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rfc:rfc6197

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) K. Wolf Request for Comments: 6197 nic.at Category: Experimental April 2011 ISSN: 2070-1721

Location-to-Service Translation (LoST) Service List Boundary Extension

Abstract

 Location-to-Service Translation (LoST) maps service identifiers and
 location information to service contact URIs.  If a LoST client wants
 to discover available services for a particular location, it will
 perform a <listServicesByLocation> query to the LoST server.
 However, the LoST server, in its response, does not provide context
 information; that is, it does not provide any additional information
 about the geographical region within which the returned list of
 services is considered valid.  Therefore, this document defines a
 Service List Boundary that returns a local context along with the
 list of services returned, in order to assist the client in not
 missing a change in available services when moving.

Status of This Memo

 This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
 published for examination, experimental implementation, and
 evaluation.
 This document defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
 community.  This document is a product of the Internet Engineering
 Task Force (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF
 community.  It has received public review and has been approved for
 publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Not
 all documents approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of
 Internet Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.
 Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
 and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
 http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6197.

Wolf Experimental [Page 1] RFC 6197 serviceListBoundary April 2011

Copyright Notice

 Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
 document authors.  All rights reserved.
 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
 Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
 (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
 publication of this document.  Please review these documents
 carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
 to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
 include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
 the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
 described in the Simplified BSD License.
 This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF
 Contributions published or made publicly available before November
 10, 2008.  The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this
 material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow
 modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process.
 Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling
 the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified
 outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may
 not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format
 it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other
 than English.

Table of Contents

 1. Introduction ....................................................3
 2. Terminology .....................................................4
 3. LoST Extensions .................................................4
    3.1. Extensions to <listServicesByLocation> .....................4
    3.2. Retrieving the <serviceListBoundary> via
         <getServiceListBoundary> ...................................7
    3.3. <serviceListBoundary> ......................................8
    3.4. Implementation Considerations ..............................9
         3.4.1. Server Side .........................................9
         3.4.2. Client Side .........................................9
 4. Security and Privacy Considerations ............................10
 5. IANA Considerations ............................................10
    5.1. Relax NG Schema Registration ..............................10
    5.2. Namespace Registration ....................................13
 6. Acknowledgements ...............................................14
 7. References .....................................................14
    7.1. Normative References ......................................14
    7.2. Informative References ....................................15

Wolf Experimental [Page 2] RFC 6197 serviceListBoundary April 2011

1. Introduction

 Since the LoST protocol [RFC5222] employs the Service Boundary
 concept in order to avoid having clients continuously trying to
 refresh the mapping of a specific service, a Service List Boundary
 mechanism provides similar advantages for Service Lists.
 Location-based service providers, as well as Public Safety Answering
 Points (PSAPs), only serve a specific geographic region.  Therefore,
 the LoST protocol defines the Service Boundary, which indicates the
 service region for a specific service URL.  However, not all services
 are available everywhere.  Clients can discover available services
 for a particular location via the <listServicesByLocation> query in
 LoST.  The LoST server returns a list of services that are available
 at this particular location, but the server does not provide any
 additional information about the geographical region within which the
 returned Service List is considered valid.  This may lead to the
 situation where a client initially discovers all available services
 via the <listServicesByLocation> query, and then moves to a different
 location (while refreshing the service mappings), but without
 noticing the availability of other services.  The following imaginary
 example illustrates the problem for emergency calling:
 The client is powered-up, does location determination (resulting in
 location A), and performs an initial <listServicesByLocation> query
 with location A requesting urn:services:sos.
 The LoST server returns the following list of services:
    urn:service:sos.police
    urn:service:sos.ambulance
    urn:service:sos.fire
 The client does the initial LoST mapping and discovers the
 dialstrings for each service.  Then the client moves, refreshing the
 individual service mappings when necessary as specified by the
 Service Boundary.  However, when arriving in location B (close to a
 mountain), service sos.mountainrescue, which was not available in
 location A, becomes available.  Since the client is only required to
 refresh the mappings for the initially discovered services, the new
 service is not detected.  Consequently, the dialstring for the
 mountain-rescue service is not known by the client.  Hence, the
 client is unable to recognize an emergency call when the user enters
 the dialstring of the mountain-rescue service, and the emergency call
 may fail altogether.

