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rfc:rfc6116

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) S. Bradner Request for Comments: 6116 Harvard University Obsoletes: 3761 L. Conroy Category: Standards Track Roke Manor Research ISSN: 2070-1721 K. Fujiwara

                                                                  JPRS
                                                            March 2011
          The E.164 to Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI)
   Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS) Application (ENUM)

Abstract

 This document discusses the use of the Domain Name System (DNS) for
 storage of data associated with E.164 numbers, and for resolving
 those numbers into URIs that can be used (for example) in telephony
 call setup.  This document also describes how the DNS can be used to
 identify the services associated with an E.164 number.  This document
 obsoletes RFC 3761.

Status of This Memo

 This is an Internet Standards Track document.
 This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
 (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
 received public review and has been approved for publication by the
 Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Further information on
 Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
 Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
 and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
 http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6116.

Copyright Notice

 Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
 document authors.  All rights reserved.
 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
 Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
 (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
 publication of this document.  Please review these documents
 carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
 to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
 include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of

Bradner, Conroy & Fujiwara Standards Track [Page 1] RFC 6116 ENUM Protocol Specification March 2011

 the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
 described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

 1. Introduction ....................................................3
    1.1. Terminology ................................................3
 2. Use of These Mechanisms for Private Dialing Plans ...............4
 3. The ENUM Application Specifications .............................4
    3.1. Application Unique String ..................................4
    3.2. First Well Known Rule ......................................5
    3.3. Expected Output ............................................5
    3.4. Valid Databases ............................................5
         3.4.1. Optional Name Server Additional Section Processing ..6
         3.4.2. Flags ...............................................6
         3.4.3. Service Parameters ..................................7
                3.4.3.1. ENUM Services ..............................7
                3.4.3.2. Compound NAPTRs and Implicit
                         ORDER/PREFERENCE Values ....................8
    3.5. The ENUM Algorithm Always Returns a Single Rule ............8
    3.6. Case Sensitivity in ENUM ...................................8
    3.7. Collision Avoidance ........................................9
 4. ENUM Service Example ...........................................10
 5. Clarification of DDDS Use in ENUM ..............................10
    5.1. Collected Implications for ENUM Provisioning ..............11
    5.2. Collected Implications for ENUM Clients ...................13
         5.2.1. Non-Terminal NAPTR Processing ......................15
 6. IANA Considerations ............................................16
 7. Security Considerations ........................................17
    7.1. DNS Security ..............................................17
    7.2. Caching Security ..........................................18
    7.3. Call Routing Security .....................................19
    7.4. URI Resolution Security ...................................19
 8. Acknowledgements ...............................................19
 9. Changes from RFC 3761 ..........................................19
 10. References ....................................................20
    10.1. Normative References .....................................20
    10.2. Informative References ...................................21

Bradner, Conroy & Fujiwara Standards Track [Page 2] RFC 6116 ENUM Protocol Specification March 2011

1. Introduction

 This document discusses the use of the Domain Name System (DNS)
 [RFC1034] [RFC1035] for storage of data associated with E.164 [E.164]
 numbers, and for resolving those numbers into URIs that can be used
 (for example) in telephony call setup.  This document also describes
 how the DNS can be used to identify the services associated with an
 E.164 number.  This document includes a Dynamic Delegation Discovery
 System (DDDS) Application specification, as detailed in the document
 series described in [RFC3401].  This document obsoletes [RFC3761].
 Using the process defined in this document, International Public
 Telecommunication Numbers in the international format defined in
 International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Recommendation E.164
 [E.164] (called here "E.164 numbers") can be transformed into DNS
 names.  Using existing DNS services (such as delegation through NS
 records and queries for NAPTR resource records), one can look up the
 services associated with that E.164 number.  This takes advantage of
 standard DNS architectural features of decentralized control and
 management of the different levels in the lookup process.
 The domain "e164.arpa" has been assigned to provide an infrastructure
 in the DNS for storage of data associated with E.164 numbers.  To
 facilitate distributed operations, this domain is divided into
 subdomains.  Holders of E.164 numbers who want these numbers to be
 listed in the DNS should contact the appropriate zone administrator
 as listed in the policy attached to the zone.  One should start
 looking for this information by examining the SOA resource record
 associated with the zone, just like in normal DNS operations.
 Of course, as with other domains, policies for such listings will be
 controlled on a subdomain basis and may differ in different parts of
 the world.

1.1. Terminology

 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
 document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119
 [RFC2119].
 DNS resource record types mentioned in this document are defined,
 respectively, in [RFC1035] (NS, SOA, A, MX), [RFC3403] (NAPTR), and
 [RFC2782] (SRV).
 All other capitalized terms are taken from the vocabulary found in
 the DDDS algorithm specification found in [RFC3402].

Bradner, Conroy & Fujiwara Standards Track [Page 3] RFC 6116 ENUM Protocol Specification March 2011

2. Use of These Mechanisms for Private Dialing Plans

 Similar mechanisms might be used for other kinds of digit strings
 (such as numbers in private dialing plans).  If these mechanisms are
 used for dialing plans (or for other unrelated digit strings), the
 domain apex used for such translation MUST NOT be e164.arpa, to avoid
 conflict with this specification.
 Also, the Application Unique String (see Section 3.1) used with
 dialing plans SHOULD be the full number as specified, without the
 leading '+' character.  The '+' character is used to further
 distinguish E.164 numbers in international format from dialed digit
 strings or other digit sequences.
    For example, to address the E.164 number +44-3069-990038 a user
    might dial "03069990038" or "00443069990038" or "011443069990038".
    These dialed digit strings differ from one another, but none of
    them start with the '+' character.
 Finally, if these techniques are used for dialing plans or other
 digit strings, implementers and operators of systems using these
 techniques for such purpose MUST NOT describe these schemes as
 "ENUM".  The initial "E" in ENUM stands for E.164, and the term
 "ENUM" is used exclusively to describe application of these
 techniques to E.164 numbers according to this specification.

