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rfc:rfc6679

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) M. Westerlund Request for Comments: 6679 I. Johansson Category: Standards Track Ericsson ISSN: 2070-1721 C. Perkins

                                                 University of Glasgow
                                                           P. O'Hanlon
                                                  University of Oxford
                                                           K. Carlberg
                                                                   G11
                                                           August 2012
      Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) for RTP over UDP

Abstract

 This memo specifies how Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) can be
 used with the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) running over UDP,
 using the RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) as a feedback mechanism.  It
 defines a new RTCP Extended Report (XR) block for periodic ECN
 feedback, a new RTCP transport feedback message for timely reporting
 of congestion events, and a Session Traversal Utilities for NAT
 (STUN) extension used in the optional initialisation method using
 Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE).  Signalling and
 procedures for negotiation of capabilities and initialisation methods
 are also defined.

Status of This Memo

 This is an Internet Standards Track document.
 This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
 (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
 received public review and has been approved for publication by the
 Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Further information on
 Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
 Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
 and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
 http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6679.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 1] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

Copyright Notice

 Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
 document authors.  All rights reserved.
 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
 Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
 (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
 publication of this document.  Please review these documents
 carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
 to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
 include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
 the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
 described in the Simplified BSD License.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 2] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

Table of Contents

 1. Introduction ....................................................4
 2. Conventions, Definitions, and Acronyms ..........................5
 3. Discussion, Requirements, and Design Rationale ..................6
    3.1. Requirements ...............................................8
    3.2. Applicability ..............................................8
    3.3. Interoperability ..........................................12
 4. Overview of Use of ECN with RTP/UDP/IP .........................13
 5. RTCP Extensions for ECN Feedback ...............................16
    5.1. RTP/AVPF Transport-Layer ECN Feedback Packet ..............16
    5.2. RTCP XR Report Block for ECN Summary Information ..........19
 6. SDP Signalling Extensions for ECN ..............................21
    6.1. Signalling ECN Capability Using SDP .......................21
    6.2. RTCP ECN Feedback SDP Parameter ...........................26
    6.3. XR Block ECN SDP Parameter ................................26
    6.4. ICE Parameter to Signal ECN Capability ....................27
 7. Use of ECN with RTP/UDP/IP .....................................27
    7.1. Negotiation of ECN Capability .............................27
    7.2. Initiation of ECN Use in an RTP Session ...................28
    7.3. Ongoing Use of ECN within an RTP Session ..................35
    7.4. Detecting Failures ........................................38
 8. Processing ECN in RTP Translators and Mixers ...................42
    8.1. Transport Translators .....................................42
    8.2. Fragmentation and Reassembly in Translators ...............43
    8.3. Generating RTCP ECN Feedback in Media Transcoders .........45
    8.4. Generating RTCP ECN Feedback in Mixers ....................46
 9. Implementation Considerations ..................................47
 10. IANA Considerations ...........................................47
    10.1. SDP Attribute Registration ...............................47
    10.2. RTP/AVPF Transport-Layer Feedback Message ................47
    10.3. RTCP Feedback SDP Parameter ..............................48
    10.4. RTCP XR Report Blocks ....................................48
    10.5. RTCP XR SDP Parameter ....................................48
    10.6. STUN Attribute ...........................................48
    10.7. ICE Option ...............................................48
 11. Security Considerations .......................................48
 12. Examples of SDP Signalling ....................................51
    12.1. Basic SDP Offer/Answer ...................................52
    12.2. Declarative Multicast SDP ................................54
 13. Acknowledgments ...............................................54
 14. References ....................................................55
    14.1. Normative References .....................................55
    14.2. Informative References ...................................56

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 3] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

1. Introduction

 This memo outlines how Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN)
 [RFC3168] can be used for Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP)
 [RFC3550] flows running over UDP/IP that use the RTP Control Protocol
 (RTCP) as a feedback mechanism.  The solution consists of feedback of
 ECN congestion experienced markings to the sender using RTCP,
 verification of ECN functionality end-to-end, and procedures for how
 to initiate ECN usage.  Since the initiation process has some
 dependencies on the signalling mechanism used to establish the RTP
 session, a specification for signalling mechanisms using the Session
 Description Protocol (SDP) [RFC4566] is included.
 ECN can be used to minimise the impact of congestion on real-time
 multimedia traffic.  The use of ECN provides a way for the network to
 send congestion control signals to the media transport without having
 to impair the media.  Unlike packet loss, ECN signals unambiguously
 indicate congestion to the transport as quickly as feedback delays
 allow and without confusing congestion with losses that might have
 occurred for other reasons such as transmission errors, packet-size
 errors, routing errors, badly implemented middleboxes, policy
 violations, and so forth.
 The introduction of ECN into the Internet requires changes to both
 the network and transport layers.  At the network layer, IP
 forwarding has to be updated to allow routers to mark packets, rather
 than discarding them in times of congestion [RFC3168].  In addition,
 transport protocols have to be modified to inform the sender that
 ECN-marked packets are being received, so it can respond to the
 congestion.  The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) [RFC3168],
 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) [RFC4960], and Datagram
 Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) [RFC4340] have been updated to
 support ECN, but to date, there is no specification describing how
 UDP-based transports, such as RTP [RFC3550], can use ECN.  This is
 due to the lack of feedback mechanisms in UDP.  Instead, the
 signalling control protocol on top of UDP needs to provide that
 feedback.  For RTP, that feedback is provided by RTCP.
 The remainder of this memo is structured as follows.  We start by
 describing the conventions, definitions, and acronyms used in this
 memo in Section 2 and the design rationale and applicability in
 Section 3.  Section 4 gives an overview of how ECN is used with RTP
 over UDP.  RTCP extensions for ECN feedback are defined in Section 5
 and SDP signalling extensions in Section 6.  The details of how ECN
 is used with RTP over UDP are defined in Section 7.  In Section 8, we
 describe how ECN is handled in RTP translators and mixers.  Section 9
 discusses some implementation considerations; Section 10 lists IANA
 considerations; and Section 11 discusses security considerations.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 4] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 Finally, Section 12 provides some examples of SDP signalling for ECN
 feedback

2. Conventions, Definitions, and Acronyms

 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
 "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC
 2119 [RFC2119].
 Definitions and Abbreviations:
 Sender:  A sender of RTP packets carrying an encoded media stream.
    The sender can change how the media transmission is performed by
    varying the media coding or packetisation.  It is one endpoint of
    the ECN control loop.
 Receiver:  A receiver of RTP packets with the intention to consume
    the media stream.  It sends RTCP feedback on the received stream.
    It is the other endpoint of the ECN control loop.
 ECN-Capable Host:  A sender or receiver of a media stream that is
    capable of setting and/or processing ECN marks.
 ECN-Capable Transport (ECT):  A transport flow where both sender and
    receiver are ECN-capable hosts.  Packets sent by an ECN-capable
    transport will be marked as ECT(0) or ECT(1) on transmission.  See
    [RFC3168] for the definition of the ECT(0) and ECT(1) marks.
 ECN-CE:  ECN Congestion Experienced mark (see [RFC3168]).
 ECN-Capable Packets:  Packets with ECN mark set to either ECT(0),
    ECT(1), or ECN-CE.
 Not-ECT packets:  Packets that are not sent by an ECN-capable
    transport and are not ECN-CE marked.
 ECN-Capable Queue:  A queue that supports ECN-CE marking of ECN-
    capable packets to indicate congestion.
 ECN-Blocking Middlebox:  A middlebox that discards ECN-capable
    packets.
 ECN-Reverting Middlebox:  A middlebox that changes ECN-capable
    packets to not-ECT packets by removing the ECN mark.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 5] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 Note that RTP mixers or translators that operate in such a manner
 that they terminate or split the ECN control loop will take on the
 role of receivers or senders.  This is further discussed in
 Section 3.2.

3. Discussion, Requirements, and Design Rationale

 ECN has been specified for use with TCP [RFC3168], SCTP [RFC4960],
 and DCCP [RFC4340] transports.  These are all unicast protocols that
 negotiate the use of ECN during the initial connection establishment
 handshake (supporting incremental deployment and checking if ECN-
 marked packets pass all middleboxes on the path).  ECN-CE marks are
 immediately echoed back to the sender by the receiving endpoint using
 an additional bit in feedback messages, and the sender then
 interprets the mark as equivalent to a packet loss for congestion
 control purposes.
 If RTP is run over TCP, SCTP, or DCCP, it can use the native ECN
 support provided by those protocols.  This memo does not concern
 itself further with these use cases.  However, RTP is more commonly
 run over UDP.  This combination does not currently support ECN, and
 we observe that it has significant differences from the other
 transport protocols for which ECN has been specified.  These include:
 Signalling:  RTP relies on separate signalling protocols to negotiate
    parameters before a session can be created and doesn't include an
    in-band handshake or negotiation at session setup time (i.e.,
    there is no equivalent to the TCP three-way handshake in RTP).
 Feedback:  RTP does not explicitly acknowledge receipt of datagrams.
    Instead, the RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) provides reception
    quality feedback, and other back channel communication, for RTP
    sessions.  The feedback interval is generally on the order of
    seconds, rather than once per network round-trip time (RTT)
    (although the RTP Audio-Visual Profile with Feedback (RTP/AVPF)
    profile [RFC4585] allows more rapid feedback in most cases).  RTCP
    is also very much oriented around counting packets, which makes
    byte-counting congestion algorithms difficult to utilise.
 Congestion Response:  While it is possible to adapt the transmission
    of many audio/visual streams in response to network congestion,
    and such adaptation is required by [RFC3550], the dynamics of the
    congestion response may be quite different to that of TCP or other
    transport protocols.
 Middleboxes:  The RTP framework explicitly supports the concept of
    mixers and translators, which are middleboxes that are involved in
    media transport functions.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 6] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 Multicast:  RTP is explicitly a group communication protocol and was
    designed from the start to support IP multicast (primarily Any-
    Source Multicast (ASM) [RFC1112], although a recent extension
    supports Source-Specific Multicast (SSM) [RFC3569] with unicast
    feedback [RFC5760]).
 Application Awareness:  When ECN support is provided within the
    transport protocol, the ability of the application to react to
    congestion is limited, since it has little visibility into the
    transport layer.  By adding support of ECN to RTP using RTCP
    feedback, the application is made aware of congestion, allowing a
    wider range of reactions in response to that congestion
    indication.
 Counting vs. Detecting Congestion:  TCP, and the protocols derived
    from it, are mainly designed to respond in the same way whether
    they experience a burst of congestion indications within one RTT
    or just a single congestion indication, whereas real-time
    applications may be concerned with the amount of congestion
    experienced and whether it is distributed smoothly or in bursts.
    When feedback of ECN was added to TCP [RFC3168], the receiver was
    designed to flip the echo congestion experienced (ECE) flag to 1
    for a whole RTT then flop it back to zero.  ECN feedback in RTCP,
    however, will need to report a count of how much congestion has
    been experienced within an RTCP reporting period, irrespective of
    round-trip times.
 These differences significantly alter the shape of ECN support in RTP
 over UDP compared to ECN support in TCP, SCTP, and DCCP but do not
 invalidate the need for ECN support.
 ECN support is more important for RTP sessions than, for instance, is
 the case for many applications over TCP.  This is because the impact
 of packet loss in real-time audio-visual media flows is highly
 visible to users.  For TCP-based applications, however, TCP will
 retransmit lost packets, and while extra delay is incurred by having
 packets dropped rather than ECN-CE marked, the loss is repaired.
 Effective ECN support for RTP flows running over UDP will allow real-
 time audio-visual applications to respond to the onset of congestion
 before routers are forced to drop packets, allowing those
 applications to control how they reduce their transmission rate and
 hence media quality, rather than responding to and trying to conceal
 the effects of unpredictable packet loss.  Furthermore, widespread
 deployment for ECN and active queue management in routers, should it
 occur, can potentially reduce unnecessary queuing delays in routers,
 lowering the round-trip time and benefiting interactive applications
 of RTP, such as voice telephony.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 7] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

3.1. Requirements

 Considering ECN, transport protocols supporting ECN, and RTP-based
 applications, one can create a set of requirements that must be
 satisfied to at least some degree if ECN is to be used by RTP over
 UDP.
 o  REQ 1: A mechanism must exist to negotiate and initiate the use of
    ECN for RTP/UDP/IP sessions so that an RTP sender will not send
    packets with ECT in the IP header unless it knows that all
    potential receivers will understand any ECN-CE indications they
    might receive.
 o  REQ 2: A mechanism must exist to feed back the reception of any
    packets that are ECN-CE marked to the packet sender.
 o  REQ 3: The provided mechanism should minimise the possibility of
    cheating (either by the sender or receiver).
 o  REQ 4: Some detection and fallback mechanism should exist to avoid
    loss of communication due to the attempted usage of ECN in case an
    intermediate node clears ECT or drops packets that are ECT marked.
 o  REQ 5: Negotiation of ECN should not significantly increase the
    time taken to negotiate and set up the RTP session (an extra RTT
    before the media can flow is unlikely to be acceptable for some
    use cases).
 o  REQ 6: Negotiation of ECN should not cause media clipping at the
    start of a session.
 The following sections describe how these requirements can be met for
 RTP over UDP.

