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rfc:rfc5648

Network Working Group R. Wakikawa, Ed. Request for Comments: 5648 Toyota ITC Category: Standards Track V. Devarapalli

                                                              Wichorus
                                                           G. Tsirtsis
                                                              Qualcomm
                                                              T. Ernst
                                                                 INRIA
                                                             K. Nagami
                                                         INTEC NetCore
                                                          October 2009
              Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration

Abstract

 According to the current Mobile IPv6 specification, a mobile node may
 have several care-of addresses but only one, called the primary
 care-of address, can be registered with its home agent and the
 correspondent nodes.  However, for matters of cost, bandwidth, delay,
 etc, it is useful for the mobile node to get Internet access through
 multiple accesses simultaneously, in which case the mobile node would
 be configured with multiple active IPv6 care-of addresses.  This
 document proposes extensions to the Mobile IPv6 protocol to register
 and use multiple care-of addresses.  The extensions proposed in this
 document can be used by mobile routers using the NEMO (Network
 Mobility) Basic Support protocol as well.

Status of This Memo

 This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
 Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
 improvements.  Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
 Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
 and status of this protocol.  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Copyright and License Notice

 Copyright (c) 2009 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
 document authors.  All rights reserved.
 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
 Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
 (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
 publication of this document.  Please review these documents
 carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
 to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 1] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

 include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
 the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
 described in the BSD License.

Table of Contents

 1. Introduction ....................................................3
 2. Terminology .....................................................3
 3. Protocol Overview ...............................................4
 4. Mobile IPv6 Extensions .........................................10
    4.1. Binding Cache Structure and Binding Update List ...........10
    4.2. Binding Update Message ....................................10
    4.3. Binding Identifier Mobility Option ........................11
    4.4. New Status Values for Binding Acknowledgement .............13
 5. Mobile Node Operation ..........................................14
    5.1. Management of Care-of Address(es) and Binding
         Identifier(s) .............................................14
    5.2. Binding Registration ......................................15
    5.3. Bulk Registration .........................................16
    5.4. Binding De-Registration ...................................16
    5.5. Returning Home with Complete Binding
         De-Registration: Using a Single Interface .................17
         5.5.1. Using Only the Interface Attached to the
                Home Link ..........................................17
         5.5.2. Using Only the Interface Attached to the
                Visited Link .......................................17
    5.6. Returning Home: Simultaneous Home and Visited Link
         Operation .................................................18
         5.6.1. Problems of Simultaneous Home and Foreign
                Attachments ........................................18
         5.6.2. Overview and Approach ..............................18
         5.6.3. Home Binding Support ...............................19
         5.6.4. Sending Packets from the Home Link .................20
         5.6.5. Leaving from the Home Link .........................20
    5.7. Receiving Binding Acknowledgement .........................21
    5.8. Receiving Binding Refresh Request .........................22
    5.9. Bootstrapping .............................................22
 6. Home Agent and Correspondent Node Operation ....................22
    6.1. Searching Binding Cache with Binding Identifier ...........22
    6.2. Processing Binding Update .................................23
    6.3. Sending a Binding Acknowledgement for Home Link
         Registration ..............................................25
    6.4. Sending Binding Refresh Request ...........................27
    6.5. Receiving Packets from Mobile Node ........................27
 7. Network Mobility Applicability .................................27
 8. DSMIPv6 Applicability ..........................................27
    8.1. IPv4 Care-of Address Registration .........................28
    8.2. IPv4 Home Address Management ..............................29

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 2] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

 9. IPsec and IKEv2 Interaction ....................................30
    9.1. Use of Care-of Address in the IKEv2 Exchange ..............31
    9.2. Transport Mode IPsec-Protected Messages ...................31
    9.3. Tunnel Mode IPsec-Protected Messages ......................31
         9.3.1. Tunneled Home Test Init and Home Test Messages .....31
         9.3.2. Tunneled Payload Traffic ...........................32
 10. Security Considerations .......................................33
 11. IANA Considerations ...........................................34
 12. Acknowledgements ..............................................35
 13. References ....................................................35
    13.1. Normative References .....................................35
    13.2. Informative References ...................................35

1. Introduction

 A mobile node may use various types of network interfaces to obtain
 durable and wide area network connectivity.  This has increasingly
 become true with mobile nodes having multiple interfaces, such as
 802.2, 802.11, 802.16, cellular radios, etc.  The motivations for and
 benefits of using multiple points of attachment are discussed in
 [MOTIVATION].  When a mobile node with multiple interfaces uses
 Mobile IPv6 [RFC3775] for mobility management, it cannot use its
 multiple interfaces to send and receive packets while taking
 advantage of session continuity provided by Mobile IPv6.  This is
 because Mobile IPv6 allows the mobile node to bind only one care-of
 address at a time with its home address.  See [MIP6ANALYSIS] for a
 further analysis of using multiple interfaces and addresses with
 Mobile IPv6.
 This document proposes extensions to Mobile IPv6 to allow a mobile
 node to register multiple care-of addresses for a home address and
 create multiple binding cache entries.  A new Binding Identification
 (BID) number is created for each binding the mobile node wants to
 create and is sent in the Binding Update.  The home agent that
 receives this Binding Update creates a separate binding for each BID.
 The BID information is stored in the corresponding binding cache
 entry.  The BID information can now be used to identify individual
 bindings.  The same extensions can also be used in Binding Updates
 sent to the correspondent nodes.

2. Terminology

 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
 document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 3] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

 Terms used in this document are defined in [RFC3775], [RFC3753], and
 [RFC4885].  In addition to or as a replacement of these, the
 following terms are defined or redefined:
 Binding Identification Number (BID)
    The BID is an identification number used to distinguish multiple
    bindings registered by the mobile node.  Assignment of distinct
    BIDs allows a mobile node to register multiple binding cache
    entries for a given home address.  BIDs assigned to the same home
    address must not be duplicated at the same time.  The value zero
    is reserved for future extensions.  Each BID is generated and
    managed by a mobile node.  The BID is stored in the Binding Update
    List and is sent by the mobile node in the Binding Update.  A
    mobile node may change the value of a BID at any time according to
    its administrative policy -- for instance, to protect its privacy.
    An implementation must carefully assign the BID so as to keep
    using the same BID for the same binding even when the status of
    the binding is changed.  More details can be found in Section 5.1.
 Binding Identifier Mobility Option
    The Binding Identifier mobility option is used to carry the BID
    information.
 Bulk Registration
    A mobile node can register multiple bindings at once by sending a
    single Binding Update.  A mobile node can also replace some or all
    of the bindings available at the home agent with the new bindings
    by using the bulk registration.  Bulk registration is supported
    only for home registration (i.e., with the home agent) as
    explained in Section 5.3.  A mobile node must not perform the bulk
    registration mechanism described in this specification with a
    correspondent node.

3. Protocol Overview

 A new extension called the Binding Identification number (BID) is
 introduced to distinguish between multiple bindings pertaining to the
 same home address.  If a mobile node configures several IPv6 global
 addresses on one or more of its interfaces, it can register these
 addresses with its home agent as care-of addresses.  If the mobile
 node wants to register multiple bindings, it MUST generate a BID for
 each care-of address and store the BID in the Binding Update List.  A
 mobile node can manipulate each binding independently by using the
 BIDs.  The mobile node then registers its care-of addresses by
 sending a Binding Update with a Binding Identifier mobility option.

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 4] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

 The BID is included in the Binding Identifier mobility option.  After
 receiving the Binding Update with a Binding Identifier mobility
 option, the home agent MUST copy the BID from the Binding Identifier
 mobility option to the corresponding field in the binding cache
 entry.  If there is an existing binding cache entry for the mobile
 node, and if the BID in the Binding Update does not match the one
 with the existing entry, the home agent MUST create a new binding
 cache entry for the new care-of address and BID.  The mobile node can
 either register multiple care-of addresses at once in a single
 Binding Update or independently in individual Binding Updates.
 If the mobile host wishes to register its binding with a
 correspondent node, it must perform return routability operations as
 described in [RFC3775].  This includes managing a Care-of Keygen
 token per care-of address and exchanging Care-of Test Init and Care-
 of Test messages with the correspondent node for each care-of
 address.  The mobile node MAY use the same BID that it used with the
 home agent for a particular care-of address.  For protocol
 simplicity, bulk registration to correspondent nodes is not supported
 in this document.  This is because the return routability mechanism
 introduced in [RFC3775] cannot be easily extended to verify multiple
 care-of addresses stored in a single Binding Update.
 Figure 1 illustrates the configuration where the mobile node obtains
 multiple care-of addresses at foreign links.  The mobile node can
 utilize all the care-of addresses.  In Figure 1, the home address of
 the mobile node (MN) is 2001:db8::EUI.  The mobile node has 3
 different interfaces and possibly acquires care-of addresses 1-3
 (CoA1, CoA2, CoA3).  The mobile node assigns BID1, BID2, and BID3 to
 each care-of address.

