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rfc:rfc6043

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) J. Mattsson Request for Comments: 6043 Ericsson Category: Informational T. Tian ISSN: 2070-1721 ZTE

                                                            March 2011
        MIKEY-TICKET: Ticket-Based Modes of Key Distribution
               in Multimedia Internet KEYing (MIKEY)

Abstract

 The Multimedia Internet KEYing (MIKEY) specification describes a key
 management scheme for real-time applications.  In this document, we
 note that the currently defined MIKEY modes are insufficient to
 address deployment scenarios built around a centralized key
 management service.  Interest in such deployments is increasing.
 Therefore, a set of new MIKEY modes that work well in such scenarios
 are defined.  The new modes use a trusted key management service and
 a ticket concept, similar to that in Kerberos.  The new modes also
 support features used by many existing applications, where the exact
 identity of the other endpoint may not be known at the start of the
 communication session.

Status of This Memo

 This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
 published for informational purposes.
 This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
 (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
 received public review and has been approved for publication by the
 Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Not all documents
 approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet
 Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.
 Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
 and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
 http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6043.

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 1] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

Copyright Notice

 Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
 document authors.  All rights reserved.
 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
 Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
 (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
 publication of this document.  Please review these documents
 carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
 to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
 include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
 the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
 described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

 1. Introduction ....................................................4
 2. Terminology .....................................................4
    2.1. Definitions and Notation ...................................5
    2.2. Abbreviations ..............................................6
    2.3. Payloads ...................................................6
 3. Design Considerations ...........................................7
 4. MIKEY-TICKET ....................................................9
    4.1. Overview ...................................................9
         4.1.1. Modes ..............................................12
    4.2. Exchanges .................................................13
         4.2.1. Ticket Request .....................................13
         4.2.2. Ticket Transfer ....................................16
         4.2.3. Ticket Resolve .....................................19
 5. Key Management Functions .......................................23
    5.1. Key Derivation ............................................23
         5.1.1. Deriving Forked Keys ...............................25
         5.1.2. Deriving Keys from an Envelope Key/PSK/MPK .........26
         5.1.3. Deriving Keys from a TGK/GTGK ......................27
    5.2. CSB Updating ..............................................28
    5.3. Ticket Reuse ..............................................29
    5.4. Error Handling ............................................29
    5.5. MAC/Signature Coverage ....................................30
 6. Payload Encoding ...............................................31
    6.1. Common Header Payload (HDR) ...............................31
         6.1.1. The GENERIC-ID Map Type ............................33
    6.2. Key Data Transport Payload (KEMAC) ........................34
         6.2.1. Key Data Sub-Payload ...............................35
    6.3. Timestamp Payload (T) .....................................36
    6.4. Timestamp Payload with Role Indicator (TR) ................36
    6.5. ID Payload (ID) ...........................................37
    6.6. ID Payload with Role Indicator (IDR) ......................37

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 2] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

    6.7. Cert Hash Payload (CHASH) .................................38
    6.8. RAND Payload with Role Indicator (RANDR) ..................38
    6.9. Error Payload (ERR) .......................................39
    6.10. Ticket Policy Payload (TP) / Ticket Payload (TICKET) .....39
 7. Transport Protocols ............................................43
 8. Pre-Encrypted Content ..........................................43
 9. Group Communication ............................................44
    9.1. Key Forking ...............................................45
 10. Signaling between Different KMSs ..............................45
 11. Adding New Ticket Types to MIKEY-TICKET .......................46
 12. Security Considerations .......................................47
    12.1. General ..................................................47
    12.2. Key Forking ..............................................48
    12.3. Denial of Service ........................................49
    12.4. Replay ...................................................49
    12.5. Group Key Management .....................................50
 13. Acknowledgements ..............................................50
 14. IANA Considerations ...........................................50
 15. References ....................................................53
    15.1. Normative References .....................................53
    15.2. Informative References ...................................53
 Appendix A.  MIKEY Base Ticket ....................................55
   A.1.  Components of the Ticket Data .............................55
   A.2.  Key Derivation ............................................56
     A.2.1.  Deriving Keys from a TPK ..............................56
     A.2.2.  Deriving MPKi and MPKr ................................57
   A.3.  Ticket Header Payload (THDR) ..............................57
 Appendix B.  Alternative Use Cases ................................58
   B.1.  Compatibility Mode ........................................58

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 3] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

1. Introduction

 Key management systems are either based on negotiation and exchange
 directly between peers (e.g., Diffie-Hellman-based schemes), pre-
 distribution of user credentials (shared secrets/certificates), or
 availability of a trusted Key Management Service (KMS).  The modes
 described in the Multimedia Internet KEYing (MIKEY) specification
 [RFC3830] and its extensions [RFC4650] [RFC4738] are all variants of
 the first two alternatives.
 In security systems serving a large number of users, a solution based
 on a key management service is often preferred.  With such a service
 in place, there is no need to pre-distribute credentials that
 directly can be used to establish security associations between peers
 for protected communication, as users can request such credentials
 when needed.  Solutions based on a trusted key management service
 also scale well when the number of users grows.
 This document introduces a set of new MIKEY modes that go under the
 common name MIKEY-TICKET.  The new modes support a ticket concept,
 similar to that in Kerberos [RFC4120], which is used to identify and
 deliver keys.  A high-level outline of MIKEY-TICKET as defined herein
 is that the Initiator requests keys and a ticket from the KMS and
 sends the ticket to the Responder.  The ticket contains a reference
 to the keys, or the enveloped keys.  The Responder then sends the
 ticket to the KMS, which returns the appropriate keys.
 MIKEY-TICKET is primarily designed to be used for media plane
 security in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) IP
 Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) [3GPP.33.328].  This implies that some
 extensions to the basic Kerberos concept are needed.  For instance,
 the Initiator may not always know the exact identity of the Responder
 when the communication with the key management server is initiated.
 This document defines a signaling framework enabling peers to
 request, transfer, and resolve various Ticket Types using a key
 management service.  A default Ticket Type is also defined.  To allow
 the use of 256-bit keys for users with high security requirements,
 additional encryption, authentication, and pseudorandom functions are
 defined.  And to eliminate the limitations with the existing SRTP-ID
 map type, a new CS ID map type called GENERIC-ID is defined.

2. Terminology

 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
 document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 4] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 Definitions of terms and notation will, unless otherwise stated, be
 as defined in [RFC3830].

2.1. Definitions and Notation

 Forking: The delivery of a request to multiple endpoints (multiple
 devices owned by a single user or multiple users).
 Key forking: When used in conjunction with forking, key forking
 refers to the process of modifying keys, making them
 cryptographically unique for each responder targeted by the forking.
 (Media) session: The communication session intended to be secured by
 the MIKEY-TICKET provided key(s).
 Session information: Information related to the security protocols
 used to protect the media session: keys, salts, algorithms, etc.
 Ticket: A Kerberos-like object used to identify and deliver keys over
 an untrusted network.
 Ticket Data: Ticket part with information intended only for the party
 that resolves the ticket (e.g., keys).
 Ticket Request: Exchange used by the Initiator to request keys and a
 ticket from a trusted KMS.
 Ticket Transfer: Exchange used to transfer the ticket as well as
 session information from the Initiator to the Responder.
 Ticket Resolve: Exchange used by the Responder to request the KMS to
 return the keys encoded in a ticket.
 Ticket Policy: Policy for ticket generation and resolution,
 authorized applications, key derivation, etc.
 Ticket Type: Defines ticket format and processing.  May further have
 subtype and version.
 Solid arrows  (----->) indicate mandatory messages.
 Dashed arrows (- - ->) indicate optional messages.
 E(k, p)   Encryption of p with the key k
 PKx       Public Key of entity x
 k'        The forked key k
 [p]       p is optional
 {p}       Zero or more occurrences of p
 (p)       One or more occurrences of p

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 5] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 ||        Concatenation
 |         OR (selection operator)

2.2. Abbreviations

 3GPP:     3rd Generation Partnership Project
 AAA:      Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting
 ACL:      Access Control List
 AES:      Advanced Encryption Standard
 CA:       Certification Authority
 CS:       Crypto Session
 CSB:      Crypto Session Bundle
 IMS:      IP Multimedia Subsystem
 GTGK:     Group TGK
 HMAC:     Hash-based Message Authentication Code
 KMS:      Key Management Service
 MAC:      Message Authentication Code
 MIKEY:    Multimedia Internet KEYing
 NSPS:     National Security and Public Safety
 MKI:      Master Key Identifier
 MPK:      MIKEY Protection Key
 NTP:      Network Time Protocol
 PET:      Privacy Enhancing Technologies
 PK:       Public Key
 PRF:      Pseudorandom Function
 PRNG:     Pseudorandom Number Generator
 PSK:      Pre-Shared Key
 RTSP:     Real Time Streaming Protocol
 SDP:      Session Description Protocol
 SHA:      Secure Hash Algorithm
 SIP:      Session Initiation Protocol
 SPI:      Security Parameters Index
 SRTP:     Secure Realtime Transport Protocol
 TEK:      Traffic Encryption Key
 TGK:      TEK Generation Key
 TPK:      Ticket Protection Key
 UTC:      Coordinated Universal Time

2.3. Payloads

 CERTx:    Certificate of entity x
 CHASH:    Hash of the certificate used
 HDR:      Common Header payload
 ID:       Identity payload
 IDRx:     Identifier for entity x
 IDRpsk:   Identifier for pre-shared key
 IDRapp:   Identifier for application/service
 KEMAC:    Key data transport payload

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 6] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 PKE:      Encrypted envelope key
 RAND:     RAND payload
 RANDRx:   Random value generated by entity x
 SIGNx:    Signature created using entity x's private key
 SP:       Security Policy payload
 T:        Timestamp payload
 TRy:      Timestamp payload with role indicator y
 THDR:     Ticket Header payload
 TICKET:   Ticket payload
 TP:       Ticket Policy payload
 V:        Verification payload
 where
    x is in the set {i, r, kms} (Initiator, Responder, KMS) and
    y is in the set {i, s, e, r} (time of Issue, Start time, End time,
       Rekeying interval).
 The IDR, RANDR, TR, TICKET, and TP payloads are defined in Section 6.
 Note that in [RFC3830], there is defined both a V payload (carrying
 the authentication tag) and a V flag in the HDR payload (indicating
 whether or not a response message is expected).

3. Design Considerations

 As mentioned in the introduction, none of the previously defined
 MIKEY modes are based on a KMS.  The pre-shared key method and the
 public-key encryption method defined in [RFC3830] are examples of
 systems based on pre-distribution of user credentials.  The Diffie-
 Hellman method [RFC3830] is an example of a system based on
 negotiation and exchange directly between peers.
 In some situations, a request may be delivered to multiple endpoints.
 The endpoints may be multiple devices owned by a single user (e.g.,
 mobile phone, fixed phone, and computer), or multiple users (e.g.,
 IT-support@example.com, a group of users where only one is supposed
 to answer).  In the following, the term "forking" will be used to
 describe all such cases.  One example of delivery to multiple
 endpoints is forking and retargeting in SIP [RFC3261].  To prevent
 any form of eavesdropping, only the endpoint that answers should get
 access to the session keys.  The naive application of [RFC3830] where
 all endpoints share the same pre-shared/private key is not secure
 when it comes to forking, as all endpoints get access to the session
 keys.  Conversely, having per-user unique pre-shared keys/
 certificates creates more fundamental problems with forking, as the
 initiator does not know which pre-shared key/certificate to use at
 session initiation.  SIP-signaled media protection is described in
 [RFC5479] and the applicability of different MIKEY modes is discussed
 in [RFC5197].

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 7] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 In security systems serving a large number of users, a solution based
 on a key management service is often preferred.  With such a service
 in place, there is no need to pre-distribute credentials that
 directly can be used to establish security associations between peers
 for protected communication, as users can request such credentials
 when needed.  In many applications, e.g., National Security and
 Public Safety (NSPS), the controlling organization wants to enforce
 policies on the use of keys.  A trusted KMS fits these applications
 well, as it makes it easier to enforce policies centrally.  Solutions
 based on a trusted KMS also scale well when the number of users
 grows.  A KMS based on symmetric keys has particular advantages, as
 symmetric key algorithms are generally much less computationally
 intensive than asymmetric key algorithms.
 Systems based on a KMS require a signaling mechanism that allows
 peers to retrieve other peers' credentials.  A convenient way to
 implement such a signaling scheme is to use a ticket concept, similar
 to that in Kerberos [RFC4120] to identify and deliver keys.  The
 ticket can be forwarded in the signaling associated with the session
 setup.  The initiator requests a ticket from the KMS and sends the
 ticket to the responder.  The responder forwards the ticket to the
 KMS, which returns the corresponding keys.
 It should be noted that Kerberos does not require that the responder
 also contact the KMS.  However, in order to support also the
 aforementioned forking scenarios, it becomes necessary that the
 ticket is not bound to the exact identity (or credentials) of the
 responder until the final responder becomes fully determined.  Group
 and forking communication scenarios can also be improved from access
 control point of view if authorization to access the keys can be
 enforced with higher granularity at the responder side.  The
 mechanism specified in this document is useful for any system where
 the initial message may be transferred to arbitrarily many potential
 responders and where the set of responders may change at any time.
 In addition to being able to meet the requirements just described,
 the mechanism specified in this document also supports group key
 management.
 The ticket can contain a reference to keys held by the key management
 system or it can hold the keys itself.  In the latter case, the
 ticket needs to be confidentiality and integrity protected
 (enveloped).  In the following, the term "encoded keys" will be used
 to describe both cases as well as keys derived from such keys.
 By using different Ticket Types and ticket policies, some allowing
 the initiator or responder to create or resolve the tickets without
 assistance from the KMS, a wide range of different security levels

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 8] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 and use cases can be supported.  This has a number of advantages, as
 it offers a framework that is flexible enough to satisfy users with a
 broad range of security and functional needs.
 The use of a ticket-based system may also help in the handling of
 keys for deferred delivery of end-to-end protected content to
 currently offline users.  Such scenarios exclude all key management
 schemes that are based on some type of direct online negotiation
 between peers (e.g., Diffie-Hellman-based schemes) as the responder
 cannot rely on contacting the initiator to get access to keys.
 At the same time, it is also important to be aware that (centralized)
 key management services may introduce a single point of (security)
 failure.  The security requirements on the implementation and
 protection of the KMS may therefore, in high-security applications,
 be more or less equivalent to the requirements of an AAA
 (Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting) server or a
 Certification Authority (CA).

