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rfc:rfc6744

Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) RJ Atkinson Request for Comments: 6744 Consultant Category: Experimental SN Bhatti ISSN: 2070-1721 U. St Andrews

                                                         November 2012
               IPv6 Nonce Destination Option for the
       Identifier-Locator Network Protocol for IPv6 (ILNPv6)

Abstract

 The Identifier-Locator Network Protocol (ILNP) is an experimental,
 evolutionary enhancement to IP.  ILNP has multiple instantiations.
 This document describes an experimental Nonce Destination Option used
 only with ILNP for IPv6 (ILNPv6).  This document is a product of the
 IRTF Routing Research Group.

Status of This Memo

 This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
 published for examination, experimental implementation, and
 evaluation.
 This document defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
 community.  This document is a product of the Internet Research Task
 Force (IRTF).  The IRTF publishes the results of Internet-related
 research and development activities.  These results might not be
 suitable for deployment.  This RFC represents the individual
 opinion(s) of one or more members of the Routing Research Group of
 the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF).  Documents approved for
 publication by the IRSG are not a candidate for any level of Internet
 Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.
 Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
 and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
 http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6744.

Atkinson & Bhatti Experimental [Page 1] RFC 6744 ILNP Nonce for IPv6 November 2012

Copyright Notice

 Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
 document authors.  All rights reserved.
 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
 Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
 (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
 publication of this document.  Please review these documents
 carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
 to this document.
 This document may not be modified, and derivative works of it may not
 be created, except to format it for publication as an RFC or to
 translate it into languages other than English.

Table of Contents

 1. Introduction ....................................................2
    1.1. ILNP Document Roadmap ......................................3
    1.2. Terminology ................................................5
 2. Syntax ..........................................................5
 3. Transport Protocol Effects ......................................6
 4. Location Changes ................................................7
 5. Implementation Considerations ...................................7
    5.1. ILNP Communication Cache ...................................8
    5.2. Mode Indicator .............................................8
    5.3. IP Security ................................................8
 6. Backwards Compatibility .........................................8
 7. Security Considerations ........................................10
 8. IANA Considerations ............................................12
 9. References .....................................................12
    9.1. Normative References ......................................12
    9.2. Informative References ....................................13
 10. Acknowledgements ..............................................14

1. Introduction

 This document is part of the ILNP document set, which has had
 extensive review within the IRTF Routing RG.  ILNP is one of the
 recommendations made by the RG Chairs.  Separately, various refereed
 research papers on ILNP have also been published during this decade.
 So, the ideas contained herein have had much broader review than the
 IRTF Routing RG.  The views in this document were considered
 controversial by the Routing RG, but the RG reached a consensus that
 the document still should be published.  The Routing RG has had
 remarkably little consensus on anything, so virtually all Routing RG
 outputs are considered controversial.

Atkinson & Bhatti Experimental [Page 2] RFC 6744 ILNP Nonce for IPv6 November 2012

 At present, the Internet research and development community is
 exploring various approaches to evolving the Internet Architecture to
 solve a variety of issues including, but not limited to, scalability
 of inter-domain routing [RFC4984].  A wide range of other issues
 (e.g., site multihoming, node multihoming, site/subnet mobility, node
 mobility) are also active concerns at present.  Several different
 classes of evolution are being considered by the Internet research
 and development community.  One class is often called "Map and
 Encapsulate", where traffic would be mapped and then tunnelled
 through the inter-domain core of the Internet.  Another class being
 considered is sometimes known as "Identifier/Locator Split".  This
 document relates to a proposal that is in the latter class of
 evolutionary approaches.
 This document describes a new option for the IPv6 Destination Options
 header that is used with the Identifier-Locator Network Protocol for
 IPv6 (ILNPv6).  ILNPv6 is an experimental protocol that is backwards
 compatible with, and incrementally upgradable from, IPv6.  This
 option is ONLY used in ILNPv6 sessions and is never used with classic
 IPv6 sessions.
 The Nonce Option for the IPv6 Destination Options Header that is
 described in this document provides two functions.  First, it
 provides protection against off-path attacks for packets when ILNPv6
 is in use.  Second, it provides a signal during initial network-layer
 session creation that ILNPv6 is proposed for use with this network-
 layer session, rather than classic IPv6.  This last function is
 particularly important for ensuring that ILNP is both incrementally
 deployable and backwards compatible with IPv6.  Consequently, this
 option MUST NOT be used except by an ILNPv6-capable node.
 Further, each Nonce value is unidirectional.  Since packets often
 travel asymmetric paths between two correspondents, having separate
 Nonces for each direction limits the number of on-path nodes that can
 easily learn an ILNP session's nonce.  So a typical TCP session will
 have two different nonce values in use: one nonce is used from Local
 Node to the Correspondent Node and a different nonce is used from the
 Correspondent Node to the Local Node.