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 5] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

                     +----+
                     | CN |
                     +--+-+
                        |
                    +---+------+          +----+
             +------+ Internet |----------+ HA |
             |      +----+---+-+          +--+-+
         CoA2|           |   |               |   Home Link
          +--+--+        |   |         ------+------
          |  MN +--------+   |
          +--+--+ CoA1       |
         CoA3|               |
             +---------------+
      Binding Cache Database:
         home agent's binding (Proxy neighbor advertisement is active)
               binding [2001:db8::EUI  BID1 care-of address1]
               binding [2001:db8::EUI  BID2 care-of address2]
               binding [2001:db8::EUI  BID3 care-of address3]
         correspondent node's binding
               binding [2001:db8::EUI  BID1 care-of address1]
               binding [2001:db8::EUI  BID2 care-of address2]
               binding [2001:db8::EUI  BID3 care-of address3]
         Figure 1: Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration
 If the mobile node decides to act as a regular mobile node compliant
 with [RFC3775], it sends a Binding Update without any Binding
 Identifier mobility options.  The receiver of the Binding Update
 deletes all the bindings registered with a BID and registers only a
 single binding for the mobile node.  Note that the mobile node can
 continue using the BID even if it has only a single binding that is
 active.
 Binding cache lookup is done based on the home address and BID
 information if a BID is available.  This is different from RFC 3775,
 where only the home address is used for binding cache lookup.
 Binding cache lookup is operated for either protocol signaling or
 data packets.  For protocol signaling such as a Binding Update, BID
 should be always carried by a BID sub-option in a protocol signaling.
 Therefore, a correspondent binding cache that matches the specified
 BID MUST be found from the binding cache database.  On the other
 hand, for the data packets, no BID information is carried in a
 packet.  The binding cache lookup may involve policy or flow filters
 to retrieve a correspondent BID per packet in cases where some policy
 or flow filters are used to direct a certain packet or flow to a
 particular care-of address.  However, the binding cache lookup using
 policy or flow filters is out of scope for this document.  If no such

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 6] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

 mechanism is available and no BID is found for a packet, a node
 SHOULD use the binding that was last verified by receiving data
 packets or signaling from the mobile node.  In case the binding cache
 lookup for data packets, using the combination of home address and
 BID, does not return a valid binding cache entry, the home agent
 SHOULD perform the lookup based on only the home address as described
 in [RFC3775].
 In any case, to avoid problems with upper-layer protocols and TCP in
 particular, a single packet flow as identified by the 5-tuple SHOULD
 only be sent to a single care-of address at a time.
 The mobile node may return to the home link through one of its
 interfaces.  There are two options possible for the mobile node when
 it returns home.  Sections 5.5.1 and 5.6 describe the returning-home
 procedures in more detail.
 1.  The mobile node uses only the interface with which it attaches to
     the home link and takes back full ownership of its HoA (home
     address) on the home link.  This is illustrated in Figure 2.  It
     de-registers all bindings with the home agent related to all
     care-of addresses.  The interfaces still attached to the visited
     link(s) are no longer going to be receiving any encapsulated
     traffic from the home agent.  On the other hand, the mobile node
     can continue communicating with the correspondent nodes from the
     other interfaces attached to foreign links by using route
     optimization.  Even if the mobile node is attached to the home
     link, it can still send Binding Updates for other active care-of
     addresses (CoA1 and CoA2) to correspondent nodes.  Since the
     correspondent node has bindings, packets are routed from and to
     each care-of address directly.

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 7] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

                     +----+
                     | CN |
                     +--+-+
                        |
                    +---+------+          +----+
             +------+ Internet |----------+ HA |
             |      +----+-----+          +--+-+
         CoA2|           |                   |   Home Link
          +--+--+        |             --+---+------
          |  MN +--------+               |
          +--+--+ CoA1                   |
             |                           |
             +---------------------------+
      Binding Cache Database:
         home agent's binding
               none
         correspondent node's binding
               binding [2001:db8::EUI  BID1 care-of address1]
               binding [2001:db8::EUI  BID2 care-of address2]
     Figure 2: Using Only an Interface Attached to the Home Link
 2.  The mobile node may simultaneously use both the interface
     attached to the home link and the interfaces still attached to
     the visited link(s) as shown in Figure 3.  There are two possible
     topologies, depending on whether or not the home agent is the
     only router on the home link.  The operation of Neighbor
     Discovery [RFC4861] is different in the two topologies.  More
     details can be found in Section 5.6.  The home agent and the
     correspondent node have the binding entries listed in Figure 3 in
     their binding cache database in both topologies.  The home agent
     also knows that the mobile node is attached to the home link.
     All the traffic from the Internet is intercepted by the home
     agent first and routed to either the interface attached to the
     home link or to one of the foreign links.  How the home agent
     decides to route a particular flow to the interface attached to
     the home link or foreign link is out of scope for this document.

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 8] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

    Topology-a)
                     +----+
                     | CN |
                     +--+-+
                        |
                    +---+------+          +----+
             +------+ Internet |----------+ HA |
             |      +----+-----+          +--+-+
         CoA2|           |                   |   Home Link
          +--+--+        |             --+---+------
          |  MN +--------+               |
          +--+--+ CoA1                   |
             |                           |
             +---------------------------+
    Topology-b)
                     +----+
                     | CN |
                     +--+-+
                        |
                    +---+------+    Router    +----+
             +------+ Internet |-------R      | HA |
             |      +----+-----+       |      +--+-+
         CoA2|           |             |         |   Home Link
          +--+--+        |           --+-+-------+------
          |  MN +--------+               |
          +--+--+ CoA1                   |
             |                           |
             +---------------------------+
      Binding Cache Database:
         home agent's binding
               binding [2001:db8::EUI  BID1 care-of address1]
               binding [2001:db8::EUI  BID2 care-of address2]
         correspondent node's binding
               binding [2001:db8::EUI  BID1 care-of address1]
               binding [2001:db8::EUI  BID2 care-of address2]
        Figure 3: Simultaneous Home and Visited Link Operation
 This specification keeps backwards compatibility with [RFC3775].  If
 a receiver (either home agent or correspondent node) does not support
 this specification, it does not understand the Binding Identifier
 mobility option.  The receiver skips the unknown mobility option
 (i.e., the Binding Identifier mobility option) and processes the
 Binding Update as defined in [RFC3775].  In order to keep backwards
 compatibility with [RFC3775], when a mobile node sends a Binding

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 9] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

 Update message with extensions described in this document, the
 receiver needs to reflect the Binding Identifier mobility option in
 the Binding Acknowledgement.  If the mobile node finds no Binding
 Identifier mobility options in the received Binding Acknowledgement,
 it assumes the other end node does not support this specification.
 In such case, the mobile node needs to fall back to the legacy
 [RFC3775]-compliant mobile node.  If it is the home registration, the
 mobile node MAY try to discover another home agent that supports the
 Binding Identifier mobility option for the home registration.

4. Mobile IPv6 Extensions

 This section summarizes the extensions to Mobile IPv6 that are
 necessary to manage multiple bindings.

4.1. Binding Cache Structure and Binding Update List

 The BID is required to be stored in the binding cache and Binding
 Update List structure.
 The sequence number value MUST be shared among all the Binding Update
 List entries related to Binding Updates sent to a particular home
 agent or correspondent node.  Whenever a mobile node sends either an
 individual or a bulk Binding Update, the sequence number is
 incremented.  When a home agent receives an individual Binding
 Update, it should update the sequence number for all the bindings for
 a particular mobile node, with the sequence number in the received
 Binding Update.

4.2. Binding Update Message

 This specification extends the Binding Update message with a new
 flag.  The flag is shown and described below.
                                     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                                     |          Sequence #           |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |A|H|L|K|M|R|P|F|T|O| Reserved  |           Lifetime            |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                                                               |
     .                                                               .
     .                        Mobility options                       .
     .                                                               .
     |                                                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                   Figure 4: Binding Update Message

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 10] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

 Overwrite (O) flag
    When this flag is set, all the binding cache entries for a mobile
    node are replaced by new entries registering with this Binding
    Update message.  This flag is only used when the BID mobility
    option is carried with the Binding Update.
 Reserved
    6-bit Reserved field.