4. MIKEY-TICKET

4.1. Overview

 All previously defined MIKEY modes consist of a single (or half)
 round trip between two peers.  MIKEY-TICKET differs from these modes
 as it consists of up to three different round trips (Ticket Request,
 Ticket Transfer, and Ticket Resolve) involving three parties
 (Initiator, Responder, and KMS).  Since the number of round trips and
 order of messages may vary, MIKEY-TICKET is actually the common name
 for a set of modes, all revolving around a ticket concept.  The third
 party, the KMS, is only involved in some of the MIKEY exchanges and
 not at all in the resulting secure media session.  The Ticket Request
 and Ticket Resolve exchanges are meant to be used in combination with
 the Ticket Transfer exchange and not on their own.  In Figure 1, the
 signaling for the full three round-trip MIKEY-TICKET mode is
 depicted.

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 9] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 +---+                          +-----+                          +---+
 | I |                          | KMS |                          | R |
 +---+                          +-----+                          +---+
             REQUEST_INIT
   -------------------------------->
             REQUEST_RESP
   <--------------------------------
                             TRANSFER_INIT
   ---------------------------------------------------------------->
                                              RESOLVE_INIT
                                   <--------------------------------
                                              RESOLVE_RESP
                                   -------------------------------->
                             TRANSFER_RESP
   <----------------------------------------------------------------
               Figure 1: Full three round-trip signaling
 The Initiator (I) wants to establish a secure media session with the
 Responder (R).  The Initiator and the Responder do not share any
 credentials; instead, they trust a third party, the KMS, with which
 they both have or can establish shared credentials.  These pre-
 established trust relations are used to establish a security
 association between I and R.  The assumed trust model is illustrated
 in Figure 2.
    Pre-established trust relation   Pre-established trust relation
   <------------------------------> <------------------------------>
 +---+                          +-----+                          +---+
 | I |                          | KMS |                          | R |
 +---+                          +-----+                          +---+
   <--------------------------------------------------------------->
                 Security association based on ticket
                         Figure 2: Trust model
 Note that rather than a single KMS, multiple KMSs may be involved,
 e.g., one for the Initiator and one for the Responder; this is
 discussed in Section 10.
 The Initiator requests keys and a ticket (encoding the same keys)
 from the KMS by sending a REQUEST_INIT message.  The REQUEST_INIT
 message includes session information (e.g., identities of the
 authorized responders) and is integrity protected by a MAC based on a
 pre-shared key or by a signature (similar to the pre-shared key and
 public-key encryption modes in [RFC3830]).  If the request is
 authorized, the KMS generates the requested keys, encodes them in a
 ticket, and returns the keys and the ticket in a REQUEST_RESP

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 10] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 message.  The Ticket Request exchange is OPTIONAL (depending on the
 Ticket Type), and MAY be omitted if the Initiator can create the
 ticket without assistance from the KMS (see mode 3 of Section 4.1.1).
 The Initiator next includes the ticket in a TRANSFER_INIT message,
 which is sent to the Responder.  The TRANSFER_INIT message is
 protected by a MAC based on an MPK (MIKEY Protection Key) encoded in
 the ticket.  If the Responder finds the Ticket Policy and session
 security policies acceptable, the Responder forwards the ticket to
 the KMS.  This is done with a RESOLVE_INIT message, which asks the
 KMS to return the keys encoded in the ticket.  The RESOLVE_INIT
 message is protected by a MAC based on a pre-shared key (between
 Responder and KMS) or by a signature.  The Ticket Resolve exchange is
 OPTIONAL (depending on the Ticket Policy), and SHOULD only be used
 when the Responder is unable to resolve the ticket without assistance
 from the KMS (see mode 2 of Section 4.1.1).
 The KMS resolves the ticket.  If the Responder is authorized to
 receive the keys encoded in the ticket, the KMS retrieves the keys
 and other information.  If key forking is used, the keys are modified
 (bound to the Responder) by the KMS, see Section 5.1.1.  The keys and
 additional information are then sent in a RESOLVE_RESP message to the
 Responder.  The Responder then sends a TRANSFER_RESP message to the
 Initiator as verification.  The TRANSFER_RESP message might include
 information used for further key derivation.
 The use case and signaling described above is the full three round-
 trip mode, but other modes are allowed, see Section 4.1.1.  Pre-
 encrypted content is discussed in Section 8, group communication is
 discussed in Section 9, and signaling between different KMSs is
 discussed in Section 10.  An alternative use case is discussed in
 Appendix B.
 The session keys are normally generated/supplied by the KMS (encoded
 in the ticket), but in certain use cases (see Section 8) the session
 key may be supplied by the Initiator or Responder (sent in a separate
 KEMAC protected with keys derived from the MPK).
 MIKEY-TICKET offers a framework that is flexible enough to satisfy
 users with a broad range of security and functional needs.  The
 framework consists of the three exchanges for which different Ticket
 Types can be defined.  The ticket consists of a Ticket Policy as well
 as Ticket Data.  The Ticket Policy contains information intended for
 all parties involved, whereas the Ticket Data is only intended for
 the party that resolves the ticket.  The Ticket Data could be a
 reference to information (keys, etc.) stored by the key management
 service, it could contain all the information itself, or it could be
 a combination of the two alternatives.  The format of the Ticket Data

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 11] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 depends on the Ticket Type signaled in the Ticket Policy.  The Ticket
 Data corresponding to the default Ticket Type, called MIKEY base
 ticket, is defined in Appendix A and requirements regarding new
 Ticket Types are given in Section 11.
 As MIKEY-TICKET is based on [RFC3830], the same terminology,
 processing, and considerations still apply unless otherwise stated.
 Just like in [RFC3830], the messages are integrity protected and
 encryption is only applied to the keys and not to the entire
 messages.

4.1.1. Modes

 Depending on the Ticket Type and the Ticket Policy, some of the
 exchanges might be optional or not used at all, see Figure 3.  If the
 ticket protection is based on a key known only by the KMS, both the
 Initiator and the Responder have to contact the KMS to request/
 resolve tickets (mode 1).  If the key used to protect the ticket is
 shared between the KMS and the Responder, the Ticket Resolve exchange
 can be omitted (similar to Kerberos), as the Responder can resolve
 the ticket without assistance from the KMS (mode 2).
   +---+                         +-----+                         +---+
   | I |                         | KMS |                         | R |
   +---+                         +-----+                         +---+
              Ticket Request
 (1) <------------------------------>        Ticket Transfer
     <------------------------------------------------------------->
                                    <------------------------------>
                                             Ticket Resolve
              Ticket Request
 (2) <------------------------------>        Ticket Transfer
     <------------------------------------------------------------->
                             Ticket Transfer
 (3) <------------------------------------------------------------->
                                    <------------------------------>
                                             Ticket Resolve
                             Ticket Transfer
 (4) <------------------------------------------------------------->
                            Figure 3: Modes
 If the key protecting the ticket is shared between the Initiator and
 the KMS, the Ticket Request exchange can be omitted (similar to the
 Otway-Rees protocol [Otway-Rees]), as the Initiator can create the
 ticket without assistance from the KMS (mode 3).  If the key

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 12] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 protecting the ticket is shared between the Initiator and the
 Responder, both the Ticket Request and Ticket Resolve exchanges can
 be omitted (mode 4).  This can be seen as a variation of the pre-
 shared key method of [RFC3830] with a mutual key-freshness guarantee.
 In modes 1 and 2, the Ticket Request exchange can be omitted if the
 tickets and the corresponding keys are distributed from the KMS to
 the Initiator in some other way.  In addition, as tickets may be
 reused (see Section 5.3), a single Ticket Request exchange may be
 followed by several Ticket Transfer exchanges.

4.2. Exchanges

4.2.1. Ticket Request

 This exchange is used by the Initiator to request keys and a ticket
 from a trusted KMS with which the Initiator has pre-shared
 credentials.  The request contains information (e.g., participant
 identities, etc.) describing the session the ticket is intended to
 protect.  A full round trip is required for the Initiator to receive
 the ticket.  The initial message REQUEST_INIT comes in two variants.
 The first variant corresponds to the pre-shared key (PSK) method of
 [RFC3830].
 Initiator                               KMS
 REQUEST_INIT_PSK =              ---->
 HDR, T, RANDRi, [IDRi],
    [IDRkms], TP,                 <----  REQUEST_RESP =
    [IDRpsk], V                          HDR, T, [IDRkms],
                                            TICKET, KEMAC, V
 The second variant corresponds to the public-key (PK) method of
 [RFC3830].
 Initiator                               KMS
 REQUEST_INIT_PK =               ---->
 HDR, T, RANDRi, [IDRi],
    {CERTi}, [IDRkms], TP,        <----  REQUEST_RESP =
    [CHASH], PKE, SIGNi                  HDR, T, [IDRkms],
                                            TICKET, KEMAC, V
 As the REQUEST_INIT message MUST ensure the identity of the Initiator
 to the KMS, it SHALL be integrity protected by a MAC based on a pre-
 shared key or by a signature.  The response message REQUEST_RESP is
 the same for the two variants and SHALL be protected using the pre-
 shared/envelope key indicated in the REQUEST_INIT message.

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 13] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 In addition to the ticket, the Initiator receives keys, which it does
 not already know.  The ticket contains both session information and
 information needed to resolve the ticket later, see Section 6.10.

4.2.1.1. Common Components of the REQUEST_INIT Messages

 The REQUEST_INIT message MUST always include the Header (HDR),
 Timestamp (T), and RANDRi payloads.
 In HDR, the CSB ID (Crypto Session Bundle ID) SHALL be assigned as in
 [RFC3830].  The V flag MUST be set to '1' but SHALL be ignored by the
 KMS as a response is MANDATORY.  As Crypto Sessions (CSs) SHALL NOT
 be handled, the #CS MUST be set to '0' and the CS ID map type SHALL
 be the "Empty map" as defined in [RFC4563].
 IDRi contains the identity of the Initiator.  This identity SHOULD be
 included in the granted Ticket Policy.
 IDRkms contains the identity of the KMS.  It SHOULD be included, but
 it MAY be left out when it can be expected that the KMS has a single
 identity.
 The Ticket Policy payload (TP) contains the desired Ticket Policy.
 It includes for instance, the ticket's validity period, the number of
 requested keys, and the identities of authorized responders (see
 Section 6.10).

4.2.1.2. Components of the REQUEST_INIT_PSK Message

 The IDRi payload SHOULD be included but MAY be left out when it can
 be expected that the KMS can identify the Initiator by other means.
 The IDRpsk payload is used to indicate the pre-shared key used.  It
 MAY be omitted if the KMS can find the pre-shared key by other means.
 The last payload SHALL be a Verification payload (V) where the
 authentication key (auth_key) is derived from the pre-shared key
 shared by the Initiator and the KMS (see Section 5.1.2 for key
 derivation specification).  The MAC SHALL cover the entire
 REQUEST_INIT_PSK message as well as the identities of the involved
 parties (see Section 5.5 for the exact definition).

4.2.1.3. Components of the REQUEST_INIT_PK Message

 The identity IDRi and certificate CERTi SHOULD be included, but they
 MAY be left out when it can be expected that the KMS can obtain the
 certificate in some other manner.  If a certificate chain is to be
 provided, each certificate in the chain SHOULD be included in a

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 14] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 separate CERT payload.  The Initiator's certificate MUST come first.
 Each following certificate MUST directly certify the one preceding
 it.
 PKE contains the encrypted envelope key: PKE = E(PKkms, env_key).  It
 is encrypted using the KMS's public key (PKkms).  If the KMS
 possesses several public keys, the Initiator can indicate the key
 used in the CHASH payload.
 SIGNi is a signature covering the entire REQUEST_INIT_PK message,
 using the Initiator's signature key (see Section 5.5 for the exact
 definition).

4.2.1.4. Processing the REQUEST_INIT Message

 If the KMS can verify the integrity of the received message and the
 message can be correctly parsed, the KMS MUST check the Initiator's
 authorization.  If the Initiator is authorized to receive the
 requested ticket, possibly with a modified Ticket Policy, the KMS
 MUST send a REQUEST_RESP message.  Unexpected payloads in the
 REQUEST_INIT message SHOULD be ignored.  Errors are handled as
 described in Section 5.4.