3. The ENUM Application Specifications

 This template defines the ENUM DDDS Application according to the
 rules and requirements found in [RFC3402].  The DDDS database used by
 this Application is found in [RFC3403], which is the document that
 defines the NAPTR DNS resource record type.
 ENUM is designed as a way to translate from E.164 numbers to URIs
 using NAPTR records stored in DNS.  The First Well Known Rule for any
 ENUM query creates a key (a fully qualified domain name, or FQDN,
 within the e164.arpa domain apex) from an E.164 number.  This FQDN is
 queried for NAPTR records and returned records are processed and
 interpreted according to this specification.

3.1. Application Unique String

 The Application Unique String (AUS) is a fully qualified E.164 number
 minus any non-digit characters except for the '+' character that
 appears at the beginning of the number.  The '+' is kept to provide a
 well-understood anchor for the AUS in order to distinguish it from
 other telephone numbers that are not part of the E.164 namespace.

Bradner, Conroy & Fujiwara Standards Track [Page 4] RFC 6116 ENUM Protocol Specification March 2011

 For example, the E.164 number could start out as "+44-116-496-0348".
 To ensure that no syntactic sugar is allowed into the AUS, all non-
 digits except for '+' are removed, yielding "+441164960348".

3.2. First Well Known Rule

 The First Well Known Rule converts an AUS into an initial key.  That
 key is used as an index into the Application's Rules Database.  For
 ENUM, the Rules Database is the DNS, so the key is a fully qualified
 domain name (FQDN).
 In order to convert the AUS to a unique key in this database, the
 string is converted into a domain name according to this algorithm:
 1. Remove all characters with the exception of the digits.  For
    example, given the E.164 number "+44-20-7946-0148" (which would
    then have been converted into an AUS of "+442079460148"), this
    step would simply remove the leading '+', producing
    "442079460148".
 2. Reverse the order of the digits.  Example: "841064970244"
 3. Put dots ('.') between each digit.  Example:
    "8.4.1.0.6.4.9.7.0.2.4.4"
 4. Append the string ".e164.arpa." to the end and interpret as a
    domain name.  Example: 8.4.1.0.6.4.9.7.0.2.4.4.e164.arpa.
 The E.164 namespace and this Application's database are organized in
 such a way that it is possible to go directly from the name to the
 smallest granularity of the namespace directly from the name itself,
 so no further processing is required to generate the initial key.
 This domain name is used to request NAPTR records.  Each of these
 records may contain the end result or, if its flags field is empty,
 produces a new key in the form of a domain name that is used to
 request further NAPTR records from the DNS.

3.3. Expected Output

 The output of the last DDDS loop is a Uniform Resource Identifier in
 its absolute form according to the <absolute-URI> production in the
 Collected ABNF found in [RFC3986].

3.4. Valid Databases

 At present only one DDDS Database is specified for this Application.
 "Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS) Part Three: The DNS
 Database" [RFC3403] specifies a DDDS Database that uses the NAPTR DNS
 resource record to contain the rewrite Rules.  The keys for this
 database are encoded as domain names.

Bradner, Conroy & Fujiwara Standards Track [Page 5] RFC 6116 ENUM Protocol Specification March 2011

 The character set used for the substitution expression is UTF-8
 [RFC3629].  The allowed input characters are all those characters
 that are allowed anywhere in an E.164 number.  The characters allowed
 to be in a key are those that are currently defined for DNS domain
 names.

3.4.1. Optional Name Server Additional Section Processing

 Some nameserver implementations attempt to be intelligent about items
 that are inserted into the additional information section of a given
 DNS response.  For example, BIND will attempt to determine if it is
 authoritative for a domain whenever it encodes one into a packet.  If
 it is, then it will insert any A records it finds for that domain
 into the additional information section of the answer until the
 packet reaches the maximum length allowed.  It is therefore
 potentially useful for a client to check for this additional
 information.
 It is also easy to contemplate an ENUM enhanced nameserver that
 understands the actual contents of the NAPTR records it is serving
 and inserts more appropriate information into the additional
 information section of the response.  Thus, DNS servers MAY interpret
 flag values and use that information to include appropriate resource
 records in the additional information section of the DNS packet.
 Clients are encouraged to check for additional information but are
 not required to do so.  See Section 4.2 of [RFC3403] ("Additional
 Information Processing") for more information on NAPTR records and
 the additional information section of a DNS response packet.

3.4.2. Flags

 This Database contains a field that contains flags that signal when
 the DDDS algorithm has finished.  At this time only one flag, "U", is
 defined.  This means that this Rule is the last one and that the
 output of the Rule is a URI [RFC3986].  See Section 4.3 of [RFC3404].
 If a client encounters a resource record with an unknown flag, it
 MUST ignore it and move to the next Rule.  This test takes precedence
 over any ordering since flags can control the interpretation placed
 on fields.
 A novel flag might change the interpretation of the Regexp and/or
 Replacement fields such that it is impossible to determine if a
 resource record matched a given target.
 If this flag is not present, then this Rule is non-terminal.  If a
 Rule is non-terminal, then the result produced by this rewrite Rule
 MUST be an FQDN.  Clients MUST use this result as the new Key in the

Bradner, Conroy & Fujiwara Standards Track [Page 6] RFC 6116 ENUM Protocol Specification March 2011

 DDDS loop (i.e., the client will query for NAPTR resource records at
 this FQDN).