3.2. Applicability

 The use of ECN with RTP over UDP is dependent on negotiation of ECN
 capability between the sender and receiver(s) and validation of ECN
 support in all elements on the network path(s) traversed.  RTP is
 used in a heterogeneous range of network environments and topologies,
 with different signalling protocols.  The mechanisms defined here
 make it possible to verify support for ECN in each of these
 environments, irrespective of the topology.
 Due to the need for each RTP sender that intends to use ECN with RTP
 to track all participants in the RTP session, the sub-sampling of the
 group membership as specified by "Sampling of the Group Membership in
 RTP" [RFC2762] MUST NOT be used.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 8] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 The use of ECN is further dependent on a capability of the RTP media
 flow to react to congestion signalled by ECN-marked packets.
 Depending on the application, media codec, and network topology, this
 adaptation can occur in various forms and at various nodes.  As an
 example, the sender can change the media encoding, the receiver can
 change the subscription to a layered encoding, or either reaction can
 be accomplished by a transcoding middlebox.  [RFC5117] identifies
 seven topologies in which RTP sessions may be configured and which
 may affect the ability to use ECN:
 Topo-Point-to-Point:  This utilises standard unicast flows.  ECN may
    be used with RTP in this topology in an analogous manner to its
    use with other unicast transport protocols, with RTCP conveying
    ECN feedback messages.
 Topo-Multicast:  This is either an Any-Source Multicast (ASM) group
    [RFC3569] with potentially several active senders and multicast
    RTCP feedback or a Source-Specific Multicast (SSM) group [RFC4607]
    with a single distribution source and unicast RTCP feedback from
    receivers.  RTCP is designed to scale to large group sizes while
    avoiding feedback implosion (see Section 6.2 of [RFC3550],
    [RFC4585], and [RFC5760]) and can be used by a sender to determine
    if all its receivers, and the network paths to those receivers,
    support ECN (see Section 7.2).  It is somewhat more difficult to
    determine if all network paths from all senders to all receivers
    support ECN.  Accordingly, we allow ECN to be used by an RTP
    sender using multicast UDP provided the sender has verified that
    the paths to all its known receivers support ECN, irrespective of
    whether the paths from other senders to their receivers support
    ECN ("all its known receivers" are all the synchronisation sources
    (SSRCs) from which the RTP sender has received RTP or RTCP in the
    last five reporting intervals, i.e., they have not timed out).
    Note that group membership may change during the lifetime of a
    multicast RTP session, potentially introducing new receivers that
    are not ECN capable or have a path that doesn't support ECN.
    Senders must use the mechanisms described in Section 7.4 to check
    that all receivers, and the network paths traversed to reach those
    receivers, continue to support ECN, and they need to fallback to
    non-ECN use if any receivers join that do not.
    SSM groups that use unicast RTCP feedback [RFC5760] do need a few
    extra considerations.  This topology can have multiple media
    senders that provide traffic to the distribution source (DS) and
    are separated from the DS.  There can also be multiple feedback
    targets.  The requirement for using ECN for RTP in this topology
    is that the media sender must be provided the feedback from the
    receivers.  It may be in aggregated form from the feedback
    targets.  We will not mention this SSM use case in the below text

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 9] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

    specifically, but when actions are required by the media source,
    they also apply to the case of SSM where the RTCP feedback goes to
    the feedback target.
    The mechanisms defined in this memo support multicast groups but
    are known to be conservative and don't scale to large groups.
    This is primarily because we require all members of the group to
    demonstrate that they can make use of ECN before the sender is
    allowed to send ECN-marked packets, since allowing some non-ECN-
    capable receivers causes fairness issues when the bottleneck link
    is shared by ECN and non-ECN flows that we have not (yet) been
    able to satisfactorily address.  The rules regarding Determination
    of ECN Support in Section 7.2.1 may be relaxed in a future version
    of this specification to improve scaling once these issues have
    been resolved.
 Topo-Translator:  An RTP translator is an RTP-level middlebox that is
    invisible to the other participants in the RTP session (although
    it is usually visible in the associated signalling session).
    There are two types of RTP translators: those that do not modify
    the media stream and are concerned with transport parameters, for
    example, a multicast to unicast gateway; and those that do modify
    the media stream, for example, transcoding between different media
    codecs.  A single RTP session traverses the translator, and the
    translator must rewrite RTCP messages passing through it to match
    the changes it makes to the RTP data packets.  A legacy, ECN-
    unaware, RTP translator is expected to ignore the ECN bits on
    received packets and to set the ECN bits to not-ECT when sending
    packets, thus causing ECN negotiation on the path containing the
    translator to fail (any new RTP translator that does not wish to
    support ECN may do so similarly).  An ECN-aware RTP translator may
    act in one of three ways:
  • If the translator does not modify the media stream, it should

copy the ECN bits unchanged from the incoming to the outgoing

       datagrams, unless it is overloaded and experiencing congestion,
       in which case it may mark the outgoing datagrams with an ECN-CE
       mark.  Such a translator passes RTCP feedback unchanged.  See
       Section 8.1.
  • If the translator modifies the media stream to combine or split

RTP packets but does not otherwise transcode the media, it must

       manage the ECN bits in a way analogous to that described in
       Section 5.3 of [RFC3168].  See Section 8.2 for details.
  • If the translator is a media transcoder, or otherwise modifies

the content of the media stream, the output RTP media stream

       may have radically different characteristics than the input RTP

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 10] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

       media stream.  Each side of the translator must then be
       considered as a separate transport connection, with its own ECN
       processing.  This requires the translator to interpose itself
       into the ECN negotiation process, effectively splitting the
       connection into two parts with their own negotiation.  Once
       negotiation has been completed, the translator must generate
       RTCP ECN feedback back to the source based on its own reception
       and must respond to RTCP ECN feedback received from the
       receiver(s) (see Section 8.3).
    It is recognised that ECN and RTCP processing in an RTP translator
    that modifies the media stream is non-trivial.
 Topo-Mixer:  A mixer is an RTP-level middlebox that aggregates
    multiple RTP streams, mixing them together to generate a new RTP
    stream.  The mixer is visible to the other participants in the RTP
    session and is also usually visible in the associated signalling
    session.  The RTP flows on each side of the mixer are treated
    independently for ECN purposes, with the mixer generating its own
    RTCP ECN feedback and responding to ECN feedback for data it
    sends.  Since unicast transport between the mixer and any endpoint
    are treated independently, it would seem reasonable to allow the
    transport on one side of the mixer to use ECN, while the transport
    on the other side of the mixer is not ECN capable, if this is
    desired.  See Section 8.4 for details on how mixers should process
    ECN.
 Topo-Video-switch-MCU:  A video-switching Multipoint Control Unit
    (MCU) receives several RTP flows, but forwards only one of those
    flows onwards to the other participants at a time.  The flow that
    is forwarded changes during the session, often based on voice
    activity.  Since only a subset of the RTP packets generated by a
    sender are forwarded to the receivers, a video-switching MCU can
    break ECN negotiation (the success of the ECN negotiation may
    depend on the voice activity of the participant at the instant the
    negotiation takes place - shout if you want ECN).  It also breaks
    congestion feedback and response, since RTP packets are dropped by
    the MCU depending on voice activity rather than network
    congestion.  This topology is widely used in legacy products but
    is NOT RECOMMENDED for new implementations and SHALL NOT be used
    with ECN.
 Topo-RTCP-terminating-MCU:  In this scenario, each participant runs
    an RTP point-to-point session between itself and the MCU.  Each of
    these sessions is treated independently for the purposes of ECN
    and RTCP feedback, potentially with some using ECN and some not.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 11] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 Topo-Asymmetric:  It is theoretically possible to build a middlebox
    that is a combination of an RTP mixer in one direction and an RTP
    translator in the other.  To quote [RFC5117], "This topology is so
    problematic and it is so easy to get the RTCP processing wrong,
    that it is NOT RECOMMENDED to implement this topology".
 These topologies may be combined within a single RTP session.
 The ECN mechanism defined in this memo is applicable to both sender-
 and receiver-controlled congestion algorithms.  The mechanism ensures
 that both senders and receivers will know about ECN-CE markings and
 any packet losses.  Thus, the actual decision point for the
 congestion control is not relevant.  This is a great benefit as the
 rate of an RTP session can be varied in a number of ways, for
 example, a unicast media sender might use TCP Friendly Rate Control
 (TFRC) [RFC5348] or some other algorithm, while a multicast session
 could use a sender-based scheme adapting to the lowest common
 supported rate or a receiver-driven mechanism using layered coding to
 support more heterogeneous paths.
 To ensure timely feedback of ECN-CE-marked packets when needed, this
 mechanism requires support for the RTP/AVPF profile [RFC4585] or any
 of its derivatives, such as RTP/SAVPF [RFC5124].  The standard RTP/
 AVP profile [RFC3551] does not allow any early or immediate
 transmission of RTCP feedback and has a minimal RTCP interval whose
 default value (5 seconds) is many times the normal RTT between sender
 and receiver.

3.3. Interoperability

 To ensure interoperability for this specification, there is need for
 at least one common initialisation method for all implementations.
 Since initialisation using RTP and RTCP (Section 7.2.1) is the one
 method that works in all cases, although it is not optimal for all
 uses, it is selected as the mandatory-to-implement initialisation
 method.  This method requires both the RTCP XR extension and the ECN
 feedback format, which require the RTP/AVPF profile to ensure timely
 feedback.
 When one considers all the uses of ECN for RTP, it is clear that
 congestion control mechanisms exist that are receiver driven only
 (Section 7.3.3).  These congestion control mechanisms do not require
 timely feedback of congestion events to the sender.  If such a
 congestion control mechanism is combined with an initialisation
 method that also doesn't require timely feedback using RTCP, like the
 leap-of-faith method (Section 7.2.3) or the ICE-based method
 (Section 7.2.2), then neither the ECN feedback format nor the RTP/
 AVPF profile would appear to be needed.  However, fault detection can

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 12] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 be greatly improved by using receiver-side detection (Section 7.4.1)
 and early reporting of such cases using the ECN feedback mechanism.
 For interoperability, we mandate the implementation of the RTP/AVPF
 profile, with both RTCP extensions and the necessary signalling to
 support a common operations mode.  This specification recommends the
 use of RTP/AVPF in all cases as negotiation of the common
 interoperability point requires RTP/AVPF, mixed negotiation of RTP/
 AVP and RTP/AVPF depending on other SDP attributes in the same media
 block is difficult, and the fact that fault detection can be improved
 when using RTP/AVPF.
 The use of the ECN feedback format is also recommended, but cases
 exist where its use is not required because timely feedback is not
 needed.  These will be explicitly noted using the phrase "no timely
 feedback required" and generally occur in combination with receiver-
 driven congestion control and with the leap-of-faith and ICE-based
 initialisation methods.  We also note that any receiver-driven
 congestion control solution that still requires RTCP for signalling
 of any adaptation information to the sender will still require RTP/
 AVPF for timeliness.

4. Overview of Use of ECN with RTP/UDP/IP

 The solution for using ECN with RTP over UDP/IP consists of four
 different pieces that together make the solution work:
 1.  Negotiation of the capability to use ECN with RTP/UDP/IP
 2.  Initiation and initial verification of ECN-capable transport
 3.  Ongoing use of ECN within an RTP session
 4.  Handling of dynamic behaviour through failure detection,
     verification, and fallback
 Before an RTP session can be created, a signalling protocol is used
 to negotiate or at least configure session parameters (see
 Section 7.1).  In some topologies, the signalling protocol can also
 be used to discover the other participants.  One of the parameters
 that must be agreed is the capability of a participant to support
 ECN.  Note that all participants having the capability of supporting
 ECN does not necessarily imply that ECN is usable in an RTP session,
 since there may be middleboxes on the path between the participants
 that don't pass ECN-marked packets (for example, a firewall that
 blocks traffic with the ECN bits set).  This document defines the
 information that needs to be negotiated and provides a mapping to SDP
 for use in both declarative and offer/answer contexts.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 13] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 When a sender joins a session for which all participants claim to
 support ECN, it needs to verify that the ECN support is usable.
 There are three ways in which this verification can be done:
 o  The sender may generate a (small) subset of its RTP data packets
    with the ECN field of the IP header set to ECT(0) or ECT(1).  Each
    receiver will then send an RTCP feedback packet indicating the
    reception of the ECT-marked RTP packets.  Upon reception of this
    feedback from each receiver it knows of, the sender can consider
    ECN functional for its traffic.  Each sender does this
    verification independently.  When a new receiver joins an existing
    RTP session, it will send RTCP reports in the usual manner.  If
    those RTCP reports include ECN information, verification will have
    succeeded, and sources can continue to send ECT packets.  If not,
    verification fails, and each sender MUST stop using ECN (see
    Section 7.2.1 for details).
 o  Alternatively, ECN support can be verified during an initial end-
    to-end STUN exchange (for example, as part of ICE connection
    establishment).  After having verified connectivity without ECN
    capability, an extra STUN exchange, this time with the ECN field
    set to ECT(0) or ECT(1), is performed on the candidate path that
    is about to be used.  If successful, the path's capability to
    convey ECN-marked packets is verified.  A new STUN attribute is
    defined to convey feedback that the ECT-marked STUN request was
    received (see Section 7.2.2), along with an ICE signalling option
    (Section 6.4) to indicate that the check is to be performed.
 o  Thirdly, the sender may make a leap of faith that ECN will work.
    This is only recommended for applications that know they are
    running in controlled environments where ECN functionality has
    been verified through other means.  In this mode, it is assumed
    that ECN works, and the system reacts to failure indicators if the
    assumption proved wrong.  The use of this method relies on a high
    confidence that ECN operation will be successful or an application
    where failure is not serious.  The impact on the network and other
    users must be considered when making a leap of faith, so there are
    limitations on when this method is allowed (see Section 7.2.3).
 The first mechanism, using RTP with RTCP feedback, has the advantage
 of working for all RTP sessions, but the disadvantages of potential
 clipping if ECN-marked RTP packets are discarded by middleboxes and
 slow verification of ECN support.  The STUN-based mechanism is faster
 to verify ECN support but only works in those scenarios supported by
 end-to-end STUN, such as within an ICE exchange.  The third one, leap
 of faith, has the advantage of avoiding additional tests or
 complexities and enabling ECN usage from the first media packet.  The
 downside is that if the end-to-end path contains middleboxes that do

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 14] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 not pass ECN, the impact on the application can be severe: in the
 worst case, all media could be lost if a middlebox that discards ECN-
 marked packets is present.  A less severe effect, but still requiring
 reaction, is the presence of a middlebox that re-marks ECT-marked
 packets to not-ECT, possibly marking packets with an ECN-CE mark as
 not-ECT.  This could result in increased levels of congestion due to
 non-responsiveness and impact media quality as applications end up
 relying on packet loss as an indication of congestion.
 Once ECN support has been verified (or assumed) to work for all
 receivers, a sender marks all its RTP packets as ECT packets, while
 receivers rapidly feed back reports on any ECN-CE marks to the sender
 using RTCP in RTP/AVPF immediate or early feedback mode, unless no
 timely feedback is required.  Each feedback report indicates the
 receipt of new ECN-CE marks since the last ECN feedback packet and
 also counts the total number of ECN-CE-marked packets as a cumulative
 sum.  This is the mechanism to provide the fastest possible feedback
 to senders about ECN-CE marks.  On receipt of an ECN-CE-marked
 packet, the system must react to congestion as if packet loss has
 been reported.  Section 7.3 describes the ongoing use of ECN within
 an RTP session.
 This rapid feedback is not optimised for reliability, so another
 mechanism, RTCP XR ECN Summary Reports, is used to ensure more
 reliable, but less timely, reporting of the ECN information.  The ECN
 Summary Report contains the same information as the ECN feedback
 format, only packed differently for better efficiency with reports
 for many sources.  It is sent in a compound RTCP packet, along with
 regular RTCP reception reports.  By using cumulative counters for
 observed ECN-CE, ECT, not-ECT, packet duplication, and packet loss,
 the sender can determine what events have happened since the last
 report, independently of any RTCP packets having been lost.
 RTCP reports MUST NOT be ECT marked, since ECT-marked traffic may be
 dropped if the path is not ECN compliant.  RTCP is used to provide
 feedback about what has been transmitted and what ECN markings that
 are received, so it is important that it is received in cases when
 ECT-marked traffic is not getting through.
 There are numerous reasons why the path the RTP packets take from the
 sender to the receiver may change, e.g., mobility and link failure
 followed by re-routing around it.  Such an event may result in the
 packet being sent through a node that is ECN non-compliant, thus
 re-marking or dropping packets with ECT set.  To prevent this from
 impacting the application for longer than necessary, the operation of
 ECN is constantly monitored by all senders (Section 7.4).  Both the
 RTCP XR ECN Summary Reports and the ECN feedback packets allow the
 sender to compare the number of ECT(0), ECT(1), and not-ECT-marked

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 15] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 packets received with the number that were sent, while also reporting
 ECN-CE-marked and lost packets.  If these numbers do not agree, it
 can be inferred that the path does not reliably pass ECN-marked
 packets.  A sender detecting a possible ECN non-compliance issue
 should then stop sending ECT-marked packets to determine if that
 allows the packets to be correctly delivered.  If the issues can be
 connected to ECN, then ECN usage is suspended.

