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rfc:rfc5207

Network Working Group M. Stiemerling Request for Comments: 5207 J. Quittek Category: Informational NEC

                                                             L. Eggert
                                                                 Nokia
                                                            April 2008
 NAT and Firewall Traversal Issues of Host Identity Protocol (HIP)
                           Communication

Status of This Memo

 This memo provides information for the Internet community.  It does
 not specify an Internet standard of any kind.  Distribution of this
 memo is unlimited.

IESG Note

 This RFC is a product of the Internet Research Task Force and is not
 a candidate for any level of Internet Standard.  The IRTF publishes
 the results of Internet-related research and development activities.
 These results might not be suitable for deployment.

Abstract

 The Host Identity Protocol (HIP) changes the way in which two
 Internet hosts communicate.  One key advantage over other schemes is
 that HIP does not require modifications to the traditional network-
 layer functionality of the Internet, i.e., its routers.  In the
 current Internet, however, many devices other than routers modify the
 traditional network-layer behavior of the Internet.  These
 "middleboxes" are intermediary devices that perform functions other
 than the standard functions of an IP router on the datagram path
 between source and destination hosts.  Whereas some types of
 middleboxes may not interfere with HIP at all, others can affect some
 aspects of HIP communication, and others can render HIP communication
 impossible.  This document discusses the problems associated with HIP
 communication across network paths that include specific types of
 middleboxes, namely, network address translators and firewalls.  It
 identifies and discusses issues in the current HIP specifications
 that affect communication across these types of middleboxes.  This
 document is a product of the IRTF HIP Research Group.

Stiemerling, et al. Informational [Page 1] RFC 5207 HIP NAT/Firewall Traversal Issues April 2008

Table of Contents

 1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
 2.  HIP across NATs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.1.  Phase 1: HIP Base Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     2.1.1.  IPv4 HIP Base Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     2.1.2.  IPv6 HIP Base Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   2.2.  Phase 2: ESP Data Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
 3.  HIP Across Firewalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   3.1.  Phase 1: HIP Base Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     3.1.1.  IPv4 HIP Base Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     3.1.2.  IPv6 HIP Base Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   3.2.  Phase 2: ESP Data Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
 4.  HIP Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
 5.  NAT Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
 6.  Legacy NAT and Firewall Traversal  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
 7.  HIP across Other Middleboxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
 8.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
 9.  Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
 10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Stiemerling, et al. Informational [Page 2] RFC 5207 HIP NAT/Firewall Traversal Issues April 2008

1. Introduction

 The current specification of the Host Identity Protocol (HIP)
 [RFC4423] assumes simple Internet paths, where routers forward
 globally routable IP packets based on their destination address
 alone.
 In the current Internet, such pure paths are becoming increasingly
 rare.  For a number of reasons, several types of devices modify or
 extend the pure forwarding functionality the Internet's network layer
 used to deliver.  [RFC3234] coins the term middleboxes for such
 devices: "A middlebox is (...) any intermediary device performing
 functions other than the normal, standard functions of an IP router
 on the datagram path between a source host and destination host".
 Middleboxes affect communication in a number of ways.  For example,
 they may inspect the flows of some transport protocols, such as TCP,
 and selectively drop, insert, or modify packets.  If such devices
 encounter a higher-layer protocol they do not support, or even a
 variant of a supported protocol that they do not know how to handle,
 communication across the middlebox may become impossible for these
 kinds of traffic.
 There are many different variants of middleboxes.  The most common
 ones are network address translators and firewalls.  [RFC3234]
 identifies many other types of middleboxes.  One broad way of
 classifying them is by behavior.  The first group operates on
 packets, does not modify application-layer payloads, and does not
 insert additional packets.  This group includes NAT, NAT-PT, SOCKS
 gateways, IP tunnel endpoints, packet classifiers, markers,
 schedulers, transport relays, IP firewalls, application firewalls,
 involuntary packet redirectors, and anonymizers.
 Other middleboxes exist (such as TCP performance-enhancing proxies,
 application-level gateways, gatekeepers, session control boxes,
 transcoders, proxies, caches, modified DNS servers, content and
 applications distribution boxes, and load balancers) that divert or
 modify URLs, application-level interceptors, and application-level
 multicast systems.  However, NATs and firewalls are the most frequent
 middleboxes that HIP traffic can encounter in the Internet.
 Consequently, this memo focuses on how NAT and firewall middleboxes
 can interfere with HIP traffic.
 Middleboxes can cause two different kinds of communication problems
 for HIP.  They can interfere with the transmission of HIP control
 traffic or with the transmission of the HIP data traffic carried
 within the Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) [RFC4303].

Stiemerling, et al. Informational [Page 3] RFC 5207 HIP NAT/Firewall Traversal Issues April 2008

 This document serves mainly as a problem description that solution
 proposals can reference.  But it also discusses known approaches to
 solving the problem and gives recommendations for certain approaches
 depending on the specific scenario.  It does not promote the use of
 any of the discussed types of middleboxes.
 This memo was discussed and modified in the Host Identity Protocol
 Research Group, was reviewed by the Internet Research Steering Group
 (IRSG), and represents a consensus view of the research group at the
 time of its submission for publication.