4.2.1.5. Components of the REQUEST_RESP Message

 The version, PRF func and CSB ID, #CS, and CS ID map type fields in
 the HDR payload SHALL be identical to the corresponding fields in the
 REQUEST_INIT message.  The V flag has no meaning in this context.  It
 SHALL be set to '0' by the KMS and ignored by the Initiator.
 If one of the NTP timestamp types is used, the KMS SHALL generate a
 fresh timestamp value (unlike [RFC3830]), which may be used for clock
 synchronization.  If the COUNTER timestamp type (see Section 6.6 of
 [RFC3830]) is used, the timestamp value MAY be equal to the one in
 the REQUEST_INIT message.
 The TICKET payload carries the granted Ticket Policy and the Ticket
 Data (see Section 6.10).  As the KMS decides which Ticket Policy to
 use, this may not be the same Ticket Policy as the Initiator
 requested.  The Ticket Type and the Ticket Data depend on the granted
 Ticket Policy.
 The KEMAC payload SHALL use the NULL authentication algorithm, as a
 MAC is included in the V payload.  Depending on the type of
 REQUEST_INIT message, either the pre-shared key or the envelope key
 SHALL be used to derive the encr_key (and salt_key).  Depending on
 the encryption algorithm, the salting key may go into the IV (see
 [RFC3830]).  If the TP payload in the REQUEST_INIT message does not

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 15] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 contain a KEMAC, it is RECOMMENDED that the KMS's default KEMAC
 include a single TGK.  The KEMAC SHALL include an MPK (MIKEY
 Protection Key), MPKi, used as a pre-shared key to protect the
 messages in the Ticket Transfer exchange.  If key forking (see
 Section 5.1.1) is used (determined by the Ticket Policy) a second
 MPK, MPKr, SHALL be included in the KEMAC.  Then, MPKi SHALL be used
 to protect the TRANSFER_INIT message and MPKr SHALL be used to verify
 the TRANSFER_RESP message.  The KEMAC is hence constructed as
 follows:
         KEMAC = E(encr_key, MPKi || [MPKr] || {TEK|TGK|GTGK})
 The last payload SHALL be a Verification payload (V).  Depending on
 the type of REQUEST_INIT message, either the pre-shared key or the
 envelope key SHALL be used to derive the auth_key.  The MAC SHALL
 cover the entire REQUEST_RESP message as well as the REQUEST_INIT
 message (see Section 5.5 for the exact definition).

4.2.1.6. Processing the REQUEST_RESP Message

 If the Initiator can verify the integrity of the received message and
 the message can be correctly parsed, the ticket and the associated
 session information SHALL be stored.  Unexpected payloads in the
 REQUEST_RESP message SHOULD be ignored.  Errors are handled as
 described in Section 5.4.
 Before using the received ticket, the Initiator MUST check that the
 granted Ticket Policy is acceptable.  If not, the Initiator SHALL
 discard and MAY send a new REQUEST_INIT message suggesting a
 different Ticket Policy than before.

4.2.2. Ticket Transfer

 This exchange is used to transfer a ticket as well as session
 information from the Initiator to a Responder.  The exchange is
 modeled after the pre-shared key mode [RFC3830], but instead of a
 pre-shared key, an MPK encoded in the ticket is used.  The session
 keys are also encoded in the TICKET payload, but in some use cases
 (see Section 8) they need to be sent in a separate KEMAC payload.
 The session information may be sent from the Initiator to the
 Responder (similar to [RFC3830]) or from the Responder to the
 Initiator (similar to [RFC4738]).  As the motive for this exchange is
 to setup a shared secret key between Initiator and Responder, the
 Responder cannot check the authenticity of the message before the
 ticket is resolved (by KMS or Responder).  A full round trip is
 required if Responder key confirmation and freshness guarantee are
 needed.

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 16] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 Initiator                               Responder
 TRANSFER_INIT =                 ---->
 HDR, T, RANDRi, [IDRi],
    [IDRr], {SP}, TICKET,         < - -  TRANSFER_RESP =
    [KEMAC], V                           HDR, T, [RANDRr],
                                            [IDRr], [RANDRkms],
                                            {SP}, [KEMAC], V

4.2.2.1. Components of the TRANSFER_INIT Message

 The TRANSFER_INIT message MUST always include the Header (HDR),
 Timestamp (T), and RANDRi payloads.
 In HDR, the CSB ID (Crypto Session Bundle ID) SHALL be assigned as in
 [RFC3830].  The value of the V flag SHALL agree with the F flag in
 the Ticket Policy and it SHALL be ignored by the Responder.
 The IDRi and IDRr payloads SHOULD be included, but IDRi MAY be left
 out if the Responder can identify the Initiator by other means, and
 IDRr MAY be left out when it can be expected that the Responder has a
 single identity.
 Multiple SP payloads MAY be used both to indicate supported security
 policies for a specific crypto session (similar to [RFC4738]) and to
 specify security policies for different crypto sessions (similar to
 [RFC3830]).
 The ticket payload (see Section 6.10) contains the Ticket Policy (see
 Section 6.10), Ticket Data (the default ticket type is defined in
 Appendix A), and Initiator Data.  The Ticket Policy contains
 information intended for all parties involved, whereas the Ticket
 Data is only intended for the party that resolves the ticket.  The
 Ticket Type provided in the Ticket Data is indicated in the Ticket
 Policy.  The Initiator Data authenticates the Initiator when key
 forking (I flag) is used.
 The KEMAC payload is handled in the same way as if it were sent in a
 later CSB update (see Section 5.2), with the only difference that the
 encr_key is always derived from MPKi and therefore accessible by all
 responders authorized to resolve the ticket.  Initiator-specified
 keys MAY be used if the Initiator has pre-encrypted content and
 specific TEKs (Traffic Encryption Keys) need to be used (see
 Section 8).  If indicated by the Ticket Policy (L flag), a KEMAC
 payload SHALL NOT be included.

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 17] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 The last payload SHALL be a Verification payload (V) where the
 authentication key (auth_key) is derived from the MPKi (see
 Section 5.1.2 for key derivation specification).  The MAC SHALL cover
 the entire TRANSFER_INIT message as well as the identities of the
 involved parties (see Section 5.5 for the exact definition).

4.2.2.2. Processing the TRANSFER_INIT Message

 As the Initiator and Responder do not have any pre-shared keys, the
 Responder cannot check the authenticity of the message before the
 ticket is resolved.  The Responder SHALL however check that both the
 Ticket Policy and the security policies are acceptable.  If they are
 not, the Responder SHALL reject without contacting the KMS.  This is
 an early reject mechanism to avoid unnecessary KMS signaling when the
 Responder can conclude from the information at hand that it will not
 accept the connection.  After the ticket has been resolved, the
 parsing of the TRANSFER_INIT message continues.  Unexpected payloads
 in the TRANSFER_INIT message SHOULD be ignored.  Errors are handled
 as described in Section 5.4.  If the F flag in the Ticket Policy is
 set, the Responder MUST send a TRANSFER_RESP message.

4.2.2.3. Components of the TRANSFER_RESP Message

 The version, PRF func and CSB ID fields in the HDR payload SHALL be
 identical to the corresponding fields in the TRANSFER_INIT message.
 The V flag has no meaning in this context.  It SHALL be set to '0' by
 the Responder and ignored by the Initiator.  The Responder SHALL
 update the CS ID map info so that each crypto session has exactly one
 security policy indicated.  The Responder MUST provide Session Data
 (at least for SRTP) and SPI for each crypto session for which the
 Initiator has not supplied Session Data and SPI.  If needed, the
 Responder MAY update Session Data and SPI provided by the Initiator.
 If the Responder adds crypto sessions, the #CS SHALL be updated.
 If one of the NTP timestamp types is used, the Responder SHALL
 generate a fresh timestamp value (unlike [RFC3830]).  If the COUNTER
 timestamp type (see Section 6.6 of [RFC3830]) is used, the timestamp
 value MAY be equal to the one in the TRANSFER_INIT message.
 If indicated by the Ticket Policy (G flag), the Responder SHALL
 generate a fresh (pseudo-)random byte string RANDRr.  RANDRr is used
 to produce Responder freshness guarantee in key derivations.
 If the Responder receives an IDRr payload in the RESOLVE_RESP
 message, the same identity MUST be sent in an IDRr payload in the
 TRANSFER_RESP message.  The identity sent in the IDRr payload in the

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 18] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 TRANSFER_RESP message (e.g., user1@example.com) MAY differ from the
 one sent in the IDRr payload in the TRANSFER_INIT message (e.g.,
 IT-support@example.com).
 If the Responder receives a RANDRkms payload in the RESOLVE_RESP
 message, the same RAND MUST be sent in a RANDRkms payload in the
 TRANSFER_RESP message.
 The Responder MAY provide additional Security Policy payloads.  The
 Responder SHOULD NOT resend SP payloads, which the Initiator
 supplied.
 The KEMAC payload SHALL be handled exactly as if it was sent in a
 later CSB update, see Section 5.2.  Responder-specified keys MAY be
 used if Responder has pre-encrypted content and specific TEKs
 (Traffic Encryption Keys) need to be used (see Section 8).  If
 indicated by the Ticket Policy (M flag), a KEMAC payload SHALL NOT be
 included.
 The last payload SHALL be a Verification payload (V) where the
 authentication key (auth_key) is derived from MPKi or MPKr'
 (depending on if key forking is used).  The MAC SHALL cover the
 entire TRANSFER_RESP message as well as the TRANSFER_INIT message
 (see Section 5.5 for the exact definition).

4.2.2.4. Processing the TRANSFER_RESP Message

 If the Initiator can verify the integrity of the received message and
 the message can be correctly parsed, the Initiator MUST check that
 any Responder-generated security policies are acceptable.  If not,
 the Initiator SHALL discard and MAY send a new TRANSFER_INIT message
 to indicate supported security policies.  Unexpected payloads in the
 TRANSFER_RESP message SHOULD be ignored.  Errors are handled as
 described in Section 5.4.

4.2.3. Ticket Resolve

 This exchange is used by the Responder to request that the KMS return
 the keys encoded in a ticket.  The KMS does not need to be the same
 KMS that originally issued the ticket, see Section 10.  A full round
 trip is required for the Responder to receive the keys.  The Ticket
 Resolve exchange is OPTIONAL (depending on the Ticket Policy), and
 SHOULD only be used when the Responder is unable to resolve the
 ticket without assistance from the KMS.  The initial message
 RESOLVE_INIT comes in two variants (independent from the used
 REQUEST_INIT variant).  The first variant corresponds to the pre-
 shared key (PSK) method of [RFC3830].

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 19] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 Responder                               KMS
 RESOLVE_INIT_PSK =              ---->
 HDR, T, RANDRr, [IDRr],
    [IDRkms], TICKET,             <----  RESOLVE_RESP
    [IDRpsk], V                          HDR, T, [IDRkms], KEMAC,
                                            [IDRr], [RANDRkms], V
 The second variant corresponds to the public-key (PK) method of
 [RFC3830].
 Responder                               KMS
 RESOLVE_INIT_PK =               ---->
 HDR, T, RANDRr, [IDRr],
    {CERTr}, [IDRkms], TICKET,    <----  RESOLVE_RESP
    [CHASH], PKE, SIGNr                  HDR, T, [IDRkms], KEMAC,
                                            [IDRr], [RANDRkms], V
 As the RESOLVE_INIT message MUST ensure the identity of the Responder
 to the KMS, it SHALL be protected by a MAC based on a pre-shared key
 or by a signature.  The response message RESOLVE_RESP is the same for
 the two variants and SHALL be protected by using the pre-shared/
 envelope key indicated in the RESOLVE_INIT message.
 Upon receiving the RESOLVE_INIT message, the KMS verifies that the
 Responder is authorized to resolve the ticket based on ticket and KMS
 policies.  The KMS extracts the session information from the ticket
 and returns this to the Responder.  Since the KMS resolved the
 ticket, the Responder is assured of the integrity of the Ticket
 Policy, which contains the identity of the peer that requested or
 created the ticket.  If key forking is used (I flag), the Responder
 is also assured that the peer that requested or created the ticket
 also sent the TRANSFER_INIT message.  The Responder can complete the
 session information it got from the Initiator with the additional
 session information received from the KMS.

4.2.3.1. Common Components of the RESOLVE_INIT Messages

 The RESOLVE_INIT message MUST always include the Header (HDR),
 Timestamp (T), and RANDRr payloads.
 The CSB ID (Crypto Session Bundle ID) SHALL be assigned as in
 [RFC3830].  The V flag MUST be set to '1' but SHALL be ignored by the
 KMS as a response is MANDATORY.  As crypto sessions SHALL NOT be
 handled, the #CS MUST be set to '0' and the CS ID map type SHALL be
 the "Empty map" as defined in [RFC4563].

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 20] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 IDRkms SHOULD be included, but it MAY be left out when it can be
 expected that the KMS has a single identity.
 The TICKET payload contains the Ticket Policy and Ticket Data that
 the Responder wants to have resolved.

4.2.3.2. Components of the RESOLVE_INIT_PSK Message

 IDRr contains the identity of the Responder.  IDRr SHOULD be
 included, but it MAY be left out when it can be expected that the KMS
 can identify the Responder in some other manner.
 The IDRpsk payload is used to indicate the pre-shared key used.  It
 MAY be omitted if the KMS can find the pre-shared key by other means.
 The last payload SHALL be a Verification payload (V) where the
 authentication key (auth_key) is derived from the pre-shared key
 shared by the Responder and the KMS.  The MAC SHALL cover the entire
 RESOLVE_INIT_PSK message as well as the identities of the involved
 parties (see Section 5.5 for the exact definition).

4.2.3.3. Components of the RESOLVE_INIT_PK Message

 The identity IDRr and certificate CERTr SHOULD be included, but they
 MAY be left out when it can be expected that the KMS can obtain the
 certificate in some other manner.  If a certificate chain is to be
 provided, each certificate in the chain SHOULD be included in a
 separate CERT payload.  The Responder's certificate MUST come first.
 Each following certificate MUST directly certify the one preceding
 it.
 PKE contains the encrypted envelope key: PKE = E(PKkms, env_key).  It
 is encrypted using PKkms.  If the KMS possesses several public keys,
 the Responder can indicate the key used in the CHASH payload.
 SIGNr is a signature covering the entire RESOLVE_INIT_PK message,
 using the Responder's signature key (see Section 5.5 for the exact
 definition).

4.2.3.4. Processing the RESOLVE_INIT Message

 If the KMS can verify the integrity of the received message, the
 message can be correctly parsed, and the Responder is authorized to
 resolve the ticket, the KMS MUST send a RESOLVE_RESP message.  If key
 forking is used (I flag), the KMS SHALL also verify the integrity of
 the Initiator Data field in the TICKET payload.  Unexpected payloads
 in the RESOLVE_INIT message SHOULD be ignored.  Errors are handled as
 described in Section 5.4.

