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rfc:rfc6833

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) V. Fuller Request for Comments: 6833 Category: Experimental D. Farinacci ISSN: 2070-1721 Cisco Systems

                                                          January 2013
     Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP) Map-Server Interface

Abstract

 This document describes the Mapping Service for the Locator/ID
 Separation Protocol (LISP), implemented by two new types of LISP-
 speaking devices -- the LISP Map-Resolver and LISP Map-Server -- that
 provides a simplified "front end" for one or more Endpoint ID to
 Routing Locator mapping databases.
 By using this service interface and communicating with Map-Resolvers
 and Map-Servers, LISP Ingress Tunnel Routers and Egress Tunnel
 Routers are not dependent on the details of mapping database systems,
 which facilitates experimentation with different database designs.
 Since these devices implement the "edge" of the LISP infrastructure,
 connect directly to LISP-capable Internet end sites, and comprise the
 bulk of LISP-speaking devices, reducing their implementation and
 operational complexity should also reduce the overall cost and effort
 of deploying LISP.

Status of This Memo

 This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
 published for examination, experimental implementation, and
 evaluation.
 This document defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
 community.  This document is a product of the Internet Engineering
 Task Force (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF
 community.  It has received public review and has been approved for
 publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Not
 all documents approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of
 Internet Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.
 Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
 and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
 http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6833.

Fuller & Farinacci Experimental [Page 1] RFC 6833 LISP Map-Server Interface January 2013

Copyright Notice

 Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
 document authors.  All rights reserved.
 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
 Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
 (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
 publication of this document.  Please review these documents
 carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
 to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
 include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
 the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
 described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

 1. Introduction ....................................................2
 2. Definition of Terms .............................................3
 3. Basic Overview ..................................................4
 4. Interactions with Other LISP Components .........................5
    4.1. ITR EID-to-RLOC Mapping Resolution .........................5
    4.2. EID-Prefix Configuration and ETR Registration ..............6
    4.3. Map-Server Processing ......................................8
    4.4. Map-Resolver Processing ....................................9
         4.4.1. Anycast Map-Resolver Operation .....................10
 5. Open Issues and Considerations .................................10
 6. Security Considerations ........................................11
 7. References .....................................................12
    7.1. Normative References ......................................12
    7.2. Informative References ....................................12
 Appendix A. Acknowledgments .......................................13

1. Introduction

 The Locator/ID Separation Protocol [RFC6830] specifies an
 architecture and mechanism for replacing the addresses currently used
 by IP with two separate name spaces: Endpoint IDs (EIDs), used within
 sites; and Routing Locators (RLOCs), used on the transit networks
 that make up the Internet infrastructure.  To achieve this
 separation, LISP defines protocol mechanisms for mapping from EIDs to
 RLOCs.  In addition, LISP assumes the existence of a database to
 store and propagate those mappings globally.  Several such databases
 have been proposed; among them are the Content distribution Overlay
 Network Service for LISP (LISP-CONS) [LISP-CONS], LISP-NERD
 (a Not-so-novel EID-to-RLOC Database) [RFC6837], and LISP Alternative
 Logical Topology (LISP+ALT) [RFC6836].

Fuller & Farinacci Experimental [Page 2] RFC 6833 LISP Map-Server Interface January 2013

 The LISP Mapping Service defines two new types of LISP-speaking
 devices: the Map-Resolver, which accepts Map-Requests from an Ingress
 Tunnel Router (ITR) and "resolves" the EID-to-RLOC mapping using a
 mapping database; and the Map-Server, which learns authoritative
 EID-to-RLOC mappings from an Egress Tunnel Router (ETR) and publishes
 them in a database.
 Conceptually, LISP Map-Servers share some of the same basic
 configuration and maintenance properties as Domain Name System (DNS)
 [RFC1035] servers; likewise, Map-Resolvers are conceptually similar
 to DNS caching resolvers.  With this in mind, this specification
 borrows familiar terminology (resolver and server) from the DNS
 specifications.
 Note that while this document assumes a LISP+ALT database mapping
 infrastructure to illustrate certain aspects of Map-Server and
 Map-Resolver operation, the Mapping Service interface can (and likely
 will) be used by ITRs and ETRs to access other mapping database
 systems as the LISP infrastructure evolves.
 Section 5 of this document notes a number of issues with the
 Map-Server and Map-Resolver design that are not yet completely
 understood and are subjects of further experimentation.
 The LISP Mapping Service is an important component of the LISP
 toolset.  Issues and concerns about the deployment of LISP for
 Internet traffic are discussed in [RFC6830].

