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rfc:rfc6487

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) G. Huston Request for Comments: 6487 G. Michaelson Category: Standards Track R. Loomans ISSN: 2070-1721 APNIC

                                                         February 2012
           A Profile for X.509 PKIX Resource Certificates

Abstract

 This document defines a standard profile for X.509 certificates for
 the purpose of supporting validation of assertions of "right-of-use"
 of Internet Number Resources (INRs).  The certificates issued under
 this profile are used to convey the issuer's authorization of the
 subject to be regarded as the current holder of a "right-of-use" of
 the INRs that are described in the certificate.  This document
 contains the normative specification of Certificate and Certificate
 Revocation List (CRL) syntax in the Resource Public Key
 Infrastructure (RPKI).  This document also specifies profiles for the
 format of certificate requests and specifies the Relying Party RPKI
 certificate path validation procedure.

Status of This Memo

 This is an Internet Standards Track document.
 This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
 (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
 received public review and has been approved for publication by the
 Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Further information on
 Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
 Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
 and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
 http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6487.

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 1] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

Copyright Notice

 Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
 document authors.  All rights reserved.
 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
 Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
 (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
 publication of this document.  Please review these documents
 carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
 to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
 include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
 the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
 described in the Simplified BSD License.

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 2] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

Table of Contents

 1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   1.1.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
 2.  Describing Resources in Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
 3.  End-Entity (EE) Certificates and Signing Functions in the RPKI  5
 4.  Resource Certificates  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   4.1.  Version  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   4.2.  Serial Number  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   4.3.  Signature Algorithm  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   4.4.  Issuer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   4.5.  Subject  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   4.6.  Validity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     4.6.1.  notBefore  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.6.2.  notAfter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   4.7.  Subject Public Key Info  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   4.8.  Resource Certificate Extensions  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.8.1.  Basic Constraints  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.8.2.  Subject Key Identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     4.8.3.  Authority Key Identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     4.8.4.  Key Usage  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     4.8.5.  Extended Key Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     4.8.6.  CRL Distribution Points  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     4.8.7.  Authority Information Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     4.8.8.  Subject Information Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     4.8.9.  Certificate Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     4.8.10. IP Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     4.8.11. AS Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
 5.  Resource Certificate Revocation Lists  . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
 6.  Resource Certificate Requests  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   6.1.  PCKS#10 Profile  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     6.1.1.  PKCS#10 Resource Certificate Request Template Fields . 14
   6.2.  CRMF Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
     6.2.1.  CRMF Resource Certificate Request Template Fields  . . 15
     6.2.2.  Resource Certificate Request Control Fields  . . . . . 16
   6.3.  Certificate Extension Attributes in Certificate Requests . 16
 7.  Resource Certificate Validation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
   7.1.  Resource Extension Validation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
   7.2.  Resource Certification Path Validation . . . . . . . . . . 18
 8.  Design Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
 9.  Operational Considerations for Profile Agility . . . . . . . . 22
 10. Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
 11. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
 12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
   12.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
   12.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
 Appendix A.  Example Resource Certificate  . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
 Appendix B.  Example Certificate Revocation List . . . . . . . . . 31

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 3] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

1. Introduction

 This document defines a standard profile for X.509 certificates
 [X.509] for use in the context of certification of Internet Number
 Resources (INRs), i.e., IP Addresses and Autonomous System (AS)
 numbers.  Such certificates are termed "resource certificates".  A
 resource certificate is a certificate that conforms to the PKIX
 profile [RFC5280], and that conforms to the constraints specified in
 this profile.  A resource certificate attests that the issuer has
 granted the subject a "right-of-use" for a listed set of IP addresses
 and/or Autonomous System numbers.
 This document is referenced by Section 7 of the "Certificate Policy
 (CP) for the Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI)" [RFC6484].
 It is an integral part of that policy and the normative specification
 for certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) syntax used in
 the RPKI.  The document also specifies profiles for the format of
 certificate requests, and the relying party (RP) RPKI certificate
 path validation procedure.
 Resource certificates are to be used in a manner that is consistent
 with the RPKI Certificate Policy (CP) [RFC6484].  They are issued by
 entities that assign and/or allocate public INRs, and thus the RPKI
 is aligned with the public INR distribution function.  When an INR is
 allocated or assigned by a number registry to an entity, this
 allocation can be described by an associated resource certificate.
 This certificate is issued by the number registry, and it binds the
 certificate subject's key to the INRs enumerated in the certificate.
 One or two critical extensions, the IP Address Delegation or AS
 Identifier Delegation Extensions [RFC3779], enumerate the INRs that
 were allocated or assigned by the issuer to the subject.
 Relying party (RP) validation of a resource certificate is performed
 in the manner specified in Section 7.1.  This validation procedure
 differs from that described in Section 6 of [RFC5280], such that:
 o  additional validation processing imposed by the INR extensions is
    required,
 o  a confirmation of a public key match between the CRL issuer and
    the resource certificate issuer is required, and
 o  the resource certificate is required to conform to this profile.
 This profile defines those fields that are used in a resource
 certificate that MUST be present for the certificate to be valid.
 Any extensions not explicitly mentioned MUST be absent.  The same
 applies to the CRLs used in the RPKI, that are also profiled in this

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 4] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

 document.  A Certification Authority (CA) conforming to the RPKI CP
 MUST issue certificates and CRLs consistent with this profile.

1.1. Terminology

 It is assumed that the reader is familiar with the terms and concepts
 described in "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate
 and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile" [RFC5280], and "X.509
 Extensions for IP Addresses and AS Identifiers" [RFC3779].
 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
 document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

2. Describing Resources in Certificates

 The framework for describing an association between the subject of a
 certificate and the INRs currently under the subject's control is
 described in [RFC3779].  This profile further requires that:
 o  Every resource certificate MUST contain either the IP Address
    Delegation or the Autonomous System Identifier Delegation
    extension, or both.
 o  These extensions MUST be marked as critical.
 o  The sorted canonical format describing INRs, with maximal spanning
    ranges and maximal spanning prefix masks, as defined in [RFC3779],
    MUST be used for the resource extension field, except where the
    "inherit" construct is used instead.
 When validating a resource certificate, an RP MUST verify that the
 INRs described in the issuer's resource certificate encompass the
 INRs of the resource certificate being validated.  In this context,
 "encompass" allows for the issuer's INRs to be the same as, or a
 strict superset of, the subject's INRs.