3.4.3. Service Parameters

 Service Parameters for this Application take the following Augmented
 Backus-Naur Form (ABNF, specified in [RFC5234]) and are found in the
 Services field of the NAPTR record that holds a terminal Rule.  Where
 the NAPTR holds a non-terminal Rule, the Services field SHOULD be
 empty, and clients SHOULD ignore its content.
       service-field = "E2U" 1*(servicespec)
       servicespec   = "+" enumservice
       enumservice   = type 0*(subtypespec)
       subtypespec   = ":" subtype
       type          = 1*32(ALPHA / DIGIT / "-")
       subtype       = 1*32(ALPHA / DIGIT / "-")
 In other words, a non-optional "E2U" (used to denote ENUM only
 Rewrite Rules in order to mitigate record collisions) is followed by
 one or more Enumservices that indicate the class of functionality a
 given end point offers.  Each Enumservice is indicated by an initial
 '+' character.

3.4.3.1. ENUM Services

 Enumservices may be specified and registered via the process defined
 in "IANA Registration of Enumservices: Guide, Template, and IANA
 Considerations" [RFC6117].  This registration process is not open to
 any Enumservice that has '-' as the second character in its type
 string.
 In particular, this registration process is not open to Enumservice
 types starting with the facet "X-".  This "X-" facet is reserved for
 experimental or trial use, and any such Enumservices cannot be
 registered using the normal process.
 Finally, any Enumservice type that starts with the facet "P-" is
 intended for use exclusively on private networks.  As such, NAPTRs
 containing Enumservice types starting "P-" should not be seen on the
 global Internet.  Even if an ENUM client recognizes and can engage in
 the Enumservice, it may be incapable of resolving the URI generated
 by the containing NAPTR.  These Enumservices WILL NOT be registered.
 Such Enumservices MUST NOT be provisioned in any system that provides
 answers to DNS queries for NAPTR resource record sets (RRSets) from
 entities outside the private network context in which these
 Enumservices are intended for use.  Unless an ENUM client is sure

Bradner, Conroy & Fujiwara Standards Track [Page 7] RFC 6116 ENUM Protocol Specification March 2011

 that it is connected to the private network for which these NAPTRs
 are provisioned and intended, it MUST discard any NAPTR with an
 Enumservice type that starts with the "P-" facet.

3.4.3.2. Compound NAPTRs and Implicit ORDER/PREFERENCE Values

 It is possible to have more than one Enumservice associated with a
 single NAPTR.  These Enumservices share the same Regexp field and so
 generate the same URI.  Such a "compound" NAPTR could well be used to
 indicate a mobile phone that supports both "voice:tel" and "sms:tel"
 Enumservices.  The Services field in that case would be
 "E2U+voice:tel+sms:tel".
 A compound NAPTR can be treated as a set of NAPTRs that each hold a
 single Enumservice.  These reconstructed NAPTRs share the same ORDER
 and PREFERENCE/PRIORITY field values but should be treated as if each
 had a logically different priority.  A left-to-right priority is
 assumed.

3.5. The ENUM Algorithm Always Returns a Single Rule

 The ENUM algorithm always returns a single Rule.  Individual
 applications may have application-specific knowledge or facilities
 that allow them to present multiple results or speed selection, but
 these should never change the operation of the algorithm.

3.6. Case Sensitivity in ENUM

 Case sensitivity was not mentioned at all in [RFC3761] (or
 [RFC2916]), but has been seen as an issue during interoperability
 test events since then.  There are a lot of case-sensitive clients in
 current deployment.
 The only place where NAPTR field content is case sensitive is in any
 static text in the Repl sub-field of the Regexp field (see Section
 3.2 of [RFC3402] for Regexp field definitions).  In that sub-field,
 case must be preserved when generating the record output.  Elsewhere,
 case sensitivity is not used.
 Where ENUM clients can be exposed to NAPTR records that may hold
 field content of different capitalization, clients MUST use case-
 insensitive processing.  ENUM clients that operate using the Internet
 to send their queries, typically called "Public ENUM" scenarios, fall
 into this category.
 Some ENUM clients operate within closed networks; for example, within
 isolated data networks operated by Communication Service Providers.
 These are typically called "Infrastructure ENUM" scenarios.  All

Bradner, Conroy & Fujiwara Standards Track [Page 8] RFC 6116 ENUM Protocol Specification March 2011

 zones provisioned within such closed networks usually have a known
 capitalization for ENUM record string content, as provisioning
 systems for such networks are often carefully controlled.  In such an
 environment, clients are never exposed to records with capitalization
 that is "unexpected" and so can be (and have been) designed with case
 sensitive processing.  Only if a client is known to operate in an
 environment in which capitalization of all ENUM records it will
 encounter is known and controlled MAY that client use case sensitive
 processing.

3.7. Collision Avoidance

 An ENUM-compliant application MUST only pass numbers to the ENUM
 client query process that it believes are E.164 numbers (e.g., it
 MUST NOT pass dialed digit strings to the ENUM query process).
 Since number plans may change over time, it can be impossible for a
 client to know if the number it intends to query is assigned and
 active within the current number plan.  Thus it is important that
 such clients can distinguish data associated with the E.164 number
 plan from that associated with other digit strings (i.e., numbers NOT
 in accordance with the E.164 number plan).
 It is the responsibility of operators that are provisioning data into
 domains to ensure that data associated with a query on an E.164
 number cannot be mistaken for data associated with other uses of
 NAPTRs.
 Three techniques are used to achieve this:
 o  the domain apex used for purposes other than data associated with
    the E.164 number plan MUST NOT be e164.arpa.
 o  for use other than with E.164 numbers, the Application Unique
    String MUST NOT begin with the '+' character, whilst for ENUM use,
    the AUS MUST begin with this character.
 o  NAPTRs that are intended for other DDDS applications MUST NOT
    include the E2U token in their service field, whilst NAPTRs
    intended for ENUM use MUST include this token.