5. RTCP Extensions for ECN Feedback

 This memo defines two new RTCP extensions: one RTP/AVPF [RFC4585]
 transport-layer feedback format for reporting urgent ECN information
 and one RTCP XR [RFC3611] ECN Summary Report block type for regular
 reporting of the ECN marking information.

5.1. RTP/AVPF Transport-Layer ECN Feedback Packet

 This RTP/AVPF transport-layer feedback format is intended for use in
 RTP/AVPF early or immediate feedback modes when information needs to
 urgently reach the sender.  Thus, its main use is to report reception
 of an ECN-CE-marked RTP packet so that the sender may perform
 congestion control or to speed up the initiation procedures by
 rapidly reporting that the path can support ECN-marked traffic.  The
 feedback format is also defined with reduced-size RTCP [RFC5506] in
 mind, where RTCP feedback packets may be sent without accompanying
 Sender or Receiver Reports that would contain the extended highest
 sequence number and the accumulated number of packet losses.  Both
 are important for ECN to verify functionality and keep track of when
 CE marking does occur.
 The RTP/AVPF transport-layer feedback packet starts with the common
 header defined by the RTP/AVPF profile [RFC4585], which is reproduced
 in Figure 1.  The FMT field takes the value 8 to indicate that the
 Feedback Control Information (FCI) contains an ECN Feedback Report,
 as defined in Figure 2.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 16] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

  0                   1                   2                   3
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |V=2|P|  FMT=8  |  PT=RTPFB=205 |          length               |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |                  SSRC of packet sender                        |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |                  SSRC of media source                         |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 :            Feedback Control Information (FCI)                 :
 :                                                               :
     Figure 1: RTP/AVPF Common Packet Format for Feedback Messages
  0                   1                   2                   3
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 | Extended Highest Sequence Number                              |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 | ECT (0) Counter                                               |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 | ECT (1) Counter                                               |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 | ECN-CE Counter                | not-ECT Counter               |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 | Lost Packets Counter          | Duplication Counter           |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                 Figure 2: ECN Feedback Report Format
 The ECN Feedback Report contains the following fields:
 Extended Highest Sequence Number:  The 32-bit extended highest
    sequence number received, as defined by [RFC3550].  Indicates the
    highest RTP sequence number to which this report relates.
 ECT(0) Counter:  The 32-bit cumulative number of RTP packets with
    ECT(0) received from this SSRC.
 ECT(1) Counter:  The 32-bit cumulative number of RTP packets with
    ECT(1) received from this SSRC.
 ECN-CE Counter:  The cumulative number of RTP packets received from
    this SSRC since the receiver joined the RTP session that were
    ECN-CE marked, including ECN-CE marks in any duplicate packets.
    The receiver should keep track of this value using a local
    representation that is at least 32 bits and only include the 16

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 17] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

    bits with least significance.  In other words, the field will wrap
    if more than 65535 ECN-CE-marked packets have been received.
 not-ECT Counter:  The cumulative number of RTP packets received from
    this SSRC since the receiver joined the RTP session that had an
    ECN field value of not-ECT.  The receiver should keep track of
    this value using a local representation that is at least 32 bits
    and only include the 16 bits with least significance.  In other
    words, the field will wrap if more than 65535 not-ECT packets have
    been received.
 Lost Packets Counter:  The cumulative number of RTP packets that the
    receiver expected to receive minus the number of packets it
    actually received that are not a duplicate of an already received
    packet, from this SSRC since the receiver joined the RTP session.
    Note that packets that arrive late are not counted as lost.  The
    receiver should keep track of this value using a local
    representation that is at least 32 bits and only include the 16
    bits with least significance.  In other words, the field will wrap
    if more than 65535 packets are lost.
 Duplication Counter:  The cumulative number of RTP packets received
    that are a duplicate of an already received packet from this SSRC
    since the receiver joined the RTP session.  The receiver should
    keep track of this value using a local representation that is at
    least 32 bits and only include the 16 bits with least
    significance.  In other words, the field will wrap if more than
    65535 duplicate packets have been received.
 All fields in the ECN Feedback Report are unsigned integers in
 network byte order.  Each ECN Feedback Report corresponds to a single
 RTP source (SSRC).  Multiple sources can be reported by including
 multiple ECN Feedback Report packets in an compound RTCP packet.
 The counters SHALL be initiated to 0 for each new SSRC received.
 This enables detection of ECN-CE marks or packet loss on the initial
 report from a specific participant.
 The use of at least 32-bit counters allows even extremely high packet
 volume applications to not have wrapping of counters within any
 timescale close to the RTCP reporting intervals.  However, 32 bits
 are not sufficiently large to disregard the fact that wrappings may
 happen during the lifetime of a long-lived RTP session, and
 implementations need to be written to handle wrapping of the
 counters.  It is recommended that implementations use local
 representation of these counters that are longer than 32 bits to
 enable easy handling of wraps.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 18] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 There is a difference in packet duplication reports between the
 packet loss counter that is defined in the Receiver Report Block
 [RFC3550] and that defined here.  To avoid holding state for what RTP
 sequence numbers have been received, [RFC3550] specifies that one can
 count packet loss by counting the number of received packets and
 comparing that to the number of packets expected.  As a result, a
 packet duplication can hide a packet loss.  However, when populating
 the ECN Feedback Report, a receiver needs to track the sequence
 numbers actually received and count duplicates and packet loss
 separately to provide a more reliable indication.  Reordering may,
 however, still result in packet loss being reported in one report and
 then removed in the next.
 The ECN-CE counter is robust for packet duplication.  Adding each
 received ECN-CE-marked packet to the counter is not an issue; in
 fact, it is required to ensure complete tracking of the ECN state.
 If one of the clones was ECN-CE marked, that is still an indication
 of congestion.  Packet duplication has a potential impact on the ECN
 verification, and there is thus a need to count the duplicates.

5.2. RTCP XR Report Block for ECN Summary Information

 This unilateral XR report block combined with RTCP SR or RR report
 blocks carries the same information as the ECN Feedback Report and is
 based on the same underlying information.  However, the ECN Feedback
 Report is intended to report an ECN-CE mark as soon as possible,
 while this extended report is for the regular RTCP reporting and
 continuous verification of the ECN functionality end-to-end.
 The ECN Summary Report block consists of one RTCP XR report block
 header, shown in Figure 3 followed by one or more ECN Summary Report
 data blocks, as defined in Figure 4.
  0                   1                   2                   3
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |     BT=13     | Reserved      |         Block Length          |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                    Figure 3: RTCP XR Report Header

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 19] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

  0                   1                   2                   3
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 | SSRC of Media Sender                                          |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 | ECT (0) Counter                                               |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 | ECT (1) Counter                                               |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 | ECN-CE Counter                | not-ECT Counter               |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 | Lost Packets Counter          | Duplication Counter           |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                 Figure 4: RTCP XR ECN Summary Report
 The RTCP XR ECN Summary Report contains the following fields:
 BT:  Block Type identifying the ECN Summary Report block.  Value is
    13.
 Reserved:  All bits SHALL be set to 0 on transmission and ignored on
    reception.
 Block Length:  The length of this XR report block, including the
    header, in 32-bit words minus one.  Used to indicate the number of
    ECN Summary Report data blocks present in the ECN Summary Report.
    This length will be 5*n, where n is the number of ECN Summary
    Report blocks, since blocks are a fixed size.  The block length
    MAY be zero if there is nothing to report.  Receivers MUST discard
    reports where the block length is not a multiple of five, since
    these cannot be valid.
 SSRC of Media Sender:  The SSRC identifying the media sender this
    report is for.
 ECT(0) Counter:  as in Section 5.1.
 ECT(1) Counter:  as in Section 5.1.
 ECN-CE Counter:  as in Section 5.1.
 not-ECT Counter:  as in Section 5.1.
 Lost Packets Counter:  as in Section 5.1.
 Duplication Counter:  as in Section 5.1.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 20] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 The extended highest sequence number counter for each SSRC is not
 present in an RTCP XR report, in contrast to the feedback version.
 The reason is that this summary report will rely on the information
 sent in the Sender Report (SR) or Receiver Report (RR) blocks part of
 the same RTCP compound packet.  The extended highest sequence number
 is available from the SR or RR.
 All the SSRCs that are present in the SR or RR SHOULD also be
 included in the RTCP XR ECN Summary Report.  In cases where the
 number of senders are so large that the combination of SR/RR and the
 ECN summary for all the senders exceed the MTU, then only a subset of
 the senders SHOULD be included so that the reports for the subset
 fits within the MTU.  The subsets SHOULD be selected round-robin
 across multiple intervals so that all sources are periodically
 reported.  In case there are no SSRCs that currently are counted as
 senders in the session, the report block SHALL still be sent with no
 report block entry and a zero report block length to continuously
 indicate to the other participants the receiver capability to report
 ECN information.

6. SDP Signalling Extensions for ECN

 This section defines a number of SDP signalling extensions used in
 the negotiation of the ECN for RTP support when using SDP.  This
 includes one SDP attribute "a=ecn-capable-rtp:" that negotiates the
 actual operation of ECN for RTP.  Two SDP signalling parameters are
 defined to indicate the use of the RTCP XR ECN summary block and the
 RTP/AVPF feedback format for ECN.  One ICE option SDP representation
 is also defined.

6.1. Signalling ECN Capability Using SDP

 One new SDP attribute, "a=ecn-capable-rtp:", is defined.  This is a
 media-level attribute and MUST NOT be used at the session level.  It
 is not subject to the character set chosen.  The aim of this
 signalling is to indicate the capability of the sender and receivers
 to support ECN, and to negotiate the method of ECN initiation to be
 used in the session.  The attribute takes a list of initiation
 methods, ordered in decreasing preference.  The defined values for
 the initiation method are:
 rtp:  Using RTP and RTCP as defined in Section 7.2.1.
 ice:  Using STUN within ICE as defined in Section 7.2.2.
 leap:  Using the leap-of-faith method as defined in Section 7.2.3.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 21] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 Further methods may be specified in the future, so unknown methods
 MUST be ignored upon reception.
 In addition, a number of OPTIONAL parameters may be included in the
 "a=ecn-capable-rtp:" attribute as follows:
 mode:  This parameter signals the endpoint's capability to set and
    read ECN marks in UDP packets.  An examination of various
    operating systems has shown that end-system support for ECN
    marking of UDP packets may be symmetric or asymmetric.  By this,
    we mean that some systems may allow endpoints to set the ECN bits
    in an outgoing UDP packet but not read them, while others may
    allow applications to read the ECN bits but not set them.  This
    either/or case may produce an asymmetric support for ECN and thus
    should be conveyed in the SDP signalling.  The "mode=setread"
    state is the ideal condition where an endpoint can both set and
    read ECN bits in UDP packets.  The "mode=setonly" state indicates
    that an endpoint can set the ECT bit but cannot read the ECN bits
    from received UDP packets to determine if upstream congestion
    occurred.  The "mode=readonly" state indicates that the endpoint
    can read the ECN bits to determine if congestion has occurred for
    incoming packets, but it cannot set the ECT bits in outgoing UDP
    packets.  When the "mode=" parameter is omitted, it is assumed
    that the node has "setread" capabilities.  This option can provide
    for an early indication that ECN cannot be used in a session.
    This would be the case when both the offerer and answerer set the
    "mode=" parameter to "setonly" or both set it to "readonly".
 ect:  This parameter makes it possible to express the preferred ECT
    marking.  This is either "random", "0", or "1", with "0" being
    implied if not specified.  The "ect" parameter describes a
    receiver preference and is useful in the case where the receiver
    knows it is behind a link using IP header compression, the
    efficiency of which would be seriously disrupted if it were to
    receive packets with randomly chosen ECT marks.  It is RECOMMENDED
    that ECT(0) marking be used.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 22] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 The ABNF [RFC5234] grammar for the "a=ecn-capable-rtp:" attribute is
 shown in Figure 5.
    ecn-attribute  = "a=ecn-capable-rtp:" SP init-list [SP parm-list]
    init-list      = init-value *("," init-value)
    init-value     = "rtp" / "ice" / "leap" / init-ext
    init-ext       = token
    parm-list      = parm-value *(";" SP parm-value)
    parm-value     = mode / ect / parm-ext
    mode           = "mode=" ("setonly" / "setread" / "readonly")
    ect            = "ect=" ("0" / "1" / "random")
    parm-ext       = parm-name "=" parm-value-ext
    parm-name      = token
    parm-value-ext = token / quoted-string
    quoted-string = ( DQUOTE *qdtext DQUOTE )
    qdtext = %x20-21 / %x23-5B / %x5D-7E / quoted-pair / UTF8-NONASCII
       ; No DQUOTE and no "\"
    quoted-pair = "\\" / ( "\" DQUOTE )
    UTF8-NONASCII = UTF8-1 / UTF8-2 / UTF8-3 / UTF8-4
    ; external references:
      ; token from RFC 4566
      ; SP and DQUOTE from RFC 5234
      ; UTF8-1, UTF8-2, UTF8-3, and UTF8-4 from RFC 3629
     Figure 5: ABNF Grammar for the "a=ecn-capable-rtp:" Attribute
 Note the above quoted string construct has an escaping mechanism for
 strings containing ".  This uses \ (backslash) as an escaping
 mechanism, i.e., a " is replaced by \" (backslash double quote) and
 any \ (backslash) is replaced by \\ (backslash backslash) when put
 into the double quotes as defined by the above syntax.  The string in
 a quoted string is UTF-8 [RFC3629].