2. Definition of Terms

 Map-Server:   A network infrastructure component that learns of
    EID-Prefix mapping entries from an ETR, via the registration
    mechanism described below, or some other authoritative source if
    one exists.  A Map-Server publishes these EID-Prefixes in a
    mapping database.
 Map-Resolver:   A network infrastructure component that accepts LISP
    Encapsulated Map-Requests, typically from an ITR, and determines
    whether or not the destination IP address is part of the EID
    namespace; if it is not, a Negative Map-Reply is returned.
    Otherwise, the Map-Resolver finds the appropriate EID-to-RLOC
    mapping by consulting a mapping database system.

Fuller & Farinacci Experimental [Page 3] RFC 6833 LISP Map-Server Interface January 2013

 Encapsulated Map-Request:   A LISP Map-Request carried within an
    Encapsulated Control Message, which has an additional LISP header
    prepended.  Sent to UDP destination port 4342.  The "outer"
    addresses are globally routable IP addresses, also known as RLOCs.
    Used by an ITR when sending to a Map-Resolver and by a Map-Server
    when forwarding a Map-Request to an ETR.
 Negative Map-Reply:   A LISP Map-Reply that contains an empty
    Locator-Set.  Returned in response to a Map-Request if the
    destination EID does not exist in the mapping database.
    Typically, this means that the "EID" being requested is an IP
    address connected to a non-LISP site.
 Map-Register message:   A LISP message sent by an ETR to a Map-Server
    to register its associated EID-Prefixes.  In addition to the set
    of EID-Prefixes to register, the message includes one or more
    RLOCs to be used by the Map-Server when forwarding Map-Requests
    (re-formatted as Encapsulated Map-Requests) received through the
    database mapping system.  An ETR may request that the Map-Server
    answer Map-Requests on its behalf by setting the "proxy Map-Reply"
    flag (P-bit) in the message.
 Map-Notify message:   A LISP message sent by a Map-Server to an ETR
    to confirm that a Map-Register has been received and processed.
    An ETR requests that a Map-Notify be returned by setting the
    "want-map-notify" flag (M-bit) in the Map-Register message.
    Unlike a Map-Reply, a Map-Notify uses UDP port 4342 for both
    source and destination.
 For definitions of other terms -- notably Map-Request, Map-Reply,
 Ingress Tunnel Router (ITR), and Egress Tunnel Router (ETR) -- please
 consult the LISP specification [RFC6830].

3. Basic Overview

 A Map-Server is a device that publishes EID-Prefixes in a LISP
 mapping database on behalf of a set of ETRs.  When it receives a Map
 Request (typically from an ITR), it consults the mapping database to
 find an ETR that can answer with the set of RLOCs for an EID-Prefix.
 To publish its EID-Prefixes, an ETR periodically sends Map-Register
 messages to the Map-Server.  A Map-Register message contains a list
 of EID-Prefixes plus a set of RLOCs that can be used to reach the ETR
 when a Map-Server needs to forward a Map-Request to it.

Fuller & Farinacci Experimental [Page 4] RFC 6833 LISP Map-Server Interface January 2013

 When LISP+ALT is used as the mapping database, a Map-Server connects
 to the ALT network and acts as a "last-hop" ALT-Router.  Intermediate
 ALT-Routers forward Map-Requests to the Map-Server that advertises a
 particular EID-Prefix, and the Map-Server forwards them to the owning
 ETR, which responds with Map-Reply messages.
 A Map-Resolver receives Encapsulated Map-Requests from its client
 ITRs and uses a mapping database system to find the appropriate ETR
 to answer those requests.  On a LISP+ALT network, a Map-Resolver acts
 as a "first-hop" ALT-Router.  It has Generic Routing Encapsulation
 (GRE) tunnels configured to other ALT-Routers and uses BGP to learn
 paths to ETRs for different prefixes in the LISP+ALT database.  The
 Map-Resolver uses this path information to forward Map-Requests over
 the ALT to the correct ETRs.
 Note that while it is conceivable that a Map-Resolver could cache
 responses to improve performance, issues surrounding cache management
 will need to be resolved so that doing so will be reliable and
 practical.  As initially deployed, Map-Resolvers will operate only in
 a non-caching mode, decapsulating and forwarding Encapsulated Map
 Requests received from ITRs.  Any specification of caching
 functionality is left for future work.
 Note that a single device can implement the functions of both a
 Map-Server and a Map-Resolver, and in many cases the functions will
 be co-located in that way.
 Detailed descriptions of the LISP packet types referenced by this
 document may be found in [RFC6830].