3. End-Entity (EE) Certificates and Signing Functions in the RPKI

 As noted in [RFC6480], the primary function of end-entity (EE)
 certificates in the RPKI is the verification of signed objects that
 relate to the usage of the INRs described in the certificate, e.g.,
 Route Origin Authorizations (ROAs) and manifests.
 The private key associated with an EE certificate is used to sign a
 single RPKI signed object, i.e., the EE certificate is used to
 validate only one object.  The EE certificate is embedded in the
 object as part of a Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) signed-data

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 5] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

 structure [RFC6488].  Because of the one-to-one relationship between
 the EE certificate and the signed object, revocation of the
 certificate effectively revokes the corresponding signed object.
 An EE certificate may be used to validate a sequence of signed
 objects, where each signed object in the sequence overwrites the
 previous instance of the signed object in the repository publication
 point, such that only one instance of the signed object is published
 at any point in time (e.g., an EE certificate MAY be used to sign a
 sequence of manifests [RFC6486]).  Such EE certificates are termed
 "sequential use" EE certificates.
 EE certificates used to validate only one instance of a signed
 object, and are not used thereafter or in any other validation
 context, are termed "one-time-use" EE certificates.

4. Resource Certificates

 A resource certificate is a valid X.509 public key certificate,
 consistent with the PKIX profile [RFC5280], containing the fields
 listed in this section.  Only the differences from [RFC5280] are
 noted below.
 Unless specifically noted as being OPTIONAL, all the fields listed
 here MUST be present, and any other fields MUST NOT appear in a
 conforming resource certificate.  Where a field value is specified
 here, this value MUST be used in conforming resource certificates.

4.1. Version

 As resource certificates are X.509 version 3 certificates, the
 version MUST be 3 (i.e., the value of this field is 2).
 RPs need not process version 1 or version 2 certificates (in contrast
 to [RFC5280]).

4.2. Serial Number

 The serial number value is a positive integer that is unique for each
 certificate issued by a given CA.

4.3. Signature Algorithm

 The algorithm used in this profile is specified in [RFC6485].

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 6] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

4.4. Issuer

 The value of this field is a valid X.501 distinguished name.
 An issuer name MUST contain one instance of the CommonName attribute
 and MAY contain one instance of the serialNumber attribute.  If both
 attributes are present, it is RECOMMENDED that they appear as a set.
 The CommonName attribute MUST be encoded using the ASN.1 type
 PrintableString [X.680].  Issuer names are not intended to be
 descriptive of the identity of issuer.
 The RPKI does not rely on issuer names being globally unique, for
 reasons of security.  However, it is RECOMMENDED that issuer names be
 generated in a fashion that minimizes the likelihood of collisions.
 See Section 8 for (non-normative) suggested name-generation
 mechanisms that fulfill this recommendation.

4.5. Subject

 The value of this field is a valid X.501 distinguished name
 [RFC4514], and is subject to the same constraints as the issuer name.
 In the RPKI, the subject name is determined by the issuer, not
 proposed by the subject [RFC6481].  Each distinct subordinate CA and
 EE certified by the issuer MUST be identified using a subject name
 that is unique per issuer.  In this context, "distinct" is defined as
 an entity and a given public key.  An issuer SHOULD use a different
 subject name if the subject's key pair has changed (i.e., when the CA
 issues a certificate as part of re-keying the subject.)  Subject
 names are not intended to be descriptive of the identity of subject.

4.6. Validity

 The certificate validity period is represented as a SEQUENCE of two
 dates: the date on which the certificate validity period begins
 (notBefore) and the date on which the certificate validity period
 ends (notAfter).
 While a CA is typically advised against issuing a certificate with a
 validity period that spans a greater period of time than the validity
 period of the CA's certificate that will be used to validate the
 issued certificate, in the context of this profile, a CA MAY have
 valid grounds to issue a subordinate certificate with a validity
 period that exceeds the validity period of the CA's certificate.

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 7] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

4.6.1. notBefore

 The "notBefore" time SHOULD be no earlier than the time of
 certificate generation.
 In the RPKI, it is valid for a certificate to have a value for this
 field that pre-dates the same field value in any superior
 certificate.  Relying Parties SHOULD NOT attempt to infer from this
 time information that a certificate was valid at a time in the past,
 or that it will be valid at a time in the future, as the scope of an
 RP's test of validity of a certificate refers specifically to
 validity at the current time.

4.6.2. notAfter

 The "notAfter" time represents the anticipated lifetime of the
 current resource allocation or assignment arrangement between the
 issuer and the subject.
 It is valid for a certificate to have a value for this field that
 post-dates the same field value in any superior certificate.  The
 same caveats apply to RP's assumptions relating to the certificate's
 validity at any time other than the current time.

4.7. Subject Public Key Info

 The algorithm used in this profile is specified in [RFC6485].

4.8. Resource Certificate Extensions

 The following X.509 v3 extensions MUST be present in a conforming
 resource certificate, except where explicitly noted otherwise.  Each
 extension in a resource certificate is designated as either critical
 or non-critical.  A certificate-using system MUST reject the
 certificate if it encounters a critical extension it does not
 recognize; however, a non-critical extension MAY be ignored if it is
 not recognized [RFC5280].

4.8.1. Basic Constraints

 The Basic Constraints extension field is a critical extension in the
 resource certificate profile, and MUST be present when the subject is
 a CA, and MUST NOT be present otherwise.
 The issuer determines whether the "cA" boolean is set.
 The Path Length Constraint is not specified for RPKI certificates,
 and MUST NOT be present.

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 8] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

4.8.2. Subject Key Identifier

 This extension MUST appear in all resource certificates.  This
 extension is non-critical.
 The Key Identifier used for resource certificates is the 160-bit
 SHA-1 hash of the value of the DER-encoded ASN.1 bit string of the
 Subject Public Key, as described in Section 4.2.1.2 of [RFC5280].

4.8.3. Authority Key Identifier

 This extension MUST appear in all resource certificates, with the
 exception of a CA who issues a "self-signed" certificate.  In a self-
 signed certificate, a CA MAY include this extension, and set it equal
 to the Subject Key Identifier.  The authorityCertIssuer and
 authorityCertSerialNumber fields MUST NOT be present.  This extension
 is non-critical.
 The Key Identifier used for resource certificates is the 160-bit
 SHA-1 hash of the value of the DER-encoded ASN.1 bit string of the
 issuer's public key, as described in Section 4.2.1.1 of [RFC5280].

4.8.4. Key Usage

 This extension is a critical extension and MUST be present.
 In certificates issued to certification authorities only, the
 keyCertSign and CRLSign bits are set to TRUE, and these MUST be the
 only bits set to TRUE.
 In EE certificates, the digitalSignature bit MUST be set to TRUE and
 MUST be the only bit set to TRUE.

4.8.5. Extended Key Usage

 The Extended Key Usage (EKU) extension MUST NOT appear in any CA
 certificate in the RPKI.  This extension also MUST NOT appear in EE
 certificates used to verify RPKI objects (e.g., ROAs or manifests.
 The extension MUST NOT be marked critical.
 The EKU extension MAY appear in EE certificates issued to routers or
 other devices.  Permitted values for the EKU OIDs will be specified
 in Standards Track RFCs issued by other IETF working groups that
 adopt the RPKI profile and that identify application-specific
 requirements that motivate the use of such EKUs.