Wolf Experimental [Page 3] RFC 6197 serviceListBoundary April 2011

 Note that the Service Boundary (service region for an individual
 service) cannot be considered as an indicator for the region for
 which a specific Service List is valid.  The Service List may even
 change within the Service Boundary of another service.  For example,
 the ambulance mapping is valid for a whole state, but for a part of
 the state there is an additional mountain-rescue service.
 Consequently, there are two ways to tackle this issue:
 o  Clients continuously poll for the Service List, although it may
    not have changed.
 o  The server sends a message containing boundary information that
    tells the client that the Service List does not change inside this
    area.

2. Terminology

 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
 document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

3. LoST Extensions

 This section describes the necessary extensions to the LoST protocol
 in order to support the Service List Boundary in a similar way as the
 Service Boundary.  Extensions defined in this document are declared
 in the new XML namespace urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1:slb.

3.1. Extensions to <listServicesByLocation>

 The query <listServicesByLocation> may contain an additional
 <serviceListBoundaryRequest> element to additionally request the
 boundary for the Service List based on the location provided, with
 the resulting location for the list presented either by value or by
 reference.  In the example below, the value of the 'type' attribute
 of the <serviceListBoundaryRequest> element is set to "value":

Wolf Experimental [Page 4] RFC 6197 serviceListBoundary April 2011

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <listServicesByLocation
         xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1"
         xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml"
         xmlns:slb="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1:slb"
         recursive="true">
      <location id="5415203asdf548" profile="civic">
        <civicAddress xml:lang="en"
           xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf:geopriv10:civicAddr">
          <country>AT</country>
          <A1>Lower Austria</A1>
          <A2>Bruck an der Leitha</A2>
          <A3>Wolfsthal</A3>
          <RD>Hauptplatz</RD>
          <HNO>1</HNO>
          <PC>2412</PC>
        </civicAddress>
      </location>
      <service>urn:service:sos</service>
      <slb:serviceListBoundaryRequest type="value"/>
    </listServicesByLocation>
 A <listServicesByLocationResponse> with the addition of one
 <serviceListBoundary> element is shown below:
   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
   <listServicesByLocationResponse
         xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1"
         xmlns:slb="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1:slb">
     <serviceList>
        urn:service:sos.ambulance
        urn:service:sos.fire
        urn:service:sos.gas
        urn:service:sos.mountain
        urn:service:sos.poison
        urn:service:sos.police
     </serviceList>

Wolf Experimental [Page 5] RFC 6197 serviceListBoundary April 2011

     <path>
       <via source="resolver.example"/>
       <via source="authoritative.example"/>
     </path>
       <locationUsed id="5415203asdf548"/>
       <slb:serviceListBoundary profile="civic"
          expires="2012-01-01T00:00:00Z">
         <civicAddress xml:lang="en"
            xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf:geopriv10:civicAddr">
           <country>AT</country>
           <A1>Lower Austria</A1>
         </civicAddress>
       </slb:serviceListBoundary>
   </listServicesByLocationResponse>
 The response above indicates that the Service List is valid for Lower
 Austria.  The <listServicesByLocation> request needs to be repeated
 by the client only when moving out of Lower Austria.  However, the
 mappings of the services themselves may have other service
 boundaries.  Additionally, the 'expires' attribute indicates the
 absolute time when this Service List becomes invalid.
 The response MAY contain multiple <serviceListBoundary> elements for
 alternative representation, each representing the boundary in a
 specific location profile.  However, multiple locations inside a
 <serviceListBoundary> element are considered to be additive.
 The boundary can also be requested by reference when setting the
 value of the 'type' attribute of the <serviceListBoundaryRequest>
 element to "reference" (which is the default in case the attribute is
 omitted).  The response will contain a <serviceListBoundaryReference>
 element with a 'serviceListKey' attribute (described in Section 3.2),
 as shown below.
   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
   <listServicesByLocationResponse
         xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1"
         xmlns:slb="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1:slb">
     <serviceList>
        urn:service:sos.ambulance
        urn:service:sos.fire
        urn:service:sos.gas
        urn:service:sos.mountain
        urn:service:sos.poison
        urn:service:sos.police
      </serviceList>