Bradner, Conroy & Fujiwara Standards Track [Page 9] RFC 6116 ENUM Protocol Specification March 2011

4. ENUM Service Example

    $ORIGIN 3.8.0.0.6.9.2.3.6.1.4.4.e164.arpa.
     NAPTR 100 50 "u" "E2U+sip"
         "!^(\\+441632960083)$!sip:\\1@example.com!"    .
     NAPTR 100 51 "u" "E2U+h323"
         "!^\\+441632960083$!h323:operator@example.com!"    .
     NAPTR 100 52 "u" "E2U+email:mailto"
         "!^.*$!mailto:info@example.com!"    .
 This describes that the domain 3.8.0.0.6.9.2.3.6.1.4.4.e164.arpa. is
 preferably contacted by SIP, secondly via H.323 for voice, and
 thirdly by SMTP for messaging.  Note that the Enumservice tokens
 "sip", "h323", and "email" are Enumservice Types registered with
 IANA, and they have no implicit connection with the protocols or URI
 schemes with the same names.
 In all cases, the next step in the resolution process is to use the
 resolution mechanism for each of the protocols (specified by the URI
 schemes sip, h323, and mailto) to know what node to contact.
 In each of the first two records, the ERE sub-field matches only
 queries that have been made for the telephone number +441632960083.
 In the last record, the ERE matches any Application Unique String
 value.  The first record also demonstrates how the matched pattern
 can be used in the generated URI.
 Note that where NAPTR resource records are shown in DNS master file
 syntax (as in this example above), each backslash must itself be
 escaped using a second backslash.  The DNS on-the-wire packet will
 have only a single backslash in each case.

5. Clarification of DDDS Use in ENUM

 ENUM is a DDDS Application.  This means that it relies on the DDDS
 for its operation.  DDDS is designed to be flexible, but that opens
 the possibility of differences of interpretation.  This section is
 intended to cover ENUM-specific interpretation of text within the
 DDDS specifications.  The goal is to ensure interoperability between
 ENUM clients and provisioning systems used to populate domains with
 E2U NAPTRs.
 As part of on-going development work on the ENUM specifications,
 [RFC5483] provides an (informative) analysis of the way in which ENUM
 client and provisioning system implementations behave and the
 interoperability issues that have arisen.  The following
 recommendations reflect that analysis, and further narrative
 explaining the issues can be found in that RFC.

Bradner, Conroy & Fujiwara Standards Track [Page 10] RFC 6116 ENUM Protocol Specification March 2011

5.1. Collected Implications for ENUM Provisioning

 ENUM NAPTRs SHOULD NOT include characters outside the printable US-
 ASCII equivalent range (U+0020 to U+007E) unless it is clear that all
 ENUM clients they are designed to support will be able to process
 such characters correctly.  If ENUM zone provisioning systems require
 non-ASCII characters, these systems MUST encode the non-ASCII data to
 emit only US-ASCII characters by applying the appropriate mechanism
 (such as those in [RFC3492], [RFC3987]).  Non-printable characters
 SHOULD NOT be used, as ENUM clients may need to present NAPTR content
 in a human-readable form.
 The case-sensitivity flag ('i') is inappropriate for ENUM, and SHOULD
 NOT be provisioned into the Regexp field of E2U NAPTRs.
 The Registrant and the ENUM zone provisioning system he or she uses
 SHOULD NOT rely on ENUM clients solely taking account of the value of
 the ORDER and the PREFERENCE/PRIORITY fields in ENUM NAPTRs.  Thus, a
 Registrant SHOULD place into his or her zone only contacts that he or
 she is willing to support; even those with the worst ORDER and
 PREFERENCE/PRIORITY values MAY be selected by an end user.
 All E2U NAPTRs SHOULD hold a default value in their ORDER field.  A
 value of "100" is recommended, as it seems to be used in most
 provisioned domains.
    Some ENUM clients have been known to pre-discard NAPTRs within an
    RRSet simply because these records do not have the lowest ORDER
    value found in that RRSet.  Other ENUM client implementations
    appear to have confused ORDER and PREFERENCE/PRIORITY fields,
    using the latter as the major sort term rather than the former as
    specified.  Conversely, ENUM zones have been provisioned within
    which the ORDER value varies but the PREFERENCE/PRIORITY field
    value is static.  This may have been intentional, but given the
    different client behavior in the face of varying ORDER field
    values, it may not produce the desired response.
 Multiple NAPTRs with identical ORDER and identical PREFERENCE/
 PRIORITY field values SHOULD NOT be provisioned into an RRSet unless
 the intent is that these NAPTRs are truly identical and there is no
 preference between them.  Implementers SHOULD NOT assume that the DNS
 will deliver NAPTRs within an RRSet in a particular sequence.
 An ENUM zone provisioning system SHOULD assume that, if it generates
 compound NAPTRs, the Enumservices will normally be processed in left-
 to-right order within such NAPTRs.