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 9] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

4.8.6. CRL Distribution Points

 This extension MUST be present, except in "self-signed" certificates,
 and it is non-critical.  In a self-signed certificate, this extension
 MUST be omitted.
 In this profile, the scope of the CRL is specified to be all
 certificates issued by this CA issuer.
 The CRL Distribution Points (CRLDP) extension identifies the
 location(s) of the CRL(s) associated with certificates issued by this
 issuer.  The RPKI uses the URI [RFC3986] form of object
 identification.  The preferred URI access mechanism is a single rsync
 URI ("rsync://") [RFC5781] that references a single inclusive CRL for
 each issuer.
 In this profile, the certificate issuer is also the CRL issuer,
 implying that the CRLIssuer field MUST be omitted, and the
 distributionPoint field MUST be present.  The Reasons field MUST be
 omitted.
 The distributionPoint MUST contain the fullName field, and MUST NOT
 contain a nameRelativeToCRLIssuer.  The form of the generalName MUST
 be of type URI.
 The sequence of distributionPoint values MUST contain only a single
 DistributionPoint.  The DistributionPoint MAY contain more than one
 URI value.  An rsync URI [RFC5781] MUST be present in the
 DistributionPoint and MUST reference the most recent instance of this
 issuer's CRL.  Other access form URIs MAY be used in addition to the
 rsync URI, representing alternate access mechanisms for this CRL.

4.8.7. Authority Information Access

 In the context of the RPKI, this extension identifies the publication
 point of the certificate of the issuer of the certificate in which
 the extension appears.  In this profile, a single reference to the
 publication point of the immediate superior certificate MUST be
 present, except for a "self-signed" certificate, in which case the
 extension MUST be omitted.  This extension is non-critical.
 This profile uses a URI form of object identification.  The preferred
 URI access mechanisms is "rsync", and an rsync URI [RFC5781] MUST be
 specified with an accessMethod value of id-ad-caIssuers.  The URI
 MUST reference the point of publication of the certificate where this
 Issuer is the subject (the issuer's immediate superior certificate).
 Other accessMethod URIs referencing the same object MAY also be
 included in the value sequence of this extension.

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 10] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

 A CA MUST use a persistent URL name scheme for CA certificates that
 it issues [RFC6481].  This implies that a reissued certificate
 overwrites a previously issued certificate (to the same subject) in
 the publication repository.  In this way, certificates subordinate to
 the reissued (CA) certificate can maintain a constant Authority
 Information Access (AIA) extension pointer and thus need not be
 reissued when the parent certificate is reissued.

4.8.8. Subject Information Access

 In the context of the RPKI, this Subject Information Access (SIA)
 extension identifies the publication point of products signed by the
 subject of the certificate.

4.8.8.1. SIA for CA Certificates

 This extension MUST be present and MUST be marked non-critical.
 This extension MUST have an instance of an accessMethod of id-ad-
 caRepository, with an accessLocation form of a URI that MUST specify
 an rsync URI [RFC5781].  This URI points to the directory containing
 all published material issued by this CA, i.e., all valid CA
 certificates, published EE certificates, the current CRL, manifest,
 and signed objects validated via EE certificates that have been
 issued by this CA [RFC6481].  Other accessDescription elements with
 an accessMethod of id-ad-caRepository MAY be present.  In such cases,
 the accessLocation values describe alternate supported URI access
 mechanisms for the same directory.  The ordering of URIs in this
 accessDescription sequence reflect the CA's relative preferences for
 access methods to be used by RPs, with the first element of the
 sequence being the most preferred by the CA.
 This extension MUST have an instance of an AccessDescription with an
 accessMethod of id-ad-rpkiManifest,
       id-ad OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-pkix 48 }
       id-ad-rpkiManifest OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-ad 10 }
 with an rsync URI [RFC5781] form of accessLocation.  The URI points
 to the CA's manifest of published objects [RFC6486] as an object URL.
 Other accessDescription elements MAY exist for the id-ad-rpkiManifest
 accessMethod, where the accessLocation value indicates alternate
 access mechanisms for the same manifest object.

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 11] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

4.8.8.2. SIA for EE Certificates

 This extension MUST be present and MUST be marked non-critical.
 This extension MUST have an instance of an accessMethod of id-ad-
 signedObject,
       id-ad-signedObject OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-ad 11 }
 with an accessLocation form of a URI that MUST include an rsync URI
 [RFC5781].  This URI points to the signed object that is verified
 using this EE certificate [RFC6481].  Other accessDescription
 elements may exist for the id-ad-signedObject accessMethod, where the
 accessLocation value indicates alternate URI access mechanisms for
 the same object, ordered in terms of the EE's relative preference for
 supported access mechanisms.
 Other AccessMethods MUST NOT be used for an EE certificates's SIA.

4.8.9. Certificate Policies

 This extension MUST be present and MUST be marked critical.  It MUST
 include exactly one policy, as specified in the RPKI CP [RFC6484]

4.8.10. IP Resources

 Either the IP Resources extension, or the AS Resources extension, or
 both, MUST be present in all RPKI certificates, and if present, MUST
 be marked critical.
 This extension contains the list of IP address resources as per
 [RFC3779].  The value may specify the "inherit" element for a
 particular Address Family Identifier (AFI) value.  In the context of
 resource certificates describing public number resources for use in
 the public Internet, the Subsequent AFI (SAFI) value MUST NOT be
 used.
 This extension MUST either specify a non-empty set of IP address
 records, or use the "inherit" setting to indicate that the IP address
 resource set of this certificate is inherited from that of the
 certificate's issuer.

4.8.11. AS Resources

 Either the AS Resources extension, or the IP Resources extension, or
 both, MUST be present in all RPKI certificates, and if present, MUST
 be marked critical.

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 12] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

 This extension contains the list of AS number resources as per
 [RFC3779], or it may specify the "inherit" element.  Routing Domain
 Identifier (RDI) values are NOT supported in this profile and MUST
 NOT be used.
 This extension MUST either specify a non-empty set of AS number
 records, or use the "inherit" setting to indicate that the AS number
 resource set of this certificate is inherited from that of the
 certificate's issuer.

5. Resource Certificate Revocation Lists

 Each CA MUST issue a version 2 CRL that is consistent with [RFC5280].
 RPs are NOT required to process version 1 CRLs (in contrast to
 [RFC5280]).  The CRL issuer is the CA.  CRLs conforming to this
 profile MUST NOT include Indirect or Delta CRLs.  The scope of each
 CRL MUST be all certificates issued by this CA.
 The issuer name is as in Section 4.4 above.
 Where two or more CRLs are issued by the same CA, the CRL with the
 highest value of the "CRL Number" field supersedes all other CRLs
 issued by this CA.
 The algorithm used in CRLs issued under this profile is specified in
 [RFC6485].
 The contents of the CRL are a list of all non-expired certificates
 that have been revoked by the CA.
 An RPKI CA MUST include the two extensions, Authority Key Identifier
 and CRL Number, in every CRL that it issues.  RPs MUST be prepared to
 process CRLs with these extensions.  No other CRL extensions are
 allowed.
 For each revoked resource certificate, only the two fields, Serial
 Number and Revocation Date, MUST be present, and all other fields
 MUST NOT be present.  No CRL entry extensions are supported in this
 profile, and CRL entry extensions MUST NOT be present in a CRL.