Wolf Experimental [Page 6] RFC 6197 serviceListBoundary April 2011

      <path>
        <via source="resolver.example"/>
        <via source="authoritative.example"/>
      </path>
      <locationUsed id="5415203asdf548"/>
      <slb:serviceListBoundaryReference
         source="authoritative.example"
         serviceListKey="123567890123567890123567890" />
   </listServicesByLocationResponse>

3.2. Retrieving the <serviceListBoundary> via <getServiceListBoundary>

 In order to retrieve the boundary corresponding to a specific
 'serviceListKey', the client issues a <getServiceListBoundary>
 request to the server identified in the 'source' attribute of the
 <serviceListBoundaryReference> element, similar to the
 <getServiceBoundary> request.
 An example is shown below:
   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
   <getServiceListBoundary
         xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1:slb"
           serviceListKey="123567890123567890123567890"/>
 The LoST server response is shown below:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<getServiceListBoundaryResponse
      xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1:slb">
  <serviceListBoundary profile="civic" expires="2012-01-01T00:00:00Z">
    <civicAddress xml:lang="en"
        xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf:geopriv10:civicAddr">
      <country>AT</country>
      <A1>Lower Austria</A1>
    </civicAddress>
  </serviceListBoundary>
  <path xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1">
    <via source="resolver.example"/>
    <via source="authoritative.example"/>
  </path>
</getServiceListBoundaryResponse>

Wolf Experimental [Page 7] RFC 6197 serviceListBoundary April 2011

 The 'serviceListKey' uniquely identifies a Service List Boundary, as
 the 'key' does for the Service Boundary (see Section 5.6 of
 RFC 5222).  Therefore, the 'serviceListKey' is a random token with at
 least 128 bits of entropy [RFC4086] and can be assumed globally
 unique.  Whenever the boundary changes, a new 'serviceListKey' MUST
 be assigned.
    Note: Since LoST does not define an attribute to indicate which
    location profile the client understands in a <getServiceBoundary>
    request, this document also does not define one for the
    <getServiceListBoundary> request.

3.3. <serviceListBoundary>

 For a particular <listServicesByLocation> query, the Service List
 Boundary information that gets returned indicates that all the
 service identifiers returned in the <serviceList> element are the
 same within this geographic region.  A Service List Boundary may
 consist of geometric shapes (both in civic and geodetic location
 format), and may be non-contiguous, like the Service Boundary.
 The mapping of the specific services within the Service List Boundary
 may be different at different locations.
 The server MAY return the boundary information in multiple location
 profiles, but MUST use at least one profile that the client used in
 the request in order to ensure that the client is able to process the
 boundary information.
 There is no need to include boundary information in a
 <listServicesResponse>.  The <listServices> request is purely for
 diagnostic purposes and does not contain location information at all,
 so boundary information cannot be calculated.
 Also note that the Service List Boundary is OPTIONAL, and the LoST
 server may return it or not, based on its local policy -- as is the
 case with the Service Boundary.  However, especially for emergency
 services, the Service List Boundary might be crucial to ensure that
 moving clients do not miss changes in the available services.

Wolf Experimental [Page 8] RFC 6197 serviceListBoundary April 2011

3.4. Implementation Considerations

 The subsections below discuss implementation issues for the LoST
 server and client for Service List Boundary support.