1.1. ILNP Document Roadmap

 This document defines a new IPv6 Nonce Destination Option used by
 ILNPv6 nodes (1) to indicate to ILNP correspondent nodes (by
 inclusion within the initial packets of an ILNP session) that the
 node is operating in the ILNP mode and (2) to prevent off-path
 attacks against ILNP ICMP messages.  This Nonce is used, for example,
 with all ILNP ICMPv6 Locator Update messages that are exchanged among
 ILNP correspondent nodes.

Atkinson & Bhatti Experimental [Page 3] RFC 6744 ILNP Nonce for IPv6 November 2012

 The ILNP architecture can have more than one engineering
 instantiation.  For example, one can imagine a "clean-slate"
 engineering design based on the ILNP architecture.  In separate
 documents, we describe two specific engineering instances of ILNP.
 The term "ILNPv6" refers precisely to an instance of ILNP that is
 based upon, and backwards compatible with, IPv6.  The term "ILNPv4"
 refers precisely to an instance of ILNP that is based upon, and
 backwards compatible with, IPv4.
 Many engineering aspects common to both ILNPv4 and ILNPv6 are
 described in [RFC6741].  A full engineering specification for either
 ILNPv6 or ILNPv4 is beyond the scope of this document.
 Readers are referred to other related ILNP documents for details not
 described here:
 a) [RFC6740] is the main architectural description of ILNP, including
    the concept of operations.
 b) [RFC6741] describes engineering and implementation considerations
    that are common to both ILNPv4 and ILNPv6.
 c) [RFC6742] defines additional DNS resource records that support
    ILNP.
 d) [RFC6743] defines a new ICMPv6 Locator Update message used by an
    ILNP node to inform its correspondent nodes of any changes to its
    set of valid Locators.
 e) [RFC6745] defines a new ICMPv4 Locator Update message used by an
    ILNP node to inform its correspondent nodes of any changes to its
    set of valid Locators.
 f) [RFC6746] defines a new IPv4 Nonce Option used by ILNPv4 nodes to
    carry a security nonce to prevent off-path attacks against ILNP
    ICMP messages and also defines a new IPv4 Identifier Option used
    by ILNPv4 nodes.
 g) [RFC6747] describes extensions to Address Resolution Protocol
    (ARP) for use with ILNPv4.
 h) [RFC6748] describes optional engineering and deployment functions
    for ILNP.  These are not required for the operation or use of ILNP
    and are provided as additional options.

Atkinson & Bhatti Experimental [Page 4] RFC 6744 ILNP Nonce for IPv6 November 2012

1.2. Terminology

 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
 document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