4.3. Binding Identifier Mobility Option

 The Binding Identifier mobility option is included in the Binding
 Update, Binding Acknowledgement, Binding Refresh Request, and Care-of
 Test Init and Care-of Test messages.  The Binding Identifier mobility
 option has an alignment requirement of 2n if the Care-of Address
 field is not present.  Otherwise, it has the alignment requirement of
 8n + 2.
                          1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
                                     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                                     |   Type = 35   |     Length    |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |       Binding ID (BID)        |     Status    |H|   Reserved  |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-------------------------------+
     +                                                               +
     :                 IPv4 or IPv6 care-of address (CoA)            :
     +                                                               +
     +---------------------------------------------------------------+
                     Figure 5: BID Mobility Option
 Type
    Type value for Binding Identifier is 35.
 Length
    8-bit unsigned integer.  Length of the option, in octets,
    excluding the Type and Length fields.  It MUST be set to either 4,
    8, or 20 depending on the Care-of Address field.  When the care-of
    address is not carried by this option, the length value MUST be
    set to 4.  If the IPv4 care-of address is stored in the Care-of
    Address field, the length MUST be 8.  Otherwise, the length value
    MUST be set to 20 for IPv6 care-of addresses.

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 11] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

 Binding ID (BID)
    The BID that is assigned to the binding indicated by the care-of
    address in the Binding Update or the Binding Identifier mobility
    option.  The BID is a 16-bit unsigned integer.  The value of zero
    is reserved and SHOULD NOT be used.
 Status
    The Status field is an 8-bit unsigned integer.  When the Binding
    Identifier mobility option is included in a Binding
    Acknowledgement, this field overwrites the Status field in the
    Binding Acknowledgement only for this BID.  If this field is set
    to zero, the receiver ignores this field and uses the registration
    status stored in the Binding Acknowledgement message.  The
    receiver MUST ignore this field if the Binding Identifier mobility
    option is not carried within either the Binding Acknowledgement or
    the Care-of Test messages.  The possible status codes are the same
    as the status codes of the Binding Acknowledgement.  This Status
    field is also used to carry error information related to the
    care-of address test in the Care-of Test message.
 Simultaneous Home and Foreign Binding (H) flag
    This flag indicates that the mobile node registers multiple
    bindings to the home agent while it is attached to the home link.
    This flag is valid only for a Binding Update sent to the home
    agent.
 Reserved
    7-bit Reserved field.  The value MUST be initialized to zero by
    the sender, and SHOULD be ignored by the receiver.
 Care-of Address
    If a Binding Identifier mobility option is included in a Binding
    Update for the home registration, either IPv4 or IPv6 care-of
    addresses for the corresponding BID can be stored in this field.
    For the binding registration to correspondent nodes (i.e., route
    optimization), only IPv6 care-of addresses can be stored in this
    field.  If no address is specified in this field, the length of
    this field MUST be zero (i.e., not appear in the option).  If the
    option is included in any messages other than a Binding Update,
    the length of this field MUST also be zero.

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 12] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

4.4. New Status Values for Binding Acknowledgement

 New status values for the Status field in a Binding Acknowledgement
 are defined for handling the multiple care-of addresses registration:
 MCOA NOTCOMPLETE (4)
    In bulk registration, not all the Binding Identifier mobility
    options were successfully registered.  Some of them were rejected.
    The error status value of the failed mobility option is
    individually stored in the Status field of the Binding Identifier
    mobility option.
 MCOA RETURNHOME WO/NDP (5)
    When a mobile node returns home, it MUST NOT use the Neighbor
    Discovery Protocol (NDP) for the home address on the home link.
    This is explained in more detail in Section 5.6.
 MCOA MALFORMED (164)
    Registration failed because the Binding Identifier mobility option
    was not formatted correctly.  This value is used in the following
    cases:
  • when the wrong length value is specified (neither 4, 8, nor 20)

in the Length field of the Binding Identifier mobility option.

  • when a unicast routable address is not specified in the Care-of

Address field of the Binding Identifier mobility option.

  • when a care-of address does not appear in the Care-of Address

field of the Binding Identifier mobility option stored in an

       IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)-protected Binding
       Update.
 MCOA NON-MCOA BINDING EXISTS (165)
    Indicates that a bootstrapping multiple care-of addresses
    registration was performed without the 'O' flag set.
 MCOA UNKOWN COA (167)
    Indicates that a Binding Identifier mobility option did not
    include a Care-of Address field and that the receiver has no
    record for the Binding ID indicated in the same option.

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 13] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

 MCOA PROHIBITED (166)
    Implies that the multiple care-of addresses registration is
    administratively prohibited.
 MCOA BULK REGISTRATION PROHIBITED (168)
    Bulk binding registration is either not permitted or not
    supported.  Note that the bulk registration is an optional
    procedure and might not be available on a home agent.
 MCOA SIMULTANEOUS HOME AND FOREIGN PROHIBITED (169)
    Simultaneous home and foreign attachment is neither supported nor
    permitted.

5. Mobile Node Operation

5.1. Management of Care-of Address(es) and Binding Identifier(s)

 There are two cases when a mobile node might acquire several care-of
 addresses.  A mixture of the two cases is also possible.  Note that a
 mobile node can use BID regardless of the number of interfaces and
 care-of addresses.  Whether or not a mobile node uses BID is
 determined by a local configuration.
 1.  A mobile node is using several physical network interfaces and
     acquires a care-of address on each of its interfaces.
 2.  A mobile node uses a single physical network interface but
     receives advertisements for multiple prefixes on the link to
     which the interface is attached.  This will result in the mobile
     node configuring several global addresses on the interface from
     each of the announced prefixes.
 The difference between the above two cases is only in the number of
 physical network interfaces and is therefore irrelevant in this
 document.  What is of significance is the fact that the mobile node
 has several addresses it can use as care-of addresses.
 A mobile node assigns a BID to each care-of address when it wants to
 register them simultaneously with its home address.  The BID MUST be
 unique for a given home address.  The value is an integer between 1
 and 65535.  A zero value SHOULD NOT be used as a BID.  If a mobile
 node has only one care-of address, the assignment of a BID is not
 needed until it has multiple care-of addresses with which to
 register, at which time all of the care-of addresses MUST be mapped
 to BIDs.

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 14] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

 When a mobile node registers a given BID for the first time, it MUST
 include the Care-of Address field in the Binding Identifier mobility
 option.  For any subsequent registrations that either re-register or
 de-register the same BID, the MN need not include the Care-of Address
 field in the Binding Identifier mobility option.

5.2. Binding Registration

 For the multiple care-of addresses registration, the mobile node MUST
 include a Binding Identifier mobility option(s) in the Binding Update
 as shown in Figure 6.
 When IPsec ESP is used for protecting the Binding Update, a care-of
 address MUST be carried in an alternate Care-of Address mobility
 option as described in [RFC4877].  However, in this specification,
 the care-of address MUST be carried in the Care-of Address field of
 the Binding Identifier mobility option.  In order to save bits of the
 Binding Update, the alternate Care-of Address option MUST NOT be
 included.
 For binding registration to a correspondent node, the mobile node
 MUST have both active Home and Care-of Keygen tokens for Kbm (binding
 management key; see Section 5.2.5 of [RFC3775]) before sending the
 Binding Update.  The care-of Keygen tokens MUST be maintained for
 each care-of address that the mobile node wants to register to the
 correspondent node.  The Binding Update to the correspondent node is
 protected by the Binding Authorization Data mobility option that is
 placed after the Binding Identifier mobility option.
           IPv6 header (src=Care-of Address, dst=Home Agent Address)
                IPv6 Home Address Option
                ESP Header*
                Mobility header
                    Binding Update
                   Mobility Options
                      Binding Identifier mobility option
                      Binding Authorization mobility option+
    (*) if necessary, for home registration
    (+) if necessary, for route optimization
         Figure 6: Binding Update for Binding Registration
 If the mobile node wants to replace existing registered bindings on
 the home agent with the single binding in the sent Binding Update, it
 sets the 'O' flag.  If the 'O' flag is not set, then the binding will
 be added to existing bindings in the home agent.  The single binding
 will be registered with the assigned BID.  Section 6.2 describes this
 registration procedure in detail.

