
 END:DAYLIGHT
 BEGIN:STANDARD
 DTSTART:20001026T020000
 RRULE:FREQ=YEARLY;BYDAY=-1SU;BYMONTH=10
 TZNAME:EST
 TZOFFSETFROM:-0400
 TZOFFSETTO:-0500
 END:STANDARD
 END:VTIMEZONE
 BEGIN:VEVENT
 DTSTAMP:20060206T001121Z
 DTSTART;TZID=US/Eastern:20060102T120000
 DURATION:PT1H
 RRULE:FREQ=DAILY;COUNT=5
 RDATE;TZID=US/Eastern;VALUE=PERIOD:20060102T150000/PT2H
 SUMMARY:Event #2
 DESCRIPTION:We are having a meeting all this week at 12 pm fo
  r one hour\, with an additional meeting on the first day 2 h
  ours long.\nPlease bring your own lunch for the 12 pm meetin
  gs.
 UID:00959BC664CA650E933C892C@example.com
 END:VEVENT
 BEGIN:VEVENT
 DTSTAMP:20060206T001121Z
 DTSTART;TZID=US/Eastern:20060104T140000
 DURATION:PT1H
 RECURRENCE-ID;TZID=US/Eastern:20060104T120000
 SUMMARY:Event #2 bis
 UID:00959BC664CA650E933C892C@example.com
 END:VEVENT
 END:VCALENDAR

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 28] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

B.2.2. jCal Data

 ["vcalendar",
   [
     ["prodid", {}, "text", "-//Example Corp.//Example Client//EN"],
     ["version", {}, "text", "2.0"]
   ],
   [
     ["vtimezone",
       [
         ["last-modified", {}, "date-time", "2004-01-10T03:28:45Z"],
         ["tzid", {}, "text", "US/Eastern"]
       ],
       [
         ["daylight",
           [
             ["dtstart", {}, "date-time", "2000-04-04T02:00:00"],
             ["rrule",
               {},
               "recur",
               {
                 "freq": "YEARLY",
                 "byday": "1SU",
                 "bymonth": 4
               }
             ],
             ["tzname", {}, "text", "EDT"],
             ["tzoffsetfrom", {}, "utc-offset", "-05:00"],
             ["tzoffsetto", {}, "utc-offset", "-04:00"]
           ],
           []
         ],
         ["standard",
           [
             ["dtstart", {}, "date-time", "2000-10-26T02:00:00"],
             ["rrule",
               {},
               "recur",
               {
                 "freq": "YEARLY",
                 "byday": "1SU",
                 "bymonth": 10
               }
             ],
             ["tzname", {}, "text", "EST"],
             ["tzoffsetfrom", {}, "utc-offset", "-04:00"],
             ["tzoffsetto", {}, "utc-offset", "-05:00"]
           ],

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 29] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

           []
         ]
       ]
     ],
     ["vevent",
       [
         ["dtstamp", {}, "date-time", "2006-02-06T00:11:21Z"],
         ["dtstart",
           { "tzid": "US/Eastern" },
           "date-time",
           "2006-01-02T12:00:00"
         ],
         ["duration", {}, "duration", "PT1H"],
         ["rrule", {}, "recur", { "freq": "DAILY", "count": 5 } ],
         ["rdate",
           { "tzid": "US/Eastern" },
           "period",
           "2006-01-02T15:00:00/PT2H"
         ],
         ["summary", {}, "text", "Event #2"],
         ["description",
          {},
          "text",
          // Note that comments and string concatenation are not
          // allowed per the JSON specification and is used here only
          // to avoid long lines.
          "We are having a meeting all this week at 12 pm for one " +
          "hour, with an additional meeting on the first day 2 " +
          "hours long.\nPlease bring your own lunch for the 12 pm " +
          "meetings."
         ],
         ["uid", {}, "text", "00959BC664CA650E933C892C@example.com"]
       ],
       []
     ],
     ["vevent",
       [
         ["dtstamp", {}, "date-time", "2006-02-06T00:11:21Z"],
         ["dtstart",
           { "tzid": "US/Eastern" },
           "date-time",
           "2006-01-02T14:00:00"
         ],
         ["duration", {}, "duration", "PT1H"],
         ["recurrence-id",
           { "tzid": "US/Eastern" },
           "date-time",
           "2006-01-04T12:00:00"

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 30] RFC 7265 jCal May 2014

         ],
         ["summary", {}, "text", "Event #2"],
         ["uid", {}, "text", "00959BC664CA650E933C892C@example.com"]
       ],
       []
     ]
   ]
 ]

Authors' Addresses

 Philipp Kewisch
 Mozilla Corporation
 650 Castro Street, Suite 300
 Mountain View, CA  94041
 USA
 EMail: mozilla@kewis.ch
 URI:   http://www.mozilla.org/
 Cyrus Daboo
 Apple Inc.
 1 Infinite Loop
 Cupertino, CA  95014
 USA
 EMail: cyrus@daboo.name
 URI:   http://www.apple.com/
 Mike Douglass
 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
 110 8th Street
 Troy, NY  12180
 USA
 EMail: douglm@rpi.edu
 URI:   http://www.rpi.edu/

Kewisch, et al. Standards Track [Page 31]

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