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rfc:rfc5985

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) M. Barnes, Ed. Request for Comments: 5985 Polycom Category: Standards Track September 2010 ISSN: 2070-1721

               HTTP-Enabled Location Delivery (HELD)

Abstract

 This document defines a Layer 7 Location Configuration Protocol (L7
 LCP) and describes the use of HTTP and HTTP/TLS as transports for the
 L7 LCP.  The L7 LCP is used for retrieving location information from
 a server within an access network.  It includes options for
 retrieving location information in two forms: by value and by
 reference.  The protocol is an extensible application-layer protocol
 that is independent of the session layer.

Status of This Memo

 This is an Internet Standards Track document.
 This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
 (IETF).  It represents the consensus of the IETF community.  It has
 received public review and has been approved for publication by the
 Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Further information on
 Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
 Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
 and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
 http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5985.

Copyright Notice

 Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
 document authors.  All rights reserved.
 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
 Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
 (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
 publication of this document.  Please review these documents
 carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
 to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
 include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
 the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
 described in the Simplified BSD License.

Barnes Standards Track [Page 1] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

Table of Contents

 1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
 2.  Conventions and Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
 3.  Overview and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
 4.  Protocol Overview  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   4.1.  Device Identifiers, NAT and VPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     4.1.1.  Devices and VPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     4.1.2.  LIS Handling of NATs and VPNs  . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   4.2.  Location by Value  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   4.3.  Location by Reference  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
 5.  Protocol Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   5.1.  Location Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
   5.2.  Location Response  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
   5.3.  Indicating Errors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
 6.  Protocol Parameters  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   6.1.  "responseTime" Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   6.2.  "locationType" Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     6.2.1.  "exact" Attribute  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   6.3.  "code" Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   6.4.  "message" Parameter  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   6.5.  "locationUriSet" Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     6.5.1.  "locationURI" Parameter  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     6.5.2.  "expires" Parameter  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
   6.6.  "Presence" Parameter (PIDF-LO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
 7.  XML Schema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
 8.  HTTP Binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
 9.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
   9.1.  Assuring That the Proper LIS Has Been Contacted  . . . . . 23
   9.2.  Protecting Responses from Modification . . . . . . . . . . 23
   9.3.  Privacy and Confidentiality  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
 10. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
   10.1. Examples of HTTPS Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
   10.2. Example of a Simple Location Request . . . . . . . . . . . 26
   10.3. An Example of a Location Request for Multiple Location
         Types  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
 11. IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
   11.1. URN Sub-Namespace Registration for
         urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:geopriv:held  . . . . . . . . . . . 28
   11.2. XML Schema Registration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
   11.3. MIME Media Type Registration for 'application/held+xml'  . 29
   11.4. Error Code Registry  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
 12. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
 13. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
 14. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
   14.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
   14.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Barnes Standards Track [Page 2] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

 Appendix A.  HELD Compliance to IETF LCP Requirements  . . . . . . 36
   A.1.  L7-1: Identifier Choice  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
   A.2.  L7-2: Mobility Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
   A.3.  L7-3: ASP and Access Network Provider Relationship . . . . 37
   A.4.  L7-4: Layer 2 and Layer 3 Provider Relationship  . . . . . 37
   A.5.  L7-5: Legacy Device Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
   A.6.  L7-6: VPN Awareness  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
   A.7.  L7-7: Network Access Authentication  . . . . . . . . . . . 38
   A.8.  L7-8: Network Topology Unawareness . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
   A.9.  L7-9: Discovery Mechanism  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
   A.10. L7-10: PIDF-LO Creation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

1. Introduction

 The location of a Device is information that is useful for a number
 of applications.  The L7 Location Configuration Protocol (LCP)
 problem statement and requirements document [RFC5687] provides some
 scenarios in which a Device might rely on its access network to
 provide location information.  The Location Information Server (LIS)
 service applies to access networks employing both wired technology
 (e.g., DSL, cable) and wireless technology (e.g., WiMAX) with varying
 degrees of Device mobility.  This document describes a protocol that
 can be used to acquire Location Information (LI) from a LIS within an
 access network.
 This specification identifies two types of location information that
 may be retrieved from the LIS.  Location may be retrieved from the
 LIS by value; that is, the Device may acquire a literal location
 object describing the location of the Device.  The Device may also
 request that the LIS provide a location reference in the form of a
 Location URI or set of Location URIs, allowing the Device to
 distribute its LI by reference.  Both of these methods can be
 provided concurrently from the same LIS to accommodate application
 requirements for different types of location information.
 This specification defines an extensible XML-based protocol that
 enables the retrieval of LI from a LIS by a Device.  This protocol
 can be bound to any session-layer protocol, particularly those
 capable of MIME transport.  This document describes the use of HTTP
 and HTTP/TLS as transports for the protocol.

2. Conventions and Terminology

 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
 document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

Barnes Standards Track [Page 3] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

 This document uses the terms (and their acronym forms): Access
 Provider (AP), Location Information (LI), Location Object (LO),
 Device, Target, Location Generator (LG), Location Recipient (LR), and
 Rule Maker (RM) and Rule Holder (RH) as defined in GEOPRIV
 Requirements [RFC3693].  The terms Location Information Server (LIS),
 Access Network, Access Provider (AP), and Access Network Provider are
 used in the same context as defined in the L7 LCP Problem statement
 and Requirements document [RFC5687].  The usage of the terms Civic
 Location/Address and Geodetic Location follows the usage in many of
 the referenced documents.
 In describing the protocol, the terms "attribute" and "element" are
 used according to their context in XML.  The term "parameter" is used
 in a more general protocol context and can refer to either an XML
 "attribute" or "element".

3. Overview and Scope

 This document describes an interface between a Device and a Location
 Information Server (LIS).  This document assumes that the LIS is
 present within the same administrative domain as the Device (e.g.,
 the access network).  The LIS exists because not all Devices are
 capable of determining LI, and because, even if a Device is able to
 determine its own LI, it may be more efficient with assistance.  This
 document does not specify how LI is determined.  An Access Provider
 (AP) operates the LIS so that Devices (and Targets) can retrieve
 their LI.  This document assumes that the Device and Access Provider
 have no prior relationship other than what is necessary for the
 Device to obtain network access.
 This document is based on the attribution of the LI to a Device and
 not specifically a person (end user) or Target, based on the premise
 that location determination technologies are generally designed to
 locate a Device and not a person.  It is expected that, for most
 applications, LI for the Device can be used as an adequate substitute
 for the end user's LI.  Since revealing the location of the Device
 almost invariably reveals some information about the location of the
 user of the Device, the same level of privacy protection demanded by
 a user is required for the Device.  This approach may require either
 some additional assurances about the link between Device and target,
 or an acceptance of the limitation that unless the Device requires
 active user authentication, there is no guarantee that any particular
 individual is using the Device at that instant.
 The following diagram shows the logical configuration of some of the
 functional elements identified in [RFC3693] and the LIS defined in
 [RFC5687].  It also shows where this protocol applies, with the Rule

Barnes Standards Track [Page 4] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

 Maker and Target represented by the role of the Device.  Note that
 only the interfaces relevant to the Device are identified in the
 diagram.
                   +---------------------------------------------+
                   | Access Network Provider                     |
                   |                                             |
                   |   +--------------------------------------+  |
                   |   | Location Information Server          |  |
                   |   |                                      |  |
                   |   |                                      |  |
                   |   |                                      |  |
                   |   |                                      |  |
                   |   +------|-------------------------------+  |
                   +----------|----------------------------------+
                              |
                              |
                             HELD
                              |
   Rule Maker - - _     +-----------+         +-----------+
         o          - - | Device    |         | Location  |
        <U\             |           | - - - - | Recipient |
        / \       _ - - |           |   APP   |           |
       Target - -       +-----------+         +-----------+
                      Figure 1: Significant Roles
 The interface between the Location Recipient (LR) and the Device
 and/or LIS is application specific, as indicated by the APP
 annotation in the diagram and it is outside the scope of the
 document.  An example of an APP interface between a Device and LR can
 be found in the SIP Location Conveyance document [LOC-CONVEY].