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 15] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

5.3. Bulk Registration

 Bulk registration is an optimization for binding multiple care-of
 addresses to a home address using a single Binding Update.  This is
 very useful if the mobile node, for instance, does not want to send a
 lot of signaling messages through an interface where the bandwidth is
 scarce.  This document specifies bulk registration only for the
 mobile node's home registration.  A mobile node performing bulk
 registration with a correspondent node is out of scope.
 To use bulk registration, the mobile node includes a Binding
 Identifier mobility option for each BID it wants to register in the
 same Binding Update message.  As with single registrations (see
 Section 5.1), the Care-of Address field is included for each BID
 registered for the first time.  This is shown in Figure 7.  The rest
 of the fields and options in the Binding Update (such as Lifetime,
 Sequence Number, and the flags in the Binding Update) are common
 across all care-of addresses.
         IPv6 header (src=Care-of Address, dst=Home Agent Address)
              IPv6 Home Address Option
              ESP Header
              Mobility header
                  Binding Update
                 Mobility Options
                    Binding Identifier1 (including Care-of Address)
                    Binding Identifier2 (including Care-of Address)
                    Binding Identifier3 (no Care-of Address)
                    Binding IdentifierN (no Care-of Address)
                            :
         Figure 7: Binding Update for Bulk Registration
 As with regular registrations, if the mobile node wants to replace
 existing registered bindings on the home agent with the multiple
 bindings in the sent Binding Update, it sets the 'O' flag in the
 Binding Update; otherwise, the bindings are added to the existing
 bindings in the home agent.

5.4. Binding De-Registration

 When a mobile node decides to delete all the bindings for its home
 address, it sends a regular de-registration Binding Update with
 lifetime set to zero as defined in [RFC3775].  The Binding Identifier
 mobility option is not required.

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 16] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

 If a mobile node wants to delete a particular binding(s) from its
 home agent and correspondent nodes, the mobile node sends a Binding
 Update with lifetime set to zero and includes a Binding Identifier
 mobility option(s) with the BID(s) it wants to de-register.  The
 receiver will remove only the care-of address(es) that match(es) the
 specified BID(s).  Since de-registration attempts to remove a BID
 that already exists, the Care-of Address field in each Binding
 Identifier option can be omitted by the sender as defined in Section
 5.1.

5.5. Returning Home with Complete Binding De-Registration: Using a

    Single Interface
 The mobile node may return to the home link by attaching to the home
 link through one of its interfaces.  When the mobile node wants to
 return home, it should be configured with information on what
 interface it needs to use.

5.5.1. Using Only the Interface Attached to the Home Link

 The mobile node returns home and de-registers all the bindings it has
 with the home agent, as shown in Figure 2 and as defined in
 [RFC3775].  After the de-registration step, all the packets routed by
 the home agent are only forwarded to the interface attached to the
 home link, even if there are other active interfaces attached to the
 visited link(s).  While the mobile node de-registers all the bindings
 from the home agent, it may continue registering, to the
 correspondent node, bindings for interfaces attached to visited links
 as shown in Figure 2.

5.5.2. Using Only the Interface Attached to the Visited Link

 The mobile node returns home physically but shuts down the interface
 attached to the home link.  As a result, a mobile node does not
 return home even though it attaches to the home link by one of the
 interfaces.  Before shutting down the interface, any binding for the
 care-of address previously associated with the interface should be
 deleted as defined in Section 5.4.
 In this scenario, despite the fact that the mobile node is connected
 to its home link, all of its traffic is sent and received via the
 home agent and its foreign links.

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 17] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

5.6. Returning Home: Simultaneous Home and Visited Link Operation

5.6.1. Problems of Simultaneous Home and Foreign Attachments

 The mobile node returns home and continues using all the interfaces
 attached to both foreign and home links as shown in Figure 3.
 In [RFC3775], the home agent intercepts packets meant for the mobile
 node using proxy Neighbor Discovery [RFC4861] while the mobile node
 is away from the home link.  When the mobile node returns home, the
 home agent deletes the binding cache and stops proxying for the home
 address so that a mobile node can configure its home address on the
 interface attached to the home link.  In this specification, a mobile
 node may return home and configure the home address on the interface
 attached to the home link, but still use the interfaces attached to
 the foreign links.  In this case, a possible conflict arises when
 both the home agent and the mobile node try to defend the home
 address.  If the home agent stops proxying for the home address, the
 packets are always routed to the interface attached to the home link
 and are never routed to the interfaces attached to the visited links.
 Deployments making use of multiple care-of addresses are required to
 avoid configuration conflict between the home agent and the mobile
 node, while still allowing the simultaneous use of home and foreign
 links.  The following describes the mechanism for achieving this.

5.6.2. Overview and Approach

 The home agent MUST intercept all the packets meant for the mobile
 node, whether or not the mobile node is attached to the home link,
 and decide whether to send the traffic directly to the home address
 on the link or tunnel to the care-of address.
 Two scenarios are illustrated in Figure 3, depending on whether or
 not the home agent is the only router at the home link.  The
 difference is on who defends the home address by (Proxy) Neighbor
 Discovery on the home link.
 1.  Mobile node defends the home address by the regular Neighbor
     Discovery protocol (illustrated as topology-a in Figure 3).  The
     home agent is the only router on the home link.  Therefore, the
     home agent is capable of intercepting packets without relying on
     the proxy Neighbor Discovery protocol, and the mobile node can
     manage the neighbor cache entry of the home address on the home
     link as a regular IPv6 node.  However, there is one limitation of
     this scenario.  If a correspondent node is located at the home
     link, the home agent may not intercept the packets destined to

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 18] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

     the mobile node.  These packets are routed only via the home
     link, but this is the most optimal path for the mobile node to
     communicate with nodes on the home link.
 2.  If there are routers other than the home agent on the home link,
     then it cannot be guaranteed that all packets meant for the
     mobile node are routed to the home agent.  In this case, the
     mobile node MUST NOT operate the Neighbor Discovery protocol for
     the home address on the home link.  This allows the home agent to
     keep using proxy Neighbor Discovery, and thus it keeps receiving
     all the packets sent to the mobile node's home address.  If the
     home agent, according to its local policy, needs to deliver
     packets to the mobile node over the home link, an issue arises
     with respect to how the home agent discovers the mobile node's
     link local address.  This specification uses the Mobility Header
     Link-Layer Address option defined in [RFC5568] in order to carry
     the mobile node's link-layer address in the Binding Update.
     Likewise, the mobile node would also know the link-layer address
     of the default router address to send packets from the home link
     without Neighbor Discovery.  The link-layer address is used to
     transmit packets from and to the mobile node on the home link.
     The packets are transmitted without the Neighbor Discovery
     protocol by constructing the link-layer header manually.  This
     operation is similar to Mobile IPv6 [RFC3775] when a mobile node
     sends a de-registration Binding Update to the home agent's link-
     layer address in the operation for returning home.

5.6.3. Home Binding Support

 When the home binding is used, the mobile node MUST send a
 registering Binding Update with a Binding Identifier mobility option
 with the 'H' flag set.  The lifetime MUST be set to a non-zero
 lifetime of the home binding, and the Care-of Address field MUST be
 set to the home address.  The mobile node registers only one home
 binding at a time, even if it attaches to the home link by multiple
 interfaces.
 The mobile node SHOULD include the Mobility Header Link-Layer Address
 option [RFC5568] to notify the mobile node's link-layer address to
 the home agent, too.  The option code of the Mobility Header Link-
 Layer Address option MUST be set to '2' (link-layer address of the
 mobile node).  This link-layer address is required for the home agent
 to send the Binding Acknowledgement and to forward the mobile node's
 packet.
 According to [RFC3775], the mobile node MUST start responding to
 Neighbor Solicitation for its home address right after it sends the
 de-registration Binding Update to the home agent.  However, in this

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 19] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

 specification, the mobile node MUST NOT respond to Neighbor
 Solicitation before receiving a Binding Acknowledgement, since the
 home agent may continue proxying for the home address.  If the mobile
 node receives [MCOA RETURNHOME WO/NDP (5)] status value in the
 received Binding Acknowledgment, it MUST NOT respond to Neighbor
 Solicitation even after the Binding Acknowledgement.
 The management of the home binding is the same as the binding
 management described in this specification.  The home binding can be
 included in a bulk binding registration (Section 5.3).  The MN SHOULD
 refresh the lifetime of the home binding by sending appropriate
 Binding Updates as with any other binding.