6. Resource Certificate Requests

 A resource certificate request MAY use either of PKCS#10 or
 Certificate Request Message Format (CRMF).  A CA MUST support
 certificate issuance in PKCS#10 and a CA MAY support CRMF requests.
 Note that there is no certificate response defined in this profile.
 For CA certificate requests, the CA places the resource certificate

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 13] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

 in the repository, as per [RFC6484].  No response is defined for EE
 certificate requests.

6.1. PCKS#10 Profile

 This profile refines the specification in [RFC2986], as it relates to
 resource certificates.  A Certificate Request Message object,
 formatted according to PKCS#10, is passed to a CA as the initial step
 in issuing a certificate.
 With the exception of the SubjectPublicKeyinfo and the SIA extension
 request, the CA is permitted to alter any field in the request when
 issuing a certificate.

6.1.1. PKCS#10 Resource Certificate Request Template Fields

 This profile applies the following additional requirements to fields
 that MAY appear in a CertificationRequestInfo:
    Version
       This field is mandatory and MUST have the value 0.
    Subject
       This field MAY be omitted.  If present, the value of this field
       SHOULD be empty (i.e., NULL), in which case the CA MUST
       generate a subject name that is unique in the context of
       certificates issued by this CA.  This field is allowed to be
       non-empty only for a re-key/reissuance request, and only if the
       CA has adopted a policy (in its Certificate Practice Statement
       (CPS)) that permits reuse of names in these circumstances.
    SubjectPublicKeyInfo
       This field specifies the subject's public key and the algorithm
       with which the key is used.  The algorithm used in this profile
       is specified in [RFC6485].
    Attributes
       [RFC2986] defines the attributes field as key-value pairs where
       the key is an OID and the value's structure depends on the key.
       The only attribute used in this profile is the extensionRequest
       attribute as defined in [RFC2985].  This attribute contains
       certificate extensions.  The profile for extensions in
       certificate requests is specified in Section 6.3.
 This profile applies the following additional constraint to fields
 that MAY appear in a CertificationRequest Object:

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 14] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

    signatureAlgorithm
       The signatureAlgorithm value is specified in [RFC6485].

6.2. CRMF Profile

 This profile refines the Certificate Request Message Format (CRMF)
 specification in [RFC4211], as it relates to resource certificates.
 A Certificate Request Message object, formatted according to the
 CRMF, is passed to a CA as the initial step in certificate issuance.
 With the exception of the SubjectPublicKeyinfo and the SIA extension
 request, the CA is permitted to alter any requested field when
 issuing the certificate.

6.2.1. CRMF Resource Certificate Request Template Fields

 This profile applies the following additional requirements to fields
 that may appear in a Certificate Request Template:
    version
       This field SHOULD be omitted.  If present, it MUST specify a
       request for a version 3 Certificate.
    serialNumber
       This field MUST be omitted.
    signingAlgorithm
       This field MUST be omitted.
    issuer
       This MUST be omitted in this profile.
    Validity
       This field MAY be omitted.  If omitted, the CA will issue a
       Certificate with Validity dates as determined by the CA.  If
       specified, then the CA MAY override the requested values with
       dates as determined by the CA.
    Subject
       This field MAY be omitted.  If present, the value of this field
       SHOULD be empty (i.e., NULL), in which case the CA MUST
       generate a subject name that is unique in the context of
       certificates issued by this CA.  This field is allowed to be
       non-empty only for a re-key/reissuance request, and only if the
       CA has adopted a policy (in its CPS) that permits the reuse of
       names in these circumstances.

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 15] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

    PublicKey
       This field MUST be present.
    extensions
       The profile for extensions in certificate requests is specified
       in Section 6.3.

6.2.2. Resource Certificate Request Control Fields

 The following control fields are supported in this profile:
    Authenticator Control
       The intended model of authentication of the subject is a "long
       term" model, and the guidance offered in [RFC4211] is that the
       Authenticator Control field be used.

6.3. Certificate Extension Attributes in Certificate Requests

 The following extensions MAY appear in a PKCS#10 or CRMF Certificate
 Request.  Any other extensions MUST NOT appear in a Certificate
 Request.  This profile places the following additional constraints on
 these extensions:
    BasicConstraints
       If this is omitted, then the CA will issue an EE certificate
       (hence no BasicConstraints extension will be included).
       The pathLengthConstraint is not supported in this profile, and
       this field MUST be omitted.
       The CA MAY honor the cA boolean if set to TRUE (CA Certificate
       Request).  If this bit is set, then it indicates that the
       subject is requesting a CA certificate.
       The CA MUST honor the cA bit if set to FALSE (EE Certificate
       Request), in which case the corresponding EE certificate will
       not contain a Basic Constraints extension.
    KeyUsage
       The CA MAY honor KeyUsage extensions of keyCertSign and cRLSign
       if present, as long as this is consistent with the
       BasicConstraints SubjectType sub-field, when specified.
    ExtendedKeyUsage
       The CA MAY honor ExtendedKeyUsage extensions of keyCertSign and
       cRLSign if present, as long as this is consistent with the
       BasicConstraints SubjectType sub-field, when specified.

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 16] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

    SubjectInformationAccess
       This field MUST be present, and the field value SHOULD be
       honored by the CA if it conforms to the requirements set forth
       in Section 4.8.8.  If the CA is unable to honor the requested
       value for this field, then the CA MUST reject the Certificate
       Request.

7. Resource Certificate Validation

 This section describes the resource certificate validation procedure.
 This refines the generic procedure described in Section 6 of
 [RFC5280].

7.1. Resource Extension Validation

 The IP Resources and AS Resources extensions [RFC3779] define
 critical extensions for INRs.  These are ASN.1 encoded
 representations of the IPv4 and IPv6 address range and an AS number
 set.
 Valid resource certificates MUST have a valid IP address and/or AS
 number resource extension.  In order to validate a resource
 certificate, the resource extension MUST also be validated.  This
 validation process relies on definitions of comparison of resource
 sets:
    more specific
       Given two contiguous IP address ranges or two contiguous AS
       number ranges, A and B, A is "more specific" than B if range B
       includes all IP addresses or AS numbers described by range A,
       and if range B is larger than range A.
    equal
       Given two contiguous IP address ranges or two contiguous AS
       number ranges, A and B, A is "equal" to B if range A describes
       precisely the same collection of IP addresses or AS numbers
       described by range B. The definition of "inheritance" in
       [RFC3779] is equivalent to this "equality" comparison.
    encompass
       Given two IP address and AS number sets, X and Y, X
       "encompasses" Y if, for every contiguous range of IP addresses
       or AS numbers elements in set Y, the range element is either
       "more specific" than or "equal" to a contiguous range element
       within the set X.
 Validation of a certificate's resource extension in the context of a
 certification path (see Section 7.2 entails that for every adjacent

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 17] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

 pair of certificates in the certification path (certificates 'x' and
 'x + 1'), the number resources described in certificate 'x'
 "encompass" the number resources described in certificate 'x + 1',
 and the resources described in the trust anchor information
 "encompass" the resources described in the first certificate in the
 certification path.