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 21] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

4.2.3.5. Components of the RESOLVE_RESP Message

 The version, PRF func and CSB ID, #CS, and CS ID map type fields in
 the HDR payload SHALL be identical to the corresponding fields in the
 RESOLVE_INIT message.  The V flag has no meaning in this context.  It
 SHALL be set to '0' by the KMS and ignored by the Responder.
 If one of the NTP timestamp types is used, the KMS SHALL generate a
 fresh timestamp value (unlike [RFC3830]), which may be used for clock
 synchronization.  If the COUNTER timestamp type (see Section 6.6 of
 [RFC3830]) is used, the timestamp value MAY be equal to the one in
 the RESOLVE_INIT message.
 The KEMAC payload SHALL use the NULL authentication algorithm, as a
 MAC is included in the V payload.  Depending on the type of
 RESOLVE_INIT message, either the pre-shared key or the envelope key
 SHALL be used to derive the encr_key (and salt_key).  Depending on
 the encryption algorithm, the salting key may go into the IV (see
 [RFC3830]).  The KEMAC SHALL include an MPK (MPKi), used as a pre-
 shared key to protect the messages in the Ticket Transfer exchange.
 The KEMAC is hence constructed as follows:
         KEMAC = E(encr_key, MPKi || [MPKr'] || {TEK|TGK|GTGK})
 If key forking (see Section 5.1.1) is used (determined by the I flag
 in the Ticket Policy), a second MPK (MPKr') SHALL be included in the
 KEMAC.  Then, MPKi SHALL be used to verify the TRANSFER_INIT message
 and MPKr' SHALL be used to protect the TRANSFER_RESP message.  The
 KMS SHALL also fork the MPKr and the TGKs.  The modifier used to
 derive the forked keys SHALL be included in the IDRr and RANDRkms
 payloads, where IDRr is the identity of the endpoint that answered
 and RANDRkms is a fresh (pseudo-)random byte string generated by the
 KMS.  The reason that the KMS MAY adjust the Responder's identity is
 so that it matches an identity encoded in the ticket.
 The last payload SHALL be a Verification payload (V).  Depending on
 the type of RESOLVE_INIT message, either the pre-shared key or the
 envelope key SHALL be used to derive the auth_key.  The MAC SHALL
 cover the entire RESOLVE_RESP message as well as the RESOLVE_INIT
 message (see Section 5.5 for the exact definition).

4.2.3.6. Processing the RESOLVE_RESP Message

 If the Responder can verify the integrity of the received message and
 the message can be correctly parsed, the Responder MUST verify the
 TRANSFER_INIT message with the MPKi received from the KMS.  If key
 forking is used, the Responder SHALL also verify that the MAC field
 in the V payload in the TRANSFER_INIT message is identical to the MAC

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 22] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 field in the Vi payload in the Initiator Data field in the TICKET
 payload.  Unexpected payloads in the RESOLVE_RESP message SHOULD be
 ignored.  Errors are handled as described in Section 5.4.

5. Key Management Functions

5.1. Key Derivation

 For all messages in the Ticket Request and Ticket Resolve exchanges,
 the keys used to protect the MIKEY messages are derived from a pre-
 shared key or an envelope key.  As crypto sessions SHALL NOT be
 handled, further keying material (i.e., TEKs) does not have to be
 derived.
 In the Ticket Transfer exchange, the keys used to protect the MIKEY
 messages are derived from an MPK.  If key forking is used, the KMS
 and the Initiator SHALL fork the MPKr and the TGKs (encoded in the
 ticket) based on a modifier, and different MPKs (MPKi and MPKr')
 SHALL be used to protect the TRANSFER_INIT and TRANSFER_RESP
 messages.  In addition, the Responder MAY generate a RAND used to
 give Responder key freshness guarantee.
 The key hierarchy and its dependencies on TRANSFER_INIT message
 contents for the case without key forking and RANDRr are illustrated
 in Figure 4.  The KEMAC shown is the KEMAC sent from the KMS to the
 Initiator and the Responder.  The illustrated key derivations are
 done by the Initiator and the Responder.

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 23] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

                              +------+------------------+-----+------+
 KEMAC                        | MPKi |..................| TGK | SALT |
                              +--+---+------------------+--+--+--+---+
                                 | MPKi                    |     |
                                 v                         |     |
                     CSB ID    -----   auth_key    ------  |     |
                  +---------->| PRF |------------>| AUTH | |     |
                  |            -----               ------  |     |
                  |              ^                MAC |    |     |
                  |              | RAND               v    |     |
               +--+--+------+----+---+--+--------+--+---+  |     |
 TRANSFER_INIT | HDR |......| RANDRi |..| TICKET |..| V |  |     |
               +--+--+------+----+---+--+--------+--+---+  |     |
                  |              | RAND                    |     |
                  |              v                         |     |
                  |   CS ID    -----           TGK         |     |
                  +---------->| PRF |<---------------------+     |
                               -----                             |
                                 | TEK                      SALT |
                                 v                               v
                              ---------------------------------------
                             |      Security Protocol, e.g., SRTP    |
                              ---------------------------------------
        Figure 4: Key hierarchy without key forking and RANDRr
 The key hierarchy and its dependencies on TRANSFER_RESP message
 contents for the case with key forking and RANDRr are illustrated in
 Figure 5.  The KEMAC shown is the KEMAC sent from the KMS to the
 Initiator.  MOD is the modifier (IDRr, RANDRkms).  The two key
 derivations that produce forked keys are done by the Initiator and
 the KMS, and the remaining two key derivations are done by the
 Initiator and the Responder.  The random value RANDRi from the
 TRANSFER_INIT message is used as input to the derivation of the
 auth_key and may be used as input to the derivation of the TEK, but
 this is omitted from the figure.  The protection of the TRANSFER_INIT
 message is done as in Figure 4.

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 24] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

                      +------+--------------------------+-----+------+

KEMAC | MPKr |……………………..| TGK | SALT |

                      +--+---+--------------------------+--+--+--+---+
                         | MPKr                            |     |
                         v                                 |     |
                       -----   MPKr'                       |     |
                      | PRF |-------+                  TGK |     |
                       -----        |                      |     |
                         ^          v                      |     |
                 CSB ID  |        -----  auth_key  ------  |     |
               +---------)------>| PRF |--------->| AUTH | |     |
               |         |        -----            ------  |     |
               |         | ID Data  ^             MAC |    |     |
               |         | RAND     | RAND            v    |     |
            +--+--+---+--+--+---+---+----+----------+---+  |     |

TRANSFER_RESP | HDR |…| MOD |…| RANDRr |……….| V | | |

            +--+--+---+--+--+---+---+----+----------+---+  |     |
               |         |          | RAND                 v     |
               |         |          |          ID Data   -----   |
               |         +----------)------------------>| PRF |  |
               |                    |            RAND    -----   |
               |                    v                      |     |
               |       CS ID      -----         TGK'       |     |
               +---------------->| PRF |<------------------+     |
                                  -----                          |
                                    | TEK                   SALT |
                                    v                            v
                              ---------------------------------------
                             |      Security Protocol, e.g., SRTP    |
                              ---------------------------------------
          Figure 5: Key hierarchy with key forking and RANDRr
 The labels in the key derivations SHALL NOT include entire RANDR
 payloads, only the fields RAND length and RAND from the corresponding
 payload.

5.1.1. Deriving Forked Keys

 When key forking is used (determined by the I flag in the Ticket
 Policy), the MPKr and TGKs (encoded in the ticket) SHALL be forked.
 The TEKs and GTGKs (Group TGKs), however, SHALL NOT be forked.  This
 key forking is done by the KMS and the Initiator using the PRF
 (Pseudorandom Function) indicated in the Ticket Policy.  The
 parameters for the PRF are:

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 25] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 inkey:     : MPKr or TGK
 inkey_len  : bit length of the inkey
 label      : constant || 0xFF || 0xFFFFFFFF || 0x00 ||
              length ID Data || ID Data || length RANDRkms || RANDRkms
 outkey_len : desired bit length of the outkey (MPKr', TGK')
              SHALL be equal to inkey_len
 where the ID Data field is taken from the IDRr payload sent in the
 RESOLVE_RESP and TRANSFER_RESP messages.  Length ID Data is the
 length of the ID Data field in bytes as a 16-bit unsigned integer.
 Length RANDRkms is the length of RANDRkms in bytes as an 8-bit
 unsigned integer.  The constant depends on the derived key type as
 summarized below.
                        Derived key | Constant
                        ------------+-----------
                        MPKr'       | 0x2B288856
                        TGK'        | 0x1512B54A
            Table 5.1: Constants for forking key derivation
 The constants are taken from the decimal digits of e as described in
 [RFC3830].

5.1.2. Deriving Keys from an Envelope Key/PSK/MPK

 This derivation is used to form the keys used to protect the MIKEY
 messages.  For the Ticket Request and Ticket Resolve exchanges, the
 keys used to protect the MIKEY messages are derived from a pre-shared
 key or an envelope key.  For the Ticket Transfer exchange, the keys
 are derived from an MPK.  If key forking is used, different MPKs
 (MPKi and MPKr') SHALL be used to protect the TRANSFER_INIT and
 TRANSFER_RESP messages.  The initial messages SHALL be protected with
 keys derived using the following parameters:
 inkey:     : pre-shared key, envelope key, or MPKi
 inkey_len  : bit length of the inkey
 label      : constant || 0xFF || CSB ID || 0x01 ||
              length RANDRi || [RANDRi] || length RANDRr || [RANDRr]
 outkey_len : desired bit length of the outkey (encr_key,
              auth_key, salt_key)
 The response messages SHALL be protected with keys derived using the
 following parameters:

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 26] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 inkey:     : pre-shared key, envelope key, MPKi, or MPKr'
 inkey_len  : bit length of the inkey
 label      : constant || 0xFF || CSB ID || 0x02 ||
              length RANDRi || [RANDRi] || length RANDRr || [RANDRr]
 outkey_len : desired bit length of the outkey (encr_key,
              auth_key, salt_key)
 The constant depends on the derived key type as defined in Section
 4.1.4 of [RFC3830].  The 32-bit CSB ID field is taken from the HDR
 payload.  RANDRi SHALL be included in the derivation of keys used to
 protect the Ticket Request and Ticket Transfer exchanges.  RANDRr
 SHALL be included in the derivation of keys used to protect the
 Ticket Resolve exchange and in the derivation of keys used to protect
 TRANSFER_RESP if the Ticket Policy determines that it shall be
 present in the TRANSFER_RESP message (G flag).  Length RANDRi is the
 length of RANDRi in bytes as an 8-bit unsigned integer, and Length
 RANDRr is the length of RANDRr in bytes as an 8-bit unsigned integer.
 If RANDRi is omitted, length RANDRi SHALL be 0 and if RANDRr is
 omitted, length RANDRr SHALL be 0.  Note that at least one of RANDRi
 and RANDRr is always used.

5.1.3. Deriving Keys from a TGK/GTGK

 This only affects the Ticket Transfer exchange.  In the following, we
 describe how keying material is derived from a TGK/GTGK.  If key
 forking is used, any TGK encoded in the ticket SHALL be forked, and
 the forked key TGK' SHALL be used.  The key derivation method SHALL
 be executed using the PRF indicated in the HDR payload.  The
 parameters for the PRF are:
 inkey:     : TGK, TGK', or GTGK
 inkey_len  : bit length of the inkey
 label      : constant || CS ID || 0xFFFFFFFF || 0x03 ||
              length RANDRi || [RANDRi] || length RANDRr || [RANDRr]
 outkey_len : desired bit length of the outkey (TEK, encr_key,
              auth_key, salt_key)
 The constant depends on the derived key type as defined in Section
 4.1.3 of [RFC3830].  If a salting key is present in the key data sub-
 payload, a security protocol in need of a salting key SHALL use this
 salting key and a new salting key SHALL NOT be derived.  The 8-bit CS
 ID field is given by the CS ID map info field in the HDR payload.
 RANDRi SHALL be included if the Ticket Policy determines that it
 shall be used (H flag).  RANDRr SHALL be included if the Ticket
 Policy determines that it shall be present in the TRANSFER_RESP
 message (G flag).  Length RANDRi is the length of RANDRi in bytes as
 an 8-bit unsigned integer, and Length RANDRr is the length of RANDRr

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 27] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 in bytes as an 8-bit unsigned integer.  If RANDRi or RANDRr is
 omitted the corresponding length SHALL be 0.  Note that at least one
 of RANDRi and RANDRr MUST be used.

5.2. CSB Updating

 Similar to [RFC3830], MIKEY-TICKET provides a means of updating the
 CSB (Crypto Session Bundle), e.g., transporting a new TEK/TGK/GTGK or
 adding new crypto sessions.  The CSB updating is done by executing
 the Ticket Transfer exchange again, e.g., before a TEK expires or
 when a new crypto session is needed.  The CSB updating can be started
 by the Initiator:
 Initiator                               Responder
 TRANSFER_INIT =                 ---->
 HDR, T, [IDRi], [IDRr],
    {SP}, [KEMAC], V              < - -  TRANSFER_RESP =
                                         HDR, T, [IDRr],
                                         {SP}, [KEMAC], V
 The CSB updating can also be started by the Responder:
 Responder                               Initiator
 TRANSFER_INIT =                 ---->
 HDR, T, [IDRr], [IDRi],
    {SP}, [KEMAC], V              < - -  TRANSFER_RESP =
                                         HDR, T, [IDRi],
                                         {SP}, [KEMAC], V
 The new message exchange MUST use the same CSB ID as the initial
 exchange but MUST use new timestamps.  The crypto sessions
 negotiation (#CS field, CS ID map info field, and SP payloads) are
 handled as in the initial exchange.  In the TRANSFER_INIT message the
 V flag SHALL be used to indicate whether or not a response message is
 expected.  Static payloads such as RANDRi, RANDRr, RANDRkms, and
 TICKET that were provided in the initial exchange SHOULD NOT be
 included unless they are needed by a specific use case.  New RANDs or
 TICKETs MUST NOT be included.  The reason that new RANDs SHALL NOT be
 used is that if several TGKs are used, the peers would need to keep
 track of which RANDs to use for each TGK.  This adds unnecessary
 complexity.  Both messages SHALL be protected with the same keys
 (derived from MPKi or MPKr') that protected the last message
 (TRANSFER_INIT or TRANSFER_RESP) in the initial exchange.