5.6.4. Sending Packets from the Home Link

 o  When the mobile node receives the Binding Acknowledgement with the
    status value 'Binding Update Accepted' and the BID option, it can
    configure its home address to the interface attached to the home
    link and start operating Neighbor Discovery for the home address
    on the home link.  Packets can be transmitted from and to the
    mobile node as if the mobile node were a regular IPv6 node.
 o  If the mobile node receives the status [MCOA RETURNHOME WO/NDP] in
    the Binding Acknowledgement, it MUST NOT operate Neighbor
    Discovery for the home address.  When the mobile node sends
    packets from the interface attached to the home link, it MUST
    learn the link-layer address of the next hop (i.e., default router
    of the mobile node).  A mobile node learns the default router's
    link-layer address from a Source Link-Layer Address option in
    Router Advertisements.  The mobile node sends packets directly to
    the default router's link-layer address.  This is done by
    constructing the packet to include a link-layer header with the
    learned link-layer address of the default router.  The home agent
    also forwards the packet to the mobile node on the home link by
    using the mobile node's link-layer address.  The link-layer
    address SHOULD be cached when the home agent receives the
    de-registration Binding Update message.  Note that the default
    router MUST NOT cache the mobile node's link-layer address in the
    neighbor cache when it forwards the packet from the mobile node to
    the home agent.

5.6.5. Leaving from the Home Link

 When the mobile node detaches from the home link, it SHOULD
 immediately send a Binding Update for one of the active care-of
 addresses with the 'H' flag unset.  When the 'H' flag of the BID
 option is unset in any Binding Update, the home agent stops
 forwarding the mobile node's packets to the home link.

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 20] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

5.7. Receiving Binding Acknowledgement

 The verification of a Binding Acknowledgement is the same as Mobile
 IPv6 (Section 11.7.3 of [RFC3775]).  The operation for sending a
 Binding Acknowledgement is described in Section 6.2.
 If a mobile node includes a Binding Identifier mobility option in a
 Binding Update with the 'A' flag set, a Binding Acknowledgement
 SHOULD carry a Binding Identifier mobility option.  According to
 [RFC3775], the receiver of the Binding Update ignores unknown
 mobility options and processes the Binding Update without the unknown
 mobility option.  Therefore, if no such mobility option is included
 in the Binding Acknowledgement in response to a Binding Update for a
 multiple care-of addresses registration, this indicates that the
 originating node of the Binding Acknowledgement does not support
 processing the Binding Identifier mobility option regardless of
 status value.  In such case, the receiver of the Binding Update may
 create a regular binding.  The mobile node then SHOULD no longer
 attempt a multiple care-of addresses registration with that node.  If
 this occurs with home registration, the mobile node MAY attempt to
 discover another home agent that supports the Binding Identifier
 mobility option for the home registration.
 If a Binding Identifier mobility option is present in the received
 Binding Acknowledgement, the mobile node checks the Status field in
 the option.  If the status value in the Binding Identifier mobility
 option is zero, the mobile node uses the value in the Status field of
 the Binding Acknowledgement.  Otherwise, it uses the value in the
 Status field of the Binding Identifier mobility option.
 If the status code is greater than or equal to 128, the mobile node
 starts relevant operations according to the error code.  Otherwise,
 the mobile node assumes that the originator (home agent or
 correspondent node) successfully registered the binding information
 and BID for the mobile node.
 o  If the status value is [MCOA PROHIBITED], the mobile node MUST
    stop registering multiple bindings with the node that sent the
    Binding Acknowledgement.
 o  If the status value is [MCOA BULK REGISTRATION PROHIBITED], the
    mobile node needs to stop using bulk registrations with the node
    that sent the Binding Acknowledgement.  It should assume that none
    of the attempted registrations were successful.
 o  If [MCOA MALFORMED] is specified, it indicates that the Binding
    Identifier mobility option is formatted wrong, presumably due to a
    programming error or major packet corruption.

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 21] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

 o  If [MCOA NON-MCOA BINDING EXISTS] is specified, it means that
    there is a non-MCoA binding entry in the receiver.  The mobile
    node MUST set 'O' flag so that all the registered bindings are
    replaced by an MCoA registration as described in Section 5.9.
 o  If [MCOA UNKNOWN COA] is specified, it means that the mobile node
    sent a Binding Identifier mobility option without a Care-of
    Address field, but the receiver could not find an entry for the
    BID indicated.  If the mobile node is trying to de-register a BID,
    it need not do anything further.  If the mobile node is trying to
    refresh a binding, it SHOULD send a Binding Identifier mobility
    option including the Care-of Address field.

5.8. Receiving Binding Refresh Request

 The verification of a Binding Refresh Request is the same as in
 Mobile IPv6 (Section 11.7.4 of [RFC3775]).  The operation of sending
 a Binding Refresh Request is described in Section 6.4.
 If a mobile node receives a Binding Refresh Request with a Binding
 Identifier mobility option, it indicates that the node sending the
 Binding Refresh Request message is requesting that the mobile node
 send a new Binding Update for the BID.  The mobile node SHOULD then
 send a Binding Update at least for the respective binding, as
 described in Sections 5.2 and 5.3.

5.9. Bootstrapping

 When a mobile node bootstraps and registers multiple bindings for the
 first time, it MUST set the 'O' flag in the Binding Update message.
 If old bindings still exist at the home agent, the mobile node has no
 knowledge of which bindings still exist at the home agent.  This
 scenario happens when a mobile node reboots and loses state regarding
 the registrations.  If the 'O' flag is set, all the bindings are
 replaced by the new binding(s).

6. Home Agent and Correspondent Node Operation

6.1. Searching Binding Cache with Binding Identifier

 If either a correspondent node or a home agent has multiple bindings
 for a mobile node in their binding cache database, it can use any of
 the bindings to communicate with the mobile node.  This section
 explains how to retrieve the desired binding for the binding
 management.  This document does not provide any mechanism to select
 the suitable binding for forwarding data packets.

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 22] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

 A node that is either a correspondent node or a home agent SHOULD use
 both the home address and the BID as the search key of the binding
 cache if it knows the corresponding BID (for example, when processing
 signaling messages).  In the example below, if a node searches the
 binding with the home address and BID2, it gets binding2 for this
 mobile node.
         binding1 [2001:db8::EUI,  care-of address1,  BID1]
         binding2 [2001:db8::EUI,  care-of address2,  BID2]
         binding3 [2001:db8::EUI,  care-of address3,  BID3]
               Figure 8: Searching the Binding Cache
 The node learns the BID when it receives a Binding Identifier
 mobility option.  At that time, the node MUST look up its binding
 cache database with the home address and the BID retrieved from the
 Binding Update.  If the node does not know the BID, it searches for a
 binding with only the home address.  In such a case, the first
 matched binding is found.  If the node does not desire to use
 multiple bindings for a mobile node, it can simply ignore the BID.

6.2. Processing Binding Update

 If a Binding Update does not contain a Binding Identifier mobility
 option, its processing is the same as in [RFC3775].  If the receiver
 already has multiple bindings for the home address, it MUST replace
 all the existing bindings with the received binding.  If the
 [RFC3775] Binding Update is for de-registration, the receiver MUST
 delete all existing bindings from its binding cache.
 If the Binding Update contains Binding Identifier mobility option(s),
 it is first validated according to Section 9.5.1 of [RFC3775].  Then
 the receiver processes the Binding Identifier mobility option(s) as
 described in the following steps.
 o  The length value is examined.  The length value MUST be either 4,
    8, or 20 depending on the Care-of Address field.  If the length is
    incorrect, the receiver MUST reject the Binding Update and return
    the status value set to [MCOA MALFORMED].
 o  When the length value is either 8 or 20, the care-of address MUST
    be present in the Binding Identifier mobility option.  If the
    unicast routable address [RFC3775] is not present in the Care-of
    Address field, the receiver MUST reject the Binding Identifier
    mobility option and return the status value set to [MCOA
    MALFORMED].