7.2. Resource Certification Path Validation

 Validation of signed resource data using a target resource
 certificate consists of verifying that the digital signature of the
 signed resource data is valid, using the public key of the target
 resource certificate, and also validating the resource certificate in
 the context of the RPKI, using the path validation process.  This
 path validation process verifies, among other things, that a
 prospective certification path (a sequence of n certificates)
 satisfies the following conditions:
    1.  for all 'x' in {1, ..., n-1}, the subject of certificate 'x'
        is the issuer of certificate ('x' + 1);
    2.  certificate '1' is issued by a trust anchor;
    3.  certificate 'n' is the certificate to be validated; and
    4.  for all 'x' in {1, ..., n}, certificate 'x' is valid.
 Certificate validation entails verifying that all of the following
 conditions hold, in addition to the certification path validation
 criteria specified in Section 6 of [RFC5280]:
    1.  The certificate can be verified using the issuer's public key
        and the signature algorithm
    2.  The current time lies within the certificate's Validity From
        and To values.
    3.  The certificate contains all fields that MUST be present, as
        defined by this specification, and contains values for
        selected fields that are defined as allowable values by this
        specification.
    4.  No field, or field value, that this specification defines as
        MUST NOT be present is used in the certificate.
    5.  The issuer has not revoked the certificate.  A revoked
        certificate is identified by the certificate's serial number
        being listed on the issuer's current CRL, as identified by the

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 18] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

        CRLDP of the certificate, the CRL is itself valid, and the
        public key used to verify the signature on the CRL is the same
        public key used to verify the certificate itself.
    6.  The resource extension data is "encompassed" by the resource
        extension data contained in a valid certificate where this
        issuer is the subject (the previous certificate in the context
        of the ordered sequence defined by the certification path).
    7.  The certification path originates with a certificate issued by
        a trust anchor, and there exists a signing chain across the
        certification path where the subject of Certificate 'x' in the
        certification path matches the issuer in Certificate 'x + 1'
        in the certification path, and the public key in Certificate
        'x' can verify the signature value in Certificate 'x+1'.
 A certificate validation algorithm MAY perform these tests in any
 chosen order.
 Certificates and CRLs used in this process MAY be found in a locally
 maintained cache, maintained by a regular synchronization across the
 distributed publication repository structure [RFC6481].
 There exists the possibility of encountering certificate paths that
 are arbitrarily long, or attempting to generate paths with loops as
 means of creating a potential denial-of-service (DOS) attack on an
 RP.  An RP executing this procedure MAY apply further heuristics to
 guide the certification path validation process to a halt in order to
 avoid some of the issues associated with attempts to validate such
 malformed certification path structures.  Implementations of resource
 certificate validation MAY halt with a validation failure if the
 certification path length exceeds a locally defined configuration
 parameter.

8. Design Notes

 The following notes provide some additional commentary on the
 considerations that lie behind some of the design choices that were
 made in the design of this certificate profile.  These notes are
 non-normative, i.e., this section of the document does not constitute
 a formal part of the profile specification, and the interpretation of
 key words as defined in RFC 2119 are not applicable in this section
 of the document.

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 19] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

 Certificate Extensions:
       This profile does not permit the use of any other critical or
       non-critical extensions.  The rationale for this restriction is
       that the resource certificate profile is intended for a
       specific defined use.  In this context, having certificates
       with additional non-critical extensions that RPs may see as
       valid certificates without understanding the extensions is
       inappropriate, because if the RP were in a position to
       understand the extensions, it would contradict or qualify this
       original judgment of validity in some way.  This profile takes
       the position of minimalism over extensibility.  The specific
       goal for the associated RPKI is to precisely match the INR
       allocation structure through an aligned certificate structure
       that describes the allocation and its context within the INR
       distribution hierarchy.  The profile defines a resource
       certificate that is structured to meet these requirements.
 Certification Authorities and Key Values:
       This profile uses a definition of an instance of a CA as a
       combination of a named entity and a key pair.  Within this
       definition, a CA instance cannot rollover a key pair.  However,
       the entity can generate a new instance of a CA with a new key
       pair and roll over all the signed subordinate products to the
       new CA [RFC6489].
       This has a number of implications in terms of subject name
       management, CRL Scope, and repository publication point
       management.
 CRL Scope and Key Values:
       For CRL Scope, this profile specifies that a CA issues a single
       CRL at a time, and the scope of the CRL is all certificates
       issued by this CA.  Because the CA instance is bound to a
       single key pair, this implies that the CA's public key, the key
       used to validate the CA's CRL, and the key used to validate the
       certificates revoked by that CRL are all the same key value.
 Repository Publication Point:
       The definition of a CA affects the design of the repository
       publication system.  In order to minimize the amount of forced
       re-certification on key rollover events, a repository
       publication regime that uses the same repository publication
       point for all CA instances that refers to the same entity, but
       with different key values, will minimize the extent of
       re-generation of certificates to only immediate subordinate
       certificates.  This is described in [RFC6489].

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 20] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

 Subject Name:
       This profile specifies that subject names must be unique per
       issuer, and does not specify that subject names must be
       globally unique (in terms of assured uniqueness).  This is due
       to the nature of the RPKI as a distributed PKI, implying that
       there is no ready ability for certification authorities to
       coordinate a simple RPKI-wide unique name space without
       resorting to additional critical external dependencies.  CAs
       are advised to use subject name generation procedures that
       minimize the potential for name clashes.
       One way to achieve this is for a CA to use a subject name
       practice that uses the CommonName component of the
       Distinguished Name as a constant value for any given entity
       that is the subject of CA-issued certificates, and set the
       serialNumber component of the Distinguished Name to a value
       that is derived from the hash of the subject public key value.
       If the CA elects not to use the serialNumber component of the
       DistinguishedName, then it is considered beneficial that a CA
       generates CommonNames that have themselves a random component
       that includes significantly more than 40 bits of entropy in the
       name.  Some non-normative recommendations to achieve this
       include:
       1) Hash of the subject public key (encoded as ASCII HEX).
          example: cn="999d99d564de366a29cd8468c45ede1848e2cc14"
       2) A Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID) [RFC4122]
          example: cn="6437d442-6fb5-49ba-bbdb-19c260652098"
       3) A randomly generated ASCII HEX encoded string of length 20
          or greater:
          example: cn="0f8fcc28e3be4869bc5f8fa114db05e1">
          (A string of 20 ASCII HEX digits would have 80-bits of
          entropy)
       4) An internal database key or subscriber ID combined with one
          of the above
          example: cn="<DBkey1> (6437d442-6fb5-49ba-bbdb-
          19c2606520980)"
          (The issuing CA may wish to be able to extract the database
          key or subscriber ID from the commonName.  Since only the
          issuing CA would need to be able to parse the commonName,
          the database key and the source of entropy (e.g., a UUID)
          could be separated in any way that the CA wants, as long as
          it conforms to the rules for PrintableString.  The separator

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 21] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

          could be a space character, parenthesis, hyphen, slash,
          question mark, etc.