4. Interactions with Other LISP Components

4.1. ITR EID-to-RLOC Mapping Resolution

 An ITR is configured with one or more Map-Resolver addresses.  These
 addresses are "Locators" (or RLOCs) and must be routable on the
 underlying core network; they must not need to be resolved through
 LISP EID-to-RLOC mapping, as that would introduce a circular
 dependency.  When using a Map-Resolver, an ITR does not need to
 connect to any other database mapping system.  In particular, the ITR
 need not connect to the LISP+ALT infrastructure or implement the BGP
 and GRE protocols that it uses.
 An ITR sends an Encapsulated Map-Request to a configured Map-Resolver
 when it needs an EID-to-RLOC mapping that is not found in its local
 map-cache.  Using the Map-Resolver greatly reduces both the
 complexity of the ITR implementation and the costs associated with
 its operation.

Fuller & Farinacci Experimental [Page 5] RFC 6833 LISP Map-Server Interface January 2013

 In response to an Encapsulated Map-Request, the ITR can expect one of
 the following:
 o  An immediate Negative Map-Reply (with action code of
    "Natively-Forward", 15-minute Time to Live (TTL)) from the
    Map-Resolver if the Map-Resolver can determine that the requested
    EID does not exist.  The ITR saves the EID-Prefix returned in the
    Map-Reply in its cache, marks it as non-LISP-capable, and knows
    not to attempt LISP encapsulation for destinations matching it.
 o  A Negative Map-Reply, with action code of "Natively-Forward", from
    a Map-Server that is authoritative for an EID-Prefix that matches
    the requested EID but that does not have an actively registered,
    more-specific ID-prefix.  In this case, the requested EID is said
    to match a "hole" in the authoritative EID-Prefix.  If the
    requested EID matches a more-specific EID-Prefix that has been
    delegated by the Map-Server but for which no ETRs are currently
    registered, a 1-minute TTL is returned.  If the requested EID
    matches a non-delegated part of the authoritative EID-Prefix, then
    it is not a LISP EID and a 15-minute TTL is returned.  See
    Section 4.2 for discussion of aggregate EID-Prefixes and details
    of Map-Server EID-Prefix matching.
 o  A LISP Map-Reply from the ETR that owns the EID-to-RLOC mapping or
    possibly from a Map-Server answering on behalf of the ETR.  See
    Section 4.4 for more details on Map-Resolver message processing.
 Note that an ITR may be configured to both use a Map-Resolver and to
 participate in a LISP+ALT logical network.  In such a situation, the
 ITR should send Map-Requests through the ALT network for any
 EID-Prefix learned via ALT BGP.  Such a configuration is expected to
 be very rare, since there is little benefit to using a Map-Resolver
 if an ITR is already using LISP+ALT.  There would be, for example, no
 need for such an ITR to send a Map-Request to a possibly non-existent
 EID (and rely on Negative Map-Replies) if it can consult the ALT
 database to verify that an EID-Prefix is present before sending that
 Map-Request.

4.2. EID-Prefix Configuration and ETR Registration

 An ETR publishes its EID-Prefixes on a Map-Server by sending LISP
 Map-Register messages.  A Map-Register message includes
 authentication data, so prior to sending a Map-Register message, the
 ETR and Map-Server must be configured with a shared secret or other
 relevant authentication information.  A Map-Server's configuration
 must also include a list of the EID-Prefixes for which each ETR is
 authoritative.  Upon receipt of a Map-Register from an ETR, a
 Map-Server accepts only EID-Prefixes that are configured for that

Fuller & Farinacci Experimental [Page 6] RFC 6833 LISP Map-Server Interface January 2013