6.1.1. Use of "a=ecn-capable-rtp:" with the Offer/Answer Model

 When SDP is used with the offer/answer model [RFC3264], the party
 generating the SDP offer MUST insert an "a=ecn-capable-rtp:"
 attribute into the media section of the SDP offer of each RTP session
 for which it wishes to use ECN.  The attribute includes one or more
 ECN initiation methods in a comma-separated list in decreasing order
 of preference, with any number of optional parameters following.  The
 answering party compares the list of initiation methods in the offer
 with those it supports in order of preference.  If there is a match
 and if the receiver wishes to attempt to use ECN in the session, it
 includes an "a=ecn-capable-rtp:" attribute containing its single
 preferred choice of initiation method, and any optional parameters,
 in the media sections of the answer.  If there is no matching

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 23] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 initiation method capability, or if the receiver does not wish to
 attempt to use ECN in the session, it does not include an "a=ecn--
 capable-rtp:" attribute in its answer.  If the attribute is removed
 in the answer, then ECN MUST NOT be used in any direction for that
 media flow.  If there are initialisation methods that are unknown,
 they MUST be ignored on reception and MUST NOT be included in an
 answer.
 The endpoints' capability to set and read ECN marks, as expressed by
 the optional "mode=" parameter, determines whether ECN support can be
 negotiated for flows in one or both directions:
 o  If the "mode=setonly" parameter is present in the "a=ecn-capable-
    rtp:" attribute of the offer and the answering party is also
    "mode=setonly", then there is no common ECN capability, and the
    answer MUST NOT include the "a=ecn-capable-rtp:" attribute.
    Otherwise, if the offer is "mode=setonly", then ECN may only be
    initiated in the direction from the offering party to the
    answering party.
 o  If the "mode=readonly" parameter is present in the "a=ecn-capable-
    rtp:" attribute of the offer and the answering party is
    "mode=readonly", then there is no common ECN capability, and the
    answer MUST NOT include the "a=ecn-capable-rtp:" attribute.
    Otherwise, if the offer is "mode=readonly", then ECN may only be
    initiated in the direction from the answering party to the
    offering party.
 o  If the "mode=setread" parameter is present in the "a=ecn-capable-
    rtp:" attribute of the offer and the answering party is "setonly",
    then ECN may only be initiated in the direction from the answering
    party to the offering party.  If the offering party is
    "mode=setread" but the answering party is "mode=readonly", then
    ECN may only be initiated in the direction from the offering party
    to the answering party.  If both offer and answer are
    "mode=setread", then ECN may be initiated in both directions.
    Note that "mode=setread" is implied by the absence of a "mode="
    parameter in the offer or the answer.
 o  An offer that does not include a "mode=" parameter MUST be treated
    as if a "mode=setread" parameter had been included.
 In an RTP session using multicast and ECN, participants that intend
 to send RTP packets SHOULD support setting ECT marks in RTP packets
 (i.e., should be "mode=setonly" or "mode=setread").  Participants
 receiving data need the capability to read ECN marks on incoming
 packets.  It is important that receivers can read ECN marks
 ("mode=readonly" or "mode=setread"), since otherwise no sender in the

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 24] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 multicast session would be able to enable ECN.  Accordingly,
 receivers that are "mode=setonly" SHOULD NOT join multicast RTP
 sessions that use ECN.  If session participants that are not aware of
 the ECN for RTP signalling are invited to a multicast session and
 simply ignore the signalling attribute, the other party in the offer/
 answer exchange SHOULD terminate the SDP dialogue so that the
 participant leaves the session.
 The "ect=" parameter in the "a=ecn-capable-rtp:" attribute is set
 independently in the offer and the answer.  Its value in the offer
 indicates a preference for the sending behaviour of the answering
 party, and its value in the answer indicates a sending preference for
 the behaviour of the offering party.  It will be the sender's choice
 to honour the receiver's preference for what to receive or not.  In
 multicast sessions, all senders SHOULD set the ECT marks using the
 value declared in the "ect=" parameter.
 Unknown optional parameters MUST be ignored on reception and MUST NOT
 be included in the answer.  That way, a new parameter may be
 introduced and verified as supported by the other endpoint by having
 the endpoint include it in any answer.

6.1.2. Use of "a=ecn-capable-rtp:" with Declarative SDP

 When SDP is used in a declarative manner, for example, in a multicast
 session using the Session Announcement Protocol (SAP) [RFC2974],
 negotiation of session description parameters is not possible.  The
 "a=ecn-capable-rtp:" attribute MAY be added to the session
 description to indicate that the sender will use ECN in the RTP
 session.  The attribute MUST include a single method of initiation.
 Participants MUST NOT join such a session unless they have the
 capability to receive ECN-marked UDP packets, implement the method of
 initiation, and generate RTCP ECN feedback.  The mode parameter MAY
 also be included in declarative usage, to indicate the minimal
 capability is required by the consumer of the SDP.  So, for example,
 in an SSM session, the participants configured with a particular SDP
 will all be in a media receive-only mode; thus, "mode=readonly" may
 be used as the receiver only needs to be able to report on the ECN
 markings.  In ASM sessions, using "mode=readonly" is also reasonable,
 unless all senders are required to attempt to use ECN for their
 outgoing RTP data traffic, in which case the mode needs to be set to
 "setread".

6.1.3. General Use of the "a=ecn-capable-rtp:" Attribute

 The "a=ecn-capable-rtp:" attribute MAY be used with RTP media
 sessions using UDP/IP transport.  It MUST NOT be used for RTP
 sessions using TCP, SCTP, or DCCP transport or for non-RTP sessions.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 25] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 As described in Section 7.3.3, RTP sessions using ECN require rapid
 RTCP ECN feedback, unless timely feedback is not required due to a
 receiver-driven congestion control.  To ensure that the sender can
 react to ECN-CE-marked packets, timely feedback is usually required.
 Thus, the use of the Extended RTP Profile for RTCP-Based Feedback
 (RTP/AVPF) [RFC4585] or another profile that inherits RTP/AVPF's
 signalling rules MUST be signalled unless timely feedback is not
 required.  If timely feedback is not required, it is still
 RECOMMENDED to use RTP/AVPF.  The signalling of an RTP/AVPF-based
 profile is likely to be required even if the preferred method of
 initialisation and the congestion control do not require timely
 feedback, as the common interoperable method is likely to be
 signalled or the improved fault reaction is desired.

6.2. RTCP ECN Feedback SDP Parameter

 A new "nack" feedback parameter "ecn" is defined to indicate the
 usage of the RTCP ECN feedback packet format (Section 5.1).  The ABNF
 [RFC5234] definition of the SDP parameter extension is:
 rtcp-fb-nack-param  =  <See Section 4.2 of [RFC4585]>
 rtcp-fb-nack-param  =/ ecn-fb-par
 ecn-fb-par          =  SP "ecn"
 The offer/answer rules for these SDP feedback parameters are
 specified in the RTP/AVPF profile [RFC4585].

6.3. XR Block ECN SDP Parameter

 A new unilateral RTCP XR block for ECN summary information is
 specified; thus, the XR block SDP signalling also needs to be
 extended with a parameter.  This is done in the same way as for the
 other XR blocks.  The XR block SDP attribute as defined in Section
 5.1 of the RTCP XR specification [RFC3611] is defined to be
 extensible.  As no parameter values are needed for this ECN summary
 block, this parameter extension consists of a simple parameter name
 used to indicate support and intent to use the XR block.
 xr-format       =  <See Section 5.1 of [RFC3611]>
 xr-format       =/ ecn-summary-par
 ecn-summary-par =  "ecn-sum"
 For SDP declarative and offer/answer usage, see the RTCP XR
 specification [RFC3611] and its description of how to handle
 unilateral parameters.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 26] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

6.4. ICE Parameter to Signal ECN Capability

 One new ICE [RFC5245] option, "rtp+ecn", is defined.  This is used
 with the SDP session level "a=ice-options" attribute in an SDP offer
 to indicate that the initiator of the ICE exchange has the capability
 to support ECN for RTP-over-UDP flows (via "a=ice-options: rtp+ecn").
 The answering party includes this same attribute at the session level
 in the SDP answer if it also has the capability and removes the
 attribute if it does not wish to use ECN or doesn't have the
 capability to use ECN.  If the ICE initiation method (Section 7.2.2)
 is actually going to be used, it is also needs to be explicitly
 negotiated using the "a=ecn-capable-rtp:" attribute.  This ICE option
 SHALL be included when the ICE initiation method is offered or
 declared in the SDP.
    Note: This signalling mechanism is not strictly needed as long as
    the STUN ECN testing capability is used within the context of this
    document.  It may, however, be useful if the ECN verification
    capability is used in additional contexts.

7. Use of ECN with RTP/UDP/IP

 In the detailed specification of the behaviour below, the different
 functions in the general case will first be discussed.  In case
 special considerations are needed for middleboxes, multicast usage,
 etc., those will be specially discussed in related subsections.

7.1. Negotiation of ECN Capability

 The first stage of ECN negotiation for RTP over UDP is to signal the
 capability to use ECN.  An RTP system that supports ECN and uses SDP
 for its signalling MUST implement the SDP extension to signal ECN
 capability as described in Section 6.1, the RTCP ECN feedback SDP
 parameter defined in Section 6.2, and the XR Block ECN SDP parameter
 defined in Section 6.3.  It MAY also implement alternative ECN
 capability negotiation schemes, such as the ICE extension described
 in Section 6.4.  Other signalling systems will need to define
 signalling parameters corresponding to those defined for SDP.
 The "ecn-capable-rtp:" SDP attribute MUST be used when employing ECN
 for RTP according to this specification in systems using SDP.  As the
 RTCP XR ECN Summary Report is required independently of the
 initialisation method or congestion control scheme, the "rtcp-xr"
 attribute with the "ecn-sum" parameter MUST also be used.  The
 "rtcp-fb" attribute with the "nack" parameter "ecn" MUST be used
 whenever the initialisation method or a congestion control algorithm

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 27] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 requires timely sender-side knowledge of received CE markings.  If
 the congestion control scheme requires additional signalling, this
 should be indicated as appropriate.

7.2. Initiation of ECN Use in an RTP Session

 Once the sender and the receiver(s) have agreed that they have the
 capability to use ECN within a session, they may attempt to initiate
 ECN use.  All session participants connected over the same transport
 MUST use the same initiation method.  RTP mixers or translators can
 use different initiation methods to different participants that are
 connected over different underlying transports.  The mixer or
 translator will need to do individual signalling with each
 participant to ensure it is consistent with the ECN support in those
 cases where it does not function as one endpoint for the ECN control
 loop.
 At the start of the RTP session, when the first few packets with ECT
 are sent, it is important to verify that IP packets with ECN field
 values of ECT or ECN-CE will reach their destination(s).  There is
 some risk that the use of ECN will result in either reset of the ECN
 field or loss of all packets with ECT or ECN-CE markings.  If the
 path between the sender and the receivers exhibits either of these
 behaviours, the sender needs to stop using ECN immediately to protect
 both the network and the application.
 The RTP senders and receivers SHALL NOT ECT mark their RTCP traffic
 at any time.  This is to ensure that packet loss due to ECN marking
 will not effect the RTCP traffic and the necessary feedback
 information it carries.
 An RTP system that supports ECN MUST implement the initiation of ECN
 using in-band RTP and RTCP described in Section 7.2.1.  It MAY also
 implement other mechanisms to initiate ECN support, for example, the
 STUN-based mechanism described in Section 7.2.2, or use the leap-of-
 faith option if the session supports the limitations provided in
 Section 7.2.3.  If support for both in-band and out-of-band
 mechanisms is signalled, the sender when negotiating SHOULD offer
 detection of ECT using STUN with ICE with higher priority than
 detection of ECT using RTP and RTCP.
 No matter how ECN usage is initiated, the sender MUST continually
 monitor the ability of the network, and all its receivers, to support
 ECN, following the mechanisms described in Section 7.4.  This is
 necessary because path changes or changes in the receiver population
 may invalidate the ability of the system to use ECN.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 28] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