2. Syntax

 The Nonce Option is carried within an IPv6 Destination Options
 header.  Section 4 of [RFC2460] provides much more information on the
 various options and optional headers used with IPv6.
 More than one option might be inside the IPv6 Destination Options
 Header; however, at most, one Nonce Option exists in a given IPv6
 packet.
 A system that receives a packet containing more than one Nonce Option
 SHOULD discard the packet as "Authentication Failed" (instead of
 passing the packet up to the appropriate transport-layer protocol or
 to ICMP) and SHOULD log the event, including the Source Locator,
 Source Identifier, Destination Locator, Destination Identifier,
 upper-layer protocol (e.g., OSPF, TCP, UDP) if any, and transport-
 layer port numbers (if any), as a security fault in accordance with
 local logging policies.
 As of this writing, IPv6 Destination Options headers, and the options
 carried by such headers, are extremely uncommon in the deployed
 Internet.  So, it is expected that this Nonce Option commonly would
 be the only IPv6 Destination Option present in a given IPv6 packet.
 If a Common Architecture Label IPv6 Security Option (CALIPSO) label
 option [RFC5570] is also present in the same IPv6 Destination Options
 header, the CALIPSO Option SHOULD precede the Nonce Option.  The
 Nonce Option SHOULD precede other possible options in the same IPv6
 Destination Options header.
 In the diagram below, we show not only the Nonce Option but also the
 IPv6 Destination Options header that carries the Nonce Option.
   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  | Next Header   | Hdr Ext Len   |  Option Type  | Option Length |
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  /                         Nonce Value                           /
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Atkinson & Bhatti Experimental [Page 5] RFC 6744 ILNP Nonce for IPv6 November 2012

 Next Header:       8-bit selector.  Identifies the type of header
                    immediately following the Destination Options
                    header.  This field uses the same values as the
                    IPv4 Protocol field, as described in [RFC2460].
 Hdr Ext Len:       8-bit unsigned integer.  Length of the Destination
                    Options header in 8-octet units, not including the
                    first 8 octets.
 Option Type:       This contains the value 0x8B (139).  This is the
                    first octet of the Nonce Option itself.
 Option Length:     This indicates the length in 8-bit octets of the
                    Nonce Value field of the Nonce Option.  This value
                    must be selected so that the enveloping IPv6
                    Destination Option complies with the IPv6 header
                    alignment rules.  Common values are 4 (when the
                    Nonce Value is 32 bits) and 12 (when the Nonce
                    value is 96 bits).
 Nonce Value:       An unpredictable cryptographically random value
                    [RFC4086] used to prevent off-path attacks on an
                    ILNP session.  This field has variable length,
                    with the length indicated by the Option Length
                    field preceding it.  Note that the overall IPv6
                    IPv6 Destination Option MUST comply with IPv6
                    header alignment rules.  Implementations MUST
                    support sending and receiving 32-bit and 96-bit
                    Nonce values.

3. Transport Protocol Effects

 When the initial packet(s) of an IPv6 session contain this Nonce
 Destination Option, ILNPv6 is in use for that network-layer session.
 (NOTE: Backwards compatibility and incremental deployment are
 discussed in more detail in Section 6 below.)
 When a network-layer session is using ILNPv6, the transport-layer
 pseudo-header calculations MUST set to zero the high-order 64-bits
 ("Locator" or "Routing Prefix") of each IPv6 address.  This has the
 effect that the transport-layer is no longer aware of the topological
 network location of either node in that transport-layer session.
 The preceding rule applies not only to unicast ILNPv6 sessions but
 also to multicast or anycast ILNPv6 sessions.

Atkinson & Bhatti Experimental [Page 6] RFC 6744 ILNP Nonce for IPv6 November 2012

4. Location Changes

 When a node has a change in its Locator set that causes all
 previously valid Locators to become invalid, the node MUST send an
 ICMP Locator Update message (containing the Nonce Option with the
 appropriate nonce value) to each of its correspondents [RFC6740]
 [RFC6743].
 In the deployed Internet, packets sometimes arrive at a destination
 out of order.  A receiving node MUST drop a packet arriving from a
 correspondent if the Source Locator of the received packet is not in
 the receiving node's Identifier-Locator Communication Cache's
 (ILCC's) Set of Correspondent Locators UNLESS that packet contains a
 Nonce Option with the appropriate nonce value for that Source
 Identifier and Destination Identifier pair.  This is done to reduce
 the risk of ILNP session hijacking or ILNP session interference
 attacks.
 Hence, the node that has had all previously valid Locators become
 invalid MUST include the Nonce Option with the appropriate nonce
 value in all packets (data or otherwise) to all correspondents for at
 least three round-trip times (RTTs) for each correspondent.  (N.B. An
 implementation need not actually calculate RTT values; it could just
 use a fixed timer with a time long enough to cover the longest RTT
 path, such as 1 minute.)  This "gratuitous authentication" ensures
 that the correspondent can authenticate any received packet, even if
 the ICMP Locator Update control message arrives and is processed
 AFTER some other packet using the new Source Locator(s).  If an ILNP
 session is using IPsec, then, of course, IPsec SHOULD continue to be
 used even if one or more participating nodes change location.
 Because IP Security for ILNP [RFC6741] binds only to the Identifiers,
 and not to the Locators in the packet, changes in Locator value have
 no impact on IP Security for ILNP sessions.
 As mobility and multihoming are functionally equivalent for ILNP,
 this section applies equally to either situation and also to any
 other situation in which a node's set of Locators might change over
 time.