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 23] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

 o  When multiple Binding Identifier mobility options are present in
    the Binding Update, it is treated as bulk registration.  If the
    receiving node is a correspondent node, it MUST reject the Binding
    Update and return the status value set to [MCOA BULK REGISTRATION
    PROHIBITED] in the binding Acknowledgement.
 o  If the Lifetime field in the Binding Update is set to zero, the
    receiving node deletes the binding entry that corresponds to the
    BID in the Binding Identifier mobility option.  If the receiving
    node does not have an appropriate binding for the BID, it MUST
    reject the Binding Update and send a Binding Acknowledgement with
    status set to 133 [not home agent for this mobile node].
 o  If the 'O' flag is set in the de-registering Binding Update, it is
    ignored.  If the 'H' flag is set, the home agent stores a home
    address in the Care-of Address field of the binding cache entry.
    The home agent MUST follow the descriptions described in Section
    5.6.
 o  If the Lifetime field is not set to zero, the receiving node
    registers a binding with the specified BID as a mobile node's
    binding.  The care-of address is obtained from the Binding Update
    packet as follows:
  • If the length value of the Binding Identifier mobility option

is 20, the care-of address is the IPv6 address copied from the

       Care-of Address field in the Binding Identifier mobility
       option.
  • When the length value is 8, the address MUST be the IPv4 valid

address. How to obtain an IPv4 care-of address is described in

       Section 8.
  • When the length value is 4 and the Binding Identifier is

present in the binding cache, the receiving node MUST update

       the associated binding entry.  Otherwise, the receiving node
       MUST reject that Binding Identifier mobility option and send a
       Binding Acknowledgement with the status for that Binding
       Identifier mobility option set to [MCOA UNKNOWN].
 o  Once the care-of address(es) have been retrieved from the Binding
    Update, the receiving nodes create new binding(s).
  • If the 'O' flag is set in the Binding Update, the receiving

node removes all the existing bindings and registers the

       received binding(s).

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 24] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

  • If the 'O' flag is unset in the Binding Update and the receiver

has a regular binding that does not have a BID for the mobile

       node, it must not process the Binding Update.  The receiver
       should send a Binding Acknowledgement with status set to [MCOA
       NON-MCOA BINDING EXISTS].
  • If the receiver already has a binding with the same BID but

different care-of address, it MUST update the binding and

       respond with a Binding Acknowledgement with status set to 0
       [Binding Update accepted].
  • If the receiver does not have a binding entry for the BID, it

registers a new binding for the BID and responds with a Binding

       Acknowledgement with status set to 0 [Binding Update accepted].
 If all the above operations are successfully completed and the 'A'
 flag is set in the Binding Update, a Binding Acknowledgement
 containing the Binding Identifier mobility options MUST be sent to
 the mobile node.  Whenever a Binding Acknowledgement is sent, all the
 Binding Identifier mobility options stored in the Binding Update MUST
 be copied to the Binding Acknowledgement except the Status field.
 The Care-of Address field in each Binding Identifier mobility option,
 however, MAY be omitted, because the mobile node can match a
 corresponding Binding Update List entry using the BID.
 When a correspondent node sends a Binding Acknowledgement, the status
 value MUST always be stored in the Status field of the Binding
 Acknowledgement and the Status field of the Binding Identifier
 mobility option MUST always be set to zero.
 When the home agent sends a Binding Acknowledgement, the status value
 can be stored in the Status field of either a Binding Acknowledgement
 or a Binding Identifier mobility option.  If the status value is
 specific to one of the bindings in the bulk registration, the status
 value MUST be stored in the Status field in the corresponding Binding
 Identifier mobility option.  In this case, the Status field of the
 Binding Acknowledgement MUST be set to [MCOA NOTCOMPLETE], so that
 the receiver can examine the Status field of each Binding Identifier
 mobility option for further operations.  Otherwise, the Status field
 of the Binding Identifier mobility option MUST be set to zero and the
 home agent Status field of the Binding Acknowledgement is used.

6.3. Sending a Binding Acknowledgement for Home Link Registration

 The operations described in this section are related to returning
 home with simultaneous use of home and foreign links.

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 25] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

 o  When the home agent sends the Binding Acknowledgement after
    successfully processing the home binding registration, it MUST set
    the status value to either 0 [Binding Update Accepted] or [MCOA
    RETURNHOME WO/NDP (5)] in the Status field of the Binding
    Acknowledgment, depending on home agent configuration at the home
    link.  The new values are:
  • Binding Update Accepted (0): The Neighbor Discovery protocol is

permitted for the home address at the home link. This is the

       regular returning home operation of [RFC3775].
  • MCOA RETURNHOME WO/NDP (5): The Neighbor Discovery protocol is

prohibited for the home address at the home link.

       The respective Binding Identifier mobility options need to be
       included in the Binding Acknowledgement.
 o  If the Binding Update is rejected, the appropriate error value
    MUST be set in the Status field.  In this case, the home agent
    operation is the same as in [RFC3775].
 o  Only if the home agent is the only router in the home link MAY it
    turn off Neighbor Discovery for the requested home address and
    respond with the [Binding Update Accepted] status value to the
    mobile node.  Since the mobile node will not reply to Neighbor
    Solicitation for the home address before receiving the Binding
    Acknowledgement, the home agent SHOULD use the link-layer address
    carried by the Mobility Header Link-Layer Address option [RFC5568]
    in the received Binding Update.  After the completion of the home
    binding registration, the mobile node starts regular Neighbor
    Discovery operations for the home address on the home link.  The
    neighbor cache entry for the home address is created by the
    regular exchange of Neighbor Solicitation and Neighbor
    Advertisement.
 o  If the home agent is not the only router in the home link, the
    home agent returns [MCOA RETURNHOME WO/NDP] value in the Status
    field of the Binding Identifier mobility option.  The home agent
    learns the mobile node's link-layer address by receiving the
    Mobility Header Link-Layer Address option carried by the Binding
    Update.  It stores the link-layer address as a neighbor cache
    entry for the mobile node so that it can send the packets to the
    mobile node's link-layer address.
 o  Note that the use of proxy Neighbor Discovery is an easier way to
    intercept the mobile nodes' packets instead of IP routing in some
    deployment scenarios.  Therefore, even if a home agent is the only

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 26] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

    router, it is an implementation and operational choice whether the
    home agent returns [Binding Update Accepted] or [MCOA RETURNHOME
    WO/NDP].
 o  If the BID option is not included in the Binding Acknowledgement,
    the home agent might not recognize the home registration.  The
    home agent might have processed the home registration Binding
    Update as a regular de-registration, as described in [RFC3775],
    and deleted all the registered binding cache entries for the
    mobile node.  Thus, the mobile node SHOULD stop using the
    interface attached to the foreign link and use only the interface
    attached to the home link.

6.4. Sending Binding Refresh Request

 When a node (home agent or correspondent node) sends a Binding
 Refresh Request for a particular binding created with the BID, the
 node SHOULD include the Binding Identifier mobility option in the
 Binding Refresh Request.  The node MAY include multiple Binding
 Identifier mobility options if there are multiple bindings that need
 to be refreshed.

6.5. Receiving Packets from Mobile Node

 When a node receives packets with a Home Address destination option
 from a mobile node, it MUST check that the care-of address that
 appears in the Source Address field of the IPv6 header is equal to
 one of the care-of addresses in the binding cache entry.  If no
 binding is found, the packets MUST be discarded.  The node MUST also
 send a Binding Error message as specified in [RFC3775].  This
 verification MUST NOT be done for a Binding Update.

7. Network Mobility Applicability

 The binding management mechanisms are the same for a mobile host that
 uses Mobile IPv6 and for a mobile router that is using the NEMO Basic
 Support protocol [RFC3963].  Therefore, the extensions described in
 this document can also be used to support a mobile router with
 multiple care-of addresses.  [RFC4980] contains an analysis of NEMO
 multihoming.

8. DSMIPv6 Applicability

 Dual Stack Mobile IPv6 (DSMIPv6) [RFC5555] extends Mobile IPv6 to
 register an IPv4 care-of address instead of the IPv6 care-of address
 when the mobile node is attached to an IPv4-only access network.  It
 also allows the mobile node to acquire an IPv4 home address in

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 27] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

 addition to an IPv6 home address for use with IPv4-only correspondent
 nodes.  This section describes how the multiple care-of addresses
 registration works with IPv4 care-of and home addresses.