Bradner, Conroy & Fujiwara Standards Track [Page 11] RFC 6116 ENUM Protocol Specification March 2011

 ENUM zone provisioning systems SHOULD assume that, once a non-
 terminal NAPTR has been selected for processing, the ORDER field
 value in a domain referred to by that non-terminal NAPTR will be
 considered only within the context of that referenced domain (i.e.,
 the ORDER value will be used only to sort within the current RRSet
 and will not be used in the processing of NAPTRs in any other RRSet).
 ENUM zone provisioning systems SHOULD use '!' (U+0021) as their
 Regexp delimiter character.
 If the Regexp delimiter is a character in the static text of the Repl
 sub-field, it MUST be "escaped" using the escaped-delimiter
 production of the BNF specification shown in Section 3.2 of [RFC3402]
 (i.e., "\!", U+005C U+0021).  Note that when a NAPTR resource record
 is entered in DNS master file syntax, the backslash itself must be
 escaped using a second backslash.
 If present in the ERE sub-field of an ENUM NAPTR, the literal
 character '+' MUST be escaped as "\+" (i.e.  U+005C U+002B).  Note
 that, as always, when a NAPTR resource record is entered in DNS
 master file syntax, the backslash itself must be escaped using a
 second backslash.
 Whilst this client behavior is non-compliant, ENUM provisioning
 systems and their users should be aware that some ENUM clients have
 been detected with poor (or no) support for non-trivial ERE sub-field
 expressions.
 ENUM provisioning systems SHOULD be cautious in the use of multiple
 back-reference patterns in the Repl sub-field of NAPTRs they
 provision.  Some clients have limited buffer space for character
 expansion when generating URIs.  These provisioning systems SHOULD
 check the back-reference replacement patterns they use, ensuring that
 regular expression processing will not produce excessive-length URIs.
 ENUM zones MUST NOT be provisioned with NAPTRs according to the
 obsolete syntax of [RFC2916], and MUST be provisioned with NAPTRs in
 which the Services field is according to Section 3.4.3 of this
 document.
    [RFC2915] and [RFC2916] have been obsoleted by [RFC3401]-[RFC3404]
    and by this document, respectively.
 Enumservices in which the Enumservice type starts with the facet "P-"
 MUST NOT be provisioned in any system that provides answers to DNS
 queries for NAPTR resource record sets from entities outside the
 private network context in which these Enumservices are intended for
 use.

Bradner, Conroy & Fujiwara Standards Track [Page 12] RFC 6116 ENUM Protocol Specification March 2011

 As current support is limited, non-terminal NAPTRs SHOULD NOT be
 provisioned in ENUM zones unless it is clear that all ENUM clients
 that this environment supports can process these.
 When populating a set of domains with NAPTRs, ENUM zone provisioning
 systems SHOULD NOT configure non-terminal NAPTRs so that more than 5
 such NAPTRs will be processed in an ENUM query.
 In a non-terminal NAPTR that may be encountered in an ENUM query
 (i.e., one with an empty Flags field), the Services field SHOULD be
 empty.
 A non-terminal NAPTR MUST include its target domain in the
 (non-empty) Replacement field, as this field will be interpreted as
 holding the FQDN that forms the next key output from this non-
 terminal Rule.  The Regexp field MUST be empty in a non-terminal
 NAPTR intended to be encountered during an ENUM query.

5.2. Collected Implications for ENUM Clients

 If a NAPTR is discarded, this SHOULD NOT cause the whole ENUM query
 to terminate and processing SHOULD continue with the next NAPTR in
 the returned RRSet.
 ENUM clients SHOULD NOT discard NAPTRs in which they detect
 characters outside the US-ASCII printable range (0x20 to 0x7E
 hexadecimal).
 ENUM clients MAY discard NAPTRs that have octets in the Flags,
 Services, or Regexp fields that have byte values outside the US-ASCII
 equivalent range (i.e., byte values above 0x7F).  Clients MUST be
 ready to encounter NAPTRs with such values without failure.
 ENUM clients MUST sort the records of a retrieved NAPTR RRSet into
 sequence using the ORDER and PREFERENCE fields of those records.  The
 ORDER is to be treated as the major sort term, with lowest numerical
 values being earlier in the sequence.  The PREFERENCE/PRIORITY field
 is to be treated as the minor sort term, with lowest numerical values
 being earlier in the sequence.
 ENUM clients SHOULD NOT discard a NAPTR record until it is considered
 or a record previous to it in the evaluation sequence has been
 accepted.
    Notably, if a record has a "worse" ORDER value than others in this
    RRSet, that record MUST NOT be discarded before consideration
    unless a record has been accepted as the result of this ENUM
    query.

Bradner, Conroy & Fujiwara Standards Track [Page 13] RFC 6116 ENUM Protocol Specification March 2011