3.4.1. Server Side

 The mapping architecture and framework [RFC5582] states that each
 tree announces its coverage region (for one type of service, e.g.,
 sos.police) to one or more forest guides.  Forest guides peer with
 each other and synchronize their data.  Hence, a forest guide has
 sufficient knowledge (it knows all the services and their coverage
 regions) to answer a <listServicesByLocation> query and to add the
 <serviceListBoundary> or <serviceListBoundaryReference> as well.
 The calculation of the largest possible area for which the Service
 List stays the same might be a complex task.  An alternative would be
 to return smaller areas that are easier to compute.  In such a case,
 some unnecessary queries to the LoST server will be a consequence,
 but the main purpose of the Service List Boundary is still achieved:
 to never miss a change of available services.  Thus, the server
 operator may specify a reasonable trade-off between the effort to
 generate the boundary information and the saved queries to the LoST
 server.
 For example, in some countries the offered services may differ in
 adjacent counties (or districts, cantons, states, etc.).  Their
 borders may be suitable as a Service List Boundary as well, even
 though some adjacent counties offer the same services.
 Other countries might have different structures, and the generation
 of the Service List Boundary might follow other rules as long as it
 is ensured that a client is able to notice any change in the Service
 List when moving.

3.4.2. Client Side

 A mobile client that already implements LoST and evaluates the
 <serviceBoundary> has almost everything that is needed to make use of
 the Service List Boundary.  Since the integration into LoST follows
 the concept of the <serviceBoundary> (and also makes use of the same
 location profiles), only the additional <serviceListBoundary> needs
 to be evaluated.  Whenever moving outside a Service List Boundary,
 the client performs a new <listServicesByLocation> query with the new
 location information in order to determine a change in available
 services.

Wolf Experimental [Page 9] RFC 6197 serviceListBoundary April 2011

4. Security and Privacy Considerations

 Security considerations for LoST are discussed in [RFC5222].  This
 document extends LoST to also carry Service List Boundaries (and
 requests for them).  These Service List Boundaries are calculated by
 the server based on the individual Service Boundaries and sent to
 clients in case the local policy allows this.  Therefore, it is
 generally considered to have the same level of sensitivity as for the
 Service Boundary and thus the same access control and confidentiality
 requirements as the base LoST protocol.  As a result, the security
 measures incorporated in the base LoST specification [RFC5222]
 provide sufficient protection for LoST messages that use the Service
 List Boundary extension.

5. IANA Considerations

 IANA has taken two actions: an XML schema registration and a
 namespace registration, according to the description in the following
 sections.

5.1. Relax NG Schema Registration

 IANA has registered the following Relax NG Schema in the IETF XML
 Registry [RFC3688]:
 URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:schema:lost1:slb
 Registrant Contact: IETF ECRIT Working Group, Karl Heinz Wolf
 (karlheinz.wolf@nic.at)
 Relax NG Schema:
 BEGIN
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <grammar
     xmlns="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"
     xmlns:a="http://relaxng.org/ns/compatibility/annotations/1.0"
     xmlns:slb="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1:slb"
     ns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1"
     datatypeLibrary="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-datatypes">
   <include href="lost.rng">

Wolf Experimental [Page 10] RFC 6197 serviceListBoundary April 2011

   <!-- redefinition of LoST elements -->
     <start>
       <choice>
         <ref name="findService"/>
         <ref name="listServices"/>
         <ref name="listServicesByLocation"/>
         <ref name="getServiceBoundary"/>
         <ref name="findServiceResponse"/>
         <ref name="listServicesResponse"/>
         <ref name="listServicesByLocationResponse"/>
         <ref name="getServiceBoundaryResponse"/>
         <ref name="errors"/>
         <ref name="redirect"/>
         <!-- New in RFC 6197 -->
         <ref name="getServiceListBoundary"/>
         <ref name="getServiceListBoundaryResponse"/>
       </choice>
     </start>
     <define name="listServicesByLocation">
       <element name="listServicesByLocation">
         <ref name="requestLocation"/>
         <ref name="commonRequestPattern"/>
         <optional>
           <attribute name="recursive">
             <data type="boolean"/>
             <a:defaultValue>true</a:defaultValue>
           </attribute>
         </optional>
         <!-- New in RFC 6197 -->
         <optional>
           <ref name="serviceListBoundaryRequest"/>
         </optional>
       </element>
     </define>
     <define name="listServicesByLocationResponse">
       <element name="listServicesByLocationResponse">
         <ref name="serviceList"/>
         <ref name="commonResponsePattern"/>
         <ref name="locationUsed"/>