9. Operational Considerations for Profile Agility

 This profile requires that relying parties reject certificates or
 CRLs that do not conform to the profile.  (Through the remainder of
 this section, the term "certificate" is used to refer to both
 certificates and CRLs.)  This includes certificates that contain
 extensions that are prohibited, but that are otherwise valid as per
 [RFC5280].  This means that any change in the profile (e.g.,
 extensions, permitted attributes or optional fields, or field
 encodings) for certificates used in the RPKI will not be backward
 compatible.  In a general PKI context, this constraint probably would
 cause serious problems.  In the RPKI, several factors minimize the
 difficulty of effecting changes of this sort.
 Note that the RPKI is unique in that every relying party (RP)
 requires access to every certificate issued by the CAs in this
 system.  An important update of the certificates used in the RPKI
 must be supported by all CAs and RPs in the system, lest views of the
 RPKI data differ across RPs.  Thus, incremental changes require very
 careful coordination.  It would not be appropriate to introduce a new
 extension, or authorize use of an extant, standard extension, for a
 security-relevant purpose on a piecemeal basis.
 One might imagine that the "critical" flag in X.509 certificate
 extensions could be used to ameliorate this problem.  However, this
 solution is not comprehensive and does not address the problem of
 adding a new, security-critical extension.  (This is because such an
 extension needs to be supported universally, by all CAs and RPs.)
 Also, while some standard extensions can be marked either critical or
 non-critical, at the discretion of the issuer, not all have this
 property, i.e., some standard extensions are always non-critical.
 Moreover, there is no notion of criticality for attributes within a
 name or optional fields within a field or an extension.  Thus, the
 critical flag is not a solution to this problem.
 In typical PKI deployments, there are few CAs and many RPs.  However,
 in the RPKI, essentially every CA in the RPKI is also an RP.  Thus
 the set of entities that will need to change in order to issue
 certificates under a new format is the same set of entities that will
 need to change to accept these new certificates.  To the extent that
 this is literally true, it says that CA/RP coordination for a change
 is tightly linked anyway.  In reality, there is an important
 exception to this general observation.  Small ISPs and holders of
 provider-independent allocations are expected to use managed CA
 services, offered by Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) and

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 22] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

 potentially by wholesale Internet Service Providers (ISPs).  This
 reduces the number of distinct CA implementations that are needed and
 makes it easier to effect changes for certificate issuance.  It seems
 very likely that these entities also will make use of RP software
 provided by their managed CA service provider, which reduces the
 number of distinct RP software implementations.  Also note that many
 small ISPs (and holders of provider-independent allocations) employ
 default routes, and thus need not perform RP validation of RPKI data,
 eliminating these entities as RPs.
 Widely available PKI RP software does not cache large numbers of
 certificates, an essential strategy for the RPKI.  It does not
 process manifest or ROA data structures, essential elements of the
 RPKI repository system.  Experience shows that such software deals
 poorly with revocation status data.  Thus, extant RP software is not
 adequate for the RPKI, although some open source tools (e.g., OpenSSL
 and cryptlib) can be used as building blocks for an RPKI RP
 implementation.  Thus, it is anticipated that RPs will make use of
 software that is designed specifically for the RPKI environment and
 is available from a limited number of open sources.  Several RIRs and
 two companies are providing such software today.  Thus it is feasible
 to coordinate change to this software among the small number of
 developers/maintainers.
 If the resource certificate profile is changed in the future, e.g.,
 by adding a new extension or changing the allowed set of name
 attributes or encoding of these attributes, the following procedure
 will be employed to effect deployment in the RPKI.  The model is
 analogous to that described in [RPKI-ALG], but is simpler.
 A new document will be issued as an update to this RFC.  The CP for
 the RPKI [RFC6484] will be updated to reference the new certificate
 profile.  The new CP will define a new policy OID for certificates
 issued under the new certificate profile.  The updated CP also will
 define a timeline for transition to the new certificate (CRL) format.
 This timeline will define 3 phases and associated dates:
    1.  At the end of phase 1, all RPKI CAs MUST be capable of issuing
        certificates under the new profile, if requested by a subject.
        Any certificate issued under the new format will contain the
        new policy OID.
    2.  During phase 2, CAs MUST issue certificates under the new
        profile, and these certificates MUST coexist with certificates
        issued under the old format.  (CAs will continue to issue
        certificates under the old OID/format as well.)  The old and
        new certificates MUST be identical, except for the policy OID
        and any new extensions, encodings, etc.  The new certificates,

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 23] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

        and associated signed objects, will coexist in the RPKI
        repository system during this phase, analogous to what is
        required by an algorithm transition for the RPKI [RPKI-ALG].
        Relying parties MAY make use of the old or the new certificate
        formats when processing signed objects retrieved from the RPKI
        repository system.  During this phase, a relying party that
        elects to process both formats will acquire the same values
        for all certificate fields that overlap between the old and
        new formats.  Thus if either certificate format is verifiable,
        the relying party accepts the data from that certificate.
        This allows CAs to issue certificates under the new format
        before all relying parties are prepared to process that
        format.
    3.  At the beginning of phase 3, all relying parties MUST be
        capable of processing certificates under the new format.
        During this phase, CAs will issue new certificates ONLY under
        the new format.  Certificates issued under the old OID will be
        replaced with certificates containing the new policy OID.  The
        repository system will no longer require matching old and new
        certificates under the different formats.
 At the end of phase 3, all certificates under the old OID will have
 been replaced.  The resource certificate profile RFC will be replaced
 to remove support for the old certificate format, and the CP will be
 replaced to remove reference to the old policy OID and to the old
 resource certificate profile RFC.  The system will have returned to a
 new, steady state.