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 28] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 New keying material MAY be sent in a KEMAC payload.  If indicated by
 the Ticket Policy (L and M flags), KEMAC payloads SHALL NOT be
 included.  In the TRANSFER_RESP message, a session key MUST be
 provided for each crypto session.  The KEMAC SHALL use the NULL
 authentication algorithm, as a MAC is included in the V payload.  The
 encr_key (and salt_key) SHALL be derived from the MPK (MPKi or
 MPKr').  Depending on the encryption algorithm, the salting key may
 go into the IV (see [RFC3830]).  If a new TGK is exchanged, it SHALL
 NOT be forked.  The KEMAC is hence constructed as follows:
                  KEMAC = E(encr_key, (TEK|TGK|GTGK))

5.3. Ticket Reuse

 MIKEY-TICKET includes features aiming to offload the KMS from
 receiving ticket requests.  One such feature is that tickets may be
 reused.  This means that a user may request a ticket for media
 sessions with another user and then under the ticket's validity
 period use this ticket to protect several media sessions with that
 user.
 When reusing a ticket that has been used in a previous Ticket
 Transfer exchange, a new Ticket Transfer exchange is executed.  The
 new exchange MUST use a new CSB ID, a new timestamp, and new RANDs
 (RANDRi, RANDRr).  If the Responder has resolved the ticket before,
 the Responder does not need to resolve the ticket again.  In that
 case, the same modifier (IDRr, RANDRkms) SHALL be used.  If the
 Ticket Policy forbids reuse (J flag), the ticket MUST NOT be reused.
 Note that such reuse cannot be detected by a stateless KMS.  When
 group keys are used, ticket reuse leaves the Initiator responsible to
 ensure that group membership has not changed since the ticket was
 last used.  (Otherwise, unauthorized responders may gain access to
 the group communication.)  Thus, if group dynamics are difficult to
 verify, the Initiator SHOULD NOT initiate ticket reuse.
 When key forking is used, only the user that requested the ticket has
 access to the encoded master keys (MPKr, TGKs).  Because of this, no
 one else can initiate a Ticket Transfer exchange using the ticket.

5.4. Error Handling

 If a fatal error occurs during the parsing of a message, the message
 SHOULD be discarded, and an Error message SHOULD be sent to the other
 party (Initiator, Responder, KMS).  If a failure is due to the
 inability to authenticate the peer, the message SHALL be discarded,
 the Error message is OPTIONAL, and the caveats in Section 5.1.2 of
 [RFC3830] apply.  Error messages may be used to report errors in both
 initial and response messages, but not in Error messages.

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 29] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 In the Ticket Request and Ticket Resolve exchanges, the Error message
 MAY be authenticated with a MAC or a signature.  The Error message is
 hence constructed as follows:
                Error message = HDR, T, (ERR), [V|SIGNx]
 where x is in the set {i, r, kms} (Initiator, Responder, KMS).
 Unexpected payloads in the Error message SHOULD be ignored.
 In the Ticket Transfer exchange, the Error message MAY be
 authenticated with a MAC.  If the suggested security policies are not
 supported, the Error message SHOULD include the supported parameters.
 The Error message is hence constructed as follows:
                Error message = HDR, T, (ERR), {SP}, [V]
 In Error messages, the version, PRF func, and CSB ID fields in the
 HDR payload SHALL be identical to the corresponding fields in the
 message where the error occurred.  The V field SHALL be set to '0'
 and be ignored.
 If one of the NTP timestamp types is used, a fresh timestamp value
 SHALL be used.  If the COUNTER timestamp type (see Section 6.6 of
 [RFC3830]) is used, the timestamp value MAY be equal to the one in
 the message where the error occurred.
 The MAC/Signature in the V/SIGN payloads covers the entire Error
 message, except the MAC/Signature field itself.  The auth_key SHALL
 be the same as in the message where the error occurred.

5.5. MAC/Signature Coverage

 The MAC/Signature in the V/SIGN payloads covers the entire MIKEY
 message, except the MAC/Signature field itself.  For initial
 messages, the identities (not whole payloads) of the parties involved
 MUST directly follow the MIKEY message in the Verification MAC/
 Signature calculation.  In the TRANSFER_INIT message, the MAC SHALL
 NOT cover the Initiator Data length and Initiator Data fields in the
 TICKET payload.  Note that in the Transfer Exchange, Identity_r in
 TRANSFER_RESP (e.g., user1@example.com) MAY differ from that
 appearing in TRANSFER_INIT (e.g., IT-support@example.com).  For
 response messages, the entire initial message (including the MAC/
 Signature field) MUST directly follow the MIKEY message in the
 Verification MAC/Signature calculation (the identities are implicitly
 covered as they are covered by the initial message's MAC/Signature).

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 30] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

      Message type  | MAC/Signature coverage
      --------------+--------------------------------------------
      REQUEST_INIT  | REQUEST_INIT  || Identity_i || Identity_kms
      REQUEST_RESP  | REQUEST_RESP  || REQUEST_INIT
      TRANSFER_INIT | TRANSFER_INIT || Identity_i || Identity_r
      TRANSFER_RESP | TRANSFER_RESP || TRANSFER_INIT
      RESOLVE_INIT  | RESOLVE_INIT  || Identity_r || Identity_kms
      RESOLVE_RESP  | RESOLVE_RESP  || RESOLVE_INIT
      Error message | Error message
                   Table 5.2: MAC/Signature coverage

6. Payload Encoding

 This section does not describe all the payloads that are used in the
 new message types.  It describes in detail the new TR, IDR, RANDR,
 TP, and TICKET payloads.  For the other payloads, only the additions
 and changes compared to [RFC3830] are described.  For a detailed
 description of the other MIKEY payloads, see [RFC3830].  Note that
 the fields with variable length are byte aligned and not 32-bit
 aligned.

6.1. Common Header Payload (HDR)

 For the Common Header Payload, new values are added to the Data Type,
 Next Payload, PRF func, and CS ID map type name spaces.
  • Data Type (8 bits): describes the type of message.
    Data Type        | Value | Comment
    -----------------+-------+-------------------------------------
    REQUEST_INIT_PSK |    11 | Ticket request initial message (PSK)
    REQUEST_INIT_PK  |    12 | Ticket request initial message (PK)
    REQUEST_RESP     |    13 | Ticket request response message
                     |       |
    TRANSFER_INIT    |    14 | Ticket transfer initial message
    TRANSFER_RESP    |    15 | Ticket transfer response message
                     |       |
    RESOLVE_INIT_PSK |    16 | Ticket resolve initial message (PSK)
    RESOLVE_INIT_PK  |    17 | Ticket resolve initial message (PK)
    RESOLVE_RESP     |    18 | Ticket resolve response message
                   Table 6.1: Data Type (Additions)

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 31] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

  • Next Payload (8 bits): identifies the payload that is added after

this payload.

                     Next Payload | Value | Section
                     -------------+-------+--------
                     TR           |    13 | 6.4
                     IDR          |    14 | 6.6
                     RANDR        |    15 | 6.8
                     TP           |    16 | 6.10
                     TICKET       |    17 | 6.10
                  Table 6.2: Next Payload (Additions)
  • V (1 bit): flag to indicate whether a response message is expected

('1') or not ('0'). It MUST be set to '0' and ignored in all

    messages except TRANSFER_INIT messages used for CSB updating (see
    Section 5.2).
  • PRF func (7 bits): indicates the PRF function that has been/will

be used for key derivation. Besides the PRFs already defined in

    [RFC3830] the following additional PRF may be used.
                       PRF func         | Value
                       -----------------+------
                       PRF-HMAC-SHA-256 |     1
                    Table 6.3: PRF func (Additions)
 The new PRF SHALL be constructed as described in Section 4.1.2 of
 [RFC3830] with the differences that HMAC-SHA-256 (see Section 6.2)
 SHALL be used instead of HMAC-SHA-1 and the value 256 SHALL be used
 instead of 160.  This corresponds to the full output length of
 SHA-256.
  • #CS (8 bits): indicates the number of crypto sessions in the CS ID

map info.

  • CS ID map type (8 bits): specifies the method of uniquely mapping

crypto sessions to the security protocol sessions. In the Ticket

    Transfer exchange the new GENERIC-ID map type, which is intended
    to eliminate the limitations with the existing SRTP-ID map type,
    SHOULD be used.  The map type SRTP-ID SHALL NOT be used.
                        CS ID map type | Value
                        ----------------------
                        GENERIC-ID     |     2
                 Table 6.4: CS ID map type (Additions)

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 32] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

  • CS ID map info (variable length): identifies and maps the crypto

sessions to the security protocol sessions for which security

    associations should be created.

6.1.1. The GENERIC-ID Map Type

 For the GENERIC-ID map type, the CS ID map info consists of #CS
 number of blocks, each mapping policies, session data (e.g., SSRC),
 and key to a specific crypto session.
  0                   1                   2                   3
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 !     CS ID     !   Prot type   !S!     #P      ! Ps (OPTIONAL) ~
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 !      Session Data Length      !    Session Data (OPTIONAL)    ~
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 !  SPI Length   !                SPI (OPTIONAL)                 ~
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  • CS ID (8 bits): defines the CS ID to be used for the crypto

session.

  • Prot type (8 bits): defines the security protocol to be used for

the crypto session. Allowed values are the ones defined for the

    Prot type field in the SP payload (see Section 6.10 of [RFC3830]).
  • S (1 bit): flag that MAY be used by the Session Data.
  • #P (7 bits): indicates the number of security policies provided

for the crypto session. In response messages, #P SHALL always be

    exactly 1.  So if #P = 0 in an initial message, a security profile
    MUST be provided in the response message.  If #P > 0, one of the
    suggested policies SHOULD be chosen in the response message.  If
    needed (e.g., in group communication, see Section 9), the
    suggested policies MAY be changed.
  • Ps (variable length): lists the policies for the crypto session.

It SHALL contain exactly #P policies, each having the specified

    Prot type.
     0                   1                   2                   3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !  Policy_no_1  !  Policy_no_2  !      ...      ! Policy_no_#P  !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 33] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

  • Policy_no_i (8 bits): a policy_no that corresponds to the

policy_no of a SP payload. In response messages, the policy_no

       may refer to a SP payload in the initial message.
  • Session Data Length (16 bits): the length of Session Data (in

bytes). For the Prot type SRTP, Session Data MAY be omitted in

    the initial message (length = 0), but it MUST be provided in the
    response message.
  • Session Data (variable length): contains session data for the

crypto session. The type of Session Data depends on the specified

    Prot type.  The Session Data for the Prot type SRTP is defined
    below.  The S flag is used to indicate whether the ROC and SEQ
    fields are provided ('1') or if they are omitted ('0').
     0                   1                   2                   3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !                              SSRC                             !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !                        ROC (OPTIONAL)                         !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !         SEQ (OPTIONAL)          !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  • SSRC (32 bits): specifies the SSRC that MUST be used for the

crypto session. Note that unlike [RFC3830], an SSRC field set

       to '0' has no special meaning.
  • ROC (32 bits): current/initial rollover counter. If the

session has not started, this field is set to '0'.

  • SEQ (16 bits): current/initial sequence number.
  • SPI Length (8 bits): the length of SPI (in bytes). SPI MAY be

omitted in the initial message (length = 0), but it MUST be

    provided in the response message.
  • SPI (variable length): the SPI (or MKI) corresponding to the

session key to (initially) be used for the crypto session. This

    does not exclude other keys to be used.  All keys MUST belong to
    the crypto session bundle.

6.2. Key Data Transport Payload (KEMAC)

 For the KEMAC payload, new encryption and authentication algorithms
 are defined.

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 34] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

  • Encr alg (8 bits): the encryption algorithm used to encrypt the

Encr data field. Besides the algorithms already defined in

    [RFC3830], the following additional encryption algorithm may be
    used.
            Encr alg   | Value | Comment
            -----------+-------+---------------------------
            AES-CM-256 |     3 | AES-CM using a 256-bit key
                    Table 6.5: Encr alg (Additions)
 The new encryption algorithm is defined as described in Section 4.2.3
 of [RFC3830] with the only difference being that a 256-bit key SHALL
 be used.
  • MAC alg (8 bits): specifies the authentication algorithm used.

Besides the algorithms already defined in [RFC3830], the following

    additional authentication algorithm may be used.
                  MAC alg          | Value | Length
                  -----------------+-------+---------
                  HMAC-SHA-256-256 |     2 | 256 bits
                     Table 6.6: MAC alg (Additions)
 The new authentication algorithm is Hash-based Message Authentication
 Code (HMAC) [RFC2104] in conjunction with SHA-256 [FIPS.180-3].  It
 SHALL be used with a 256-bit authentication key.

6.2.1. Key Data Sub-Payload

 For the key data sub-payload, new types of keys are defined.  The
 Group TGK (GTGK) is used as a regular TGK, with the difference that
 it SHALL NOT be forked.  It is intended to enable the establishment
 of a group TGK when key forking is used.  The MIKEY Protection Key
 (MPK) is used to protect the MIKEY messages in the Ticket Transfer
 exchange.  The MPK is used as the pre-shared key in the pre-shared
 key method of [RFC3830]; however, it is not known by the Responder
 before the ticket has been resolved.
 An SPI (or MKI) MUST be specified for each key (see Section 6.13 of
 [RFC3830]).
  • Type (4 bits): indicates the type of key included in the payload.