8.1. IPv4 Care-of Address Registration

 The mobile node can use the extensions described in the document to
 register multiple care-of addresses, even if some of the care-of
 addresses are IPv4 addresses.
 Bulk registration MUST NOT be used for the initial binding
 registration from an IPv4 care-of address.  This is because the
 Binding Update and Binding Acknowledgement exchange is used to detect
 NAT on the path between the mobile node and the home agent.  So the
 mobile node needs to check for a NAT between each IPv4 care-of
 address and the home agent.
 The Binding Update MUST be sent to the IPv4 home agent address by
 using UDP and IPv4 headers as shown in Figure 9.  It is similar to
 [RFC5555] except that the IPv4 care-of address option MUST NOT be
 used when the BID mobility option is used.
            IPv4 header (src=V4ADDR, dst=HA_V4ADDR)
              UDP Header
                IPv6 header (src=V6HoA, dst=HAADDR)
                     ESP Header
                     Mobility header
                         -Binding Update
                        Mobility Options
                          - Binding Identifier (IPv4 CoA)
        *V4ADDR, HA_V4ADDR, V6HOA, HAADDR are defined in [RFC5555]
       Figure 9: Initial Binding Update for IPv4 Care-of Address
 If a NAT is not detected, the mobile node can update the IPv4 care-of
 address by using bulk registration.  The mobile node can register the
 IPv4 care-of address along with other IPv4 and IPv6 care-of
 addresses.  Figure 10 shows the Binding Update format when the mobile
 node sends a Binding Update from one of its IPv6 care-of addresses.
 If the mobile node sends a Binding Update from an IPv4 care-of
 address, it MUST follow the format described in Figure 9.  Note that
 the IPv4 care-of address must be registered by a non-bulk binding
 registration whenever it is changed.
 As shown in Figure 9, the IPv4 care-of address will appear in the
 Binding Identifier mobility option.  The IPv4 Care-of Address
 mobility option defined in [RFC5555] MUST always be omitted.  The
 receiver of the Binding Update message for an IPv4 care-of address

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 28] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

 MUST treat the IPv4 address stored in the Binding Identifier mobility
 option as the one in the IPv4 Care-of Address mobility option of
 [RFC5555].  If the IPv4 address in the Binding Identifier mobility
 option is different from one in the Source Address field in the IPv4
 header of the Binding Update (i.e., V4ADDR in Figure 9), the source
 address is used as an IPv4 care-of address.  Otherwise, the IPv4
 address in the Binding Identifier mobility option is used as an IPv4
 care-of address.
        IPv6 header (src=Care-of Address, dst=Home Agent Address)
             IPv6 Home Address Option
             ESP Header
             Mobility header
                 -Binding Update
                Mobility Options
                   - Binding Identifier (IPv6/v4 CoA)
                   - Binding Identifier (IPv6/v4 CoA)
                   - ...
   Figure 10: Binding Bulk Registration for an IPv4 Care-of Address
 When the home agent returns a Binding Acknowledgement for the IPv4
 care-of address registration, it SHOULD NOT use the IPv4 Address
 Acknowledgement mobility option and SHOULD use only the Binding
 Identifier mobility option.  The registration status for the IPv4
 care-of address is stored in the Status field of the Binding
 Identifier mobility option.  However, if the home agent needs to
 store the status value specially defined for the IPv4 Address
 Acknowledgement mobility option, it MUST store the status value in
 the IPv4 Address Acknowledgement mobility option and MUST NOT store
 it in the Binding Identifier mobility option.  In such case, the home
 agent MUST include both the IPv4 Address Acknowledgement mobility
 option and the Binding Identifier mobility option.

8.2. IPv4 Home Address Management

 When the mobile node wants to configure an IPv4 home address in
 addition to the IPv6 home address, it can request one using the IPv4
 Home Address option in the Binding Update.  If the home agent accepts
 the Binding Update, the mobile node can now register multiple care-of
 addresses for the IPv4 home address in addition to the IPv6 home
 address.  The mobile node MUST always use the IPv4 Home Address
 mobility option for any purposes of the IPv4 home address management.
 The same set of care-of addresses will be registered for both IPv6
 and IPv4 home addresses.  The mobile node cannot bind a different set
 of care-of addresses to each home address.

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 29] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

 According to [RFC5555], the home agent includes the IPv4 Address
 Acknowledgement option in the Binding Acknowledgement only if the
 mobile node had requested an IPv4 home address in the corresponding
 Binding Update.  The IPv4 Address Acknowledgement option MUST be
 present before any Binding Identifier mobility option.  The Status
 field of the IPv4 Address Acknowledgement option contains only the
 error code defined in Section 3.2.1 of [RFC5555].  The home agent
 MUST always include the IPv4 Address Acknowledgement mobility option
 in the Binding Acknowledgement for the IPv4 home address
 registration.

9. IPsec and IKEv2 Interaction

 Mobile IPv6 [RFC3775] and the NEMO protocol [RFC3963] require the use
 of IPsec to protect signaling messages, including Binding Updates,
 Binding Acknowledgements, and return routability messages.  IPsec may
 also be used to protect all tunneled data traffic.  The Mobile IPv6-
 IKEv2 specification [RFC4877] specifies how IKEv2 can be used to set
 up the required IPsec security associations.  The following
 assumptions were made in [RFC3775], [RFC3963], and [RFC4877] with
 respect to the use of IKEv2 and IPsec.
 o  There is only one primary care-of address per mobile node.
 o  The primary care-of address is stored in the IPsec database for
    tunnel encapsulation and decapsulation.
 o  When the home agent receives a packet from the mobile node, the
    source address is verified against the care-of address in the
    corresponding binding cache entry.  If the packet is a reverse-
    tunneled packet from the mobile node, the care-of address check is
    done against the source address on the outer IPv6 header.  The
    reverse-tunneled packet could either be a tunneled Home Test Init
    message or tunneled data traffic to the correspondent node.
 o  The mobile node runs IKEv2 (or IKEv1) with the home agent using
    the care-of address.  The IKE SA is based on the care-of address
    of the mobile node.
 The above assumptions may not be valid when multiple care-of
 addresses are used by the mobile node.  In the following sections,
 the main issues with the use of multiple care-of addresses with IPsec
 are addressed.

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 30] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

9.1. Use of Care-of Address in the IKEv2 Exchange

 For each home address for which the mobile node sets up security
 associations with the home agent, the mobile node must pick one
 care-of address and use that as the source address for all IKEv2
 messages exchanged to create and maintain the IPsec security
 associations associated with the home address.  The resultant IKEv2
 security association is created based on this care-of address.
 If the mobile node needs to change the care-of address, it just sends
 a Binding Update with the care-of address it wants to use, with the
 corresponding Binding Identifier mobility option, and with the 'K'
 bit set.  This will force the home agent to update the IKEv2 security
 association to use the new care-of address.  If the 'K' bit is not
 supported on the mobile node or the home agent, the mobile node MUST
 re-establish the IKEv2 security association with the new care-of
 address.  This will also result in new IPsec security associations
 being set up for the home address.

9.2. Transport Mode IPsec-Protected Messages

 For Mobile IPv6 signaling message protected using IPsec in transport
 mode, the use of a particular care-of address among multiple care-of
 addresses does not matter for IPsec processing.
 The home agent processes Mobile Prefix Discovery messages with the
 same rules of data packets described in Section 6.5.

9.3. Tunnel Mode IPsec-Protected Messages

 The use of IPsec in tunnel mode with multiple care-of addresses
 introduces a few issues that require changes to how the mobile node
 and the home agent send and receive tunneled traffic.  The route
 optimization mechanism described in [RFC3775] mandates the use of
 IPsec protection in tunnel mode for the Home Test Init and Home Test
 messages.  The mobile node and the home agent may also choose to
 protect all reverse-tunneled payload traffic with IPsec in tunnel
 mode.  The following sections address multiple care-of address
 support for these two types of messages.

9.3.1. Tunneled Home Test Init and Home Test Messages

 The mobile node MAY use the same care-of address for all Home Test
 Init messages sent reverse tunneled through the home agent.  The
 mobile node may use the same care-of address irrespective of which
 correspondent node the Home Test Init message is being to.  RFC 3775
 requires the home agent to verify that the mobile node is using the
 care-of address that is in the binding cache entry when it receives a

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 31] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

 reverse-tunneled Home Test Init message.  If a different address is
 used as the source address, the message is silently dropped by the
 home agent.  This document requires the home agent implementation to
 decapsulate and forward the Home Test Init message as long as the
 source address is one of the care-of addresses in the binding cache
 entry for the mobile node.
 When the home agent tunnels a Home Test message to the mobile node,
 the care-of address used in the outer IPv6 header is not relevant to
 the Home Test message.  So regular IPsec tunnel encapsulation with
 the care-of address known to the IPsec implementation on the home
 agent is sufficient.