10. Security Considerations

 The Security Considerations of [RFC5280] and [RFC3779] apply to
 resource certificates.  The Security Considerations of [RFC2986] and
 [RFC4211] apply to resource certificate certification requests.
 A resource certificate PKI cannot in and of itself resolve any forms
 of ambiguity relating to uniqueness of assertions of rights of use in
 the event that two or more valid certificates encompass the same
 resource.  If the issuance of resource certificates is aligned to the
 status of resource allocations and assignments, then the information
 conveyed in a certificate is no better than the information in the
 allocation and assignment databases.
 This profile requires that the key used to sign an issued certificate
 be the same key used to sign the CRL that can revoke the certificate,
 implying that the certification path used to validate the signature
 on a certificate is the same as that used to validate the signature
 of the CRL that can revoke the certificate.  It is noted that this is

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 24] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

 a tighter constraint than required in X.509 PKIs, and there may be a
 risk in using a path validation implementation that is capable of
 using separate validation paths for a certificate and the
 corresponding CRL.  If there are subject name collisions in the RPKI
 as a result of CAs not following the guidelines provided here
 relating to ensuring sufficient entropy in constructing subject
 names, and this is combined with the situation that an RP uses an
 implementation of validation path construction that is not in
 conformance with this RPKI profile, then it is possible that the
 subject name collisions can cause an RP to conclude that an otherwise
 valid certificate has been revoked.

11. Acknowledgements

 The authors would like to particularly acknowledge the valued
 contribution from Stephen Kent in reviewing this document and
 proposing numerous sections of text that have been incorporated into
 the document.  The authors also acknowledge the contributions of
 Sandy Murphy, Robert Kisteleki, Randy Bush, Russ Housley, Ricardo
 Patara, and Rob Austein in the preparation and subsequent review of
 this document.  The document also reflects review comments received
 from Roque Gagliano, Sean Turner, and David Cooper.

12. References

12.1. Normative References

 [RFC2119]   Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
             Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
 [RFC2986]   Nystrom, M. and B. Kaliski, "PKCS #10: Certification
             Request Syntax Specification Version 1.7", RFC 2986,
             November 2000.
 [RFC3779]   Lynn, C., Kent, S., and K. Seo, "X.509 Extensions for IP
             Addresses and AS Identifiers", RFC 3779, June 2004.
 [RFC4211]   Schaad, J., "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure
             Certificate Request Message Format (CRMF)", RFC 4211,
             September 2005.
 [RFC5280]   Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
             Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
             Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation
             List (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, May 2008.
 [RFC5781]   Weiler, S., Ward, D., and R. Housley, "The rsync URI
             Scheme", RFC 5781, February 2010.

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 25] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

 [RFC6484]   Kent, S., Kong, D., Seo, K., and R. Watro, "Certificate
             Policy (CP) for the Resource Public Key Infrastructure
             (RPKI)", BCP 173, RFC 6484, February 2012.
 [RFC6485]   Huston, G., "The Profile for Algorithms and Key Sizes for
             Use in the Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI)",
             RFC 6485, February 2012.
 [X.509]     ITU-T, "Recommendation X.509: The Directory -
             Authentication Framework", 2000.
 [X.680]     ITU-T, "Recommendation X.680 (2002) | ISO/IEC 8824-
             1:2002, Information technology - Abstract Syntax Notation
             One (ASN.1): Specification of basic notation", 2002.

12.2. Informative References

 [RFC2985]   Nystrom, M. and B. Kaliski, "PKCS #9: Selected Object
             Classes and Attribute Types Version 2.0", RFC 2985,
             November 2000.
 [RFC3986]   Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
             Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
             RFC 3986, January 2005.
 [RFC4122]   Leach, P., Mealling, M., and R. Salz, "A Universally
             Unique IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace", RFC 4122,
             July 2005.
 [RFC4514]   Zeilenga, K., "Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
             (LDAP): String Representation of Distinguished Names",
             RFC 4514, June 2006.
 [RFC6480]   Lepinski, M. and S. Kent, "An Infrastructure to Support
             Secure Internet Routing", RFC 6480, February 2012.
 [RFC6481]   Huston, G., Loomans, R., and G. Michaelson, "A Profile
             for Resource Certificate Repository Structure", RFC 6481,
             February 2012.
 [RFC6486]   Austein, R., Huston, G., Kent, S., and M. Lepinski,
             "Manifests for the Resource Public Key Infrastructure
             (RPKI)", RFC 6486, February 2012.
 [RFC6488]   Lepinski, M., Chi, A., and S. Kent, "Signed Object
             Template for the Resource Public Key Infrastructure
             (RPKI)", RFC 6488, February 2012.

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 26] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

 [RFC6489]   Huston, G., Michaelson, G., and S. Kent, "Certification
             Authority (CA) Key Rollover in the Resource Public Key
             Infrastructure (RPKI)", BCP 174, RFC 6489, February 2012.
 [RPKI-ALG]  Gagliano, R., Kent, S., and S. Turner, "Algorithm Agility
             Procedure for RPKI", Work in Progress, November 2011.

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 27] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

Appendix A. Example Resource Certificate

 The following is an example resource certificate.
 Certificate Name: 9JfgAEcq7Q-47IwMC5CJIJr6EJs.cer
 Data:
   Version: 3 (0x2)
   Serial: 1500 (0x5dc)
   Signature Algorithm: SHA256WithRSAEncryption
   Issuer: CN=APNIC Production-CVPQSgUkLy7pOXdNeVWGvnFX_0s
   Validity
    Not Before: Oct 25 12:50:00 2008 GMT
     Not After : Jan 31 00:00:00 2010 GMT
   Subject: CN=A91872ED
   Subject Public Key Info:
     Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
     RSA Public Key: (2048 bit)
     Modulus (2048 bit):
       00:bb:fb:4a:af:a4:b9:dc:d0:fa:6f:67:cc:27:39:
       34:d1:80:40:37:de:88:d1:64:a2:f1:b3:fa:c6:7f:
       bb:51:df:e1:c7:13:92:c3:c8:a2:aa:8c:d1:11:b3:
       aa:99:c0:ac:54:d3:65:83:c6:13:bf:0d:9f:33:2d:
       39:9f:ab:5f:cd:a3:e9:a1:fb:80:7d:1d:d0:2b:48:
       a5:55:e6:24:1f:06:41:35:1d:00:da:1f:99:85:13:
       26:39:24:c5:9a:81:15:98:fb:5f:f9:84:38:e5:d6:
       70:ce:5a:02:ca:dd:61:85:b3:43:2d:0b:35:d5:91:
       98:9d:da:1e:0f:c2:f6:97:b7:97:3e:e6:fc:c1:c4:
       3f:30:c4:81:03:25:99:09:4c:e2:4a:85:e7:46:4b:
       60:63:02:43:46:51:4d:ed:fd:a1:06:84:f1:4e:98:
       32:da:27:ee:80:82:d4:6b:cf:31:ea:21:af:6f:bd:
       70:34:e9:3f:d7:e4:24:cd:b8:e0:0f:8e:80:eb:11:
       1f:bc:c5:7e:05:8e:5c:7b:96:26:f8:2c:17:30:7d:
       08:9e:a4:72:66:f5:ca:23:2b:f2:ce:54:ec:4d:d9:
       d9:81:72:80:19:95:57:da:91:00:d9:b1:e8:8c:33:
       4a:9d:3c:4a:94:bf:74:4c:30:72:9b:1e:f5:8b:00:
       4d:e3
     Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
   X509v3 extensions:
     X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
       F4:97:E0:00:47:2A:ED:0F:B8:EC:8C:0C:0B:90:89:
       20:9A:FA:10:9B
     X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
       keyid:09:53:D0:4A:05:24:2F:2E:E9:39:77:4D:79:
       55:86:BE:71:57:FF:4B