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 35] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

                Type      | Value | Comments
                ----------+-------+---------------------
                GTGK      |     4 | Group TGK
                GTGK+SALT |     5 | Group TGK + SALT
                MPK       |     6 | MIKEY Protection Key
                  Table 6.7: Key Data Type (Additions)

6.3. Timestamp Payload (T)

 For the timestamp payload, a new type of timestamp is defined.  The
 new type is intended to be used when defining validity periods, where
 fractions of seconds seldom matter.  The NTP-UTC-32 string contains
 four bytes, in the same format as the first four bytes in the NTP
 timestamp format, defined in [RFC4330].  This represents the number
 of seconds since 0h on 1 January 1900 with respect to the Coordinated
 Universal Time (UTC).  On 7 February 2036, the time value will
 overflow.  [RFC4330] describes a procedure to extend the time to 2104
 and this procedure is MANDATORY to support.
  • TS Type (8 bits): specifies the timestamp type used.
                      TS Type    | Value | Length
                      -----------+-------+--------
                      NTP-UTC-32 |     3 | 32 bits
                     Table 6.8: TS Type (Additions)
 NTP-UTC-32 SHALL be padded to a 64-bit NTP-UTC timestamp (with zeroes
 in the fractional second part) when a 64-bit timestamp is required
 (e.g.  IV creation in AES-CM-128 and AES-CM-256).

6.4. Timestamp Payload with Role Indicator (TR)

 The TR payload uses all the fields from the standard timestamp
 payload (T) but expands it with a new field describing the role of
 the timestamp.  Whereas the TS Type describes the type of the TS
 Value, the TS Role describes the meaning of the timestamp itself.
 The TR payload is intended to eliminate ambiguity when a MIKEY
 message contains several timestamp payloads (e.g., in the Ticket
 Policy).
  0                   1                   2                   3
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 ! Next Payload  !    TS Role    !    TS Type    !    TS Value   ~
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 36] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

  • TS Role (8 bits): specifies the sort of timestamp.
                 TS Role                        | Value
                 -------------------------------+------
                 Time of issue (TRi)            |     1
                 Start of validity period (TRs) |     2
                 End of validity period (TRe)   |     3
                 Rekeying interval (TRr)        |     4
                           Table 6.9: TS Role

6.5. ID Payload (ID)

 For the ID payload, a new ID Type byte string is defined.  The byte
 string type is intended to be used when the ID payload is used to
 identify a pre-shared key.  Contrary to the previously defined ID
 Types (URI, Network Access Identifier), the byte string does not have
 any encoding rules.
  • ID Type (8 bits): specifies the identifier type used.
                          ID Type     | Value
                          ------------+------
                          Byte string |     2
                    Table 6.10: ID Type (Additions)

6.6. ID Payload with Role Indicator (IDR)

 The IDR payload uses all the fields from the standard identity
 payload (ID) but expands it with a new field describing the role of
 the ID payload.  Whereas the ID Type describes the type of the ID
 Data, the ID Role describes the meaning of the identity itself.  The
 IDR payload is intended to eliminate ambiguity when a MIKEY message
 contains several identity payloads.  The IDR payload MUST be used
 instead of the ID payload in all MIKEY-TICKET messages.
  0                   1                   2                   3
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 ! Next Payload  !    ID Role    !    ID Type    !     ID len
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   ID len (cont) !                    ID Data                    ~
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 37] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

  • ID Role (8 bits): specifies the sort of identity.
                    ID Role                 | Value
                    ------------------------+------
                    Initiator (IDRi)        |     1
                    Responder (IDRr)        |     2
                    KMS (IDRkms)            |     3
                    Pre-Shared Key (IDRpsk) |     4
                    Application (IDRapp)    |     5
                          Table 6.11: ID Role
 IDRapp is intended to specify the authorized Application IDs (see
 Sections 5.1.3 and 6.10)

6.7. Cert Hash Payload (CHASH)

  • Hash func (8 bits): indicates the hash function that is used.

Besides the hash functions already defined in [RFC3830], the

    following hash function may be used.
                    Hash func | Value | Hash Length
                    ----------+-------+------------
                    SHA-256   |     2 |    256 bits
                   Table 6.12: Hash func (Additions)
 The SHA-256 hash function is defined in [FIPS.180-3].

6.8. RAND Payload with Role Indicator (RANDR)

 The RANDR payload uses all the fields from the standard RAND payload
 (RAND) but expands it with a new field describing the role (the
 generating entity) of the RAND.  The RANDR payload is intended to
 eliminate ambiguity when a MIKEY message contains several RAND
 payloads.
  0                   1                   2                   3
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 ! Next Payload  !    RAND Role  !  RAND length  !     RAND      ~
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  • RAND Role (8 bits): specifies the entity that generated the RAND.

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 38] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

                       RAND Role          | Value
                       -------------------+------
                       Initiator (RANDRi) |     1
                       Responder (RANDRr) |     2
                       KMS (RANDRkms)     |     3
                         Table 6.13: RAND Role

6.9. Error Payload (ERR)

 For the key data sub-payload, new types of errors are defined.
  • Error no (8 bits): indicates the type of error that was

encountered.

          Error no       | Value | Comments
          ---------------+-------+----------------------------
          Invalid TICKET |    14 | Ticket Type not supported
          Invalid TPpar  |    15 | TP parameters not supported
                    Table 6.14: Error no (Additions)

6.10. Ticket Policy Payload (TP) / Ticket Payload (TICKET)

 Note that the Ticket Policy payload (TP) and the Ticket Payload
 (TICKET) are two different payloads (having different payload
 identifiers).  However, as they share much of the payload structure,
 they are described in the same section.
 The Ticket Policy payload contains a desired Ticket Policy and does
 not include the Ticket Data length, Ticket Data, Initiator Data
 length, or Initiator Data fields.  The ticket payload contains the
 granted Ticket Policy as well as Ticket Data (the default ticket type
 is defined in Appendix A).  The Ticket Policy contains information
 intended for all parties involved whereas the Ticket Data is only
 intended for the party that resolves the ticket.  The Ticket Type
 provided in the Ticket Data is indicated in the Ticket Policy.  When
 key forking is used (I flag), the Initiator Data authenticates the
 Initiator.
 Note that the flags are not independent: NOT D implies L, G implies
 F, NOT G implies H, NOT H implies G, I implies E, K implies D, and M
 implies F.  The F flag SHALL be set to '1' when the I flag (key
 forking) is set to '1' and a TGK is encoded in the ticket.

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 39] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

  0                   1                   2                   3
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 ! Next Payload  !          Ticket Type          !    Subtype    !
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 !    Version    !   PRF Func  !D!E!F!G!H!I!J!K!L!M!N!O!   Res   !
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 !        TP Data length         !            TP Data            ~
 +=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
 !      Ticket Data length       !          Ticket Data          ~
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 !     Initiator Data length     !   Initiator Data (OPTIONAL)   ~
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  • Next Payload (8 bits): identifies the payload that is added after

this payload.

  • Ticket Type (16 bits): specifies the Ticket Type used.
         Ticket Type       | Value | Comments
         ------------------+-------+---------------------------
         MIKEY Base Ticket |     1 | Defined in Appendix A
         3GPP Base Ticket  |     2 | Used and specified by 3GPP
                        Table 6.15: Ticket Type
 Subtype = 0x01 and Version = 0x01 refers to MIKEY Base Ticket as
 defined in this document.
  • Subtype (8 bits): specifies the ticket subtype used.
  • Version (8 bits): specifies the ticket subtype version used.
  • PRF Func (7 bits): specifies the PRF that SHALL be used for key

forking.

  • D (1 bit): flag to indicate whether the ticket was generated by

the KMS ('1') or by the Initiator ('0').

  • E (1 bit): flag to indicate whether the Ticket Resolve exchange is

MANDATORY ('1') or if the Responder MAY resolve the ticket ('0').

  • F (1 bit): flag to indicate whether the TRANSFER_RESP message

SHALL be sent ('1') or if it SHALL NOT be sent ('0').

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 40] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

  • G (1 bit): flag to indicate whether the Responder SHALL generate

RANDRr ('1') or if the Responder SHALL NOT generate RANDRr ('0').

  • H (1 bit): flag to indicate whether RANDRi SHALL be used when

deriving keys from a TGK/GTGK ('1') or if RANDRi SHALL NOT be used

    ('0').
  • I (1 bit): flag to indicate whether key forking SHALL be used

('1') or if key forking SHALL NOT be used ('0').

  • J (1 bit): flag to indicate whether the ticket MAY be reused ('1')

and therefore MAY be cached or if it SHALL NOT be reused ('0').

  • K (1 bit): flag to indicate whether the KMS changed the desired

Ticket Policy or the desired KEMAC ('1') or if it did not ('0').

    In the TP payload, it SHALL be set to '0' by the Initiator and
    ignored by the KMS.
  • L (1 bit): flag to indicate whether the Initiator MAY supply

session keys ('1') or if the Initiator SHALL NOT supply session

    keys ('0').
  • M (1 bit): flag to indicate whether the Responder MAY supply

session keys ('1') or if the Responder SHALL NOT supply session

    keys ('0').
  • N (1 bit): flag to indicate whether an Initiator following this

specification can initiate a TRANSFER_INIT message using the

    ticket ('1') or if additional processing is required ('0').  If
    the flag is set to '0', the Initiator SHOULD follow the processing
    in the specification of the received Ticket Type.
  • O (1 bit): flag to indicate whether a Responder following this

specification can process a TRANSFER_INIT message containing the

    ticket ('1') or if additional processing is required ('0').  If
    the flag is set to '0', the Responder SHOULD follow the processing
    in the specification of the received Ticket Type.
  • Res (5 bits): reserved for future use.
  • TP Data length (16 bits): length of TP Data (in bytes).
  • TP Data (variable length): The first 8 bits identify the first

payload. The rest of TP Data SHALL be constructed of MIKEY

    payloads.  Unexpected payloads in the TP Data SHOULD be ignored.
           TP Data = First Payload, [IDRkms], [IDRi], [TRs],
                     [TRe], [TRr], [KEMAC], {IDRapp}, (IDRr)

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 41] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

    IDRkms contains the identity of a KMS that can resolve the ticket.
    IDRi contains the identity of the peer that requested or created
    the ticket.
    TRs is the start of the validity period.  TRs SHALL be interpreted
    as being in the range 1968-2104 as described in [RFC4330].  An
    omitted TRs means that the validity period has no defined
    beginning.
    TRe is the end of the validity period.  TRe SHALL be interpreted
    as being in the range 1968-2104 as described in [RFC4330].  An
    omitted TRe means that the validity period has no defined end.
    TRr indicates how often rekeying MUST be done.  TS Type SHALL be
    NTP-UTC-32 and the time between two rekeyings SHALL NOT be longer
    than the number of seconds in the integer part of the timestamp.
    How the rekeying is done is implementation specific.
    The KEMAC payload may be used to indicate the number of requested
    keys and specify other key information (key type, key length, and
    KV (key validity) data).  The KEMAC payload SHALL use the NULL
    encryption algorithm and the NULL authentication algorithm, as a
    MAC is included in the V payload.  The KEMAC is hence constructed
    as follows:
                         KEMAC = {TEK|TGK|GTGK}
 The Key Data fields SHALL be set to '0' by the Initiator and ignored
 by the KMS.  The KEMAC SHALL NOT be present in the granted Ticket
 Policy.
    IDRapp is an identifier for an authorized application ID.  The
    application IDs are implementation specific.  If no IDRapp
    payloads are supplied, all application IDs are authorized.
    IDRr is the identity of a responder or a group of responders that
    are authorized to resolve the ticket.  If there is more than one
    responder identity, each responder identity SHALL be included in a
    separate IDR payload.
  • Ticket Data length (16 bits): the length of the Ticket Data field

(in bytes). Not present in the TP payload.

  • Ticket Data (variable length): contains the Ticket Data. Not

present in the TP payload.

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 42] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

  • Initiator Data length (16 bits): the length of the Initiator Data

field (in bytes). Not present in the TP payload.

  • Initiator Data (variable length): Not present in the TP payload.

SHALL be inserted by the Initiator if and only if key forking is

    used (I flag).  The first 8 bits identifies the first payload.
    The rest of Initiator Data SHALL be constructed of MIKEY payloads.
    Unexpected payloads in the Initiator Data SHOULD be ignored.
                 Initiator Data = First Payload, Vi, Vr
    The Vi payload SHALL be identical to the V payload in the
    TRANSFER_INIT message.
    The last payload (Vr) SHALL be a Verification payload where the
    MAC SHALL cover the entire Initiator Data field except the MAC
    field itself.  The authentication algorithm SHALL be the same as
    used for the Vi payload.  The authentication key (auth_key) SHALL
    be derived from MPKr (not forked) using the following parameters:
    inkey:     : MPKr
    inkey_len  : bit length of the inkey
    label      : constant || 0xFF || 0xFFFFFFFF || 0x04
    outkey_len : desired bit length of the outkey (encr_key,
                 auth_key, salt_key)
    The constant depends on the derived key type as defined in Section
    4.1.4 of [RFC3830].

7. Transport Protocols

 MIKEY messages are not tied to any specific transport protocols.  In
 [RFC4567], extensions for SDP and RTSP to carry MIKEY messages (and
 therefore MIKEY-TICKET messages) are defined.  The messages in the
 Ticket Transfer exchange (TRANSFER_INIT, TRANSFER_RESP) are
 preferably included in the session setup signaling (e.g., SIP INVITE
 and 200 OK).  However, it may not be suitable for the MIKEY-TICKET
 exchanges that do not establish keying material for media sessions
 (Ticket Request and Ticket Resolve) to be carried in SDP or RTSP.  If
 SDP or RTSP is not used, the transport protocol needs to be defined.
 In [3GPP.33.328], it is defined how the Ticket Request and Ticket
 Resolve exchanges are carried over HTTP.