7.2.1. Detection of ECT Using RTP and RTCP

 The ECN initiation phase using RTP and RTCP to detect if the network
 path supports ECN comprises three stages.  First, the RTP sender
 generates some small fraction of its traffic with ECT marks to act as
 a probe for ECN support.  Then, on receipt of these ECT-marked
 packets, the receivers send RTCP ECN feedback packets and RTCP ECN
 Summary Reports to inform the sender that their path supports ECN.
 Finally, the RTP sender makes the decision to use ECN or not, based
 on whether the paths to all RTP receivers have been verified to
 support ECN.
 Generating ECN Probe Packets:  During the ECN initiation phase, an
    RTP sender SHALL mark a small fraction of its RTP traffic as ECT,
    while leaving the reminder of the packets unmarked.  The main
    reason for only marking some packets is to maintain usable media
    delivery during the ECN initiation phase in those cases where ECN
    is not supported by the network path.  A secondary reason to send
    some not-ECT packets is to ensure that the receivers will send
    RTCP reports on this sender, even if all ECT-marked packets are
    lost in transit.  The not-ECT packets also provide a baseline to
    compare performance parameters against.  Another reason for only
    probing with a small number of packets is to reduce the risk that
    significant numbers of congestion markings might be lost if ECT is
    cleared to not-ECT by an ECN-reverting Middlebox.  Then, any
    resulting lack of congestion response is likely to have little
    damaging effect on others.  An RTP sender is RECOMMENDED to send a
    minimum of two packets with ECT markings per RTCP reporting
    interval.  In case a random ECT pattern is intended to be used, at
    least one packet with ECT(0) and one with ECT(1) should be sent
    per reporting interval; in case a single ECT marking is to be
    used, only that ECT value SHOULD be sent.  The RTP sender SHALL
    continue to send some ECT-marked traffic as long as the ECN
    initiation phase continues.  The sender SHOULD NOT mark all RTP
    packets as ECT during the ECN initiation phase.
    This memo does not mandate which RTP packets are marked with ECT
    during the ECN initiation phase.  An implementation should insert
    ECT marks in RTP packets in a way that minimises the impact on
    media quality if those packets are lost.  The choice of packets to
    mark is very media dependent.  For audio formats, it would make
    sense for the sender to mark comfort noise packets or similar.
    For video formats, packets containing P- or B-frames (rather than
    I-frames) would be an appropriate choice.  No matter which RTP
    packets are marked, those packets MUST NOT be sent in duplicate,
    with and without ECT, since the RTP sequence number is used to
    identify packets that are received with ECN markings.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 29] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 Generating RTCP ECN Feedback:  If ECN capability has been negotiated
    in an RTP session, the receivers in the session MUST listen for
    ECT or ECN-CE-marked RTP packets and generate RTCP ECN feedback
    packets (Section 5.1) to mark their receipt.  An immediate or
    early (depending on the RTP/AVPF mode) ECN feedback packet SHOULD
    be generated on receipt of the first ECT- or ECN-CE-marked packet
    from a sender that has not previously sent any ECT traffic.  Each
    regular RTCP report MUST also contain an ECN Summary Report
    (Section 5.2).  Reception of subsequent ECN-CE-marked packets MUST
    result in additional early or immediate ECN feedback packets being
    sent unless no timely feedback is required.
 Determination of ECN Support:  RTP is a group communication protocol,
    where members can join and leave the group at any time.  This
    complicates the ECN initiation phase, since the sender must wait
    until it believes the group membership has stabilised before it
    can determine if the paths to all receivers support ECN (group
    membership changes after the ECN initiation phase has completed
    are discussed in Section 7.3).
    An RTP sender shall consider the group membership to be stable
    after it has been in the session and sending ECT-marked probe
    packets for at least three RTCP reporting intervals (i.e., after
    sending its third regularly scheduled RTCP packet) and when a
    complete RTCP reporting interval has passed without changes to the
    group membership.  ECN initiation is considered successful when
    the group membership is stable and all known participants have
    sent one or more RTCP ECN feedback packets or RTCP XR ECN Summary
    Reports indicating correct receipt of the ECT-marked RTP packets
    generated by the sender.
    As an optimisation, if an RTP sender is initiating ECN usage
    towards a unicast address, then it MAY treat the ECN initiation as
    provisionally successful if it receives an RTCP ECN Feedback
    Report or an RTCP XR ECN Summary Report indicating successful
    receipt of the ECT-marked packets, with no negative indications,
    from a single RTP receiver (where a single RTP receiver is
    considered as all SSRCs used by a single RTCP CNAME).  After
    declaring provisional success, the sender MAY generate ECT-marked
    packets as described in Section 7.3, provided it continues to
    monitor the RTCP reports for a period of three RTCP reporting
    intervals from the time the ECN initiation started, to check if
    there are any other participants in the session.  Thus, as long as
    any additional SSRC that report on the ECN usage are using the
    same RTCP CNAME as the previous reports and they are all
    indicating functional ECN, the sender may continue.  If other
    participants are detected, i.e., other RTCP CNAMEs, the sender
    MUST fallback to only ECT-marking a small fraction of its RTP

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 30] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

    packets, while it determines if ECN can be supported following the
    full procedure described above.  Different RTCP CNAMEs received
    over a unicast transport may occur when using translators in a
    multi-party RTP session (e.g., when using a centralised conference
    bridge).
       Note: The above optimisation supports peer-to-peer unicast
       transport with several SSRCs multiplexed onto the same flow
       (e.g., a single participant with two video cameras or SSRC
       multiplexed RTP retransmission [RFC4588]).  It is desirable to
       be able to rapidly negotiate ECN support for such a session,
       but the optimisation above can fail if there are
       implementations that use the same CNAME for different parts of
       a distributed implementation that have different transport
       characteristics (e.g., if a single logical endpoint is split
       across multiple hosts).
    ECN initiation is considered to have failed at the instant the
    initiating RTP sender received an RTCP packet that doesn't contain
    an RTCP ECN Feedback Report or ECN Summary Report from any RTP
    session participant that has an RTCP RR with an extended RTP
    sequence number field that indicates that it should have received
    multiple (>3) ECT-marked RTP packets.  This can be due to failure
    to support the ECN feedback format by the receiver or some
    middlebox or the loss of all ECT-marked packets.  Both indicate a
    lack of ECN support.
 If the ECN negotiation succeeds, this indicates that the path can
 pass some ECN-marked traffic and that the receivers support ECN
 feedback.  This does not necessarily imply that the path can robustly
 convey ECN feedback; Section 7.3 describes the ongoing monitoring
 that must be performed to ensure the path continues to robustly
 support ECN.
 When a sender or receiver detects ECN failures on paths, they should
 log these to enable follow up and statistics gathering regarding
 broken paths.  The logging mechanism used is implementation
 dependent.

7.2.2. Detection of ECT Using STUN with ICE

 This section describes an OPTIONAL method that can be used to avoid
 media impact and also ensure an ECN-capable path prior to media
 transmission.  This method is considered in the context where the
 session participants are using ICE [RFC5245] to find working
 connectivity.  We need to use ICE rather than STUN only, as the
 verification needs to happen from the media sender to the address and
 port on which the receiver is listening.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 31] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 Note that this method is only applicable to sessions when the remote
 destinations are unicast addresses.  In addition, transport
 translators that do not terminate the ECN control loop and may
 distribute received packets to more than one other receiver must
 either disallow this method (and use the RTP/RTCP method instead) or
 implement additional handling as discussed below.  This is because
 the ICE initialisation method verifies the underlying transport to
 one particular address and port.  If the receiver at that address and
 port intends to use the received packets in a multi-point session,
 then the tested capabilities and the actual session behaviour are not
 matched.
 To minimise the impact of setup delay, and to prioritise the fact
 that one has working connectivity rather than necessarily finding the
 best ECN-capable network path, this procedure is applied after having
 performed a successful connectivity check for a candidate, which is
 nominated for usage.  At that point, an additional connectivity check
 is performed, sending the "ECN-CHECK" attribute in a STUN packet that
 is ECT marked.  On reception of the packet, a STUN server supporting
 this extension will note the received ECN field value and send a
 STUN/UDP/IP packet in reply with the ECN field set to not-ECT and an
 ECN-CHECK attribute included.  A STUN server that doesn't understand
 the extension, or is incapable of reading the ECN values on incoming
 STUN packets, should follow the rule in the STUN specification for
 unknown comprehension-optional attributes and ignore the attribute,
 resulting in the sender receiving a STUN response without the ECN-
 CHECK STUN attribute.
 The ECN STUN checks can be lost on the path, for example, due to the
 ECT marking but also due to various other non ECN-related reasons
 causing packet loss.  The goal is to detect when the ECT markings are
 rewritten or if it is the ECT marking that causes packet loss so that
 the path can be determined as not-ECT.  Other reasons for packet loss
 should not result in a failure to verify the path as ECT.  Therefore,
 a number of retransmissions should be attempted.  But, the sender of
 ECN STUN checks will also have to set a criteria for when it gives up
 testing for ECN capability on the path.  Since the ICE agent has
 successfully verified the path, an RTT measurement for this path can
 be performed.  To have a high probability of successfully verifying
 the path, it is RECOMMENDED that the client retransmit the ECN STUN
 check at least 4 times.  The transmission for that flow is stopped
 when an ECN-CHECK STUN response has been received, which doesn't
 indicate a retransmission of the request due to a temporary error, or
 the maximum number of retransmissions has been sent.  The ICE agent
 is recommended to give up on the ECN verification MAX(1.5*RTT, 20 ms)
 after the last ECN STUN check was sent.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 32] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 The transmission of the ECT-marked STUN connectivity checks
 containing the ECN-CHECK attribute can be done prior as well in
 parallel to actual media transmission.  Both cases are supported,
 where the main difference is how aggressively the transmission of the
 STUN checks are done.  The reason for this is to avoid adding
 additional startup delay until media can flow.  If media is required
 immediately after nomination has occurred, the STUN checks SHALL be
 done in parallel.  If the application does not require media
 transmission immediately, the verification of ECT SHOULD start using
 the aggressive mode.  At any point in the process until ECT has been
 verified or found to not work, media transmission MAY be started, and
 the ICE agent SHALL transition from the aggressive mode to the
 parallel mode.
 The aggressive mode uses an interval between the retransmissions
 based on the Ta timer as defined in Section 16.1 for RTP Media
 Streams in ICE [RFC5245].  The number of ECN STUN checks needing to
 be sent will depend on the number of ECN-capable flows (N) that is to
 be established.  The interval between each transmission of an ECN-
 CHECK packet MUST be Ta.  In other words, for a given flow being
 verified for ECT, the retransmission timeout (RTO) is set to Ta*N.
 The parallel mode uses transmission intervals in order to prevent the
 ECT verification checks from increasing the total bitrate more than
 10%.  As ICE's regular transmission schedule is mimicking a common
 voice call in amount, to meet that goal for most media flows, setting
 the retransmission interval to Ta*N*k where k=10 fulfills that goal.
 Thus, the default behaviour SHALL be to use k=10 when in parallel
 mode.  In cases where the bitrate of the STUN connectivity checks can
 be determined, they MAY be sent with smaller values of k, but k MUST
 NOT be smaller than 1, as long as the total bitrate for the
 connectivity checks are less than 10% of the used media bitrate.  The
 RTP media packets being sent in parallel mode SHALL NOT be ECT marked
 prior to verification of the path as ECT.
 The STUN ECN-CHECK attribute contains one field and a flag, as shown
 in Figure 6.  The flag indicates whether the echo field contains a
 valid value or not.  The field is the ECN echo field and, when valid,
 contains the two ECN bits from the packet it echoes back.  The ECN-
 CHECK attribute is a comprehension optional attribute.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 33] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

  0                   1                   2                   3
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |         Type                  |            Length             |
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |           Reserved                                      |ECF|V|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                  Figure 6: ECN-CHECK STUN Attribute
 V: Valid (1 bit) ECN Echo value field is valid when set to 1 and
    invalid when set 0.
 ECF:  ECN Echo value field (2 bits) contains the ECN field value of
    the STUN packet it echoes back when the field is valid.  If
    invalid, the content is arbitrary.
 Reserved:  Reserved bits (29 bits) SHALL be set to 0 on transmission
    and SHALL be ignored on reception.
 This attribute MAY be included in any STUN request to request the ECN
 field to be echoed back.  In STUN requests, the V bit SHALL be set to
 0.  A compliant STUN server receiving a request with the ECN-CHECK
 attribute SHALL read the ECN field value of the IP/UDP packet in
 which the request was received.  Upon forming the response, the
 server SHALL include the ECN-CHECK attribute setting the V bit to
 valid and include the read value of the ECN field into the ECF field.
 If the STUN responder was unable to ascertain, due to temporary
 errors, the ECN value of the STUN request, it SHALL set the V bit in
 the response to 0.  The STUN client may retry immediately.
 The ICE-based initialisation method does require some special
 consideration when used by a translator.  This is especially for
 transport translators and translators that fragment or reassemble
 packets, since they do not separate the ECN control loops between the
 endpoints and the translator.  When using ICE-based initiation, such
 a translator must ensure that any participants joining an RTP session
 for which ECN has been negotiated are successfully verified in the
 direction from the translator to the joining participant.
 Alternatively, it must correctly handle remarking of ECT RTP packets
 towards that participant.  When a new participant joins the session,
 the translator will perform a check towards the new participant.  If
 that is successfully completed, the ECT properties of the session are
 maintained for the other senders in the session.  If the check fails,
 then the existing senders will now see a participant that fails to
 receive ECT.  Thus, the failure detection in those senders will
 eventually detect this.  However, to avoid misusing the network on
 the path from the translator to the new participant, the translator

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 34] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 SHALL remark the traffic intended to be forwarded from ECT to not-
 ECT.  Any packets intended to be forwarded that are ECN-CE marked
 SHALL be discarded and not sent.  In cases where the path from a new
 participant to the translator fails the ECT check, then only that
 sender will not contribute any ECT-marked traffic towards the
 translator.

7.2.3. Leap-of-Faith ECT Initiation Method

 This method for initiating ECN usage is a leap of faith that assumes
 that ECN will work on the used path(s).  The method is to go directly
 to "ongoing use of ECN" as defined in Section 7.3.  Thus, all RTP
 packets MAY be marked as ECT, and the failure detection MUST be used
 to detect any case when the assumption that the path is ECT capable
 is wrong.  This method is only recommended for controlled
 environments where the whole path(s) between sender and receiver(s)
 has been built and verified to be ECT.
 If the sender marks all packets as ECT while transmitting on a path
 that contains an ECN-blocking middlebox, then receivers downstream of
 that middlebox will not receive any RTP data packets from the sender
 and hence will not consider it to be an active RTP SSRC.  The sender
 can detect this and revert to sending packets without ECT marks,
 since RTCP SR/RR packets from such receivers will either not include
 a report for the sender's SSRC or will report that no packets have
 been received, but this takes at least one RTCP reporting interval.
 It should be noted that a receiver might generate its first RTCP
 packet immediately on joining a unicast session, or very shortly
 after joining an RTP/AVPF session, before it has had chance to
 receive any data packets.  A sender that receives an RTCP SR/RR
 packet indicating lack of reception by a receiver SHOULD therefore
 wait for a second RTCP report from that receiver to be sure that the
 lack of reception is due to ECT-marking.  Since this recovery process
 can take several tens of seconds, during which time the RTP session
 is unusable for media, it is NOT RECOMMENDED that the leap-of-faith
 ECT initiation method be used in environments where ECN-blocking
 middleboxes are likely to be present.

7.3. Ongoing Use of ECN within an RTP Session

 Once ECN has been successfully initiated for an RTP sender, that
 sender begins sending all RTP data packets as ECT-marked, and its
 receivers send ECN feedback information via RTCP packets.  This
 section describes procedures for sending ECT-marked data, providing
 ECN feedback information via RTCP, and responding to ECN feedback
 information.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 35] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

7.3.1. Transmission of ECT-Marked RTP Packets

 After a sender has successfully initiated ECN use, it SHOULD mark all
 the RTP data packets it sends as ECT.  The sender SHOULD mark packets
 as ECT(0) unless the receiver expresses a preference for ECT(1) or
 for a random ECT value using the "ect" parameter in the "a=ecn--
 capable-rtp:" attribute.
 The sender SHALL NOT include ECT marks on outgoing RTCP packets and
 SHOULD NOT include ECT marks on any other outgoing control messages
 (e.g., STUN [RFC5389] packets, Datagram Transport Layer Security
 (DTLS) [RFC6347] handshake packets, or ZRTP [RFC6189] control
 packets) that are multiplexed on the same UDP port.  For control
 packets there might be exceptions, like the STUN-based ECN-CHECK
 defined in Section 7.2.2.