4. Protocol Overview

 A Device uses the HTTP-Enabled Location Delivery (HELD) protocol to
 retrieve its location either directly in the form of a Presence
 Information Data Format Location Object (PIDF-LO) document (by value)
 or indirectly as a Location URI (by reference).  The security
 necessary to ensure the accuracy, privacy, and confidentiality of the
 Device's location is described in the Security Considerations
 (Section 9).
 As described in the L7 LCP problem statement and requirements
 document [RFC5687], the Device MUST first discover the URI for the
 LIS for sending the HELD protocol requests.  The URI for the LIS
 SHOULD be obtained from an authorized and authenticated entity.  The
 details for ensuring that an appropriate LIS is contacted are

Barnes Standards Track [Page 5] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

 provided in Section 9 and in particular Section 9.1.  The LIS
 discovery protocol details are out of scope of this document and are
 specified in [RFC5986].  The type of URI provided by LIS discovery is
 RECOMMENDED to be an HTTPS URI.
 The LIS requires an identifier for the Device in order to determine
 the appropriate location to include in the location response message.
 In this document, the IP address of the Device, as reflected by the
 source IP address in the location request message, is used as the
 identifier.  Other identifiers are possible, but are beyond the scope
 of this document.

4.1. Device Identifiers, NAT and VPNs

 Use of the HELD protocol is subject to the viability of the
 identifier used by the LIS to determine location.  This document
 describes the use of the source IP address sent from the Device as
 the identifier used by the LIS.  When Network Address Translation
 (NAT), a Virtual Private Network (VPN), or other forms of address
 modification occur between the Device and the LIS, the location
 returned could be inaccurate.
 Not all cases of NATs introduce inaccuracies in the returned
 location.  For example, a NAT used in a residential Local Area
 Network (LAN) is typically not a problem.  The external IP address
 used on the Wide Area Network (WAN) side of the NAT is an acceptable
 identifier for all of the Devices in the residence (on the LAN side
 of the NAT), since the covered geographical area is small.
 On the other hand, if there is a VPN between the Device and the LIS
 (for example, for a teleworker), then the IP address seen by a LIS
 inside the enterprise network might not be the right address to
 identify the location of the Device.  Section 4.1.2 provides
 recommendations to address this issue.

4.1.1. Devices and VPNs

 To minimize the impact of connections or tunnels setup for security
 purposes or for traversing middleboxes, Devices that connect to
 servers such as VPN servers, SOCKS servers, and HTTP proxy servers
 should perform their HELD query on the LIS prior to establishing a
 connection to other servers.  It is RECOMMENDED that discovery
 [RFC5986] and an initial query be performed before establishing any
 connections to other servers.  If a Device performs the HELD query
 after establishing a connection to another server, the Device may
 receive inaccurate location information.

Barnes Standards Track [Page 6] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

 Devices that establish VPN connections for use by other Devices
 inside a LAN or other closed network could serve as a LIS, that
 implements the HELD protocol, for those other Devices.  Devices
 within the closed network are not necessarily able to detect the
 presence of the VPN.  In this case, a VPN Device should provide the
 address of the LIS server it provides, in response to discovery
 queries, rather than passing such queries through the VPN tunnel.
 Otherwise, the other Devices would be totally unaware that they could
 receive inaccurate location information.
 It could also be useful for a VPN Device to serve as a LIS for other
 location configuration options such as Dynamic Host Configuration
 Protocol (DHCP) [RFC3825] or Link Layer Discovery Protocol - Media
 Endpoint Discovery [LLDP-MED].  For this case, the VPN Device that
 serves as a LIS may first acquire its own location using HELD.

4.1.2. LIS Handling of NATs and VPNs

 In the cases where the Device connects to the LIS through a VPN or a
 NAT that serves a large geographic area or multiple geographic
 locations (for example, a NAT used by an enterprise to connect their
 private network to the Internet), the LIS might not be able to return
 accurate LI.  If the LIS cannot determine LI for the Device, it
 should provide an error response to the requesting Device.  The LIS
 needs to be configured to recognize identifiers that represent these
 conditions.
 LIS operators have a large role in ensuring the best possible
 environment for location determination.  The LIS operator needs to
 ensure that the LIS is properly configured with identifiers that
 indicate Devices on the remote side of a NAT or VPN.  In order to
 serve the Devices on the remote side of a NAT or VPN, a LIS needs to
 have a presence on the side of the NAT or VPN nearest the Device.

4.2. Location by Value

 Where a Device requires LI directly, it can request that the LIS
 create a PIDF-LO document.  This approach fits well with a
 configuration whereby the Device directly makes use of the provided
 PIDF-LO document.  The details on the information that may be
 included in the PIDF-LO MUST follow the subset of those rules
 relating to the construction of the "location-info" element in the
 PIDF-LO Usage Clarification, Considerations, and Recommendations
 document [RFC5491].  Further detail is included in "Protocol
 Parameters" (Section 6).

Barnes Standards Track [Page 7] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

4.3. Location by Reference

 Requesting location directly does not always address the requirements
 of an application.  A Device can request a Location URI instead of
 literal location.  A Location URI is a URI [RFC3986] of any scheme,
 which a Location Recipient (LR) can use to retrieve LI.  A Location
 URI provided by a LIS can be assumed to be globally addressable; that
 is, anyone in possession of the URI can access the LIS.
 However, possession of the URI does not in any way suggest that the
 LIS indiscriminately reveals the location associated with the
 Location URI.  The specific requirements associated with the
 dereference of the location are specified in [RFC5808].  The location
 dereference protocol details are out of scope of this document.  As
 such, many of the requirements in [RFC5808] (e.g., canceling of
 location references) are not intended to be supported by this
 specification.  It is anticipated that future specifications may
 address these requirements.

5. Protocol Description

 As discussed in Section 4, the HELD protocol provides for the
 retrieval of the Device's location in the form of a PIDF-LO document
 and/or Location URI(s) from a LIS.  Three messages are defined to
 support the location retrieval: locationRequest, locationResponse,
 and error.
 The Location Request (locationRequest) message is described in
 Section 5.1.  A Location Request message from a Device indicates
 whether location should be returned in the form of a PIDF-LO document
 (with specific type(s) of location) and/or Location URI(s).  In case
 of success, the LIS replies with a locationResponse message,
 including a PIDF-LO document and/or one or more Location URIs.  In
 the case of an error, the LIS replies with an error message.
 The HELD protocol messages are defined as XML documents that MUST be
 encoded in UTF-8.  A MIME type "application/held+xml" is registered
 in Section 11.3 to distinguish HELD messages from other XML document
 bodies.  This specification follows the recommendations and
 conventions described in [RFC3023], including the naming convention
 of the type ('+xml' suffix) and the usage of the 'charset' parameter.
 The 'charset' parameter MUST be included with the XML document.
 Section 6 contains a more thorough description of the protocol
 parameters, valid values, and how each should be handled.  Section 7
 contains a more specific definition of the structure of these
 messages in the form of an XML Schema [W3C.REC-xmlschema-1-20041028].

Barnes Standards Track [Page 8] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

 Section 8 describes the use of a combination of HTTP [RFC2616], TLS
 [RFC5246], and TCP [RFC0793] for transporting the HELD messages.

5.1. Location Request

 A location request message is sent from the Device to the LIS when
 the Device requires its own LI.  The type of LI that a Device
 requests is determined by the type of LI that is included in the
 "locationType" element.
 The location request is made by sending a document formed of a
 "locationRequest" element.  The LIS uses the source IP address of the
 location request message as the primary source of identity for the
 requesting Device or target.  It is anticipated that other Device
 identities may be provided through schema extensions.
 The LIS MUST ignore any part of a location request message that it
 does not understand, except the document element.  If the document
 element of a request is not supported, the LIS MUST return an error
 with the unsupportedMessage error code.

5.2. Location Response

 A successful response to a location request MUST contain a PIDF-LO
 and/or Location URI(s).  The response SHOULD contain location
 information of the requested "locationType".  The cases whereby a
 different type of location information MAY be returned are described
 in Section 6.2.

5.3. Indicating Errors

 If the LIS is unable to provide location information based on the
 received locationRequest message, it MUST return an error message.
 The LIS may return an error message in response to requests for any
 "locationType".
 An error indication document consists of an "error" element.  The
 "error" element MUST include a "code" attribute that indicates the
 type of error.  A set of predefined error codes are included in
 Section 6.3.
 Error responses MAY also include a "message" attribute that can
 include additional information.  This information SHOULD be for
 diagnostic purposes only and MAY be in any language.  The language of
 the message SHOULD be indicated with an "xml:lang" attribute.