8. Pre-Encrypted Content

 The default setting is that the KMS supplies the session keys
 (encoded in the ticket).  This is not possible if the content is pre-
 encrypted (e.g., Video on Demand).  In such use cases, the key

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 43] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 exchange is typically reversed and MAY be carried out as follows.
 The Initiator sends a ticket without encoded session keys to the
 Responder in a TRANSFER_INIT message.  The Responder has access to
 the TEKs used to protect the requested content, but may not be
 streaming the content.  The Responder includes the TEK in the
 TRANSFER_RESP message, which is sent to the Initiator.
 +---+                                                           +---+
 | I |                                                           | R |
 +---+                                                           +---+
                             TRANSFER_INIT
   ---------------------------------------------------------------->
                             TRANSFER_RESP {KEMAC}
   <----------------------------------------------------------------
            Figure 6: Distribution of pre-encrypted content

9. Group Communication

 What has been discussed up to now can also be used for group
 communication.  The MIKEY signaling for multi-party sessions can be
 centralized as illustrated in Figure 7.
 +---+                           +---+                           +---+
 | A |                           | B |                           | C |
 +---+                           +---+                           +---+
            Ticket Transfer
   <------------------------------->        Ticket Transfer
   <--------------------------------------------------------------->
            Figure 7: Centralized signaling around party A
 or decentralized as illustrated in Figure 8.
 +---+                           +---+                           +---+
 | A |                           | B |                           | C |
 +---+                           +---+                           +---+
            Ticket Transfer
   <------------------------------->        Ticket Transfer
                                   <------------------------------->
                   Figure 8: Decentralized signaling
 In the decentralized scenario, the identities of B and C SHALL be
 used in the second Ticket Transfer exchange.  Independent of the how
 the MIKEY signaling is done, a group key may be used as session key.

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 44] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 If a group key is used, the group key and session information may be
 pushed to all group members (similar to [RFC3830]), or distributed
 when requested (similar to [RFC4738]).  If a TGK/GTGK is used as a
 group key, the same RANDs MUST be used to derive the session keys in
 all Ticket Transfer exchanges.  Also note caveats with ticket reuse
 in group communication settings as discussed in Section 5.3.

9.1. Key Forking

 When key forking is used, only the user that requested the ticket can
 initiate a Ticket Transfer exchange using that ticket, see
 Section 5.3.  So if a group key is to be distributed, the MIKEY
 signaling MUST be centralized to the party that initially requested
 the ticket, or different tickets needs to be used in each Ticket
 Transfer exchange and the group key needs to be sent in a KEMAC.
 Another consideration is that different users get different session
 keys if TGKs (encoded in the ticket) are used.

10. Signaling between Different KMSs

 A user can in general only be expected to have a trust relation with
 a single KMS.  Different users might therefore use tickets issued by
 different KMSs using only locally known keys.  Thus, if users with
 trust relations to different KMSs are to be able to establish a
 secure session with each other, the KMSs involved have to cooperate
 and there has to be a trust relation between them.  The KMSs SHALL be
 mutually authenticated and signaling between them SHALL be integrity
 and confidentiality protected.  The technical means for the inter-KMS
 security is however outside the scope of this specification.  Under
 these assumptions, the following approach MAY be used.
 +---+               +---+              +-------+            +-------+
 | I |               | R |              | KMS R |            | KMS I |
 +---+               +---+              +-------+            +-------+
       TRANSFER_INIT
   -------------------->    RESOLVE_INIT
                       - - - - - - - - - - ->    RESOLVE_INIT
                                            - - - - - - - - - - ->
                                                 RESOLVE_RESP
                            RESOLVE_RESP    <- - - - - - - - - - -
       TRANSFER_RESP   < - - - - - - -  - - -
   <--------------------
                 Figure 9: Routing of resolve messages

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 45] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 If the Responder cannot directly resolve a ticket, the ticket SHOULD
 be included in a RESOLVE_INIT message sent to a KMS.  If the
 Responder does not have a shared credential with the KMS that issued
 the ticket (KMS I) or if the Responder does not know which KMS issued
 the ticket, the Responder SHOULD send the RESOLVE_INIT message to one
 of the Responder's trusted KMSs (KMS R).  If KMS R did not issue the
 ticket, KMS R would normally be unable to directly resolve the ticket
 and must hence ask another KMS to resolve it (typically the issuing
 KMS).
 The signaling between different KMSs MAY be done with a Ticket
 Resolve exchange as illustrated in Figure 9.  The IDRr and TICKET
 payloads from the previous RESOLVE_INIT message SHOULD be reused.
 Note that IDRr cannot be used to look up the pre-shared key/
 certificate.

11. Adding New Ticket Types to MIKEY-TICKET

 The Ticket Data (in the TICKET payload) could be a reference to
 information (keys, etc.) stored by the key management service, it
 could contain all the information itself, or it could be a
 combination of the two alternatives.  For systems serving many users,
 it is not ideal to use the reference-only ticket approach as this
 would force the key management service to keep state of all issued
 tickets that are still valid.  Tickets may carry many different types
 of information helping to enforce usage policies.  The policies may
 be group policies or per-user policies.
 Tickets may either be transparent, meaning they can be resolved
 without contacting the KMS that generated them, or opaque, meaning
 that the original KMS must be contacted.  The ticket information
 SHOULD typically be integrity protected and certain fields need
 confidentiality protection, in particular, the keys if explicitly
 included.  Other types of information may also require
 confidentiality protection due to privacy reasons.  In mode 2 (see
 Section 4.1.1), it may be preferable to include several encrypted
 ticket protection keys (similar to Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail
 Extensions (S/MIME)) as this may allow multiple peers to resolve the
 ticket.
 The Ticket Data MUST include information so that the resolving party
 can retrieve an encoded KEMAC.  It MUST also be possible to verify
 the integrity of the TICKET payload.  It is RECOMMENDED that future
 specifications use the recommended payload order and do not add any
 additional payloads or processing.  New Ticket Types SHOULD NOT
 change the processing for the Responder.  If a new Ticket Type

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 46] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 requires additional processing, it MUST be indicated in the Ticket
 Policy (N and O flags).  New specifications MUST specify which modes
 are supported and if any additional security considerations apply.

12. Security Considerations

 Unless otherwise stated, the security considerations in [RFC3830]
 still apply and contain notes on the security properties of the MIKEY
 protocol, key derivation functions, and other components.  As some
 security properties depend on the specific Ticket Type, only generic
 security considerations concerning the MIKEY-TICKET framework are
 discussed.
 This specification includes a large number of optional features,
 which adds complexity to the general case.  Protocol designers are
 strongly encouraged to establish strict profiles defining MIKEY-
 TICKET options (e.g., exchanges or message fields) that SHOULD or
 MUST be supported.  Such profiles should preclude unexpected
 consequences from compliant implementations with wildly differing
 option sets.

12.1. General

 In addition to the Ticket Policy, the KMS MAY have its own set of
 policies (authorized key lengths, algorithms, etc.) that in some way
 are shared with the peers.  The KMS MAY also provide keying material
 to authorized intermediate nodes performing various network functions
 (e.g., transcoding services, recording services, conference bridges).
 The key management service can enforce end-to-end security by only
 distributing the keys to authorized end-users.  As in [RFC3830], the
 user identities are not confidentiality protected.  If user privacy
 is needed, some kind of Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PET) like
 anonymous or temporary credentials MAY be used.
 In the standard MIKEY modes [RFC3830], the keys are generated by the
 Initiator (or by both peers in the Diffie-Hellman scheme).  If a bad
 PRNG (Pseudorandom Number Generator) is used, this is likely to make
 any key management protocol sensitive to different kinds of attacks,
 and MIKEY is no exception.  As the choice of the PRNG is
 implementation specific, the easiest (and often bad) choice is to use
 the PRNG supplied by the operating system.  In MIKEY-TICKET's default
 mode of operation, the key generation is mostly done by the KMS,
 which can be assumed to be less likely to use a bad random number
 generator.  All keys (including keys used to protect the ticket) MUST
 have adequate strength/length, i.e., 128 bits or more.

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 47] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 The use of random nonces (RANDs) in the key derivation is of utmost
 importance to counter offline pre-computation attacks and other
 generic attacks.  A key of length n, using RANDs of length r, has
 effective key entropy of (n + r) / 2 against a birthday attack.
 Therefore, the sum of the lengths of RANDRi and RANDRr MUST at least
 be equal to the size of the longest pre-shared key/envelope key/MPK/
 TGK/GTGK, RANDRkms MUST at least be as long as the longest MPKr/TGK,
 and the RAND in the MIKEY base ticket MUST at least be as long as the
 longest of TPK and MPK.
 Note that the CSB Updating messages reuse the old RANDs.  This means
 that the total effective key entropy (relative to pre-computation
 attacks) for k consecutive key updates, assuming the TGKs are each n
 bits long, is still no more than n bits.  In other words, the time
 and memory needed by an attacker to get all k n-bit keys are
 proportional to 2^n.  While this might seem like a defect, this is in
 practice (for all reasonable values of k) not better than brute
 force, which on average requires k * 2^(n-1) work (even if different
 RANDs would be used).  A birthday attack would only require 2^(n/2)
 work, but would need access to 2^(n/2) sessions protected with
 equally many different keys using a single pair of RANDs.  This is,
 for typical values of n, clearly totally infeasible.  The success
 probability of such an attack can be controlled by limiting the
 number of updates correspondingly.  As stated in [RFC3830], the fact
 that more than one key can be compromised in a single attack is
 inherent to any solution using secret- or public-key algorithms.  An
 attacker always gets access to all the exchanged keys by doing an
 exhaustive search on the pre-shared key/envelope key/MPK.  This
 requires 2^m work, where m is the effective size of the key.
 As the Responder MAY generate a RAND, the Ticket Transfer exchange
 can provide mutual freshness guarantee for all derived keys.
 The new algorithms PRF-HMAC-SHA-256, AES-CM-256, and HMAC-SHA-256-256
 use 256-bit keys and offer a higher security level than the
 previously defined algorithms.  If one of the 256-bit algorithms are
 supported, the other two algorithms SHALL also be supported.  The
 256-bit algorithms SHOULD be used together, and they SHALL NOT be
 mixed with algorithms using key sizes less than 256 bits.  If session
 keys (TEK/TGK/GTGK) longer than 128 bits are used, 128-bit algorithms
 SHALL NOT be used.

12.2. Key Forking

 In some situations, the TRANSFER_INIT message may be delivered to
 multiple endpoints.  For example, when a Responder is registered on
 several devices (e.g., mobile phone, fixed phone, and computer) or
 when an invite is being made to addresses of the type

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 48] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 IT-support@example.com, a group of users where only one is supposed
 to answer.  The Initiator may not even always know exactly who the
 authorized group members are.  To prevent all forms of eavesdropping,
 entities other than the endpoint that answers MUST NOT get access to
 the session keys.
 When key forking is not used, keys are accessible by everyone that
 can resolve the ticket.  When key forking is used, some keys (MPKr
 and TGKs encoded in the ticket) are modified, making them
 cryptographically unique for each responder targeted by the forking.
 As only the Initiator and the KMS have access to the master TGKs, it
 is infeasible for anyone else to derive the session keys.
 When key forking is used, some keys (MPKi and TEKs and GTGK encoded
 in the ticket) are still accessible by everyone that can resolve the
 ticket and should be used with this in mind.  This also concerns
 session keys transferred in a KEMAC in the first TRANSFER_INIT (as
 they are protected with MPKi).

12.3. Denial of Service

 This protocol is resistant to denial-of-service attacks against the
 KMS in the sense that it does not construct any state (at the key
 management protocol level) before it has authenticated the Initiator
 or Responder.  Since the Responder, in general, cannot verify the
 validity of a TRANSFER_INIT message without first contacting the KMS,
 denial of service may be launched against the Responder and/or the
 KMS via the Responder.  Typical prevention methods such as rate-
 limiting and ACL (Access Control List) capability SHOULD therefore be
 implemented in the KMS as well as the clients.  If something in the
 signaling is suspicious, the Responder SHOULD abort before attempting
 a RESOLVE_INIT with the KMS.  The types and amount of prevention
 needed depends on how critical the system is and may vary depending
 on the Ticket Type.

12.4. Replay

 In a replay attack, an attacker may intercept and later retransmit
 the whole or part of a MIKEY message, attempting to trick the
 receiver (Responder or KMS) into undesired operations, e.g., leading
 to a lack of key freshness.  MIKEY-TICKET implements several
 mechanisms to prevent and detect such attacks.  Timestamps together
 with a replay cache efficiently stop the replay of entire MIKEY
 messages.  Parts of the received messages (or their hashes) can be
 saved in the replay cache until their timestamp is outdated.  To
 prevent replay attacks, the sender's (Initiator or Responder) and the
 receiver's (Responder or KMS) identity is always (explicitly or
 implicitly) included in the MAC/Signature calculation.

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 49] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 An attacker may also attempt to replay a ticket by inserting it into
 a new MIKEY message.  A possible scenario is that Alice and Bob first
 communicate based on a ticket, which an attacker Mallory intercepts.
 Later, Mallory (acting as herself) invites Bob by inserting the
 ticket into her own TRANSFER_INIT message.  If key forking is used,
 such replays will always be detected when Bob has resolved the
 ticket.  If key forking is not used, such replays will be detected
 unless Mallory has knowledge of the MPKi.  And if Mallory has
 knowledge of the MPKi (i.e., she is authorized to resolve the ticket)
 and key forking is not used, there is no attack.  For the reasons
 explained above, it is RECOMMENDED to use key forking.

12.5. Group Key Management

 In a group scenario, only authorized group members must have access
 to the keys.  In some situation, the communication may be initiated
 by the Initiator using a group identity and the Initiator may not
 even know exactly who the authorized group members are.  Moreover,
 group membership may change over time due to leaves/joins.  In such a
 situation, it is foremost the responsibility of the KMS to reject
 ticket resolution requests from unauthorized responders, implying
 that the KMS needs to be able to map an individual's identity
 (carried in the RESOLVE_INIT message) to group membership (where the
 group identity is carried in the ticket).
 As noted, reuse of tickets, which bypasses the KMS, is NOT
 RECOMMENDED when the Initiator is not fully ensured about group
 membership status.