 Where the ENUM client presents a list of possible URLs to the end
 user for his or her choice, it MAY present all NAPTRs -- not just the
 ones with the lowest currently unprocessed ORDER field value.  The
 client SHOULD observe the ORDER and PREFERENCE/PRIORITY values
 specified by the Registrant.
 ENUM clients SHOULD accept all NAPTRs with identical ORDER and
 identical PREFERENCE/PRIORITY field values, and process them in the
 sequence in which they appear in the DNS response.  (There is no
 benefit in further randomizing the order in which these are
 processed, as intervening DNS Servers might have done this already).
 ENUM clients SHOULD consider the ORDER field value only when sorting
 NAPTRs within a single RRSet.  The ORDER field value SHOULD NOT be
 taken into account when processing NAPTRs across a sequence of DNS
 queries created by traversal of non-terminal NAPTR references.
 ENUM clients receiving compound NAPTRs (i.e., ones with more than one
 Enumservice) SHOULD process these Enumservices using a left-to-right
 sort ordering, so that the first Enumservice to be processed will be
 the leftmost one, and the last will be the rightmost one.
 ENUM clients MUST be ready to process NAPTRs that use a different
 character from '!' as their Regexp Delimiter without failure.
 ENUM clients SHOULD NOT assume that the delimiter is the last
 character of the Regexp field.
    Unless they are sure that in their environment this is the case,
    in general an ENUM client may still encounter NAPTRs that have
    been provisioned with a following 'i' (case-insensitive) flag,
    even though that flag has no effect at all in an ENUM scenario.
 ENUM clients SHOULD discard NAPTRs that have more or less than 3
 unescaped instances of the delimiter character within the Regexp
 field.
    In the spirit of being liberal with what it will accept, if the
    ENUM client is sure how the Regexp field should be interpreted, it
    MAY choose to process the NAPTR even in the face of an incorrect
    number of unescaped delimiter characters.  If it is not clear how
    the Regexp field should be interpreted, the client MUST discard
    the NAPTR.
 ENUM clients MUST be ready to process NAPTRs that have non-trivial
 patterns in their ERE sub-field values without failure.

Bradner, Conroy & Fujiwara Standards Track [Page 14] RFC 6116 ENUM Protocol Specification March 2011

 ENUM clients MUST be ready to process NAPTRs with many copies of
 back-reference patterns within the Repl sub-field without failure.
 ENUM clients MUST be ready to process NAPTRs with a DDDS Application
 identifier other than 'E2U' without failure.
 When an ENUM client encounters a compound NAPTR (i.e., one containing
 more than one Enumservice) and cannot process or cannot recognize one
 of the Enumservices within it, that ENUM client SHOULD ignore this
 Enumservice and continue with the next Enumservice within this
 NAPTR's Services field, discarding the NAPTR only if it cannot handle
 any of the Enumservices contained.  These conditions SHOULD NOT be
 considered errors.
 ENUM clients MUST support ENUM NAPTRs according to syntax defined in
 Section 3.4.3.  ENUM clients SHOULD also support ENUM NAPTRs
 according to the obsolete syntax of [RFC2916]; there are still zones
 that hold "old" syntax NAPTRs.  The informational [RFC3824]
 recommended such support.
 Unless an ENUM client is sure that it is connected to the private
 network for which these NAPTRs are provisioned and intended, it MUST
 discard any NAPTR with an Enumservice type that starts with the "P-"
 facet.

5.2.1. Non-Terminal NAPTR Processing

 ENUM clients MUST be ready to process NAPTRs with an empty Flags
 field ("non-terminal" NAPTRs) without failure.  More generally, non-
 terminal NAPTR processing SHOULD be implemented, but ENUM clients MAY
 discard non-terminal NAPTRs they encounter.
 ENUM clients SHOULD ignore any content of the Services field when
 encountering a non-terminal NAPTR with an empty Flags field.
 ENUM clients receiving a non-terminal NAPTR with an empty Flags field
 MUST treat the Replacement field as holding the FQDN to be used in
 the next round of the ENUM query.  An ENUM client MUST discard such a
 non-terminal NAPTR if the Replacement field is empty or does not
 contain a valid FQDN.  By definition, it follows that the Regexp
 field will be empty in such a non-terminal NAPTR.  If present in a
 non-terminal NAPTR, a non-empty Regexp field MUST be ignored by ENUM
 clients.
 If a problem is detected when processing an ENUM query across
 multiple domains (by following non-terminal NAPTR references), the
 ENUM query SHOULD NOT be abandoned, but instead processing SHOULD

Bradner, Conroy & Fujiwara Standards Track [Page 15] RFC 6116 ENUM Protocol Specification March 2011

 continue at the next NAPTR after the non-terminal NAPTR that referred
 to the domain in which the problem would have occurred.
 If all NAPTRs in a domain traversed as a result of a reference in a
 non-terminal NAPTR have been discarded, the ENUM client SHOULD
 continue its processing with the next NAPTR in the "referring" RRSet
 (i.e., the one including the non-terminal NAPTR that caused the
 traversal).
 ENUM clients MUST be prepared to encounter a referential loop in
 which a sequence of non-terminal NAPTRs are retrieved within an ENUM
 query that refer back to an earlier FQDN.  ENUM clients MUST be able
 to detect and recover from such a loop, without failure.
 ENUM clients MAY consider a chain of more than 5 "non-terminal"
 NAPTRs traversed in a single ENUM query as an indication that a
 referential loop has been entered.
 When a domain is about to be entered as the result of a reference in
 a non-terminal NAPTR, and the ENUM client has detected a potential
 referential loop, the client SHOULD discard the non-terminal NAPTR
 from its processing and continue with the next NAPTR in its list.  It
 SHOULD NOT make the DNS query indicated by that non-terminal NAPTR.

6. IANA Considerations

 RFC 2916 and then RFC 3761 (which this document replaces) requested
 IANA to delegate the E164.ARPA domain following instructions that
 were provided by the IAB (as described in [RFC3245]).  The domain was
 delegated according to those instructions (which are published at
 <http://www.ripe.net/data-tools/dns/enum/iab-instructions>).
 Names within this zone are to be delegated to parties consistent with
 ITU Recommendation E.164.  The names allocated should be hierarchic
 in accordance with ITU Recommendation E.164, and the codes should be
 assigned in accordance with that Recommendation.
 The IAB is to coordinate with the ITU Telecommunications
 Standardization Bureau (TSB) if the technical contact for the domain
 e164.arpa is to change, as ITU TSB has an operational working
 relationship with this technical contact that would need to be
 reestablished.
 See [RFC6117] for Enumservice-related IANA Considerations.