Barnes Standards Track [Page 9] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

6. Protocol Parameters

 This section describes in detail the parameters that are used for
 this protocol.  Table 1 lists the top-level components used within
 the protocol and where they are mandatory (m) or optional (o) for
 each of the messages.
 +----------------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+
 | Parameter      |  Section  |  Location  |  Location  |    Error   |
 |                |           |   Request  |  Response  |            |
 +----------------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+
 | responseTime   |    6.1    |      o     |            |            |
 |                |           |            |            |            |
 | locationType   |    6.2    |      o     |            |            |
 |                |           |            |            |            |
 | code           |    6.3    |            |            |      m     |
 |                |           |            |            |            |
 | message        |    6.4    |            |            |      o     |
 |                |           |            |            |            |
 | locationUriSet |    6.5    |            |      o     |            |
 |                |           |            |            |            |
 | Presence       |    6.6    |            |      o     |            |
 | (PIDF-LO)      |           |            |            |            |
 +----------------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+
                   Table 1: Message Parameter Usage

6.1. "responseTime" Parameter

 The "responseTime" attribute MAY be included in a location request
 message.  The "responseTime" attribute includes a time value
 indicating to the LIS how long the Device is prepared to wait for a
 response or a purpose for which the Device needs the location.
 In the case of emergency services, the purpose of obtaining the LI
 could be either for routing a call to the appropriate Public Safety
 Answering Point (PSAP) or indicating the location to which responders
 should be dispatched.  The values defined for the purpose,
 "emergencyRouting" and "emergencyDispatch", will likely be governed
 by jurisdictional policies and should be configurable on the LIS.
 The time value in the "responseTime" attribute is expressed as a non-
 negative integer in units of milliseconds.  The time value is
 indicative only, and the LIS is under no obligation to strictly
 adhere to the time limit implied; any enforcement of the time limit
 is left to the requesting Device.  The LIS provides the most accurate
 LI that can be determined within the specified interval for the
 specific service.

Barnes Standards Track [Page 10] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

 The LIS may use the value of the time in the "responseTime" attribute
 as input when selecting the method of location determination, where
 multiple such methods exist.  If the "responseTime" attribute is
 absent, then the LIS should return the most precise LI it is capable
 of determining, with the time interval being implementation
 dependent.

6.2. "locationType" Parameter

 The "locationType" element MAY be included in a location request
 message.  It contains a list of LI types that are requested by the
 Device.  The following list describes the possible values:
 any:  The LIS SHOULD attempt to provide LI in all forms available to
    it.
 geodetic:  The LIS SHOULD return a location by value in the form of a
    geodetic location for the Target.
 civic:  The LIS SHOULD return a location by value in the form of a
    civic address for the Target.
 locationURI:  The LIS SHOULD return a set of Location URIs for the
    Target.
 The LIS SHOULD return the requested location type or types.  The
 location types the LIS returns also depend on the setting of the
 optional "exact" attribute.  If the "exact" attribute is set to
 "true", then the LIS MUST return either the requested location type
 or provide an error response.  The "exact" attribute does not apply
 (is ignored) for a request for a location type of "any".  Further
 detail of the "exact" attribute processing is provided in the
 following Section 6.2.1.
 When there is a request for specific locationType(s) and the "exact"
 attribute is "false", the LIS MAY provide additional location types,
 or it MAY provide alternative types if the request cannot be
 satisfied for a requested location type.  The "SHOULD"-strength
 requirements on this parameter for specific location types are
 included to allow for soft-failover.  This enables a fixed client
 configuration that prefers a specific location type without causing
 location requests to fail when that location type is unavailable.
 For example, a notebook computer could be configured to retrieve
 civic addresses, which is usually available from typical home or work
 situations.  However, when using a wireless modem, the LIS might be
 unable to provide a civic address and thus provides a geodetic
 address.

Barnes Standards Track [Page 11] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

 The LIS SHOULD return location information in a form that is suited
 for routing and responding to an emergency call in its jurisdiction,
 specifically by value.  The LIS MAY alternatively or additionally
 return a Location URI.  If the "locationType" element is absent, a
 value of "any" MUST be assumed as the default.  A Location URI
 provided by the LIS is a reference to the most current available LI
 and is not a stable reference to a specific location.
 It should be noted that the protocol does not support a request to
 just receive one of a subset of location types.  For example, in the
 case where a Device has a preference for just "geodetic" or "civic",
 it is necessary to make the request without an "exact" attribute,
 including both location types.  In this case, if neither is
 available, a LIS SHOULD return a locationURI if available.
 The LIS SHOULD provide the locations in the response in the same
 order in which they were included in the "locationType" element in
 the request.  Indeed, the primary advantage of including specific
 location types in a request when the "exact" attribute is set to
 "false" is to ensure that one receives the available locations in a
 specific order.  For example, a locationRequest for "civic" could
 yield any of the following location types in the response:
 o  civic
 o  civic, geodetic
 o  civic, locationURI
 o  civic, geodetic, locationURI
 o  civic, locationURI, geodetic
 o  geodetic, locationURI (only if civic is not available)
 o  locationURI, geodetic (only if civic is not available)
 o  geodetic (only if civic is not available)
 o  locationURI (only if civic is not available)
 For the example above, if the "exact" attribute was "true", then the
 only possible response is either a "civic" location or an error
 message.

Barnes Standards Track [Page 12] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

6.2.1. "exact" Attribute

 The "exact" attribute MAY be included in a location request message
 when the "locationType" element is included.  When the "exact"
 attribute is set to "true", it indicates to the LIS that the contents
 of the "locationType" parameter MUST be strictly followed.  The
 default value of "false" allows the LIS the option of returning
 something beyond what is specified, such as a set of Location URIs
 when only a civic location was requested.
 A value of "true" indicates that the LIS MUST provide a location of
 the requested type or types or MUST provide an error.  The LIS MUST
 provide the requested types only.  The LIS MUST handle an exact
 request that includes a "locationType" element set to "any" as if the
 "exact" attribute were set to "false".

6.3. "code" Parameter

 All "error" responses MUST contain a response code.  All errors are
 application-level errors and MUST only be provided in successfully
 processed transport-level responses.  For example, where HTTP/HTTPS
 is used as the transport, HELD error messages MUST be carried by a
 200 OK HTTP/HTTPS response.
 The value of the response code MUST be an IANA-registered value.  The
 following tokens are registered by this document:
 requestError:  This code indicates that the request was badly formed
    in some fashion (other than the XML content).
 xmlError:  This code indicates that the XML content of the request
    was either badly formed or invalid.
 generalLisError:  This code indicates that an unspecified error
    occurred at the LIS.
 locationUnknown:  This code indicates that the LIS could not
    determine the location of the Device.  The same request can be
    sent by the Device at a later time.  Devices MUST limit any
    attempts to retry requests.
 unsupportedMessage:  This code indicates that an element in the XML
    document for the request was not supported or understood by the
    LIS.  This error code is used when a HELD request contains a
    document element that is not supported by the receiver.
 timeout:  This code indicates that the LIS could not satisfy the
    request within the time specified in the "responseTime" parameter.

Barnes Standards Track [Page 13] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

 cannotProvideLiType:  This code indicates that the LIS was unable to
    provide LI of the type or types requested.  This code is used when
    the "exact" attribute on the "locationType" parameter is set to
    "true".
 notLocatable:  This code indicates that the LIS is unable to locate
    the Device and that the Device MUST NOT make further attempts to
    retrieve LI from this LIS.  This error code is used to indicate
    that the Device is outside the access network served by the LIS,
    for instance, the VPN and NAT scenarios discussed in
    Section 4.1.2.

6.4. "message" Parameter

 The "error" message MAY include one or more "message" attributes to
 convey some additional, human-readable information about the result
 of the request.  The message MAY be included in any language, which
 SHOULD be indicated by the "xml:lang", attribute.  The default
 language is assumed to be English ("en") [RFC5646].

6.5. "locationUriSet" Parameter

 The "locationUriSet" element received in a "locationResponse" message
 MAY contain any number of "locationURI" elements.  It is RECOMMENDED
 that the LIS allocate a Location URI for each scheme that it supports
 and that each scheme is present only once.  URI schemes and their
 secure variants, such as HTTP and HTTPS, MUST be regarded as two
 separate schemes.
 If a "locationUriSet" element is received in a "locationResponse"
 message, it MUST contain an "expires" attribute, which defines the
 length of time for which the set of "locationURI" elements are valid.