 ETR.  Failure to implement such a check would leave the mapping
 system vulnerable to trivial EID-Prefix hijacking attacks.  As
 developers and operators gain experience with the mapping system,
 additional, stronger security measures may be added to the
 registration process.
 In addition to the set of EID-Prefixes defined for each ETR that may
 register, a Map-Server is typically also configured with one or more
 aggregate prefixes that define the part of the EID numbering space
 assigned to it.  When LISP+ALT is the database in use, aggregate
 EID-Prefixes are implemented as discard routes and advertised into
 ALT BGP.  The existence of aggregate EID-Prefixes in a Map-Server's
 database means that it may receive Map Requests for EID-Prefixes that
 match an aggregate but do not match a registered prefix; Section 4.3
 describes how this is handled.
 Map-Register messages are sent periodically from an ETR to a
 Map-Server with a suggested interval between messages of one minute.
 A Map-Server should time out and remove an ETR's registration if it
 has not received a valid Map-Register message within the past
 three minutes.  When first contacting a Map-Server after restart or
 changes to its EID-to-RLOC database mappings, an ETR may initially
 send Map-Register messages at an increased frequency, up to one every
 20 seconds.  This "quick registration" period is limited to
 five minutes in duration.
 An ETR may request that a Map-Server explicitly acknowledge receipt
 and processing of a Map-Register message by setting the
 "want-map-notify" (M-bit) flag.  A Map-Server that receives a
 Map-Register with this flag set will respond with a Map-Notify
 message.  Typical use of this flag by an ETR would be to set it for
 Map-Register messages sent during the initial "quick registration"
 with a Map-Server but then set it only occasionally during
 steady-state maintenance of its association with that Map-Server.
 Note that the Map-Notify message is sent to UDP destination port
 4342, not to the source port specified in the original Map-Register
 message.
 Note that a one-minute minimum registration interval during
 maintenance of an ETR-Map-Server association places a lower bound on
 how quickly and how frequently a mapping database entry can be
 updated.  This may have implications for what sorts of mobility can
 be supported directly by the mapping system; shorter registration
 intervals or other mechanisms might be needed to support faster
 mobility in some cases.  For a discussion on one way that faster
 mobility may be implemented for individual devices, please see
 [LISP-MN].

Fuller & Farinacci Experimental [Page 7] RFC 6833 LISP Map-Server Interface January 2013

 An ETR may also request, by setting the "proxy Map-Reply" flag
 (P-bit) in the Map-Register message, that a Map-Server answer
 Map-Requests instead of forwarding them to the ETR.  See [RFC6830]
 for details on how the Map-Server sets certain flags (such as those
 indicating whether the message is authoritative and how returned
 Locators should be treated) when sending a Map-Reply on behalf of an
 ETR.  When an ETR requests proxy reply service, it should include all
 RLOCs for all ETRs for the EID-Prefix being registered, along with
 the routable flag ("R-bit") setting for each RLOC.  The Map-Server
 includes all of this information in Map-Reply messages that it sends
 on behalf of the ETR.  This differs from a non-proxy registration,
 since the latter need only provide one or more RLOCs for a Map-Server
 to use for forwarding Map-Requests; the registration information is
 not used in Map-Replies, so it being incomplete is not incorrect.
 An ETR that uses a Map-Server to publish its EID-to-RLOC mappings
 does not need to participate further in the mapping database
 protocol(s).  When using a LISP+ALT mapping database, for example,
 this means that the ETR does not need to implement GRE or BGP, which
 greatly simplifies its configuration and reduces its cost of
 operation.
 Note that use of a Map-Server does not preclude an ETR from also
 connecting to the mapping database (i.e., it could also connect to
 the LISP+ALT network), but doing so doesn't seem particularly useful,
 as the whole purpose of using a Map-Server is to avoid the complexity
 of the mapping database protocols.

4.3. Map-Server Processing

 Once a Map-Server has EID-Prefixes registered by its client ETRs, it
 can accept and process Map-Requests for them.
 In response to a Map-Request (received over the ALT if LISP+ALT is in
 use), the Map-Server first checks to see if the destination EID
 matches a configured EID-Prefix.  If there is no match, the
 Map-Server returns a Negative Map-Reply with action code
 "Natively-Forward" and a 15-minute TTL.  This may occur if a Map
 Request is received for a configured aggregate EID-Prefix for which
 no more-specific EID-Prefix exists; it indicates the presence of a
 non-LISP "hole" in the aggregate EID-Prefix.
 Next, the Map-Server checks to see if any ETRs have registered the
 matching EID-Prefix.  If none are found, then the Map-Server returns
 a Negative Map-Reply with action code "Natively-Forward" and a
 1-minute TTL.