7.3.2. Reporting ECN Feedback via RTCP

 An RTP receiver that receives a packet with an ECN-CE mark, or that
 detects a packet loss, MUST schedule the transmission of an RTCP ECN
 feedback packet as soon as possible (subject to the constraints of
 [RFC4585] and [RFC3550]) to report this back to the sender unless no
 timely feedback is required.  The feedback RTCP packet SHALL consist
 of at least one ECN feedback packet (Section 5.1) reporting on the
 packets received since the last ECN feedback packet and will contain
 (at least) an RTCP SR/RR packet and an SDES packet, unless reduced-
 size RTCP [RFC5506] is used.  The RTP/AVPF profile in early or
 immediate feedback mode SHOULD be used where possible, to reduce the
 interval before feedback can be sent.  To reduce the size of the
 feedback message, reduced-size RTCP [RFC5506] MAY be used if
 supported by the endpoints.  Both RTP/AVPF and reduced-size RTCP MUST
 be negotiated in the session setup signalling before they can be
 used.
 Every time a regular compound RTCP packet is to be transmitted, an
 ECN-capable RTP receiver MUST include an RTCP XR ECN Summary Report
 as described in Section 5.2 as part of the compound packet.
 The multicast feedback implosion problem, which occurs when many
 receivers simultaneously send feedback to a single sender, must be
 considered.  The RTP/AVPF transmission rules will limit the amount of
 feedback that can be sent, avoiding the implosion problem but also
 delaying feedback by varying degrees from nothing up to a full RTCP
 reporting interval.  As a result, the full extent of a congestion
 situation may take some time to reach the sender, although some
 feedback should arrive in a reasonably timely manner, allowing the
 sender to react on a single or a few reports.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 36] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

7.3.3. Response to Congestion Notifications

 The reception of RTP packets with ECN-CE marks in the IP header is a
 notification that congestion is being experienced.  The default
 reaction on the reception of these ECN-CE-marked packets MUST be to
 provide the congestion control algorithm with a congestion
 notification that triggers the algorithm to react as if packet loss
 had occurred.  There should be no difference in congestion response
 if ECN-CE marks or packet drops are detected.
 Other reactions to ECN-CE may be specified in the future, following
 IETF Review.  Detailed designs of such alternative reactions MUST be
 specified in a Standards Track RFC and be reviewed to ensure they are
 safe for deployment under any restrictions specified.  A potential
 example for an alternative reaction could be emergency communications
 (such as that generated by first responders, as opposed to the
 general public) in networks where the user has been authorised.  A
 more detailed description of these other reactions, as well as the
 types of congestion control algorithms used by end-nodes, is outside
 the scope of this document.
 Depending on the media format, type of session, and RTP topology
 used, there are several different types of congestion control that
 can be used:
 Sender-Driven Congestion Control:  The sender is responsible for
    adapting the transmitted bitrate in response to RTCP ECN feedback.
    When the sender receives the ECN feedback data, it feeds this
    information into its congestion control or bitrate adaptation
    mechanism so that it can react as if packet loss was reported.
    The congestion control algorithm to be used is not specified here,
    although TFRC [RFC5348] is one example that might be used.
 Receiver-Driven Congestion Control:  In a receiver-driven congestion
    control mechanism, the receivers can react to the ECN-CE marks
    themselves without providing ECN-CE feedback to the sender.  This
    may allow faster response than sender-driven congestion control in
    some circumstances and also scale to large number of receivers and
    multicast usage.  One example of receiver-driven congestion
    control is implemented by providing the content in a layered way,
    with each layer providing improved media quality but also
    increased bandwidth usage.  The receiver locally monitors the
    ECN-CE marks on received packets to check if it experiences
    congestion with the current number of layers.  If congestion is
    experienced, the receiver drops one layer, thus reducing the
    resource consumption on the path towards itself.  For example, if
    a layered media encoding scheme such as H.264 Scalable Video
    Coding (SVC) is used, the receiver may change its layer

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 37] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

    subscription and so reduce the bitrate it receives.  The receiver
    MUST still send an RTCP XR ECN Summary to the sender, even if it
    can adapt without contact with the sender, so that the sender can
    determine if ECN is supported on the network path.  The timeliness
    of RTCP feedback is less of a concern with receiver-driven
    congestion control, and regular RTCP reporting of ECN summary
    information is sufficient (without using RTP/AVPF immediate or
    early feedback).
 Hybrid:  There might be mechanisms that utilise both some receiver
    behaviours and some sender-side monitoring, thus requiring both
    feedback of congestion events to the sender and taking receiver
    decisions and possible signalling to the sender.  In this case,
    the congestion control algorithm needs to use the signalling to
    indicate which features of ECN for RTP are required.
 Responding to congestion indication in the case of multicast traffic
 is a more complex problem than for unicast traffic.  The fundamental
 problem is diverse paths, i.e., when different receivers don't see
 the same path and thus have different bottlenecks, so the receivers
 may get ECN-CE-marked packets due to congestion at different points
 in the network.  This is problematic for sender-driven congestion
 control, since when receivers are heterogeneous in regards to
 capacity, the sender is limited to transmitting at the rate the
 slowest receiver can support.  This often becomes a significant
 limitation as group size grows.  Also, as group size increases, the
 frequency of reports from each receiver decreases, which further
 reduces the responsiveness of the mechanism.  Receiver-driven
 congestion control has the advantage that each receiver can choose
 the appropriate rate for its network path, rather than all receivers
 having to settle for the lowest common rate.
 We note that ECN support is not a silver bullet to improving
 performance.  The use of ECN gives the chance to respond to
 congestion before packets are dropped in the network, improving the
 user experience by allowing the RTP application to control how the
 quality is reduced.  An application that ignores ECN Congestion
 Experienced feedback is not immune to congestion: the network will
 eventually begin to discard packets if traffic doesn't respond.  To
 avoid packet loss, it is in the best interest of an application to
 respond to ECN congestion feedback promptly.

7.4. Detecting Failures

 Senders and receivers can deliberately ignore ECN-CE and thus get a
 benefit over behaving flows (cheating).  The ECN nonce [RFC3540] is
 an addition to TCP that attempts to solve this issue as long as the
 sender acts on behalf of the network.  The assumption that senders

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 38] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 act on behalf of the network may be false due to the nature of peer-
 to-peer use of RTP.  Still, a significant portion of RTP senders are
 infrastructure devices (for example, streaming media servers) that do
 have an interest in protecting both service quality and the network.
 Even though there may be cases where the nonce may be applicable for
 RTP, it is not included in this specification.  This is because a
 receiver interested in cheating would simply claim to not support the
 nonce, or even ECN itself.  It is, however, worth mentioning that, as
 real-time media is commonly sensitive to increased delay and packet
 loss, it will be in the interest of both the media sender and
 receivers to minimise the number and duration of any congestion
 events as they will adversely affect media quality.
 RTP sessions can also suffer from path changes resulting in a non-
 ECN-compliant node becoming part of the path.  That node may perform
 either of two actions that has an effect on the ECN and application
 functionality.  The gravest is if the node drops packets with the ECN
 field set to ECT(0), ECT(1), or ECN-CE.  This can be detected by the
 receiver when it receives an RTCP SR packet indicating that a sender
 has sent a number of packets that it has not received.  The sender
 may also detect such a middlebox based on the receiver's RTCP RR
 packet, when the extended sequence number is not advanced due to the
 failure to receive packets.  If the packet loss is less than 100%,
 then packet loss reporting in either the ECN feedback information or
 RTCP RR will indicate the situation.  The other action is to re-mark
 a packet from ECT or ECN-CE to not-ECT.  That has less dire results;
 however, it should be detected so that ECN usage can be suspended to
 prevent misusing the network.
 The RTCP XR ECN summary packet and the ECN feedback packet allow the
 sender to compare the number of ECT-marked packets of different types
 received with the number it actually sent.  The number of ECT packets
 received, plus the number of ECN-CE-marked and lost packets, should
 correspond to the number of sent ECT-marked packets plus the number
 of received duplicates.  If these numbers don't agree, there are two
 likely reasons: a translator changing the stream or not carrying the
 ECN markings forward or some node re-marking the packets.  In both
 cases, the usage of ECN is broken on the path.  By tracking all the
 different possible ECN field values, a sender can quickly detect if
 some non-compliant behaviour is happening on the path.
 Thus, packet losses and non-matching ECN field value statistics are
 possible indications of issues with using ECN over the path.  The
 next section defines both sender and receiver reactions to these
 cases.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 39] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

7.4.1. Fallback Mechanisms

 Upon the detection of a potential failure, both the sender and the
 receiver can react to mitigate the situation.
 A receiver that detects a packet loss burst MAY schedule an early
 feedback packet that includes at least the RTCP RR and the ECN
 feedback message to report this to the sender.  This will speed up
 the detection of the loss at the sender, thus triggering sender-side
 mitigation.
 A sender that detects high packet loss rates for ECT-marked packets
 SHOULD immediately switch to sending packets as not-ECT to determine
 if the losses are potentially due to the ECT markings.  If the losses
 disappear when the ECT-marking is discontinued, the RTP sender should
 go back to initiation procedures to attempt to verify the apparent
 loss of ECN capability of the used path.  If a re-initiation fails,
 then two possible actions exist:
 1.  Periodically retry the ECN initiation to detect if a path change
     occurs to a path that is ECN capable.
 2.  Renegotiate the session to disable ECN support.  This is a choice
     that is suitable if the impact of ECT probing on the media
     quality is noticeable.  If multiple initiations have been
     successful, but the following full usage of ECN has resulted in
     the fallback procedures, then disabling of the ECN support is
     RECOMMENDED.
 We foresee the possibility of flapping ECN capability due to several
 reasons: video-switching MCU or similar middleboxes that select to
 deliver media from the sender only intermittently; load-balancing
 devices that may in worst case result in some packets taking a
 different network path than the others; mobility solutions that
 switch the underlying network path in a transparent way for the
 sender or receiver; and membership changes in a multicast group.  It
 is, however, appropriate to mention that there are also issues such
 as re-routing of traffic due to a flappy route table or excessive
 reordering and other issues that are not directly ECN related but
 nevertheless may cause problems for ECN.

7.4.2. Interpretation of ECN Summary Information

 This section contains discussion on how the ECN Summary Report
 information can be used to detect various types of ECN path issues.
 We first review the information the RTCP reports provide on a per-
 source (SSRC) basis:

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 40] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 ECN-CE Counter:  The number of RTP packets received so far in the
    session with an ECN field set to CE.
 ECT (0/1) Counters:  The number of RTP packets received so far in the
    session with an ECN field set to ECT (0) and ECT (1) respectively.
 not-ECT Counter:  The number of RTP packets received so far in the
    session with an ECN field set to not-ECT.
 Lost Packets Counter:  The number of RTP packets that where expected
    based on sequence numbers but never received.
 Duplication Counter:  The number of received RTP packets that are
    duplicates of already received ones.
 Extended Highest Sequence number:  The highest sequence number seen
    when sending this report, but with additional bits, to handle
    disambiguation when wrapping the RTP sequence number field.
 The counters will be initialised to zero to provide values for the
 RTP stream sender from the first report.  After the first report, the
 changes between the last received report and the previous report are
 determined by simply taking the values of the latest minus the
 previous, taking wrapping into account.  This definition is also
 robust to packet losses, since if one report is missing, the
 reporting interval becomes longer, but is otherwise equally valid.
 In a perfect world, the number of not-ECT packets received should be
 equal to the number sent minus the Lost Packets Counter, and the sum
 of the ECT(0), ECT(1), and ECN-CE counters should be equal to the
 number of ECT-marked packet sent.  Two issues may cause a mismatch in
 these statistics: severe network congestion or unresponsive
 congestion control might cause some ECT-marked packets to be lost,
 and packet duplication might result in some packets being received
 and counted in the statistics multiple times (potentially with a
 different ECN-mark on each copy of the duplicate).
 The rate of packet duplication is tracked, allowing one to take the
 duplication into account.  The value of the ECN field for duplicates
 will also be counted, and when comparing the figures, one needs to
 take into account in the calculation that some fraction of packet
 duplicates are not-ECT and some are ECT.  Thus, when only sending
 not-ECT, the number of sent packets plus reported duplicates equals
 the number of received not-ECT.  When sending only ECT, the number of
 sent ECT packets plus duplicates will equal ECT(0), ECT(1), ECN-CE,
 and packet loss.  When sending a mix of not-ECT and ECT, there is an
 uncertainty if any duplicate or packet loss was an not-ECT or ECT.
 If the packet duplication is completely independent of the usage of

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 41] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 ECN, then the fraction of packet duplicates should be in relation to
 the number of not-ECT vs. ECT packets sent during the period of
 comparison.  This relation does not hold for packet loss, where
 higher rates of packet loss for not-ECT is expected than for ECT
 traffic.
 Detecting clearing of ECN field: If the ratio between ECT and not-ECT
 transmitted in the reports has become all not-ECT, or has
 substantially changed towards not-ECT, then this is clearly an
 indication that the path results in clearing of the ECT field.
 Dropping of ECT packets: To determine if the packet-drop ratio is
 different between not-ECT and ECT-marked transmission requires a mix
 of transmitted traffic.  The sender should compare if the delivery
 percentage (delivered/transmitted) between ECT and not-ECT is
 significantly different.  Care must be taken if the number of packets
 is low in either of the categories.  One must also take into account
 the level of CE marking.  A CE-marked packet would have been dropped
 unless it was ECT marked.  Thus, the packet loss level for not-ECT
 should be approximately equal to the loss rate for ECT when counting
 the CE-marked packets as lost ones.  A sender performing this
 calculation needs to ensure that the difference is statistically
 significant.
 If erroneous behaviour is detected, it should be logged to enable
 follow up and statistics gathering.

8. Processing ECN in RTP Translators and Mixers

 RTP translators and mixers that support ECN for RTP are required to
 process and potentially modify or generate ECN marking in RTP
 packets.  They also need to process and potentially modify or
 generate RTCP ECN feedback packets for the translated and/or mixed
 streams.  This includes both downstream RTCP reports generated by the
 media sender and also reports generated by the receivers, flowing
 upstream back towards the sender.