6.5.1. "locationURI" Parameter

 The "locationURI" element includes a single Location URI.  In order
 for a URI of any particular scheme to be included in a response,
 there MUST be a specification that defines how that URI can be used
 to retrieve location information.  The details of the protocol for
 dereferencing must meet the location dereference protocol
 requirements as specified in [RFC5808] and are outside the scope of
 this base HELD specification.
 Each Location URI that is allocated by the LIS is unique to the
 Device that is requesting it.  At the time the Location URI is
 provided in the response, there is no binding to a specific location

Barnes Standards Track [Page 14] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

 type and the Location URI is totally independent of the specific type
 of location it might reference.  The specific location type is
 determined at the time of dereference.
 A "locationURI" SHOULD NOT contain any information that could be used
 to identify the Device or Target.  Thus, it is RECOMMENDED that the
 "locationURI" element contain a public address for the LIS and an
 anonymous identifier, such as a local identifier or unlinked
 pseudonym.
 When a LIS returns a "locationURI" element to a Device, the policy on
 the "locationURI" is set by the LIS alone.  This specification does
 not include a mechanism for the HELD client to set access control
 policies on a "locationURI".  Conversely, there is no mechanism, in
 this protocol as defined in this document, for the LIS to provide a
 Device the access control policy to be applied to a "locationURI".
 Since the Device is not aware of the access controls to be applied to
 (subsequent) requests to dereference a "locationURI", the client
 SHOULD protect a "locationURI" as if it were a Location Object --
 i.e., the Device SHOULD send a "locationURI" over encrypted channels
 and only to entities that are authorized to have access to the
 location.
 Further guidelines to ensure the privacy and confidentiality of the
 information contained in the "locationResponse" message, including
 the "locationURI", are included in Section 9.3.

6.5.2. "expires" Parameter

 The "expires" attribute is only included in a "locationResponse"
 message when a "locationUriSet" element is included.  The "expires"
 attribute indicates the date/time at which the Location URIs provided
 by the LIS will expire.  The "expires" attribute does not define the
 length of time a location received by dereferencing the Location URI
 will be valid.  The "expires" attribute is RECOMMENDED not to exceed
 24 hours and SHOULD be a minimum of 30 minutes.
 All date-time values used in HELD MUST be expressed in Universal
 Coordinated Time (UTC) using the Gregorian calendar.  The XML schema
 allows use of time zone identifiers to indicate offsets from the zero
 meridian, but this option MUST NOT be used with HELD.  The extended
 date-time form using upper case "T" and "Z" characters defined in
 [W3C.REC-xmlschema-2-20041028] MUST be used to represent date-time
 values.

Barnes Standards Track [Page 15] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

 Location responses that contain a "locationUriSet" element MUST
 include the expiry time in the "expires" attribute.  If a Device
 dereferences a Location URI after the expiry time, the dereference
 SHOULD fail.

6.6. "Presence" Parameter (PIDF-LO)

 A single "presence" parameter MAY be included in the
 "locationResponse" message when specific locationTypes (e.g.,
 "geodetic" or "civic") are requested or a "locationType" of "any" is
 requested.  The LIS MUST follow the subset of the rules relating to
 the construction of the "location-info" element in the PIDF-LO Usage
 Clarification, Considerations, and Recommendations document [RFC5491]
 in generating the PIDF-LO for the presence parameter.
 The LIS MUST NOT include any means of identifying the Device in the
 PIDF-LO unless it is able to verify that the identifier is correct
 and inclusion of identity is expressly permitted by a Rule Maker.
 Therefore, PIDF parameters that contain identity are either omitted
 or contain unlinked pseudonyms [RFC3693].  A unique, unlinked
 presentity URI SHOULD be generated by the LIS for the mandatory
 presence "entity" attribute of the PIDF document.  Optional
 parameters such as the "contact" and "deviceID" elements [RFC4479]
 are not used.
 Note that the presence parameter is not explicitly shown in the XML
 schema in Section 7 for a location response message, due to XML
 schema constraints, since PIDF is already defined and registered
 separately.  Thus, the "##other" namespace serves as a placeholder
 for the presence parameter in the schema.

7. XML Schema

 This section gives the XML Schema Definition
 [W3C.REC-xmlschema-1-20041028] [W3C.REC-xmlschema-2-20041028] of the
 "application/held+xml" format.  This is presented as a formal
 definition of the "application/held+xml" format.  Note that the XML
 Schema Definition is not intended to be used with on-the-fly
 validation of the presence XML document.  Whitespaces are included in
 the schema to conform to the line length restrictions of the RFC
 format without having a negative impact on the readability of the
 document.  Any conforming processor should remove leading and
 trailing white spaces.

Barnes Standards Track [Page 16] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<xs:schema
    targetNamespace="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:geopriv:held"
    xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
    xmlns:held="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:geopriv:held"
    xmlns:xml="http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace"
    elementFormDefault="qualified"
    attributeFormDefault="unqualified">
  <xs:annotation>
    <xs:documentation>
      This document (RFC 5985) defines HELD messages.
    </xs:documentation>
  </xs:annotation>
  <xs:import namespace="http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace"/>
  <!-- Return Location -->
  <xs:complexType name="returnLocationType">
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:restriction base="xs:anyType">
        <xs:sequence>
          <xs:element name="locationURI" type="xs:anyURI"
                      maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
        </xs:sequence>
        <xs:attribute name="expires" type="xs:dateTime"
                      use="required"/>
      </xs:restriction>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <!-- responseTime Type -->
  <xs:simpleType name="responseTimeType">
    <xs:union>
      <xs:simpleType>
        <xs:restriction base="xs:token">
          <xs:enumeration value="emergencyRouting"/>
          <xs:enumeration value="emergencyDispatch"/>
        </xs:restriction>
      </xs:simpleType>
      <xs:simpleType>
        <xs:restriction base="xs:nonNegativeInteger">
          <xs:minInclusive value="0"/>
        </xs:restriction>
      </xs:simpleType>
    </xs:union>
  </xs:simpleType>

Barnes Standards Track [Page 17] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

  <!-- Location Type -->
  <xs:simpleType name="locationTypeBase">
    <xs:union>
      <xs:simpleType>
        <xs:restriction base="xs:token">
          <xs:enumeration value="any"/>
        </xs:restriction>
      </xs:simpleType>
      <xs:simpleType>
        <xs:restriction base="held:locationTypeList">
          <xs:minLength value="1"/>
        </xs:restriction>
      </xs:simpleType>
    </xs:union>
  </xs:simpleType>
  <xs:simpleType name="locationTypeList">
    <xs:list>
      <xs:simpleType>
        <xs:restriction base="xs:token">
          <xs:enumeration value="civic"/>
          <xs:enumeration value="geodetic"/>
          <xs:enumeration value="locationURI"/>
        </xs:restriction>
      </xs:simpleType>
    </xs:list>
  </xs:simpleType>
  <xs:complexType name="locationTypeType">
    <xs:simpleContent>
      <xs:extension base="held:locationTypeBase">
        <xs:attribute name="exact" type="xs:boolean"
                      use="optional" default="false"/>
      </xs:extension>
    </xs:simpleContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <!-- Message Definitions -->
  <xs:complexType name="baseRequestType">
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:restriction base="xs:anyType">
        <xs:sequence/>
        <xs:attribute name="responseTime" type="held:responseTimeType"
                      use="optional"/>
        <xs:anyAttribute namespace="##any" processContents="lax"/>
      </xs:restriction>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>

Barnes Standards Track [Page 18] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

  <xs:complexType name="errorType">
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:restriction base="xs:anyType">
        <xs:sequence>
          <xs:element name="message" type="held:errorMsgType"
                      minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
          <xs:any namespace="##other" processContents="lax"
                  minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
        </xs:sequence>
        <xs:attribute name="code" type="xs:token"
                      use="required"/>
        <xs:anyAttribute namespace="##any" processContents="lax"/>
      </xs:restriction>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:complexType name="errorMsgType">
    <xs:simpleContent>
      <xs:extension base="xs:token">
        <xs:attribute ref="xml:lang"/>
        <xs:anyAttribute namespace="##any" processContents="lax"/>
      </xs:extension>
    </xs:simpleContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:element name="error" type="held:errorType"/>
  <!-- Location Response -->
  <xs:complexType name="locationResponseType">
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:restriction base="xs:anyType">
        <xs:sequence>
          <xs:element name="locationUriSet"
                      type="held:returnLocationType"
                      minOccurs="0"/>
          <xs:any namespace="##other" processContents="lax"
                  minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
        </xs:sequence>
      </xs:restriction>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:element name="locationResponse"
              type="held:locationResponseType"/>
  <!-- Location Request -->
  <xs:complexType name="locationRequestType">
    <xs:complexContent>