Fuller & Farinacci Experimental [Page 8] RFC 6833 LISP Map-Server Interface January 2013

 If any of the registered ETRs for the EID-Prefix have requested proxy
 reply service, then the Map-Server answers the request instead of
 forwarding it.  It returns a Map-Reply with the EID-Prefix, RLOCs,
 and other information learned through the registration process.
 If none of the ETRs have requested proxy reply service, then the
 Map-Server re-encapsulates and forwards the resulting Encapsulated
 Map-Request to one of the registered ETRs.  It does not otherwise
 alter the Map-Request, so any Map-Reply sent by the ETR is returned
 to the RLOC in the Map-Request, not to the Map-Server.  Unless also
 acting as a Map-Resolver, a Map-Server should never receive
 Map-Replies; any such messages should be discarded without response,
 perhaps accompanied by the logging of a diagnostic message if the
 rate of Map-Replies is suggestive of malicious traffic.

4.4. Map-Resolver Processing

 Upon receipt of an Encapsulated Map-Request, a Map-Resolver
 decapsulates the enclosed message and then searches for the requested
 EID in its local database of mapping entries (statically configured
 or learned from associated ETRs if the Map-Resolver is also a
 Map-Server offering proxy reply service).  If it finds a matching
 entry, it returns a LISP Map-Reply with the known mapping.
 If the Map-Resolver does not have the mapping entry and if it can
 determine that the EID is not in the mapping database (for example,
 if LISP+ALT is used, the Map-Resolver will have an ALT forwarding
 table that covers the full EID space), it immediately returns a
 negative LISP Map-Reply, with action code "Natively-Forward" and a
 15-minute TTL.  To minimize the number of negative cache entries
 needed by an ITR, the Map-Resolver should return the least-specific
 prefix that both matches the original query and does not match any
 EID-Prefix known to exist in the LISP-capable infrastructure.
 If the Map-Resolver does not have sufficient information to know
 whether the EID exists, it needs to forward the Map-Request to
 another device that has more information about the EID being
 requested.  To do this, it forwards the unencapsulated Map-Request,
 with the original ITR RLOC as the source, to the mapping database
 system.  Using LISP+ALT, the Map-Resolver is connected to the ALT
 network and sends the Map-Request to the next ALT hop learned from
 its ALT BGP neighbors.  The Map-Resolver does not send any response
 to the ITR; since the source RLOC is that of the ITR, the ETR or
 Map-Server that receives the Map-Request over the ALT and responds
 will do so directly to the ITR.

Fuller & Farinacci Experimental [Page 9] RFC 6833 LISP Map-Server Interface January 2013

4.4.1. Anycast Map-Resolver Operation

 A Map-Resolver can be set up to use "anycast", where the same address
 is assigned to multiple Map-Resolvers and is propagated through IGP
 routing, to facilitate the use of a topologically close Map-Resolver
 by each ITR.
 Note that Map-Server associations with ETRs should not use anycast
 addresses, as registrations need to be established between an ETR and
 a specific set of Map-Servers, each identified by a specific
 registration association.

5. Open Issues and Considerations

 There are a number of issues with the Map-Server and Map-Resolver
 design that are not yet completely understood.  Among these are:
 o  Constants, such as those used for Map-Register frequency,
    retransmission timeouts, retransmission limits, Negative Map-Reply
    TTLs, et al. are subject to further refinement as more experience
    with prototype deployment is gained.
 o  Convergence time when an EID-to-RLOC mapping changes, and
    mechanisms for detecting and refreshing or removing stale, cached
    information.
 o  Deployability and complexity tradeoffs of implementing stronger
    security measures in both EID-Prefix registration and Map-Request/
    Map-Reply processing.
 o  Requirements for additional state in the registration process
    between Map-Servers and ETRs.
 A discussion of other issues surrounding LISP deployment may also be
 found in Section 15 of [RFC6830].
 The authors expect that experimentation on the LISP pilot network
 will help answer open questions surrounding these and other issues.