8.1. Transport Translators

 Some translators only perform transport-level translations, such as
 copying packets from one address domain, like from unicast to
 multicast.  They may also perform relaying like copying an incoming
 packet to a number of unicast receivers.  This section details the
 ECN-related actions for RTP and RTCP.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 42] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 For RTP data packets, the translator, which does not modify the media
 stream, SHOULD copy the ECN bits unchanged from the incoming to the
 outgoing datagrams, unless the translator itself is overloaded and
 experiencing congestion, in which case it may mark the outgoing
 datagrams with an ECN-CE mark.
 A transport translator does not modify RTCP packets.  However, it
 MUST perform the corresponding transport translation of the RTCP
 packets as it does with RTP packets being sent from the same source/
 endpoint.

8.2. Fragmentation and Reassembly in Translators

 An RTP translator may fragment or reassemble RTP data packets without
 changing the media encoding and without reference to the congestion
 state of the networks it bridges.  An example of this might be to
 combine packets of a voice-over-IP stream coded with one 20 ms frame
 per RTP packet into new RTP packets with two 20 ms frames per packet,
 thereby reducing the header overhead and thus stream bandwidth, at
 the expense of an increase in latency.  If multiple data packets are
 re-encoded into one, or vice versa, the RTP translator MUST assign
 new sequence numbers to the outgoing packets.  Losses in the incoming
 RTP packet stream may also induce corresponding gaps in the outgoing
 RTP sequence numbers.  An RTP translator MUST rewrite RTCP packets to
 make the corresponding changes to their sequence numbers and to
 reflect the impact of the fragmentation or reassembly.  This section
 describes how that rewriting is to be done for RTCP ECN feedback
 packets.  Section 7.2 of [RFC3550] describes general procedures for
 other RTCP packet types.
 The processing of arriving RTP packets for this case is as follows.
 If an ECN-marked packet is split into two, then both the outgoing
 packets MUST be ECN marked identically to the original; if several
 ECN-marked packets are combined into one, the outgoing packet MUST be
 either ECN-CE marked or dropped if any of the incoming packets are
 ECN-CE marked.  If the outgoing combined packet is not ECN-CE marked,
 then it MUST be ECT marked if any of the incoming packets were ECT
 marked.
 RTCP ECN feedback packets (Section 5.1) contain seven fields that are
 rewritten in an RTP translator that fragments or reassembles packets:
 the extended highest sequence number, the duplication counter, the
 Lost Packets Counter, the ECN-CE counter, and not-ECT counter, the
 ECT(0) counter, and the ECT(1) counter.  The RTCP XR report block for
 ECN summary information (Section 5.2) includes all of these fields
 except the extended highest sequence number, which is present in the

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 43] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 report block in an SR or RR packet.  The procedures for rewriting
 these fields are the same for both the RTCP ECN feedback packet and
 the RTCP XR ECN summary packet.
 When receiving an RTCP ECN feedback packet for the translated stream,
 an RTP translator first determines the range of packets to which the
 report corresponds.  The extended highest sequence number in the RTCP
 ECN feedback packet (or in the RTCP SR/RR packet contained within the
 compound packet, in the case of RTCP XR ECN Summary Reports)
 specifies the end sequence number of the range.  For the first RTCP
 ECN feedback packet received, the initial extended sequence number of
 the range may be determined by subtracting the sum of the Lost
 Packets Counter, the ECN-CE counter, the not-ECT counter, the ECT(0)
 counter and the ECT(1) counter minus the duplication counter, from
 the extended highest sequence number.  For subsequent RTCP ECN
 feedback packets, the starting sequence number may be determined as
 being one after the extended highest sequence number of the previous
 RTCP ECN feedback packet received from the same SSRC.  These values
 are in the sequence number space of the translated packets.
 Based on its knowledge of the translation process, the translator
 determines the sequence number range for the corresponding original,
 pre-translation, packets.  The extended highest sequence number in
 the RTCP ECN feedback packet is rewritten to match the final sequence
 number in the pre-translation sequence number range.
 The translator then determines the ratio, R, of the number of packets
 in the translated sequence number space (numTrans) to the number of
 packets in the pre-translation sequence number space (numOrig) such
 that R = numTrans / numOrig.  The counter values in the RTCP ECN
 Feedback Report are then scaled by dividing each of them by R.  For
 example, if the translation process combines two RTP packets into
 one, then numOrig will be twice numTrans, giving R=0.5, and the
 counters in the translated RTCP ECN feedback packet will be twice
 those in the original.
 The ratio, R, may have a value that leads to non-integer multiples of
 the counters when translating the RTCP packet.  For example, a Voice
 over IP (VoIP) translator that combines two adjacent RTP packets into
 one if they contain active speech data, but passes comfort noise
 packets unchanged, would have an R value of between 0.5 and 1.0
 depending on the amount of active speech.  Since the counter values
 in the translated RTCP report are integer values, rounding will be
 necessary in this case.
 When rounding counter values in the translated RTCP packet, the
 translator should try to ensure that they sum to the number of RTP
 packets in the pre-translation sequence number space (numOrig).  The

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 44] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 translator should also try to ensure that no non-zero counter is
 rounded to a zero value, unless the pre-translated values are zero,
 since that will lose information that a particular type of event has
 occurred.  It is recognised that it may be impossible to satisfy both
 of these constraints; in such cases, it is better to ensure that no
 non-zero counter is mapped to a zero value, since this preserves
 congestion adaptation and helps the RTCP-based ECN initiation
 process.
 One should be aware of the impact this type of translator has on the
 measurement of packet duplication.  A translator performing
 aggregation and most likely also an fragmenting translator will
 suppress any duplication happening prior to itself.  Thus, the
 reports and what is being scaled will only represent packet
 duplication happening from the translator to the receiver reporting
 on the flow.
 It should be noted that scaling the RTCP counter values in this way
 is meaningful only on the assumption that the level of congestion in
 the network is related to the number of packets being sent.  This is
 likely to be a reasonable assumption in the type of environment where
 RTP translators that fragment or reassemble packets are deployed, as
 their entire purpose is to change the number of packets being sent to
 adapt to known limitations of the network, but is not necessarily
 valid in general.
 The rewritten RTCP ECN Feedback Report is sent from the other side of
 the translator to that from which it arrived (as part of a compound
 RTCP packet containing other translated RTCP packets, where
 appropriate).

8.3. Generating RTCP ECN Feedback in Media Transcoders

 An RTP translator that acts as a media transcoder cannot directly
 forward RTCP packets corresponding to the transcoded stream, since
 those packets will relate to the non-transcoded stream and will not
 be useful in relation to the transcoded RTP flow.  Such a transcoder
 will need to interpose itself into the RTCP flow, acting as a proxy
 for the receiver to generate RTCP feedback in the direction of the
 sender relating to the pre-transcoded stream and acting in place of
 the sender to generate RTCP relating to the transcoded stream to be
 sent towards the receiver.  This section describes how this proxying
 is to be done for RTCP ECN feedback packets.  Section 7.2 of
 [RFC3550] describes general procedures for other RTCP packet types.
 An RTP translator acting as a media transcoder in this manner does
 not have its own SSRC and hence is not visible to other entities at
 the RTP layer.  RTCP ECN feedback packets and RTCP XR report blocks

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 45] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 for ECN summary information that are received from downstream relate
 to the translated stream and so must be processed by the translator
 as if they were the original media source.  These reports drive the
 congestion control loop and media adaptation between the translator
 and the downstream receiver.  If there are multiple downstream
 receivers, a logically separate transcoder instance must be used for
 each receiver and must process RTCP ECN Feedback and Summary Reports
 independently of the other transcoder instances.  An RTP translator
 acting as a media transcoder in this manner MUST NOT forward RTCP ECN
 feedback packets or RTCP XR ECN Summary Reports from downstream
 receivers in the upstream direction.
 An RTP translator acting as a media transcoder will generate RTCP
 reports upstream towards the original media sender, based on the
 reception quality of the original media stream at the translator.
 The translator will run a separate congestion control loop and media
 adaptation between itself and the media sender for each of its
 downstream receivers and must generate RTCP ECN feedback packets and
 RTCP XR ECN Summary Reports for that congestion control loop using
 the SSRC of that downstream receiver.

8.4. Generating RTCP ECN Feedback in Mixers

 An RTP mixer terminates one-or-more RTP flows, combines them into a
 single outgoing media stream, and transmits that new stream as a
 separate RTP flow.  A mixer has its own SSRC and is visible to other
 participants in the session at the RTP layer.
 An ECN-aware RTP mixer must generate RTCP ECN feedback packets and
 RTCP XR report blocks for ECN summary information relating to the RTP
 flows it terminates, in exactly the same way it would if it were an
 RTP receiver.  These reports form part of the congestion control loop
 between the mixer and the media senders generating the streams it is
 mixing.  A separate control loop runs between each sender and the
 mixer.
 An ECN-aware RTP mixer will negotiate and initiate the use of ECN on
 the mixed RTP flows it generates and will accept and process RTCP ECN
 Feedback Reports and RTCP XR report blocks for ECN relating to those
 mixed flows as if it were a standard media sender.  A congestion
 control loop runs between the mixer and its receivers, driven in part
 by the ECN reports received.
 An RTP mixer MUST NOT forward RTCP ECN feedback packets or RTCP XR
 ECN Summary Reports from downstream receivers in the upstream
 direction.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 46] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

9. Implementation Considerations

 To allow the use of ECN with RTP over UDP, an RTP implementation
 desiring to support receiving ECN-controlled media streams must
 support reading the value of the ECT bits on received UDP datagrams,
 and an RTP implementation desiring to support sending ECN-controlled
 media streams must support setting the ECT bits in outgoing UDP
 datagrams.  The standard Berkeley sockets API pre-dates the
 specification of ECN and does not provide the functionality that is
 required for this mechanism to be used with UDP flows, making this
 specification difficult to implement portably.

10. IANA Considerations

10.1. SDP Attribute Registration

 Following the guidelines in [RFC4566], the IANA has registered one
 new media-level SDP attribute:
 o  Contact name, email address and telephone number: Authors of RFC
    6679
 o  Attribute-name: ecn-capable-rtp
 o  Type of attribute: media-level
 o  Subject to charset: no
 This attribute defines the ability to negotiate the use of ECT (ECN-
 capable transport) for RTP flows running over UDP/IP.  This attribute
 is put in the SDP offer if the offering party wishes to receive an
 ECT flow.  The answering party then includes the attribute in the
 answer if it wishes to receive an ECT flow.  If the answerer does not
 include the attribute, then ECT MUST be disabled in both directions.

10.2. RTP/AVPF Transport-Layer Feedback Message

 The IANA has registered one new RTP/AVPF Transport-Layer Feedback
 Message in the table of FMT values for RTPFB Payload Types [RFC4585]
 as defined in Section 5.1:
    Name:          RTCP-ECN-FB
    Long name:     RTCP ECN Feedback
    Value:         8
    Reference:     RFC 6679

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 47] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

10.3. RTCP Feedback SDP Parameter

 The IANA has registered one new SDP "rtcp-fb" attribute "nack"
 parameter "ecn" in the SDP ("ack" and "nack" Attribute Values)
 registry.
    Value name:     ecn
    Long name:      Explicit Congestion Notification
    Usable with:    nack
    Reference:      RFC 6679

10.4. RTCP XR Report Blocks

 The IANA has registered one new RTCP XR Block Type as defined in
 Section 5.2:
    Block Type: 13
    Name:       ECN Summary Report
    Reference:  RFC 6679

10.5. RTCP XR SDP Parameter

 The IANA has registered one new RTCP XR SDP Parameter "ecn-sum" in
 the "RTCP XR SDP Parameters" registry.
    Parameter name      XR block (block type and name)
    --------------      ------------------------------------
    ecn-sum             13  ECN Summary Report

10.6. STUN Attribute

 A new STUN [RFC5389] attribute in the comprehension-optional range
 under IETF Review (0x8000-0xFFFF) has been assigned to the ECN-CHECK
 STUN attribute (0x802D) defined in Section 7.2.2.  The STUN attribute
 registry can currently be found at:
 http://www.iana.org/assignments/stun-parameters.

10.7. ICE Option

 A new ICE option "rtp+ecn" has been registered in the "ICE Options"
 registry created by [RFC6336].

11. Security Considerations

 The use of ECN with RTP over UDP as specified in this document has
 the following known security issues that need to be considered.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 48] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 External threats to the RTP and RTCP traffic:
 Denial of Service affecting RTCP:  An attacker that can modify the
    traffic between the media sender and a receiver can achieve either
    of two things: 1) report a lot of packets as being congestion
    experience marked, thus forcing the sender into a congestion
    response; or 2) ensure that the sender disables the usage of ECN
    by reporting failures to receive ECN by changing the counter
    fields.  This can also be accomplished by injecting false RTCP
    packets to the media sender.  Reporting a lot of ECN-CE-marked
    traffic is likely the more efficient denial-of-service tool as
    that may likely force the application to use the lowest possible
    bitrates.  The prevention against an external threat is to
    integrity protect the RTCP feedback information and authenticate
    the sender.
 Information leakage:  The ECN feedback mechanism exposes the
    receiver's perceived packet loss and the packets it considers to
    be ECN-CE marked.  This is mostly not considered sensitive
    information.  If it is considered sensitive, the RTCP feedback
    should be encrypted.
 Changing the ECN bits:  An on-path attacker that sees the RTP packet
    flow from sender to receiver and who has the capability to change
    the packets can rewrite ECT into ECN-CE, thus leading to erroneous
    congestion response in the sender or receiver.  This denial of
    service against the media quality in the RTP session is impossible
    for an endpoint to protect itself against.  Only network
    infrastructure nodes can detect this illicit re-marking.  It will
    be mitigated by turning off ECN; however, if the attacker can
    modify its response to drop packets, the same vulnerability exist.
 Denial of Service affecting the session setup signalling:  If an
    attacker can modify the session signalling, it can prevent the
    usage of ECN by removing the signalling attributes used to
    indicate that the initiator is capable and willing to use ECN with
    RTP/UDP.  This attack can be prevented by authentication and
    integrity protection of the signalling.  We do note that any
    attacker that can modify the signalling has more interesting
    attacks they can perform than prevent the usage of ECN, like
    inserting itself as a middleman in the media flows enabling wire-
    tapping also for an off-path attacker.
 Threats that exist from misbehaving senders or receivers:
 Receivers cheating:  A receiver may attempt to cheat and fail to
    report reception of ECN-CE-marked packets.  The benefit for a
    receiver cheating in its reporting would be to get an unfair