5. Implementation Considerations

 Implementers may use any internal implementation they wish, PROVIDED
 that the externally visible behaviour is the same as this
 implementation approach.

Atkinson & Bhatti Experimental [Page 7] RFC 6744 ILNP Nonce for IPv6 November 2012

5.1. ILNP Communication Cache

 As described in [RFC6741], ILNP nodes maintain an Identifier-Locator
 Communication Cache (ILCC) that contains several variables for each
 correspondent.  The ILNP Nonce value is an important part of that
 cache.

5.2. Mode Indicator

 To support ILNP, and to retain needed incremental deployability and
 backwards compatibility, the network layer needs a (logical) mode bit
 in the Transport Control Block (or equivalent for one's
 implementation) to track which IP sessions are using traditional IPv6
 and which IP sessions are using ILNPv6.
 If a given transport-layer session is using ILNP, then an entry
 corresponding to the network-layer components of that transport-layer
 session also will exist in the ILNP Communication Cache.  Multiple
 transport-layer sessions between a given pair of nodes normally share
 a single entry in the ILNP Communication Cache, provided their
 network-layer details (e.g., Identifiers, Nonces) are identical.
 Because two different ILNP nodes at two different locations might
 share the same Identifier value, it is important for an ILNP
 implementation to use the ILNP Nonce values to distinguish between
 different ILNP nodes that happen to be using the same (or some of the
 same) Identifier value(s).

5.3. IP Security

 Whether or not ILNP is in use, the IPsec subsystem MUST maintain an
 IPsec Security Association Database (SAD) and MUST maintain
 information about which IPsec Selectors apply to traffic received by
 or sent from the local node [RFC4301].  By combining the information
 in the IPsec SAD, of what IPsec Selectors apply, and the information
 in the ILCC, an implementation has sufficient knowledge to apply
 IPsec properly to both received and transmitted packets.

6. Backwards Compatibility

 This option MUST NOT be present in an IPv6 packet unless the packet
 is part of an ILNPv6 session.  As is explained below in more detail,
 the presence or absence of this option from the initial packets of a
 new IPv6 session is an important indication of whether the session is
 using classic IPv6 or ILNPv6.
 ILNPv6 nodes MUST include this option in the first few packets of
 each ILNPv6 session, MUST include this option in all ICMP messages
 generated by endpoints participating in an ILNPv6 session, and MAY

Atkinson & Bhatti Experimental [Page 8] RFC 6744 ILNP Nonce for IPv6 November 2012