Fuller & Farinacci Experimental [Page 10] RFC 6833 LISP Map-Server Interface January 2013

6. Security Considerations

 The 2-way LISP header nonce exchange documented in [RFC6830] can be
 used to avoid ITR spoofing attacks.
 To publish an authoritative EID-to-RLOC mapping with a Map-Server, an
 ETR includes authentication data that is a hash of the message using
 a pair-wise shared key.  An implementation must support use of
 HMAC-SHA-1-96 [RFC2104] and should support use of HMAC-SHA-256-128
 [RFC6234] (SHA-256 truncated to 128 bits).
 During experimental and prototype deployment, all authentication key
 configuration will be manual.  Should LISP and its components be
 considered for IETF standardization, further work will be required to
 follow the BCP 107 [RFC4107] recommendations on automated key
 management.
 As noted in Section 4.2, a Map-Server should verify that all
 EID-Prefixes registered by an ETR match the configuration stored on
 the Map-Server.
 The currently defined authentication mechanism for Map-Register
 messages does not provide protection against "replay" attacks by a
 "man-in-the-middle".  Additional work is needed in this area.
 [LISP-SEC] defines a proposed mechanism for providing origin
 authentication, integrity, anti-replay protection, and prevention of
 man-in-the-middle and "overclaiming" attacks on the Map-Request/
 Map-Reply exchange.  Work is ongoing on this and other proposals for
 resolving these open security issues.
 While beyond the scope of securing an individual Map-Server or
 Map-Resolver, it should be noted that a BGP-based LISP+ALT network
 (if ALT is used as the mapping database infrastructure) can take
 advantage of standards work on adding security to BGP.

Fuller & Farinacci Experimental [Page 11] RFC 6833 LISP Map-Server Interface January 2013

7. References

7.1. Normative References

 [RFC1035]    Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
              specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987.
 [RFC2104]    Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
              Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104,
              February 1997.
 [RFC6234]    Eastlake, D. and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms
              (SHA and SHA-based HMAC and HKDF)", RFC 6234, May 2011.
 [RFC6830]    Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Meyer, D., and D. Lewis, "The
              Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP)", RFC 6830,
              January 2013.
 [RFC6836]    Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Meyer, D., and D. Lewis,
              "Locator/ID Separation Protocol Alternative Logical
              Topology (LISP+ALT)", RFC 6836, January 2013.

7.2. Informative References

 [LISP-CONS]  Brim, S., Chiappa, N., Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Lewis,
              D., and D. Meyer, "LISP-CONS: A Content distribution
              Overlay Network Service for LISP", Work in Progress,
              April 2008.
 [LISP-MN]    Farinacci, D., Lewis, D., Meyer, D., and C. White, "LISP
              Mobile Node", Work in Progress, October 2012.
 [LISP-SEC]   Maino, F., Ermagan, V., Cabellos, A., Saucez, D., and O.
              Bonaventure, "LISP-Security (LISP-SEC)", Work
              in Progress, October 2012.
 [RFC4107]    Bellovin, S. and R. Housley, "Guidelines for
              Cryptographic Key Management", BCP 107, RFC 4107,
              June 2005.
 [RFC6837]    Lear, E., "NERD: A Not-so-novel Endpoint ID (EID) to
              Routing Locator (RLOC) Database", RFC 6837,
              January 2013.

Fuller & Farinacci Experimental [Page 12] RFC 6833 LISP Map-Server Interface January 2013

Appendix A. Acknowledgments

 The authors would like to thank Gregg Schudel, Darrel Lewis, John
 Zwiebel, Andrew Partan, Dave Meyer, Isidor Kouvelas, Jesper Skriver,
 Fabio Maino, and members of the lisp@ietf.org mailing list for their
 feedback and helpful suggestions.
 Special thanks are due to Noel Chiappa for his extensive work on
 caching with LISP-CONS, some of which may be used by Map-Resolvers.

Authors' Addresses

 Vince Fuller
 EMail: vaf@vaf.net
 Dino Farinacci
 Cisco Systems
 Tasman Drive
 San Jose, CA  95134
 USA
 EMail: farinacci@gmail.com

Fuller & Farinacci Experimental [Page 13]

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