Barnes Standards Track [Page 19] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

      <xs:extension base="held:baseRequestType">
        <xs:sequence>
          <xs:element name="locationType"
                      type="held:locationTypeType"
                      minOccurs="0"/>
          <xs:any namespace="##other" processContents="lax"
                  minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
        </xs:sequence>
      </xs:extension>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:element name="locationRequest"
              type="held:locationRequestType"/>
</xs:schema>

8. HTTP Binding

 This section describes the use of HTTP [RFC2616] and HTTP over TLS
 [RFC2818] as transport mechanisms for the HELD protocol, which a
 conforming LIS and Device MUST support.
 Although HELD uses HTTP as a transport, it uses a strict subset of
 HTTP features, and due to the restrictions of some features, a LIS is
 not a fully compliant HTTP server.  It is intended that a LIS can
 easily be built using an HTTP server with extensibility mechanisms
 and that a HELD Device can trivially use existing HTTP libraries.
 This subset of requirements helps implementors avoid ambiguity with
 the many options that the full HTTP protocol offers.
 A Device that conforms to this specification MAY choose not to
 support HTTP authentication [RFC2617] or cookies [RFC2965].  Because
 the Device and the LIS may not necessarily have a prior relationship,
 the LIS SHOULD NOT require a Device to authenticate, either using the
 above HTTP authentication methods or TLS client authentication.
 Unless all Devices that access a LIS can be expected to be able to
 authenticate in a certain fashion, denying access to location
 information could prevent a Device from using location-dependent
 services, such as emergency calling.  Extensions to this protocol
 might result in the addition of request parameters that a LIS might
 use to decide to request Device authentication.
 A HELD request is carried in the body of an HTTP POST request.  The
 Device MUST include a Host header in the request.

Barnes Standards Track [Page 20] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

 The MIME type of HELD request and response bodies is
 "application/held+xml".  LIS and Device MUST provide this value in
 the HTTP Content-Type and Accept header fields.  If the LIS does not
 receive the appropriate Content-Type and Accept header fields, the
 LIS SHOULD fail the request, returning a 406 (not acceptable)
 response.  HELD responses SHOULD include a Content-Length header.
 Devices MUST NOT use the "Expect" header or the "Range" header in
 HELD requests.  The LIS MAY return 501 (not implemented) errors if
 either of these HTTP features are used.  In the case that the LIS
 receives a request from the Device containing an If-* (conditional)
 header, the LIS SHOULD return a 412 (precondition failed) response.
 The POST method is the only method REQUIRED for HELD.  If a LIS
 chooses to support GET or HEAD, it SHOULD consider the kind of
 application doing the GET.  Since a HELD Device only uses a POST
 method, the GET or HEAD MUST be either an escaped URL (e.g., somebody
 found a URL in protocol traces or log files and fed it into their
 browser) or somebody doing testing/debugging.  The LIS could provide
 information in the HELD response indicating that the URL corresponds
 to a LIS server and only responds to HELD POST requests, or the LIS
 could instead try to avoid any leak of information by returning a
 very generic HTTP error message such as 404 (not found).
 The LIS populates the HTTP headers of responses so that they are
 consistent with the contents of the message.  In particular, the
 "CacheControl" header SHOULD be set to disable caching of any PIDF-LO
 document or Location URIs by HTTP intermediaries.  Otherwise, there
 is the risk of stale locations and/or the unauthorized disclosure of
 the LI.  This also allows the LIS to control any caching with the
 HELD "expires" parameter.  The HTTP status code MUST indicate a 2xx
 series response for all HELD locationResponse and HELD error
 messages.
 The LIS MAY redirect a HELD request.  A Device MUST handle redirects
 by using the Location header provided by the server in a 3xx
 response.  When redirecting, the Device MUST observe the delay
 indicated by the Retry-After header.  The Device MUST authenticate
 the server that returns the redirect response before following the
 redirect, if a Device requires that the server is authenticated.  A
 Device SHOULD authenticate the LIS indicated in a redirect.
 The LIS SHOULD support persistent connections and request pipelining.
 If pipelining is not supported, the LIS MUST NOT allow persistent
 connections.  The Device MUST support termination of a response by
 the closing of a connection.

Barnes Standards Track [Page 21] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

 Implementations of HELD that implement HTTP transport MUST implement
 transport over TLS [RFC2818].  TLS provides message integrity and
 confidentiality between the Device and LIS.  The Device MUST
 implement the server authentication method described in Section 3.1
 of [RFC2818], with an exception in how wildcards are handled.  The
 leftmost label MAY contain the wildcard string "*", which matches any
 single domain name label.  Additional characters in this leftmost
 label are invalid (that is, "f*.example.com" is not a valid name and
 does not match any domain name).
 The Device uses the URI obtained during LIS discovery to authenticate
 the server.  The details of this authentication method are provided
 in Section 3.1 of HTTPS [RFC2818].  When TLS is used, the Device
 SHOULD fail a request if server authentication fails, except in the
 event of an emergency.

9. Security Considerations

 HELD is a location acquisition protocol whereby the client requests
 its location from a LIS.  Specific requirements and security
 considerations for location acquisition protocols are provided in
 [RFC5687].  An in-depth discussion of the security considerations
 applicable to the use of Location URIs and by-reference provision of
 LI is included in [RFC5808].
 By using the HELD protocol, the client and the LIS expose themselves
 to two types of risk:
 Accuracy:  The client receives incorrect location information.
 Privacy:  An unauthorized entity receives location information.
 The provision of an accurate and privacy- and confidentiality-
 protected location to the requestor depends on the success of five
 steps:
 1.  The client must determine the proper LIS.
 2.  The client must connect to the proper LIS.
 3.  The LIS must be able to identify the Device by its identifier (IP
     address).
 4.  The LIS must be able to return the desired location.
 5.  HELD messages must be transmitted unmodified between the LIS and
     the client.

Barnes Standards Track [Page 22] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

 Of these, only steps 2, 3, and 5 are within the scope of this
 document.  Step 1 is based on either manual configuration or on the
 LIS discovery defined in [RFC5986], in which appropriate security
 considerations are already discussed.  Step 4 is dependent on the
 specific positioning capabilities of the LIS and is thus outside the
 scope of this document.

9.1. Assuring That the Proper LIS Has Been Contacted

 This document assumes that the LIS to be contacted is identified
 either by an IP address or a domain name, as is the case for a LIS
 discovered as described in LIS Discovery [RFC5986].  When the HELD
 transaction is conducted using TLS [RFC5246], the LIS can
 authenticate its identity, either as a domain name or as an IP
 address, to the client by presenting a certificate containing that
 identifier as a subjectAltName (i.e., as an iPAddress or dNSName,
 respectively).  In the case of the HTTP binding described above, this
 is exactly the authentication described by TLS [RFC2818].  If the
 client has external information as to the expected identity or
 credentials of the proper LIS (e.g., a certificate fingerprint),
 these checks MAY be omitted.  Any binding of HELD MUST be capable of
 being transacted over TLS so that the client can request the above
 authentication, and a LIS implementation for a binding MUST include
 this feature.  Note that in order for the presented certificate to be
 valid at the client, the client must be able to validate the
 certificate.  In particular, the validation path of the certificate
 must end in one of the client's trust anchors, even if that trust
 anchor is the LIS certificate itself.

9.2. Protecting Responses from Modification

 In order to prevent that response from being modified en route,
 messages must be transmitted over an integrity-protected channel.
 When the transaction is being conducted over TLS (a required feature
 per Section 9.1), the channel will be integrity protected by
 appropriate ciphersuites.  When TLS is not used, this protection will
 vary depending on the binding; in most cases, without protection from
 TLS, the response will not be protected from modification en route.