 include this option in any and all packets of an ILNPv6 session.  It
 is recommended that this option be included in all packets of the
 ILNPv6 session if the packet loss for that session is known to be
 much higher than normal.
 If a node supports ILNP and the node wishes to be able to receive
 incoming new ILNP sessions, then that node's FQDN SHOULD have one or
 more Node Identifier (NID) records and also one or more Locator
 (e.g., L64 or LP) records associated with it in the DNS [RFC6742].
 When a host ("initiator") initiates a new IP session with a
 correspondent ("responder"), it normally will perform a DNS lookup to
 determine the address(es) of the responder.  A host that has been
 enhanced to support the Identifier/Locator Split operating mode
 SHOULD look for Node Identifier ("NID") and Locator ("L64") records
 in any received DNS replies.  DNS servers that support Identifier and
 Locator (i.e., L64 or LP) records might include them (when they
 exist) as additional data in all DNS replies to DNS queries for DNS A
 or AAAA records associated with a specified DNS FQDN.
 If the initiator supports ILNP, and from DNS data learns that the
 responder also supports ILNP, then the initiator SHOULD attempt to
 use ILNP for new sessions with that responder.  In such cases, the
 initiator MUST generate an unpredictable, cryptographically random,
 ILNP Nonce value, MUST store that ILNP Nonce value in the local ILCC,
 and MUST include the ILNP Nonce Destination Option in its initial
 packet(s) to the responder.  The IETF has provided advice on
 generating cryptographically random numbers, such as this nonce value
 [RFC4086].
 If the responder supports ILNP and receives initial packet(s)
 containing the ILNP Nonce Destination Option, the responder will
 thereby learn that the initiator supports ILNP and the responder also
 will use ILNP for this new IP session.
 If the responder supports ILNP and receives initial IP packet(s) NOT
 containing the Nonce Destination Option, the responder will thereby
 learn that the initiator does NOT support ILNP and the responder will
 use classic IPv6 for this new IP session.
 If the responder does not support ILNP and receives initial packet(s)
 containing the ILNP Nonce Destination Option, the responder MUST drop
 the packet and MUST send an ICMP "Parameter Problem" error message
 back to the initiator [RFC4443].  Indeed, it is not expected that
 this behaviour will need to be coded into non-ILNP nodes, as this is
 the normal behaviour for nodes receiving unknown option headers.

Atkinson & Bhatti Experimental [Page 9] RFC 6744 ILNP Nonce for IPv6 November 2012

 If the initiator EITHER does not receive a response from the
 responder in a timely manner (e.g., within the applicable TCP timeout
 for a TCP session), and does not receive an ICMP Unreachable error
 message for that packet, OR receives an ICMP Parameter Problem error
 message for that packet, then the initiator infers that the responder
 is not able to support ILNP.  In this case, the initiator should try
 again to create the new IP session, but this time use classic IPv6
 and hence MUST NOT include the ILNP Nonce Destination Option.

7. Security Considerations

 The ILNPv6 Nonce Destination Option is used ONLY for ILNPv6 sessions,
 because this option is part of the backwards compatibility and
 incremental-deployment approach for the Identifier-Locator Network
 Protocol (ILNP).  This option MUST NOT be used with classic IPv6
 sessions.
 The ILNPv6 Nonce Destination Option only seeks to provide protection
 against off-path attacks on an IP session.  Ordinary IPv6 is
 vulnerable to on-path attacks unless IPsec is in use [CA-1995-01]
 [RFC4301].  This option exists to provide non-cryptographic
 protection for ILNP sessions, protection equivalent to the security
 of IP sessions that do NOT use IPsec.
 When ILNPv6 is in use, the ILNP Nonce Destination Option MUST be
 included in any ICMP control messages (e.g., ICMP Unreachable, ICMP
 Locator Update) sent by participants in that ILNPv6 session, even if
 IPsec also is in use for that ILNPv6 session.  Note that certain ICMP
 messages, for example, a "Packet Too Big" message, might be generated
 by transit devices that are not aware of the ILNP Nonce in use for
 that ILNPv6 session; hence, they are not able to include the ILNP
 Nonce.  Again, this is also true of classic IPv6 in the same
 operational situations, so this does not create a new security issue.
 For ILNPv6 sessions, any ICMP control messages received from a
 participant in that ILNPv6 session that lack a Nonce Destination
 Option MUST be discarded as forgeries.  This security event SHOULD be
 logged in accordance with local security logging policies, including
 details of the received packet (i.e., Source Locator, Source
 Identifier, Destination Locator, Destination Identifier, upper-layer
 protocol (e.g., TCP, UDP, OSPF) if any, transport-layer port numbers
 if any, and the date and time the packet was received).
 For ILNPv6 sessions, ICMP control messages received from a
 participant in that ILNPv6 session that have a Nonce Destination
 Option, but do NOT have the correct nonce value inside the Nonce
 Destination Option, MUST be discarded as forgeries.  This security
 event SHOULD be logged as described above.