13. Acknowledgements

 The authors would like to thank Fredrik Ahlqvist, Rolf Blom, Yi
 Cheng, Lakshminath Dondeti, Vesa Lehtovirta, Fredrik Lindholm, Mats
 Naslund, Karl Norrman, Oscar Ohlsson, Brian Rosenberg, Bengt Sahlin,
 Wei Yinxing, and Zhu Yunwen for their support and valuable comments.

14. IANA Considerations

 This document defines several new values for the namespaces Data
 Type, Next Payload, PRF func, CS ID map type, Encr alg, MAC alg, TS
 Type, ID Type, Hash func, Error no, and Key Data Type defined in
 [RFC3830].  The following IANA assignments were added to the MIKEY
 Payload registry (in parentheses is a reference to the table
 containing the registered values):
 o  Data Type (see Table 6.1)
 o  Next Payload (see Table 6.2)

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 50] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 o  PRF func (see Table 6.3)
 o  CS ID map type (see Table 6.4)
 o  Encr alg (see Table 6.5)
 o  MAC alg (see Table 6.6)
 o  TS Type (see Table 6.7)
 o  ID Type (see Table 6.9)
 o  Hash func (see Table 6.11)
 o  Error no (see Table 6.13)
 o  Key Data Type (see Table 6.14)
 The TR payload defines an 8-bit TS Role field for which IANA has
 created and will maintain a new namespace in the MIKEY Payload
 registry.  Assignments consist of a TS Role name and its associated
 value.  Values in the range 1-239 SHOULD be approved by the process
 of Specification Required, values in the range 240-254 are Reserved
 for Private Use, and the values 0 and 255 are Reserved according to
 [RFC5226].  The initial contents of the registry are as follows:
                Value    TS Role
                -------  ------------------------------
                0        Reserved
                1        Time of issue (TRi)
                2        Start of validity period (TRs)
                3        End of validity period (TRe)
                4        Rekeying interval (TRr)
                5-239    Unassigned
                240-254  Reserved for Private Use
                255      Reserved
 The IDR payload defines an 8-bit ID Role field for which IANA has
 created and will maintain a new namespace in the MIKEY Payload
 registry.  Assignments consist of an ID Role name and its associated
 value.  Values in the range 1-239 SHOULD be approved by the process
 of Specification Required, values in the range 240-254 are Reserved
 for Private Use, and the values 0 and 255 are Reserved according to
 [RFC5226].  The initial contents of the registry are as follows:

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 51] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

                   Value    ID Role
                   -------  -----------------------
                   0        Reserved
                   1        Initiator (IDRi)
                   2        Responder (IDRr)
                   3        KMS (IDRkms)
                   4        Pre-Shared Key (IDRpsk)
                   5        Application (IDRapp)
                   6-239    Unassigned
                   240-254  Reserved for Private Use
                   255      Reserved
 The RANDR payload defines an 8-bit RAND Role field for which IANA has
 created and will maintain a new namespace in the MIKEY Payload
 registry.  Assignments consist of a RAND Role name and its associated
 value.  Values in the range 1-239 SHOULD be approved by the process
 of Specification Required, values in the range 240-254 are Reserved
 for Private Use, and the values 0 and 255 are Reserved according to
 [RFC5226].  The initial contents of the registry are as follows:
                   Value    RAND Role
                   -------  ------------------
                   0        Reserved
                   1        Initiator (RANDRi)
                   2        Responder (RANDRr)
                   3        KMS (RANDRkms)
                   4-239    Unassigned
                   240-254  Reserved for Private Use
                   255      Reserved
 The TP/TICKET payload defines a 16-bit Ticket Type field for which
 IANA has created and will maintain a new namespace in the MIKEY
 Payload registry.  Assignments consist of a Ticket Type name and its
 associated value.  Values in the range 1-61439 SHOULD be approved by
 the process of Specification Required, values in the range 61440-
 65534 are Reserved for Private Use, and the values 0 and 65535 are
 Reserved according to [RFC5226].  The initial contents of the
 registry are as follows:
                 Value        Ticket Type
                 -----------  -----------------
                 0            Reserved
                 1            MIKEY base ticket
                 2            3GPP base ticket
                 3-61439      Unassigned
                 61440-65534  Reserved for Private Use
                 65535        Reserved

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 52] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

15. References

15.1. Normative References

 [FIPS.180-3]   National Institute of Standards and Technology,
                "Secure Hash Standard (SHS)", FIPS PUB 180-3,
                October 2008, <http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/
                fips180-3/fips180-3_final.pdf>.
 [RFC2104]      Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC:
                Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104,
                February 1997.
 [RFC2119]      Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
                Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
 [RFC3830]      Arkko, J., Carrara, E., Lindholm, F., Naslund, M., and
                K. Norrman, "MIKEY: Multimedia Internet KEYing",
                RFC 3830, August 2004.
 [RFC4330]      Mills, D., "Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP)
                Version 4 for IPv4, IPv6 and OSI", RFC 4330,
                January 2006.
 [RFC4563]      Carrara, E., Lehtovirta, V., and K. Norrman, "The Key
                ID Information Type for the General Extension Payload
                in Multimedia Internet KEYing (MIKEY)", RFC 4563,
                June 2006.
 [RFC4567]      Arkko, J., Lindholm, F., Naslund, M., Norrman, K., and
                E. Carrara, "Key Management Extensions for Session
                Description Protocol (SDP) and Real Time Streaming
                Protocol (RTSP)", RFC 4567, July 2006.
 [RFC4738]      Ignjatic, D., Dondeti, L., Audet, F., and P. Lin,
                "MIKEY-RSA-R: An Additional Mode of Key Distribution
                in Multimedia Internet KEYing (MIKEY)", RFC 4738,
                November 2006.
 [RFC5226]      Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing
                an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
                RFC 5226, May 2008.

15.2. Informative References

 [3GPP.33.328]  3GPP, "IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) media plane
                security", 3GPP TS 33.328 9.3.0, December 2010.

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 53] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

 [Otway-Rees]   Otway, D., and O. Rees, "Efficient and Timely Mutual
                Authentication", ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems
                Review v.21 n.1, p.8-10, January 1987.
 [RFC3261]      Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G.,
                Johnston, A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M.,
                and E. Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol",
                RFC 3261, June 2002.
 [RFC4120]      Neuman, C., Yu, T., Hartman, S., and K. Raeburn, "The
                Kerberos Network Authentication Service (V5)",
                RFC 4120, July 2005.
 [RFC4650]      Euchner, M., "HMAC-Authenticated Diffie-Hellman for
                Multimedia Internet KEYing (MIKEY)", RFC 4650,
                September 2006.
 [RFC5197]      Fries, S. and D. Ignjatic, "On the Applicability of
                Various Multimedia Internet KEYing (MIKEY) Modes and
                Extensions", RFC 5197, June 2008.
 [RFC5479]      Wing, D., Fries, S., Tschofenig, H., and F. Audet,
                "Requirements and Analysis of Media Security
                Management Protocols", RFC 5479, April 2009.

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 54] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

Appendix A. MIKEY Base Ticket

 The MIKEY base ticket MAY be used in any of the modes described in
 Section 4.1.1.  The Ticket Data SHALL be constructed of MIKEY
 payloads and SHALL be protected by a MAC based on a pre-shared Ticket
 Protection Key (TPK).  The parties that shares the TPK depends on the
 mode.  Unexpected payloads in the Ticket Data SHOULD be ignored.
            Ticket Data = THDR, T, RAND, KEMAC, [IDRpsk], V

A.1. Components of the Ticket Data

 The Ticket Data MUST always begin with a Ticket Header payload
 (THDR).  The ticket header is a new payload type; for the definition,
 see Appendix A.3.
 T is a timestamp containing the time of issue or a counter.  It MAY
 be used in the IV (Initialization Vector) formation (e.g., Section
 4.2.3 of [RFC3830]).
 RAND is used as input to the key derivation function when keys are
 derived from the TPK and the MPK (see Appendices A.2.1 and A.2.2).
 The KEMAC payload SHALL use the NULL authentication algorithm, as a
 MAC is included in the V payload.  The encryption key (encr_key) and
 salting key (salt_key) SHALL be derived from the TPK (see
 Appendix A.2.1).  Depending on the encryption algorithm, the salting
 key be used in the IV creation (see Section 4.2.3 of [RFC3830]).  If
 CSB ID is needed in the IV creation it SHALL be set to '0xFFFFFFFF'.
 The KEMAC is hence constructed as follows:
               KEMAC = E(encr_key, MPK || {TEK|TGK|GTGK})
 MPKi and MPKr are derived from the MPK as defined in Appendix A.2.2.
 IDRpsk contains an identifier that enables the KMS/Responder to
 retrieve the TPK.  It MAY be omitted when the TPK can be retrieved
 anyhow.
 The last payload SHALL be a Verification payload (V) where the
 authentication key (auth_key) is derived from the TPK.  The MAC SHALL
 be calculated over the entire TICKET payload except the Next Payload
 field (in the TICKET payload), the Initiator Data length field, the
 Initiator Data field, and the MAC field itself.

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 55] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

A.2. Key Derivation

 The labels in the key derivations SHALL NOT include entire RAND
 payloads, only the fields RAND length and RAND from the corresponding
 payload.

A.2.1. Deriving Keys from a TPK

 In the following, we describe how keying material is derived from a
 TPK.  The key derivation method SHALL be executed using the PRF
 indicated in the Ticket Policy.  The parameters for the PRF are:
 inkey:     : TPK
 inkey_len  : bit length of the inkey
 label      : constant || 0xFF || 0xFFFFFFFF || 0x05 ||
              length RAND || RAND
 outkey_len : desired bit length of the outkey (encr_key,
              auth_key, salt_key)
 Length RAND is the length of RAND in bytes as an 8-bit unsigned
 integer.  The constants are as defined in Section 4.1.4 of [RFC3830].
 The key derivation and its dependencies on Ticket Data contents when
 AES-CM is used are illustrated in Figure 10.  The key derivation is
 done by the party that creates the ticket (KMS or Initiator) and by
 the party that resolves the ticket (KMS or Responder).  The
 encryption key and the IV are used to encrypt the KEMAC.
  1. —- auth_key ——
  2. —- TPK | |———————–>| AUTH |

| TPK |———–>| | encr_key ——

  1. —- | PRF |——————–+ |

^ +–>| | salt_key | |

              :           |   |     |----------------+   |       |
              :           |    -----                 |   |       |
              :           |                          v   |       |
     identify :      RAND |            TS value    ----  |       | MAC
              :           |         +------------>| IV | |       |
              :           |         |              ----  |       |
              :           |         |             IV |   |       |
              :           |         |                v   v       v
 Ticket   +---+----+---+--+---+---+-+-+------------+-------+---+---+
  Data    | IDRpsk |...| RAND |...| T |............| KEMAC |...| V |
          +--------+---+------+---+---+------------+-------+---+---+
                  Figure 10: Deriving keys from a TPK

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 56] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

A.2.2. Deriving MPKi and MPKr

 In the following, we describe how MPKi and MPKr are derived from the
 MPK in the KEMAC payload.  The key derivation method SHALL be
 executed using the PRF indicated in the Ticket Policy.  The
 parameters for the PRF are:
 inkey:     : MPK
 inkey_len  : bit length of the inkey
 label      : constant || 0xFF || 0xFFFFFFFF || 0x06 ||
              length RAND || RAND
 outkey_len : desired bit length of the outkey (MPKi, MPKr)
              SHALL be equal to inkey_len
 Length RAND is the length of RAND in bytes as an 8-bit unsigned
 integer.  The constant depends on the derived key type as summarized
 below.
                        Derived key | Constant
                        ------------+-----------
                        MPKi        | 0x220E99A2
                        MPKr        | 0x1F4D675B
              Table A.1: Constants for MPK key derivation
 The constants are taken from the decimal digits of e as described in
 [RFC3830].

A.3. Ticket Header Payload (THDR)

 The ticket header payload contains an indicator of the next payload
 as well as implementation-specific data.
  0                   1                   2                   3
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 ! Next Payload  !        THDR Data length       !   THDR Data   ~
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  • Next Payload (8 bits): identifies the payload that is added after

this payload.

  • THDR Data length (16 bits): the length of the THDR Data field (in

bytes).

  • THDR Data (variable length): implementation specific data that

SHOULD be ignored if it is not expected.

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 57] RFC 6043 MIKEY-TICKET March 2011

Appendix B. Alternative Use Cases

B.1. Compatibility Mode

 MIKEY-TICKET can be used to define a Ticket Type compatible with
 [RFC3830] or any other half-round-trip key management protocol.  The
 Initiator requests and gets a ticket from the KMS where the Ticket
 Data is a [RFC3830] message protected with a pre-shared key
 (KMS-Responder) or with the Responder's certificate.  The Ticket Data
 is then sent to the Responder according to [RFC3830].  In this way,
 the Initiator can communicate with a Responder that only supports
 [RFC3830] and with whom the Initiator do not have any shared
 credentials.
 +---+                          +-----+                          +---+
 | I |                          | KMS |                          | R |
 +---+                          +-----+                          +---+
             REQUEST_INIT
   -------------------------------->
             REQUEST_RESP
   <--------------------------------
                              3830 MIKEY
   ---------------------------------------------------------------->
                     Figure 11: Compatibility mode

Authors' Addresses

 John Mattsson
 Ericsson AB
 SE-164 80 Stockholm
 Sweden
 Phone: +46 10 71 43 501
 EMail: john.mattsson@ericsson.com
 Tian Tian
 ZTE Corporation
 4F, RD Building 2, Zijinghua Road
 Yuhuatai District, Nanjing 210012
 P.R. China
 Phone: +86-025-5287-7867
 EMail: tian.tian1@zte.com.cn

Mattsson & Tian Informational [Page 58]

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