9.3. Privacy and Confidentiality

 Location information returned by the LIS must be protected from
 access by unauthorized parties, whether those parties request the
 location from the LIS or intercept it en route.  As in Section 9.2,
 transactions conducted over TLS with appropriate ciphersuites are
 protected from access by unauthorized parties en route.  Conversely,
 in most cases, when not conducted over TLS, the response will be
 accessible while en route from the LIS to the requestor.

Barnes Standards Track [Page 23] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

 Because HELD is an LCP and identifies clients and targets by IP
 addresses, a requestor is authorized to access location for an IP
 address only if it is the holder of that IP address.  The LIS MUST
 verify that the client is the target of the returned location, i.e.,
 the LIS MUST NOT provide location to other entities than the target.
 Note that this is a necessary, but not sufficient, criterion for
 authorization.  A LIS MAY deny requests according to any local
 policy.
 A prerequisite for meeting this requirement is that the LIS must have
 some assurance of the identity of the client.  Since the target of
 the returned location is identified by an IP address, simply sending
 the response to this IP address will provide sufficient assurance in
 many cases.  This is the default mechanism in HELD for assuring that
 location is given only to authorized clients; LIS implementations
 MUST support a mode of operation in which this is the only client
 authentication.
 Using IP return routability as an authenticator means that location
 information is vulnerable to exposure through IP address spoofing
 attacks.  A temporary spoofing of an IP address could mean that when
 a Device requests a Location Object or Location URI, it receives
 another Device's location because the attacker is able to receive
 packets sent to the spoofed address.  In addition, in cases where a
 Device drops off the network for various reasons, the re-use of the
 Device's IP address could result in another Device receiving the
 original Device's location rather than its own location.  These
 exposures are limited by the following:
 o  Location URIs MUST have a limited lifetime, as reflected by the
    value for the "expires" element in Section 6.5.2.  The lifetime of
    Location URIs necessarily depends on the nature of the access.
 o  The LIS and network SHOULD be configured so that the LIS is made
    aware of Device movement within the network and addressing
    changes.  If the LIS detects a change in the network that results
    in it no longer being able to determine the location of the
    Device, then all Location URIs for that Device SHOULD be
    invalidated.
 The above measures are dependent on network configuration, which
 SHOULD be considered.  For instance, in a fixed Internet access,
 providers may be able to restrict the allocation of IP addresses to a
 single physical line, ensuring that spoofing is not possible; in such
 an environment, additional measures may not be necessary.

Barnes Standards Track [Page 24] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

10. Examples

 The following sections provide examples of basic HTTP/HTTPS, a simple
 location request, and a location request for multiple location types,
 along with the relevant location responses.  To focus on important
 portions of messages, the examples in Sections 10.2 and 10.3 do not
 show HTTP/HTTPS headers or the XML prologue.  In addition, sections
 of XML not relevant to the example are replaced with comments.

10.1. Examples of HTTPS Messages

 The examples in this section show complete HTTP/HTTPS messages that
 include the HELD request or response document.
 This example shows the most basic request for a LO.  The POST
 includes an empty "locationRequest" element.
       POST /location HTTP/1.1
       Host: lis.example.com:49152
       Content-Type: application/held+xml;charset=utf-8
       Content-Length: 87
       <?xml version="1.0"?>
       <locationRequest xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:geopriv:held"/>
 Since the above request does not include a "locationType" element,
 the successful response to the request may contain any type of
 location.  The following shows a response containing a minimal
 PIDF-LO.
 HTTP/1.1 200 OK
 Server: Example LIS
 Date: Tue, 10 Jan 2006 03:42:29 GMT
 Expires: Tue, 10 Jan 2006 03:42:29 GMT
 Cache-control: private
 Content-Type: application/held+xml;charset=utf-8
 Content-Length: 856
 <?xml version="1.0"?>
  <locationResponse xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:geopriv:held">
   <presence xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf"
    entity="pres:3650n87934c@ls.example.com">
    <tuple id="b650sf789nd">
     <status>
      <geopriv xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf:geopriv10">
       <location-info>
        <Point xmlns="http://www.opengis.net/gml"
         srsName="urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::4326">

Barnes Standards Track [Page 25] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

         <pos>-34.407 150.88001</pos>
        </Point>
       </location-info>
       <usage-rules
        xmlns:gbp="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf:geopriv10:basicPolicy">
        <gbp:retention-expiry>2006-01-11T03:42:28+00:00
        </gbp:retention-expiry>
       </usage-rules>
       <method>Wiremap</method>
      </geopriv>
     </status>
     <timestamp>2006-01-10T03:42:28+00:00</timestamp>
    </tuple>
   </presence>
  </locationResponse>
 The error response to the request is an error document.  The
 following response shows an example error response.
       HTTP/1.1 200 OK
       Server: Example LIS
       Expires: Tue, 10 Jan 2006 03:49:20 GMT
       Cache-control: private
       Content-Type: application/held+xml;charset=utf-8
       Content-Length: 182
       <?xml version="1.0"?>
       <error xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:geopriv:held"
          code="locationUnknown">
         <message xml:lang="en">Unable to determine location
         </message>
       </error>

10.2. Example of a Simple Location Request

 The location request shown below doesn't specify any location types
 or response time.
 <locationRequest xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:geopriv:held"/>
 The example response to this location request contains a list of
 Location URIs.
 <locationResponse xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:geopriv:held">
    <locationUriSet expires="2006-01-01T13:00:00.0Z">
     <locationURI>https://ls.example.com:9768/357yc6s64ceyoiuy5ax3o
     </locationURI>
     <locationURI>sip:9769+357yc6s64ceyoiuy5ax3o@ls.example.com

Barnes Standards Track [Page 26] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

     </locationURI>
   </locationUriSet>
 </locationResponse>
 An error response to this location request is shown below:
       <error xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:geopriv:held"
                  code="locationUnknown">
         <message xml:lang="en">Location not available
         </message>
       </error>

10.3. An Example of a Location Request for Multiple Location Types

 The following Location Request message includes a request for
 geodetic, civic, and any Location URIs.
       <locationRequest xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:geopriv:held">
        <locationType exact="true">
          geodetic
          civic
          locationURI
        </locationType>
        </locationRequest>
 The corresponding Location Response message includes the requested
 location information, including two Location URIs.
   <locationResponse xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:geopriv:held">
     <locationUriSet expires="2006-01-01T13:00:00.0Z">
     <locationURI>https://ls.example.com:9768/357yc6s64ceyoiuy5ax3o
     </locationURI>
     <locationURI>sip:9769+357yc6s64ceyoiuy5ax3o@ls.example.com:
     </locationURI>
    </locationUriSet>
    <presence xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf"
      entity="pres:ae3be8585902e2253ce2@10.102.23.9">
    <tuple id="lisLocation">
     <status>
      <geopriv xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf:geopriv10">
      <location-info>
       <gs:Circle xmlns:gs="http://www.opengis.net/pidflo/1.0"
         xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml"
         srsName="urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::4326">
        <gml:pos>-34.407242 150.882518</gml:pos>
        <gs:radius uom="urn:ogc:def:uom:EPSG::9001">30
        </gs:radius>
       </gs:Circle>

Barnes Standards Track [Page 27] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

       <ca:civicAddress
         xmlns:ca="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf:geopriv10:civicAddr"
         xml:lang="en-au">
        <ca:country>AU</ca:country>
        <ca:A1>NSW</ca:A1>
        <ca:A3>Wollongong</ca:A3>
        <ca:A4>Gwynneville</ca:A4>
        <ca:STS>Northfield Avenue</ca:STS>
        <ca:LMK>University of Wollongong</ca:LMK>
        <ca:FLR>2</ca:FLR>
        <ca:NAM>Andrew Corporation</ca:NAM>
        <ca:PC>2500</ca:PC>
        <ca:BLD>39</ca:BLD>
        <ca:SEAT>WS-183</ca:SEAT>
        <ca:POBOX>U40</ca:POBOX>
      </ca:civicAddress>
     </location-info>
     <usage-rules
       xmlns:gbp="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:pidf:geopriv10:basicPolicy">
      <gbp:retransmission-allowed>false
      </gbp:retransmission-allowed>
      <gbp:retention-expiry>2007-05-25T12:35:02+10:00
      </gbp:retention-expiry>
     </usage-rules>
     <method>Wiremap</method>
    </geopriv>
   </status>
   <timestamp>2007-05-24T12:35:02+10:00</timestamp>
  </tuple>
 </presence>
 </locationResponse>

11. IANA Considerations

 IANA has made the registrations detailed in the following sections.