9.3.2. Tunneled Payload Traffic

 When the mobile node sends and receives multiple traffic flows
 protected by IPsec to different care-of addresses, the use of the
 correct care-of address for each flow becomes important.  Support for
 this requires the following two considerations on the home agent.
 o  When the home agent receives a reverse-tunneled payload message
    protected by IPsec in tunnel mode, the source address used in the
    outer IPv6 header is irrelevant to IPsec, since the tunnel mode
    security association is based on the addresses in the inner IPv6
    header.  Therefore, the same IPsec security association can be
    used for payload traffic tunneled from any of the care-of
    addresses.  Note that the care-of address used in the reverse-
    tunneled traffic can be different from the care-of address used as
    the source address in the IKEv2 exchange.  However, this does not
    cause an issue due to the above-mentioned reason.
 o  For tunneled IPsec traffic from the home agent to the mobile node,
    the IPsec implementation on the home agent will not be aware of
    which care-of address to use when performing IPsec tunnel
    encapsulation.  The Mobile IP stack on the home agent, based on
    the binding cache entries created by the mobile node, knows to
    which care-of address the packet belonging to a particular flow
    needs to be tunneled.  The destination address for the outer IP
    header must either be conveyed dynamically per packet to the IPsec
    stack when it performs the encapsulation or the Mobile IPv6 stack
    must get access to the packet after IPsec processing is done and
    modify the destination address.  The first option requires changes
    to the IPsec implementation.  In the second option, there is a
    need for special processing in the forwarding function to replace
    the destination address on the outer header with the correct
    care-of address.  The exact technique to achieve the above is
    implementation specific.

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 32] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

10. Security Considerations

 The security considerations for securing the Binding Update and
 Binding Acknowledgement messages with multiple care-of addresses are
 very similar to the security considerations for securing the Binding
 Update and Binding Acknowledgement.  Please see [RFC3775] for more
 information.  The Binding Update and Binding Acknowledgement messages
 with multiple care-of addresses are securely exchanged as described
 in [RFC3775], [RFC4877], and Section 9 of this document.  Additional
 security considerations are described below.
 With simultaneous binding support, it is possible for a malicious
 mobile node to successfully bind a number of victims' addresses as
 valid care-of addresses for the mobile node with its home agent.
 Once these addresses have been bound, the malicious mobile node can
 perform a re-direction attack by instructing the home agent (e.g.,
 setting filtering rules to direct a large file transfer) to tunnel
 packets to the victims' addresses.  Such risk is highlighted in
 [MIP6ANALYSIS].  These attacks are possible because the care-of
 addresses sent by the mobile node in the Binding Update messages are
 not verified by the home agent, i.e., the home agent does not check
 if the mobile node is at the care-of address at which it claims to
 be.  The security model for Mobile IPv6 assumes that there is a trust
 relationship between the mobile node and its home agent.  Any
 malicious attack by the mobile node is traceable by the home agent.
 This acts as a deterrent for the mobile node to launch such attacks.
 Although such a risk exists in Mobile IPv6, the risk level is
 increased when simultaneous multiple care-of address bindings are
 performed.  In Mobile IPv6, a mobile node can only have a single
 care-of address binding per home address at a given time.  However,
 for simultaneous multiple care-of address bindings, a mobile node can
 have more than one care-of address binding per home address at a
 given time.  This implies that a mobile node using simultaneous
 binding support can effectively bind more than a single victim's
 address.  Another difference is the degree of risk involved.  In the
 single care-of address binding case, once the re-direction attack is
 initiated, a malicious mobile node would be unable to use its home
 address for communications (such as to receive control packets
 pertaining to the file transfer).  However, in the simultaneous
 binding support case, a malicious mobile node could bind a valid
 care-of address in addition to multiple victims addresses.  This
 valid care-of address could then be used by the malicious mobile node
 to set up flow filtering rules at its home agent, thereby controlling
 and/or launching new re-direction attacks.

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 33] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

 Thus, in view of such risks, it is advisable for a home agent to
 employ some form of care-of address verification mechanism before
 using the care-of addresses as a valid routing path to a mobile node.
 These mechanisms are out of scope for this document.
 In the binding registration of Mobile IPv6, a care-of address is
 always verified by its reachability by a home agent.  This
 reachability test may decrease the above risks.  However, when bulk
 registration is used, a home agent cannot verify reachability of
 care-of addresses carried in a Binding Identifier mobility option.
 Therefore, the home agent can choose to reject bulk registration by
 using [MCOA BULK REGISTRATION PROHIBITED] in a Binding
 Acknowledgement.  Alternatively, when a mobile node first registers a
 care-of address, it uses the individual Binding Updates for the first
 appeared care-of address.  During the initial binding registration, a
 home agent can verify the address reachability for that given care-of
 address.  After that, the mobile node uses bulk registration to
 refresh the care-of address.

11. IANA Considerations

 The following Extension Types have been assigned by IANA:
 o  Binding Identifier mobility option type: (35) has been assigned
    from the same space as the mobility option in [RFC3775].
 o  New Successful Status of Binding Acknowledgement: These status
    codes have been assigned from the same space as the Binding
    Acknowledgement status codes in [RFC3775].
  • MCOA NOTCOMPLETE (4)
  • MCOA RETURNHOME WO/NDP (5)
 o  New Unsuccessful Status of Binding Acknowledgement: These status
    codes have also been assigned from the same space as the Binding
    Acknowledgement status codes in [RFC3775].
  • MCOA MALFORMED (164)
  • MCOA NON-MCOA BINDING EXISTS (165)
  • MCOA PROHIBITED (166)
  • MCOA UNKNOWN COA (167)
  • MCOA BULK REGISTRATION PROHIBITED (168)

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 34] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

  • MCOA SIMULTANEOUS HOME AND FOREIGN PROHIBITED (169)

12. Acknowledgements

 Ryuji Wakikawa and Thierry Ernst are grateful to Keio University for
 its initial support on this specification at the time when they were
 working there.  In addition, the authors would like to thank Masafumi
 Aramoto, Keigo Aso, Julien Charbon, Tero Kauppinen, Martti Kuparinen,
 Romain Kuntz, Benjamin Lim, Heikki Mahkonen, Nicolas Montavont, and
 Chan-Wah Ng for their discussions and inputs.  Thanks to Susumu
 Koshiba, Hiroki Matutani, Koshiro Mitsuya, Koji Okada, Keisuke
 Uehara, Masafumi Watari, and Jun Murai for earlier work on this
 subject.

13. References

13.1. Normative References

 [RFC2119]      Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
                Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
 [RFC4861]      Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
                "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC
                4861, September 2007.
 [RFC3775]      Johnson, D., Perkins, C., and J. Arkko, "Mobility
                Support in IPv6", RFC 3775, June 2004.
 [RFC4877]      Devarapalli, V. and F. Dupont, "Mobile IPv6 Operation
                with IKEv2 and the Revised IPsec Architecture", RFC
                4877, April 2007.
 [RFC3963]      Devarapalli, V., Wakikawa, R., Petrescu, A., and P.
                Thubert, "Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support
                Protocol", RFC 3963, January 2005.
 [RFC5555]      Soliman, H., Ed., "Mobile IPv6 Support for Dual Stack
                Hosts and Routers", RFC 5555, June 2009.
 [RFC5568]      Koodli, R., Ed., "Mobile IPv6 Fast Handovers", RFC
                5568, July 2009.

13.2. Informative References

 [MOTIVATION]   Ernst, T., Montavont, N., Wakikawa, R., Ng, C., and K.
                Kuladinithi, "Motivations and Scenarios for Using
                Multiple Interfaces and Global Addresses", Work in
                Progress, May 2008.

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 35] RFC 5648 MCoA October 2009

 [RFC4980]      Ng, C., Ernst, T., Paik, E., and M. Bagnulo, "Analysis
                of Multihoming in Network Mobility Support", RFC 4980,
                October 2007.
 [MIP6ANALYSIS] Montavont, N., Wakikawa, R., Ernst, T., Ng, C., and K.
                Kuladinithi, "Analysis of Multihoming in Mobile IPv6",
                Work in Progress, May 2008.
 [RFC3753]      Manner, J., Ed., and M. Kojo, Ed., "Mobility Related
                Terminology", RFC 3753, June 2004.
 [RFC4885]      Ernst, T. and H-Y. Lach, "Network Mobility Support
                Terminology", RFC 4885, July 2007.

Authors' Addresses

 Ryuji Wakikawa (Editor)
 TOYOTA InfoTechnology Center Co., Ltd.
 EMail: ryuji.wakikawa@gmail.com (ryuji@jp.toyota-itc.com)
 Vijay Devarapalli
 Wichorus
 EMail: vijay@wichorus.com
 George Tsirtsis
 Qualcomm
 EMail: Tsirtsis@gmail.com
 Thierry Ernst
 INRIA
 EMail: thierry.ernst@inria.fr
 Kenichi Nagami
 INTEC NetCore Inc.
 EMail: nagami@inetcore.com

Wakikawa, et al. Standards Track [Page 36]

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