Atkinson & Bhatti Experimental [Page 10] RFC 6744 ILNP Nonce for IPv6 November 2012

 Of course, longer nonce values provide greater resistance to random
 guessing of the nonce value.  However, ILNPv6 sessions operating in
 higher risk environments SHOULD also use the cryptographic
 authentication provided by IP Security for ILNP [RFC6741] [RFC4301].
 Use of IP Security for ILNP for an ILNPv6 session does not eliminate
 the need for the ILNPv6 Nonce Option to be included as described here
 or as described in [RFC6743].
 As a performance optimisation, it is suggested that when both the
 Nonce Option and IPsec are present in a packet and the Nonce Option
 has not been encrypted the Nonce Option value be checked for validity
 before beginning IPsec processing.  This minimises the ability of an
 off-path attacker to force the recipient to perform expensive
 cryptographic computations on received control packets.
 For environments with data at differing Sensitivity Levels operating
 over common infrastructure (e.g., when the IPv6 CALIPSO is deployed),
 it is recommended that the ILNP Nonce Option be encrypted by using
 ESP Transport-Mode or ESP Tunnel-Mode in order to reduce the covert
 channel bandwidth potential created by the Nonce Option and to
 prevent a node at one Sensitivity Level from attacking an ILNP
 session at a different Sensitivity Level [RFC5570].  Further, Multi-
 Level Secure (MLS) systems SHOULD use different nonce values for ILNP
 sessions having different Sensitivity Levels [RFC5570].  Also, an MLS
 implementation of ILNP will also store the Sensitivity Label
 information associated with each ILNP session in the implementation's
 ILCC.  When the Nonce Option and the CALIPSO Option are present in
 the same IPv6 Destination Options header, the CALIPSO Option SHOULD
 appear before the Nonce Option.
 In all cases, the ILNP Nonce Value MUST be unpredictable and
 cryptographically random.  [RFC4086] provides concrete advice on how
 to generate a suitable nonce value.
 As this is an option within the IPv6 Destination Options header,
 rather than an option within the IPv6 Hop-by-Hop Option Header, the
 presence of this option in an IPv6 packet ought not disturb routers
 along the path an IP packet containing this option happens to travel.
 Further, many deployed modern IP routers (both IPv4 and IPv6) have
 been explicitly configured to ignore all IP Options, even including
 the "Router Alert" option, when forwarding packets not addressed to
 the router itself.  Reports indicate this has been done to preclude
 use of IP Options as a (Distributed) Denial-of-Service attack vector
 on backbone routers.

Atkinson & Bhatti Experimental [Page 11] RFC 6744 ILNP Nonce for IPv6 November 2012

 As the Nonce is used in the checksum of all Authentication Header
 (AH) protected packets, as an implementation hint, it would seem
 sensible to include the Nonce value from the ILCC for that ILNP
 session.

8. IANA Considerations

 Consistent with the procedures of [RFC2780], IANA has assigned a new
 IPv6 Destination Option Type value of 0x8B.
 The Nonce Option MUST NOT change in transit and MUST be included in
 IP Authentication Header calculations.
 Further, if an end system receives an IPv6 packet containing this
 option, but does not recognise this option, the end system MUST
 discard the packet and, regardless of whether or not the received
 packet's Destination Address was a multicast address, send an ICMPv6
 Parameter Problem, Code 2 ("Unrecognised IPv6 Option Encountered"),
 message to the received packet's Source IPv6 Address, pointing to the
 unrecognised Option Type.