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 28] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

     X509v3 Key Usage: critical
       Certificate Sign, CRL Sign
     X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
       CA:TRUE
     X509v3 CRL Distribution Points:
       URI:rsync://rpki.apnic.net/repository/A3C38A24
           D60311DCAB08F31979BDBE39/CVPQSgUkLy7pOXdNe
           VWGvnFX_0s.crl
     Authority Information Access:
        CA Issuers - URI:rsync://rpki.apnic.net/repos
           itory/8BDFC7DED5FD11DCB14CF4B1A703F9B7/CVP
           QSgUkLy7pOXdNeVWGvnFX_0s.cer
     X509v3 Certificate Policies: critical
        Policy: 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.14.2
     Subject Information Access:
        CA Repository - URI:rsync://rpki.apnic.net/mem
            ber_repository/A91872ED/06A83982887911DD81
            3F432B2086D636/
        Manifest - URI:rsync://rpki.apnic.net/member_r
            epository/A91872ED/06A83982887911DD813F432
            B2086D636/9JfgAEcq7Q-47IwMC5CJIJr6EJs.mft
      sbgp-autonomousSysNum: critical
        Autonomous System Numbers:
          24021
          38610
          131072
          131074
      sbgp-ipAddrBlock: critical
        IPv4:
          203.133.248.0/22
          203.147.108.0/23

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 29] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

 Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
     51:4c:77:e4:21:64:80:e9:35:30:20:9f:d8:4b:88:60:b8:1f:
     73:24:9d:b5:17:60:65:6a:28:cc:43:4b:68:97:ca:76:07:eb:
     dc:bd:a2:08:3c:8c:56:38:c6:0a:1e:a8:af:f5:b9:42:02:6b:
     77:e0:b1:1c:4a:88:e6:6f:b6:17:d3:59:41:d7:a0:62:86:59:
     29:79:26:76:34:d1:16:2d:75:05:cb:b2:99:bf:ca:c6:68:1b:
     b6:a9:b0:f4:43:2e:df:e3:7f:3c:b3:72:1a:99:fa:5d:94:a1:
     eb:57:9c:9a:2c:87:d6:40:32:c9:ff:a6:54:b8:91:87:fd:90:
     55:ef:12:3e:1e:2e:cf:c5:ea:c3:4c:09:62:4f:88:00:a0:7f:
     cd:67:83:bc:27:e1:74:2c:18:4e:3f:12:1d:ef:29:0f:e3:27:
     00:ce:14:eb:f0:01:f0:36:25:a2:33:a8:c6:2f:31:18:22:30:
     cf:ca:97:43:ed:84:75:53:ab:b7:6c:75:f7:2f:55:5c:2e:82:
     0a:be:91:59:bf:c9:06:ef:bb:b4:a2:71:9e:03:b1:25:8e:29:
     7a:30:88:66:b4:f2:16:6e:df:ad:78:ff:d3:b2:9c:29:48:e3:
     be:87:5c:fc:20:2b:df:da:ca:30:58:c3:04:c9:63:72:48:8c:
     0a:5f:97:71

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 30] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

Appendix B. Example Certificate Revocation List

 The following is an example Certificate Revocation List.
 CRL Name: q66IrWSGuBE7jqx8PAUHAlHCqRw.crl
 Data:
   Version: 2
   Signature Algorithm:
     Hash: SHA256, Encryption: RSA
   Issuer: CN=Demo Production APNIC CA - Not for real use,
     E=ca@apnic.net
   This Update: Thu Jul 27 06:30:34 2006 GMT
   Next Update: Fri Jul 28 06:30:34 2006 GMT
   Authority Key Identifier: Key Identifier:
     ab:ae:88:ad:64:86:b8:11:3b:8e:ac:7c:3c:05:
     07:02:51:c2:a9:1c
   CRLNumber: 4
   Revoked Certificates: 1
     Serial Number: 1
     Revocation Date: Mon Jul 17 05:10:19 2006 GMT
     Serial Number: 2
     Revocation Date: Mon Jul 17 05:12:25 2006 GMT
     Serial Number: 4
     Revocation Date: Mon Jul 17 05:40:39 2006 GMT
   Signature:
     b2:5a:e8:7c:bd:a8:00:0f:03:1a:17:fd:40:2c:46:
     0e:d5:64:87:e7:e7:bc:10:7d:b6:3e:39:21:a9:12:
     f4:5a:d8:b8:d4:bd:57:1a:7d:2f:7c:0d:c6:4f:27:
     17:c8:0e:ae:8c:89:ff:00:f7:81:97:c3:a1:6a:0a:
     f7:d2:46:06:9a:d1:d5:4d:78:e1:b7:b0:58:4d:09:
     d6:7c:1e:a0:40:af:86:5d:8c:c9:48:f6:e6:20:2e:
     b9:b6:81:03:0b:51:ac:23:db:9f:c1:8e:d6:94:54:
     66:a5:68:52:ee:dd:0f:10:5d:21:b8:b8:19:ff:29:
     6f:51:2e:c8:74:5c:2a:d2:c5:fa:99:eb:c5:c2:a2:
     d0:96:fc:54:b3:ba:80:4b:92:7f:85:54:76:c9:12:
     cb:32:ea:1d:12:7b:f8:f9:a2:5c:a1:b1:06:8e:d8:
     c5:42:61:00:8c:f6:33:11:29:df:6e:b2:cc:c3:7c:
     d3:f3:0c:8d:5c:49:a5:fb:49:fd:e7:c4:73:68:0a:
     09:0e:6d:68:a9:06:52:3a:36:4f:19:47:83:59:da:
     02:5b:2a:d0:8a:7a:33:0a:d5:ce:be:b5:a2:7d:8d:
     59:a1:9d:ee:60:ce:77:3d:e1:86:9a:84:93:90:9f:
     34:a7:02:40:59:3a:a5:d1:18:fb:6f:fc:af:d4:02:
     d9

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 31] RFC 6487 Resource Certificate Profile February 2012

Authors' Addresses

 Geoff Huston
 APNIC
 EMail: gih@apnic.net
 URI:   http://www.apnic.net
 George Michaelson
 APNIC
 EMail: ggm@apnic.net
 URI:   http://www.apnic.net
 Robert Loomans
 APNIC
 EMail: robertl@apnic.net
 URI:   http://www.apnic.net

Huston, et al. Standards Track [Page 32]

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