11.1. URN Sub-Namespace Registration for

     urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:geopriv:held
 This section registers a new XML namespace,
 "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:geopriv:held", per the guidelines in
 [RFC3688].
 URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:geopriv:held
 Registrant Contact: IETF, GEOPRIV working group, (geopriv@ietf.org),
 Mary Barnes (mary.ietf.barnes@gmail.com).

Barnes Standards Track [Page 28] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

    XML:
       BEGIN
         <?xml version="1.0"?>
         <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
           "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
         <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en">
           <head>
             <title>HELD Messages</title>
           </head>
           <body>
             <h1>Namespace for HELD Messages</h1>
             <h2>urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:geopriv:held</h2>
             <p>See RFC 5985</p>
           </body>
         </html>
       END

11.2. XML Schema Registration

 This section registers an XML schema as per the guidelines in
 [RFC3688].
 URI:  urn:ietf:params:xml:schema:geopriv:held
 Registrant Contact:  IETF, GEOPRIV working group, (geopriv@ietf.org),
    Mary Barnes (mary.ietf.barnes@gmail.com).
 Schema:  The XML for this schema can be found as the entirety of
    Section 7 of this document.

11.3. MIME Media Type Registration for 'application/held+xml'

 This section registers the "application/held+xml" MIME type.
 To:  ietf-types@iana.org
 Subject:  Registration of MIME media type application/held+xml
 MIME media type name:  application
 MIME subtype name:  held+xml
 Required parameters:  (none)
 Optional parameters:  charset
    Same as the charset parameter of "application/xml" as specified in
    RFC 3023 [RFC3023], Section 3.2.

Barnes Standards Track [Page 29] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

 Encoding considerations:  Same as the encoding considerations of
    "application/xml" as specified in RFC 3023 [RFC3023], Section 3.2.
 Security considerations:  This content type is designed to carry
    protocol data related to the location of an entity, which could
    include information that is considered private.  Appropriate
    precautions should be taken to limit disclosure of this
    information.
 Interoperability considerations:  This content type provides a basis
    for a protocol.  There are multiple interoperable implementations
    of this protocol.
 Published specification:  RFC 5985
 Applications which use this media type:  Location information
    providers and consumers.
 Additional Information:
    Magic Number(s): (none)
    File extension(s): .heldxml
    Macintosh File Type Code(s): "TEXT"
 Person & email address to contact for further information:
    Mary Barnes <mary.ietf.barnes@gmail.com>
 Intended usage:  LIMITED USE
 Author/Change controller:  The IETF
 Other information:  This media type is a specialization of
    application/xml [RFC3023], and many of the considerations
    described there also apply to application/held+xml.

11.4. Error Code Registry

 As defined in this document, IANA created a new registry for the HELD
 protocol including an initial registry for error codes.  The error
 codes are included in HELD error messages as described in Section 6.3
 and defined in the schema in the 'codeType' token in the XML schema
 in Section 7.
 The following is a summary of the registry:
 Related Registry:   Geopriv HELD Registries, Error codes for HELD
 Defining RFC:  RFC 5985

Barnes Standards Track [Page 30] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

 Registration/Assignment Procedures:  Following the policies outlined
    in [RFC5226], the IANA policy for assigning new values for the
    Error codes for HELD is Standards Action: Values are assigned only
    for Standards Track RFCs approved by the IESG.
 Registrant Contact:  IETF, GEOPRIV working group, (geopriv@ietf.org),
    Mary Barnes (mary.ietf.barnes@gmail.com).
 This section registers the following eight initial error codes as
 described in Section 6.3:
 requestError:  This code indicates that the request was badly formed
    in some fashion.
 xmlError:  This code indicates that the XML content of the request
    was either badly formed or invalid.
 generalLisError:  This code indicates that an unspecified error
    occurred at the LIS.
 locationUnknown:  This code indicates that the LIS could not
    determine the location of the Device.
 unsupportedMessage:  This code indicates that the request was not
    supported or understood by the LIS.  This error code is used when
    a HELD request contains a document element that is not supported
    by the receiver.
 timeout:  This code indicates that the LIS could not satisfy the
    request within the time specified in the "responseTime" parameter.
 cannotProvideLiType:  This code indicates that the LIS was unable to
    provide LI of the type or types requested.  This code is used when
    the "exact" attribute on the "locationType" parameter is set to
    "true".
 notLocatable:  This code indicates that the LIS is unable to locate
    the Device and that the Device MUST NOT make further attempts to
    retrieve LI from this LIS.  This error code is used to indicate
    that the Device is outside the access network served by the LIS;
    for instance, the VPN and NAT scenarios discussed in
    Section 4.1.2.

Barnes Standards Track [Page 31] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

12. Contributors

 James Winterbottom, Martin Thomson and Barbara Stark are the authors
 of the original document, from which this WG document was derived.
 Their contact information is included below.  They made additional
 contributions to the WG document, including the XML schema.
    James Winterbottom
    Andrew
    Andrew Building (39)
    University of Wollongong
    Northfields Avenue
    Wollongong, NSW  2522
    AU
    Phone: +61 2 4221 2938
    EMail: james.winterbottom@andrew.com
    URI:   http://www.andrew.com/
    Martin Thomson
    Andrew
    Andrew Building (39)
    University of Wollongong
    Northfields Avenue
    Wollongong, NSW  2522
    AU
    Phone: +61 2 4221 2915
    EMail: martin.thomson@andrew.com
    URI:   http://www.andrew.com/
    Barbara Stark
    BellSouth
    Room 7A43
    725 W Peachtree St.
    Atlanta, GA  30308
    US
    EMail: barbara.stark@att.com

13. Acknowledgements

 The author and contributors would like to thank the participants in
 the GEOPRIV WG and the following people for their constructive input
 and feedback on this document (in alphabetical order): Nadine Abbott,
 Bernard Aboba, Eric Arolick, Richard Barnes (in particular, the
 security considerations section), Peter Blatherwick, Ben Campbell,

Barnes Standards Track [Page 32] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

 Guy Caron, Eddy Corbett, Martin Dawson, Lisa Dusseault, Robins
 George, Jerome Grenier, Ted Hardie, Cullen Jennings, Neil Justusson,
 Tat Lam, Marc Linsner, Patti McCalmont, Alexey Melnikov, Roger
 Marshall, Tim Polk, Perry Prozeniuk, Carl Reed, Julian Reschke, Eric
 Rescorla, Dan Romascanu, Brian Rosen, John Schnizlein, Shida
 Schubert, Henning Schulzrinne, Ed Shrum, Doug Stuard, Hannes
 Tschofenig, and Karl Heinz Wolf.

14. References

14.1. Normative References

 [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
            Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
 [RFC2616]  Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H.,
            Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext
            Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999.
 [RFC2818]  Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818, May 2000.
 [RFC2965]  Kristol, D. and L. Montulli, "HTTP State Management
            Mechanism", RFC 2965, October 2000.
 [RFC3688]  Mealling, M., "The IETF XML Registry", BCP 81, RFC 3688,
            January 2004.
 [RFC5246]  Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
            (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246, August 2008.
 [RFC5491]  Winterbottom, J., Thomson, M., and H. Tschofenig, "GEOPRIV
            Presence Information Data Format Location Object (PIDF-LO)
            Usage Clarification, Considerations, and Recommendations",
            RFC 5491, March 2009.
 [RFC5646]  Phillips, A. and M. Davis, "Tags for Identifying
            Languages", BCP 47, RFC 5646, September 2009.
 [RFC5986]  Thomson, M. and J. Winterbottom, "Discovering the Local
            Location Information Server (LIS)", RFC 5986,
            September 2010.
 [W3C.REC-xmlschema-1-20041028]
            Thompson, H., Mendelsohn, N., Beech, D., and M. Maloney,
            "XML Schema Part 1: Structures Second Edition", World Wide
            Web Consortium Recommendation REC-xmlschema-1-20041028,
            October 2004,
            <http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xmlschema-1-20041028>.

Barnes Standards Track [Page 33] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

 [W3C.REC-xmlschema-2-20041028]
            Malhotra, A. and P. Biron, "XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes
            Second Edition", World Wide Web Consortium
            Recommendation REC-xmlschema-2-20041028, October 2004,
            <http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xmlschema-2-20041028>.