Wolf Experimental [Page 11] RFC 6197 serviceListBoundary April 2011

         <!-- New in RFC 6197 -->
         <optional>
           <choice>
             <ref name="serviceListBoundary"/>
             <ref name="serviceListBoundaryReference"/>
           </choice>
         </optional>
       </element>
     </define>
   </include>
   <define name="serviceListBoundaryRequest">
     <element name="slb:serviceListBoundaryRequest">
       <optional>
         <attribute name="type">
           <choice>
             <value>value</value>
             <value>reference</value>
           </choice>
           <a:defaultValue>reference</a:defaultValue>
         </attribute>
       </optional>
     </element>
   </define>
   <define name="serviceListBoundary">
    <oneOrMore>
     <element name="slb:serviceListBoundary">
       <optional>
         <ref name="expires"/>
       </optional>
       <ref name="locationInformation"/>
       <ref name="extensionPoint"/>
     </element>
    </oneOrMore>
   </define>
   <define name="serviceListBoundaryReference">
     <element name="slb:serviceListBoundaryReference">
       <ref name="source"/>
       <attribute name="serviceListKey">
         <data type="token"/>
       </attribute>
     <ref name="extensionPoint"/>
     </element>
   </define>

Wolf Experimental [Page 12] RFC 6197 serviceListBoundary April 2011

   <define name="getServiceListBoundary">
     <element name="slb:getServiceListBoundary">
       <attribute name="serviceListKey">
         <data type="token"/>
       </attribute>
     <ref name="extensionPoint"/>
     </element>
   </define>
   <define name="getServiceListBoundaryResponse">
     <element name="slb:getServiceListBoundaryResponse">
      <ref name="serviceListBoundary"/>
      <ref name="path"/>
      <ref name="extensionPoint"/>
     </element>
   </define>
 </grammar>
 END

5.2. Namespace Registration

 IANA has registered the following namespace (below the LoST namespace
 defined in [RFC5222]) in the IETF XML Registry [RFC3688]:
 URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1:slb
 Registrant Contact: IETF ECRIT Working Group, Karl Heinz Wolf
 (karlheinz.wolf@nic.at)

Wolf Experimental [Page 13] RFC 6197 serviceListBoundary April 2011

 XML:
 BEGIN
 <?xml version="1.0"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML Basic 1.0//EN"
   "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-basic/xhtml-basic10.dtd">
 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
 <head>
   <meta http-equiv="content-type"
         content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1"/>
   <title>LoST Service List Boundary Namespace</title>
 </head>
 <body>
   <h1>Namespace for the LoST Service List Boundary</h1>
   <h2>urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:lost1:slb</h2>
 <p>See <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6197.txt">
    RFC 6197</a>.</p>
 </body>
 </html>
 END

6. Acknowledgements

 The author would like to thank Henning Schulzrinne for discussion of
 the document, and Martin Thomson, Richard Barnes, and Roger Marshall
 for their valuable input and text suggestions during the working
 group Last Call.  Further thanks go to Joshua Bell from the
 Applications Area Review Team for his help with Relax NG.

7. References

7.1. Normative References

 [RFC5222]  Hardie, T., Newton, A., Schulzrinne, H., and H.
            Tschofenig, "LoST: A Location-to-Service Translation
            Protocol", RFC 5222, August 2008.
 [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
            Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
 [RFC3688]  Mealling, M., "The IETF XML Registry", BCP 81, RFC 3688,
            January 2004.
 [RFC4086]  Eastlake 3rd, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker,
            "Randomness Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086,
            June 2005.

Wolf Experimental [Page 14] RFC 6197 serviceListBoundary April 2011

7.2. Informative References

 [RFC5582]  Schulzrinne, H., "Location-to-URL Mapping Architecture and
            Framework", RFC 5582, September 2009.

Author's Address

 Karl Heinz Wolf
 nic.at GmbH
 Karlsplatz 1/2/9
 Wien  A-1010
 Austria
 Phone: +43 1 5056416 37
 EMail: karlheinz.wolf@nic.at
 URI:   http://www.nic.at/

Wolf Experimental [Page 15]

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