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 49] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

    bitrate share across the resource bottleneck.  It is far from
    certain that a receiver would be able to get a significant larger
    share of the resources.  That assumes a high enough level of
    aggregation that there are flows to acquire shares from.  The risk
    of cheating is that failure to react to congestion results in
    packet loss and increased path delay.
 Receivers misbehaving:  A receiver may prevent the usage of ECN in an
    RTP session by reporting itself as non-ECN capable, forcing the
    sender to turn off usage of ECN.  In a point-to-point scenario,
    there is little incentive to do this as it will only affect the
    receiver, thus failing to utilise an optimisation.  For multi-
    party sessions, some motivation exists for why a receiver would
    misbehave as it can prevent the other receivers from using ECN.
    As an insider into the session, it is difficult to determine if a
    receiver is misbehaving or simply incapable, making it basically
    impossible in the incremental deployment phase of ECN for RTP
    usage to determine this.  If additional information about the
    receivers and the network is known, it might be possible to deduce
    that a receiver is misbehaving.  If it can be determined that a
    receiver is misbehaving, the only response is to exclude it from
    the RTP session and ensure that it no longer has any valid
    security context to affect the session.
 Misbehaving senders:  The enabling of ECN gives the media packets a
    higher degree of probability to reach the receiver compared to
    not-ECT-marked ones on an ECN-capable path.  However, this is no
    magic bullet, and failure to react to congestion will most likely
    only slightly delay a network buffer over-run, in which its
    session also will experience packet loss and increased delay.
    There is some possibility that the media sender's traffic will
    push other traffic out of the way without being affected too
    negatively.  However, we do note that a media sender still needs
    to implement congestion control functions to prevent the media
    from being badly affected by congestion events.  Thus, the
    misbehaving sender is getting an unfair share.  This can only be
    detected and potentially prevented by network monitoring and
    administrative entities.  See Section 7 of [RFC3168] for more
    discussion of this issue.
 We note that the endpoint security functions needed to prevent an
 external attacker from interfering with the signalling are source
 authentication and integrity protection.  To prevent information
 leakage from the feedback packets, encryption of the RTCP is also
 needed.  For RTP, multiple possible solutions exist depending on the
 application context.  Secure RTP (SRTP) [RFC3711] does satisfy the
 requirement to protect this mechanism.  Note, however, that when
 using SRTP in group communication scenarios, different parties might

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 50] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 share the same security context; in this case, the authentication
 mechanism only shows that one of those parties is involved, not
 necessarily which one.  IPsec [RFC4301] and DTLS [RFC6347] can also
 provide the necessary security functions.
 The signalling protocols used to initiate an RTP session also need to
 be source authenticated and integrity protected to prevent an
 external attacker from modifying any signalling.  An appropriate
 mechanism to protect the used signalling needs to be used.  For SIP/
 SDP, ideally Secure MIME (S/MIME) [RFC5751] would be used.  However,
 with the limited deployment, a minimal mitigation strategy is to
 require use of SIPS (SIP over TLS) [RFC3261] [RFC5630] to at least
 accomplish hop-by-hop protection.
 We do note that certain mitigation methods will require network
 functions.

12. Examples of SDP Signalling

 This section contains a few different examples of the signalling
 mechanism defined in this specification in an SDP context.  If there
 are discrepancies between these examples and the specification text,
 the specification text is definitive.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 51] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

12.1. Basic SDP Offer/Answer

 This example is a basic offer/answer SDP exchange, assumed done by
 SIP (not shown).  The intention is to establish a basic audio session
 point-to-point between two users.
 The Offer:
    v=0
    o=jdoe 3502844782 3502844782 IN IP4 10.0.1.4
    s=VoIP call
    i=SDP offer for VoIP call with ICE and ECN for RTP
    b=AS:128
    b=RR:2000
    b=RS:2500
    a=ice-pwd:YH75Fviy6338Vbrhrlp8Yh
    a=ice-ufrag:9uB6
    a=ice-options:rtp+ecn
    t=0 0
    m=audio 45664 RTP/AVPF 97 98 99
    c=IN IP4 192.0.2.3
    a=rtpmap:97 G719/48000/1
    a=fmtp:97 maxred=160
    a=rtpmap:98 AMR-WB/16000/1
    a=fmtp:98 octet-align=1; mode-change-capability=2
    a=rtpmap:99 PCMA/8000/1
    a=maxptime:160
    a=ptime:20
    a=ecn-capable-rtp: ice rtp ect=0 mode=setread
    a=rtcp-fb:* nack ecn
    a=rtcp-fb:* trr-int 1000
    a=rtcp-xr:ecn-sum
    a=rtcp-rsize
    a=candidate:1 1 UDP 2130706431 10.0.1.4 8998 typ host
    a=candidate:2 1 UDP 1694498815 192.0.2.3 45664 typ srflx raddr
       10.0.1.4 rport 8998
 This SDP offer presents a single media stream with 3 media payload
 types.  It proposes to use ECN with RTP, with the ICE-based
 initialisation being preferred over the RTP/RTCP one.  Leap of faith
 is not suggested to be used.  The offerer is capable of both setting
 and reading the ECN bits.  In addition, the use of both the RTCP ECN
 feedback packet and the RTCP XR ECN Summary Report are supported.
 ICE is also proposed with two candidates.  It also supports reduced-
 size RTCP and can use it.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 52] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 The Answer:
    v=0
    o=jdoe 3502844783 3502844783 IN IP4 198.51.100.235
    s=VoIP call
    i=SDP offer for VoIP call with ICE and ECN for RTP
    b=AS:128
    b=RR:2000
    b=RS:2500
    a=ice-pwd:asd88fgpdd777uzjYhagZg
    a=ice-ufrag:8hhY
    a=ice-options:rtp+ecn
    t=0 0
    m=audio 53879 RTP/AVPF 97 99
    c=IN IP4 198.51.100.235
    a=rtpmap:97 G719/48000/1
    a=fmtp:97 maxred=160
    a=rtpmap:99 PCMA/8000/1
    a=maxptime:160
    a=ptime:20
    a=ecn-capable-rtp: ice ect=0 mode=readonly
    a=rtcp-fb:* nack ecn
    a=rtcp-fb:* trr-int 1000
    a=rtcp-xr:ecn-sum
    a=candidate:1 1 UDP 2130706431 198.51.100.235 53879 typ host
 The answer confirms that only one media stream will be used.  One RTP
 payload type was removed.  ECN capability was confirmed, and the
 initialisation method will be ICE.  However, the answerer is only
 capable of reading the ECN bits, which means that ECN can only be
 used for RTP flowing from the offerer to the answerer.  ECT always
 set to 0 will be used in both directions.  Both the RTCP ECN feedback
 packet and the RTCP XR ECN Summary Report will be used.  Reduced-size
 RTCP will not be used as the answerer has not indicated support for
 it in the answer.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 53] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

12.2. Declarative Multicast SDP

 The session below describes an Any-Source Multicast using a session
 with a single media stream.
    v=0
    o=jdoe 3502844782 3502844782 IN IP4 198.51.100.235
    s=Multicast SDP session using ECN for RTP
    i=Multicasted audio chat using ECN for RTP
    b=AS:128
    t=3502892703 3502910700
    m=audio 56144 RTP/AVPF 97
    c=IN IP4 233.252.0.212/127
    a=rtpmap:97 g719/48000/1
    a=fmtp:97 maxred=160
    a=maxptime:160
    a=ptime:20
    a=ecn-capable-rtp: rtp mode=readonly; ect=0
    a=rtcp-fb:* nack ecn
    a=rtcp-fb:* trr-int 1500
    a=rtcp-xr:ecn-sum
 This is a declarative SDP example and indicates required
 functionality in the consumer of the SDP.  The initialisation method
 required is the RTP/RTCP-based one, indicated by the "a=ecn-capable-
 rtp: rtp ..." line.  Receivers are required to be able to read ECN
 marks ("mode=readonly"), and the ECT value is recommended to be set
 to 0 always ("ect=0").  The ECN usage in this session requires both
 ECN feedback and RTCP XR ECN Summary Reports, and their use is
 indicated through the "a=rtcp-fb:" and "a=rtcp-xr:ecn-sum" lines.

13. Acknowledgments

 The authors wish to thank the following individuals for their reviews
 and comments: Thomas Belling, Bob Briscoe, Roni Even, Kevin P.
 Flemming, Tomas Frankkila, Christian Groves, Christer Holmgren,
 Cullen Jennings, Tom Van Caenegem, Simo Veikkolainen, Bill Ver Steeg,
 Dan Wing, Qin Wu, and Lei Zhu.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 54] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

14. References

14.1. Normative References

 [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
            Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
 [RFC3168]  Ramakrishnan, K., Floyd, S., and D. Black, "The Addition
            of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP",
            RFC 3168, September 2001.
 [RFC3550]  Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V.
            Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time
            Applications", STD 64, RFC 3550, July 2003.
 [RFC3611]  Friedman, T., Caceres, R., and A. Clark, "RTP Control
            Protocol Extended Reports (RTCP XR)", RFC 3611,
            November 2003.
 [RFC3629]  Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
            10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, November 2003.
 [RFC4566]  Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins, "SDP: Session
            Description Protocol", RFC 4566, July 2006.
 [RFC5234]  Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
            Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008.
 [RFC5245]  Rosenberg, J., "Interactive Connectivity Establishment
            (ICE): A Protocol for Network Address Translator (NAT)
            Traversal for Offer/Answer Protocols", RFC 5245,
            April 2010.
 [RFC5348]  Floyd, S., Handley, M., Padhye, J., and J. Widmer, "TCP
            Friendly Rate Control (TFRC): Protocol Specification",
            RFC 5348, September 2008.
 [RFC5389]  Rosenberg, J., Mahy, R., Matthews, P., and D. Wing,
            "Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN)", RFC 5389,
            October 2008.
 [RFC6336]  Westerlund, M. and C. Perkins, "IANA Registry for
            Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE) Options",
            RFC 6336, July 2011.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 55] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

14.2. Informative References

 [RFC1112]  Deering, S., "Host extensions for IP multicasting", STD 5,
            RFC 1112, August 1989.
 [RFC2762]  Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "Sampling of the Group
            Membership in RTP", RFC 2762, February 2000.
 [RFC2974]  Handley, M., Perkins, C., and E. Whelan, "Session
            Announcement Protocol", RFC 2974, October 2000.
 [RFC3261]  Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
            A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
            Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261,
            June 2002.
 [RFC3264]  Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "An Offer/Answer Model
            with Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 3264,
            June 2002.
 [RFC3540]  Spring, N., Wetherall, D., and D. Ely, "Robust Explicit
            Congestion Notification (ECN) Signaling with Nonces",
            RFC 3540, June 2003.
 [RFC3551]  Schulzrinne, H. and S. Casner, "RTP Profile for Audio and
            Video Conferences with Minimal Control", STD 65, RFC 3551,
            July 2003.
 [RFC3569]  Bhattacharyya, S., "An Overview of Source-Specific
            Multicast (SSM)", RFC 3569, July 2003.
 [RFC3711]  Baugher, M., McGrew, D., Naslund, M., Carrara, E., and K.
            Norrman, "The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)",
            RFC 3711, March 2004.
 [RFC4301]  Kent, S. and K. Seo, "Security Architecture for the
            Internet Protocol", RFC 4301, December 2005.
 [RFC4340]  Kohler, E., Handley, M., and S. Floyd, "Datagram
            Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP)", RFC 4340, March 2006.
 [RFC4585]  Ott, J., Wenger, S., Sato, N., Burmeister, C., and J. Rey,
            "Extended RTP Profile for Real-time Transport Control
            Protocol (RTCP)-Based Feedback (RTP/AVPF)", RFC 4585,
            July 2006.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 56] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

 [RFC4588]  Rey, J., Leon, D., Miyazaki, A., Varsa, V., and R.
            Hakenberg, "RTP Retransmission Payload Format", RFC 4588,
            July 2006.
 [RFC4607]  Holbrook, H. and B. Cain, "Source-Specific Multicast for
            IP", RFC 4607, August 2006.
 [RFC4960]  Stewart, R., "Stream Control Transmission Protocol",
            RFC 4960, September 2007.
 [RFC5117]  Westerlund, M. and S. Wenger, "RTP Topologies", RFC 5117,
            January 2008.
 [RFC5124]  Ott, J. and E. Carrara, "Extended Secure RTP Profile for
            Real-time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP)-Based Feedback
            (RTP/SAVPF)", RFC 5124, February 2008.
 [RFC5506]  Johansson, I. and M. Westerlund, "Support for Reduced-Size
            Real-Time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP): Opportunities
            and Consequences", RFC 5506, April 2009.
 [RFC5630]  Audet, F., "The Use of the SIPS URI Scheme in the Session
            Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 5630, October 2009.
 [RFC5751]  Ramsdell, B. and S. Turner, "Secure/Multipurpose Internet
            Mail Extensions (S/MIME) Version 3.2 Message
            Specification", RFC 5751, January 2010.
 [RFC5760]  Ott, J., Chesterfield, J., and E. Schooler, "RTP Control
            Protocol (RTCP) Extensions for Single-Source Multicast
            Sessions with Unicast Feedback", RFC 5760, February 2010.
 [RFC6189]  Zimmermann, P., Johnston, A., and J. Callas, "ZRTP: Media
            Path Key Agreement for Unicast Secure RTP", RFC 6189,
            April 2011.
 [RFC6347]  Rescorla, E. and N. Modadugu, "Datagram Transport Layer
            Security Version 1.2", RFC 6347, January 2012.

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 57] RFC 6679 ECN for RTP over UDP/IP August 2012

Authors' Addresses

 Magnus Westerlund
 Ericsson
 Farogatan 6
 SE-164 80 Kista
 Sweden
 Phone: +46 10 714 82 87
 EMail: magnus.westerlund@ericsson.com
 Ingemar Johansson
 Ericsson
 Laboratoriegrand 11
 SE-971 28 Lulea
 Sweden
 Phone: +46 73 0783289
 EMail: ingemar.s.johansson@ericsson.com
 Colin Perkins
 University of Glasgow
 School of Computing Science
 Glasgow  G12 8QQ
 United Kingdom
 EMail: csp@csperkins.org
 Piers O'Hanlon
 University of Oxford
 Oxford Internet Institute
 1 St Giles
 Oxford  OX1 3JS
 United Kingdom
 EMail: piers.ohanlon@oii.ox.ac.uk
 Ken Carlberg
 G11
 1600 Clarendon Blvd
 Arlington, VA
 USA
 EMail: carlberg@g11.org.uk

Westerlund, et al. Standards Track [Page 58]

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