Bradner, Conroy & Fujiwara Standards Track [Page 16] RFC 6116 ENUM Protocol Specification March 2011

7. Security Considerations

7.1. DNS Security

 As ENUM uses DNS, which in its current form is an insecure protocol,
 there is no mechanism for ensuring that the data one gets back is
 authentic.  As ENUM is deployed on the global Internet, it is
 expected to be a popular target for various kinds of attacks, and
 attacking the underlying DNS infrastructure is one way of attacking
 the ENUM service itself.
 There are multiple types of attacks that can happen against DNS that
 ENUM implementations should consider.  See Threat Analysis of the
 Domain Name System [RFC3833] for a review of the various threats to
 the DNS.
 Because of these threats, a deployed ENUM service SHOULD include
 mechanisms to mitigate these threats.  Most of the threats can be
 solved by verifying the authenticity of the data via mechanisms such
 as DNS Security (DNSSEC) [RFC4033].
 Others, such as Denial-Of-Service attacks, cannot be solved by data
 authentication.  It is important to remember that these threats
 include not only the NAPTR lookups themselves, but also the various
 records needed for the services to be useful (for example NS, MX,
 SRV, and A records).
 Even if DNSSEC is deployed, it cannot protect against every kind of
 attack on DNS.  ENUM is often used for number or address translation;
 retrieving an address through an ENUM lookup with DNSSEC support does
 not, however, ensure that the service is immune to attack.  It is
 unwise for a service blindly to trust that the address it has
 retrieved is valid and that the entity to which it connects using
 that address is the service peer it intended to contact.  A service
 SHOULD always authenticate the entity to which it connects during the
 service setup phase, and not rely on address or identity data
 retrieved outside that service.
 Finally, as an ENUM service will be implementing some type of
 security mechanism, software that implements ENUM MUST be prepared to
 receive DNSSEC and other standardized DNS security responses,
 including large responses and other EDNS0 signaling (see [RFC2671]),
 unknown resource records (see [RFC3597]), and so on.

Bradner, Conroy & Fujiwara Standards Track [Page 17] RFC 6116 ENUM Protocol Specification March 2011

7.2. Caching Security

 The DNS architecture makes extensive use of caching of records at
 intermediary nodes to improve performance.  The propagation time (for
 changes to resource records to be reflected in query responses to end
 nodes) approaches the "time to live" value for those records.  There
 may be a number of different resource records involved in the
 resolution of a communication target.  Changes to these records may
 not be synchronized (particularly if these resource records indicate
 different times to live).  Thus a change in any one of these records
 may cause inappropriate decisions on communications targets to be
 made.  Given that DNS Update (specified in [RFC2136]) can introduce
 quite rapid changes in content in different zones, these transient
 states may become important.
 Consider a typical set of queries that follow an ENUM query that
 returns a SIP URI (for details, see [RFC3263]):
 o  Evaluation of the SIP URI triggers a query on the SIP domainpart
    for D2U/D2T NAPTRs.
 o  This in turn triggers a query on that record's target domain for
    SRV records.
 o  The SRV records will return the SIP server hostname, which will
    trigger a further query on that hostname for an A record to get
    the server's associated IP address.
 o  Finally, the local SIP User Agent Client will then attempt to
    initiate a communications session to that IP address.
 The E2U NAPTR may have changed its URI, indicating a new SIP
 identity.  The D2U NAPTR for the SIP URI domainpart may have changed
 its target.  The SRV record pointed to by that D2U NAPTR may have
 changed its target hostname.  The hostname's A record may have
 changed its IP address.  Finally, if the server exists in an
 environment where IP-addresses are dynamically assigned (for example,
 when using DHCP [RFC2131]), an unexpected end point may have been
 allocated to the IP address returned from the SIP resolution chain.
 In environments where changes to any of the chain of resource records
 or dynamic assignments to IP addresses occur, those systems
 provisioning this data SHOULD take care to minimize changes and to
 consider the respective times to live of resource records and/or DHCP
 lease times.  Users of this data SHOULD take care to detect and
 recover from unintended communications session attempts; in a
 transient environment, these may occur.

Bradner, Conroy & Fujiwara Standards Track [Page 18] RFC 6116 ENUM Protocol Specification March 2011

7.3. Call Routing Security

 There are a number of countries (and other numbering environments) in
 which there are multiple providers of call routing and number/name-
 translation services.  In these areas, any system that permits users,
 or putative agents for users, to change routing or supplier
 information may provide incentives for changes that are actually
 unauthorized (and, in some cases, for denial of legitimate change
 requests).  Such environments should be designed with adequate
 mechanisms for identification and authentication of those requesting
 changes and for authorization of those changes.

7.4. URI Resolution Security

 A large amount of security issues have to do with the resolution
 process itself, and use of the URIs produced by the DDDS mechanism.
 Those have to be specified in the registration of the Enumservice
 used, as specified in "IANA Registration of Enumservices: Guide,
 Template, and IANA Considerations" [RFC6117].

8. Acknowledgements

 This document is an update of RFC 3761, which was edited by Patrik
 Faltstrom and Michael Mealling.  Please see the Acknowledgements
 section in that RFC for additional acknowledgements.  The authors
 would also like to thank Alfred Hoenes and Bernie Hoeneisen for their
 detailed reviews.