14.2. Informative References

 [LLDP-MED]
            TIA, "ANSI/TIA-1057 Link Layer Discovery Protocol - Media
            Endpoint Discovery".
 [LOC-CONVEY]
            Polk, J., Rosen, B., and J. Peterson, "Location Conveyance
            for the Session Initiation Protocol", Work in Progress,
            July 2010.
 [RFC0793]  Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7,
            RFC 793, September 1981.
 [RFC2617]  Franks, J., Hallam-Baker, P., Hostetler, J., Lawrence, S.,
            Leach, P., Luotonen, A., and L. Stewart, "HTTP
            Authentication: Basic and Digest Access Authentication",
            RFC 2617, June 1999.
 [RFC3023]  Murata, M., St. Laurent, S., and D. Kohn, "XML Media
            Types", RFC 3023, January 2001.
 [RFC3693]  Cuellar, J., Morris, J., Mulligan, D., Peterson, J., and
            J. Polk, "Geopriv Requirements", RFC 3693, February 2004.
 [RFC3825]  Polk, J., Schnizlein, J., and M. Linsner, "Dynamic Host
            Configuration Protocol Option for Coordinate-based
            Location Configuration Information", RFC 3825, July 2004.
 [RFC3986]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
            Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
            RFC 3986, January 2005.
 [RFC4479]  Rosenberg, J., "A Data Model for Presence", RFC 4479,
            July 2006.
 [RFC5226]  Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
            IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
            May 2008.

Barnes Standards Track [Page 34] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

 [RFC5687]  Tschofenig, H. and H. Schulzrinne, "GEOPRIV Layer 7
            Location Configuration Protocol: Problem Statement and
            Requirements", RFC 5687, March 2010.
 [RFC5808]  Marshall, R., "Requirements for a Location-by-Reference
            Mechanism", RFC 5808, May 2010.

Barnes Standards Track [Page 35] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

Appendix A. HELD Compliance to IETF LCP Requirements

 This appendix describes HELD's compliance to the requirements
 specified in [RFC5687].

A.1. L7-1: Identifier Choice

 "The L7 LCP MUST be able to carry different identifiers or MUST
 define an identifier that is mandatory to implement.  Regarding the
 latter aspect, such an identifier is only appropriate if it is from
 the same realm as the one for which the location information service
 maintains identifier to location mapping."
 COMPLY
 HELD uses the IP address of the location request message as the
 primary source of identity for the requesting Device or target.  This
 identity can be used with other contextual network information to
 provide a physical location for the Target for many network
 deployments.  There may be network deployments where an IP address
 alone is insufficient to identify a Target in a network.  However,
 any necessary identity extensions for these networks is beyond the
 scope of this document.

A.2. L7-2: Mobility Support

 "The GEOPRIV Layer 7 Location Configuration Protocol MUST support a
 broad range of mobility from Devices that can only move between
 reboots, to Devices that can change attachment points with the impact
 that their IP address is changed, to Devices that do not change their
 IP address while roaming, to Devices that continuously move by being
 attached to the same network attachment point."
 COMPLY
 Mobility support is inherently a characteristic of the access network
 technology, and HELD is designed to be access network agnostic.
 Consequently, HELD complies with this requirement.  In addition, HELD
 provides specific support for mobile environments by providing an
 optional responseTime attribute in location request messages.
 Wireless networks often have several different mechanisms at their
 disposal for position determination (e.g., assisted GPS versus
 determining the location based on the identity of the serving base
 station), each providing different degrees of accuracy and taking
 different amounts of time to yield a result.  The responseTime
 parameter provides the LIS with a criterion which it can use to
 select a location determination technique.

Barnes Standards Track [Page 36] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

A.3. L7-3: ASP and Access Network Provider Relationship

 "The design of the L7 LCP MUST NOT assume a business or trust
 relationship between the Application Service Provider (ASP) and the
 Access Network Provider.  Requirements for resolving a reference to
 location information are not discussed in this document."
 COMPLY
 HELD describes a location acquisition protocol between a Device and a
 LIS.  In the context of HELD, the LIS is within the Access Network.
 Thus, HELD is independent of the business or trust relationship
 between the Application Service Provider (ASP) and the Access Network
 Provider.  Location acquisition using HELD is subject to the
 restrictions described in Section 9.

A.4. L7-4: Layer 2 and Layer 3 Provider Relationship

 "The design of the GEOPRIV Layer 7 Location Configuration Protocol
 MUST assume that there is a trust and business relationship between
 the L2 and the L3 provider.  The L3 provider operates the LIS and
 needs to obtain location information from the L2 provider since this
 one is closest to the end host.  If the L2 and L3 provider for the
 same host are different entities, they cooperate for the purposes
 needed to determine end system locations."
 COMPLY
 HELD was specifically designed with this model in mind and readily
 allows itself to chaining requests between operators without a change
 in protocol being required.  HELD is a webservices protocol which can
 be bound to transports other than HTTP, such as BEEP.  Using a
 protocol such as BEEP offers the option of high request throughput
 over a dedicated connection between an L3 provider and an L2 provider
 without incurring the serial restriction imposed by HTTP.  This is
 less easy to do with protocols that do not decouple themselves from
 the transport.

A.5. L7-5: Legacy Device Considerations

 "The design of the GEOPRIV Layer 7 Location Configuration Protocol
 MUST consider legacy residential NAT Devices and Network Termination
 Equipment (NTE) in an DSL environment that cannot be upgraded to
 support additional protocols, for example to pass additional
 information through DHCP."

Barnes Standards Track [Page 37] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

 COMPLY
 HELD is an application protocol and operates on top of IP.  A HELD
 request from a host behind a residential NAT will traverse the NAT
 acquiring the external address of the home router.  The location
 provided to the host therefore will be the address of the home router
 in this circumstance.  No changes are required to the home router in
 order to support this function, HELD was designed specifically to
 address this deployment scenario.

A.6. L7-6: VPN Awareness

 "The design of the GEOPRIV Layer 7 Location Configuration Protocol
 MUST assume that at least one end of a VPN is aware of the VPN
 functionality.  In an enterprise scenario, the enterprise side will
 provide the LIS used by the client and can thereby detect whether the
 LIS request was initiated through a VPN tunnel."
 COMPLY
 HELD does not preclude a LIS on the far end of a VPN tunnel from
 being aware that the client request is occurring over that tunnel.
 It also does not preclude a client Device from accessing a LIS
 serving the local physical network and subsequently using the
 location information with an application that is accessed over a VPN
 tunnel.

A.7. L7-7: Network Access Authentication

 "The design of the GEOPRIV Layer 7 Location Configuration Protocol
 MUST NOT assume prior network access authentication."
 COMPLY
 HELD makes no assumptions about prior network access authentication.
 HELD strongly recommends the use of TLS with server-side certificates
 for communication between the endpoint and the LIS.  There is no
 requirement for the endpoint to authenticate with the LIS.

A.8. L7-8: Network Topology Unawareness

 "The design of the GEOPRIV Layer 7 Location Configuration Protocol
 MUST NOT assume end systems being aware of the access network
 topology.  End systems are, however, able to determine their public
 IP address(es) via mechanisms such as STUN or NSIS NATFW NSLP."

Barnes Standards Track [Page 38] RFC 5985 HELD September 2010

 COMPLY
 HELD makes no assumption about the network topology.  HELD doesn't
 require that the Device know its external IP address, except where
 that is required for discovery of the LIS.

A.9. L7-9: Discovery Mechanism

 "The L7 LCP MUST define a single mandatory to implement discovery
 mechanism."
 COMPLY
 HELD uses the discovery mechanism in [RFC5986].

A.10. L7-10: PIDF-LO Creation

 "When a LIS creates a PIDF-LO per RFC 4119 then it MUST put the
 <geopriv> element into the <device> element of the presence document
 (see RFC 4479).  This ensures that the resulting PIDF-LO document,
 which is subsequently distributed to other entities, conforms to the
 rules outlined in [now RFC 5941]."
 COMPLY
 HELD protocol overview (Section 4) describes the requirements on the
 LIS in creating the PIDF-LO and prescribes that the PIDF-LO generated
 by the LIS MUST conform to [RFC5491].

Author's Address

 Mary Barnes (editor)
 Polycom
 EMail: mary.ietf.barnes@gmail.com

Barnes Standards Track [Page 39]

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