9. References

9.1. Normative References

 [RFC2119]     Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
               Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
 [RFC2460]     Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version
               6 (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.
 [RFC2780]     Bradner, S. and V. Paxson, "IANA Allocation Guidelines
               For Values In the Internet Protocol and Related
               Headers", BCP 37, RFC 2780, March 2000.
 [RFC4301]     Kent, S. and K. Seo, "Security Architecture for the
               Internet Protocol", RFC 4301, December 2005.
 [RFC4443]     Conta, A., Deering, S., and M. Gupta, Ed., "Internet
               Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet
               Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", RFC 4443,
               March 2006.
 [RFC6740]     Atkinson, R. and S. Bhatti, "Identifier-Locator Network
               Protocol (ILNP) Architectural Description", RFC 6740,
               November 2012.

Atkinson & Bhatti Experimental [Page 12] RFC 6744 ILNP Nonce for IPv6 November 2012

 [RFC6741]     Atkinson, R. and S. Bhatti, "Identifier-Locator Network
               Protocol (ILNP) Engineering and Implementation
               Considerations", RFC 6741, November 2012.
 [RFC6743]     Atkinson, R. and S. Bhatti, "ICMPv6 Locator Update
               Message", RFC 6743, November 2012.

9.2. Informative References

 [CA-1995-01]  US CERT, "CERT Advisory CA-1995-01 IP Spoofing Attacks
               and Hijacked Terminal Connections", Pittsburgh, PA,
               USA, 1995.
 [RFC4086]     Eastlake 3rd, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker,
               "Randomness Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC
               4086, June 2005.
 [RFC4984]     Meyer, D., Ed., Zhang, L., Ed., and K. Fall, Ed.,
               "Report from the IAB Workshop on Routing and
               Addressing", RFC 4984, September 2007.
 [RFC5570]     StJohns, M., Atkinson, R., and G. Thomas, "Common
               Architecture Label IPv6 Security Option (CALIPSO)", RFC
               5570, July 2009.
 [RFC6742]     Atkinson, R., Bhatti, S. and S. Rose, "DNS Resource
               Records for the Identifier-Locator Network Protocol
               (ILNP)", RFC 6742, November 2012.
 [RFC6745]     Atkinson, R. and S. Bhatti,  "ICMP Locator Update
               Message for the Identifier-Locator Network Protocol for
               IPv4 (ILNPv4)", RFC 6745, November 2012.
 [RFC6746]     Atkinson, R. and S.Bhatti, "IPv4 Options for the
               Identifier-Locator Network Protocol (ILNP)", RFC 6746,
               November 2012.
 [RFC6747]     Atkinson, R. and S. Bhatti, "Address Resolution
               Protocol (ARP) Extension for the Identifier-Locator
               Network Protocol for IPv4 (ILNPv4)", RFC 6747, November
               2012.
 [RFC6748]     Atkinson, R. and S. Bhatti, "Optional Advanced
               Deployment Scenarios for the Identifier-Locator Network
               Protocol (ILNP)", RFC 6748, November 2012.

Atkinson & Bhatti Experimental [Page 13] RFC 6744 ILNP Nonce for IPv6 November 2012

10. Acknowledgements

 Steve Blake, Stephane Bortzmeyer, Mohamed Boucadair, Noel Chiappa,
 Wes George, Steve Hailes, Joel Halpern, Mark Handley, Volker Hilt,
 Paul Jakma, Dae-Young Kim, Tony Li, Yakov Rehkter, Bruce Simpson,
 Robin Whittle, and John Wroclawski (in alphabetical order) provided
 review and feedback on earlier versions of this document.  Steve
 Blake provided an especially thorough review of an early version of
 the entire ILNP document set, which was extremely helpful.  We also
 wish to thank the anonymous reviewers of the various ILNP papers for
 their feedback.
 Roy Arends provided expert guidance on technical and procedural
 aspects of DNS issues.

Authors' Addresses

 RJ Atkinson
 Consultant
 San Jose, CA 95125
 USA
 EMail: rja.lists@gmail.com
 SN Bhatti
 School of Computer Science
 University of St Andrews
 North Haugh, St Andrews
 Fife  KY16 9SX
 Scotland, UK
 EMail: saleem@cs.st-andrews.ac.uk

Atkinson & Bhatti Experimental [Page 14]

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