9. Changes from RFC 3761

 A section has been added to explain the way in which DDDS is used
 with this specification.  These recommendations have been collected
 from experience of ENUM deployment.  Differences of interpretation of
 the DDDS specifications led to interoperability issues; this document
 updates RFC 3761 to add many clarifications, intended to ameliorate
 interoperability.
 Clarifications include a default value for the ORDER field and for
 the Regexp delimiter character, required use of Replacement field in
 non-terminal NAPTRs, and that string matching is case insensitive
 (Section 3.6).
 Other substantive changes include removing the discussion of
 registration mechanisms, (now specified in "IANA Registration of
 Enumservices: Guide, Template, and IANA Considerations" [RFC6117]),
 correcting an existing error by adding "-" as a valid character in
 the type and subtype fields specified in Services Parameters (Section
 3.4.3) and adding the "P-" private service type (Section 3.4.3.1).

Bradner, Conroy & Fujiwara Standards Track [Page 19] RFC 6116 ENUM Protocol Specification March 2011

10. References

10.1. Normative References

 [E.164]   ITU-T, "The International Public Telecommunication Number
           Plan", Recommendation E.164, February 2005.
 [RFC1034] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities",
           STD 13, RFC 1034, November 1987.
 [RFC1035] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
           specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987.
 [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
           Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
 [RFC3402] Mealling, M., "Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS)
           Part Two: The Algorithm", RFC 3402, October 2002.
 [RFC3403] Mealling, M., "Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS)
           Part Three: The Domain Name System (DNS) Database", RFC
           3403, October 2002.
 [RFC3404] Mealling, M., "Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS)
           Part Four: The Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI)", RFC
           3404, October 2002.
 [RFC3492] Costello, A., "Punycode: A Bootstring encoding of Unicode
           for Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)",
           RFC 3492, March 2003.
 [RFC3629] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646",
           STD 63, RFC 3629, November 2003.
 [RFC3761] Faltstrom, P. and M. Mealling, "The E.164 to Uniform
           Resource Identifiers (URI) Dynamic Delegation Discovery
           System (DDDS) Application (ENUM)", RFC 3761, April 2004.
 [RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
           Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC
           3986, January 2005.
 [RFC3987] Duerst, M. and M. Suignard, "Internationalized Resource
           Identifiers (IRIs)", RFC 3987, January 2005.
 [RFC5234] Crocker, D., Ed., and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
           Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008.

Bradner, Conroy & Fujiwara Standards Track [Page 20] RFC 6116 ENUM Protocol Specification March 2011

10.2. Informative References

 [RFC2131] Droms, R., "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol", RFC 2131,
           March 1997.
 [RFC2136] Vixie, P., Ed., Thomson, S., Rekhter, Y., and J. Bound,
           "Dynamic Updates in the Domain Name System (DNS UPDATE)",
           RFC 2136, April 1997.
 [RFC2671] Vixie, P., "Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS0)", RFC
           2671, August 1999.
 [RFC2782] Gulbrandsen, A., Vixie, P., and L. Esibov, "A DNS RR for
           specifying the location of services (DNS SRV)", RFC 2782,
           February 2000.
 [RFC2915] Mealling, M. and R. Daniel, "The Naming Authority Pointer
           (NAPTR) DNS Resource Record", RFC 2915, September 2000.
 [RFC2916] Faltstrom, P., "E.164 number and DNS", RFC 2916, September
           2000.
 [RFC3245] Klensin, J., Ed., and IAB, "The History and Context of
           Telephone Number Mapping (ENUM) Operational Decisions:
           Informational Documents Contributed to ITU-T Study Group 2
           (SG2)", RFC 3245, March 2002.
 [RFC3263] Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "Session Initiation
           Protocol (SIP): Locating SIP Servers", RFC 3263, June 2002.
 [RFC3401] Mealling, M., "Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS)
           Part One: The Comprehensive DDDS", RFC 3401, October 2002.
 [RFC3597] Gustafsson, A., "Handling of Unknown DNS Resource Record
           (RR) Types", RFC 3597, September 2003.
 [RFC3824] Peterson, J., Liu, H., Yu, J., and B. Campbell, "Using
           E.164 numbers with the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)",
           RFC 3824, June 2004.
 [RFC3833] Atkins, D. and R. Austein, "Threat Analysis of the Domain
           Name System (DNS)", RFC 3833, August 2004.
 [RFC4033] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
           Rose, "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements", RFC
           4033, March 2005.

Bradner, Conroy & Fujiwara Standards Track [Page 21] RFC 6116 ENUM Protocol Specification March 2011

 [RFC5483] Conroy, L. and K. Fujiwara, "ENUM Implementation Issues and
           Experiences", RFC 5483, March 2009.
 [RFC6117] Hoeneisen, B., Mayrhofer, A., and J. Livingood, "IANA
           Registration of Enumservices: Guide, Template, and IANA
           Considerations" RFC 6117, March 2011.

Authors' Addresses

 Scott Bradner
 Harvard University
 29 Oxford St.
 Cambridge MA 02138
 USA
 Phone: +1-617-495-3864
 EMail: sob@harvard.edu
 Lawrence Conroy
 Roke Manor Research
 Roke Manor
 Old Salisbury Lane
 Romsey
 United Kingdom
 Phone: +44-1794-833666
 EMail: lconroy@insensate.co.uk
 URI:   http://lawrence.tel
 Kazunori Fujiwara
 Japan Registry Services Co., Ltd.
 Chiyoda First Bldg. East 13F
 3-8-1 Nishi-Kanda Chiyoda-ku
 Tokyo 101-0165
 JAPAN
 EMail: fujiwara@jprs.co.jp
 URI:   http://jprs.jp/en/

Bradner, Conroy & Fujiwara Standards Track [Page 22]

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