2. HIP across NATs

 This section focuses on the traversal of HIP across network address
 translator (NAT) middleboxes.  This document uses the term NAT for a
 basic translation of IP addresses, whereas it uses the term NAPT for
 NATs that additionally perform port translation [RFC2663], if a
 differentiation between the two is important.
 HIP operates in two phases.  It first performs a HIP "base exchange"
 handshake before starting to exchange application data in the second
 phase.  This section describes the problems that occur in each of the
 two phases when NATs are present along the path from the HIP
 initiator to the responder.

2.1. Phase 1: HIP Base Exchange

 The HIP base exchange uses different transport mechanisms for IPv6
 and IPv4.  With IPv6, it uses a HIP-specific IPv6 extension header,
 whereas it uses the IP payload with IPv4 [RFC5201].

2.1.1. IPv4 HIP Base Exchange

 The HIP protocol specification [RFC5201] suggests encapsulating the
 IPv4 HIP base exchange in a new IP payload type.  The chances of NAT
 traversal for this traffic are different, depending on the type of
 NAT in the path.  The IPv4 HIP base exchange traverses basic NATs
 (that translate IP addresses only) without problems, if the NAT only
 interprets and modifies the IP header, i.e., it does not inspect the
 IP payload.
 However, basic NATs are rare.  NAPT devices that inspect and
 translate transport-layer port numbers are much more common.  Because
 the IP payload used for the IPv4 base exchange does not contain port
 numbers or other demultiplexing fields, NAPTs cannot relay it.

Stiemerling, et al. Informational [Page 4] RFC 5207 HIP NAT/Firewall Traversal Issues April 2008

 A second issue is the well-known "data receiver behind a NAT"
 problem.  HIP nodes behind a NAT are not reachable unless they
 initiate the communication themselves, because the necessary
 translation state is otherwise not present at the NAT.

2.1.2. IPv6 HIP Base Exchange

 The IPv6 HIP base exchange uses empty IPv6 packets (without a
 payload).  New HIP extension headers carry the base exchange
 information.  This approach can cause problems if NAT middleboxes
 translate or multiplex IP addresses.
 At this time, IPv6 NATs are rare.  However, when they exist, IPv6
 NATs operate similarly to IPv4 NATs.  Consequently, they will likely
 block IP payloads other than the "well-known" transport protocols.
 This includes the IPv6 HIP base exchange, which does not contain any
 IP payload.

2.2. Phase 2: ESP Data Exchange

 HIP uses ESP to secure the data transmission between two HIP nodes
 after the base exchange completes.  Thus, HIP faces the same
 challenges as IPsec with regard to NAT traversal.  [RFC3715]
 discusses these issues for IPsec and describes three distinct problem
 categories: NAT-intrinsic issues, NAT implementation issues, and
 helper incompatibilities.
 This section focuses on the first category, i.e., NAT-intrinsic
 issues.  The two other problem categories are out of this document's
 scope.  They are addressed in the BEHAVE working group or in
 [RFC3489].
 With ESP-encrypted data traffic, all upper-layer headers are
 invisible to a NAT.  Thus, changes of the IP header during NAT
 traversal can invalidate upper-layer checksums contained within the
 ESP-protected payload.  HIP hosts already avoid this problem by
 substituting Host Identity Tags (HITs) for IP addresses during
 checksum calculations [RFC5201].
 Although the traversal of ESP-encrypted packets across NATs is
 possible, [RFC3715] notes that the Security Parameter Index (SPI)
 values of such traffic have only one-way significance.  NATs can use
 SPI values to demultiplex different IPsec flows, similar to how they
 use port number pairs to demultiplex unencrypted transport flows.
 Furthermore, NATs may modify the SPIs, similar to how they modify
 port numbers, when multiple IPsec nodes behind them happen to choose

Stiemerling, et al. Informational [Page 5] RFC 5207 HIP NAT/Firewall Traversal Issues April 2008

 identical SPIs.  However, NATs can only observe the SPIs of outgoing
 IPsec flows and cannot determine the SPIs of the corresponding return
 traffic.

3. HIP Across Firewalls

 This section focuses on the traversal of HIP across IP firewalls and
 packet filters.  These types of middleboxes inspect individual
 packets and decide whether to forward, discard, or process them in
 some special way, based on a set of filter rules and associated
 actions.
 Firewalls are not inherently problematic for HIP, as long as their
 policy rules permit HIP base exchange and IPsec traffic to traverse.
 The next sections discuss specific issues for HIP in typical firewall
 configurations.

3.1. Phase 1: HIP Base Exchange

3.1.1. IPv4 HIP Base Exchange

 A common and recommended configuration for IPv4 firewalls is to block
 all unknown traffic by default and to allow well-known transport
 protocols only and often just on specific ports and with specific
 characteristics ("scrubbed" traffic).  This common configuration
 blocks the HIP base exchange.

3.1.2. IPv6 HIP Base Exchange

 The configuration of IPv6 firewalls is similar to IPv4 firewalls.
 Many IPv4 firewalls discard any IP packet that includes an IP option.
 With IPv6, the expectation is that firewalls will block IPv6
 extension headers in general or will at least block unknown extension
 headers.  Furthermore, payloads other than specific, well-known
 transport protocols are likely to be blocked as well.  Like IPv4,
 this behavior blocks the HIP base exchange.
 A problem similar to the "data receiver behind a NAT" issue (see
 Section 2.1.1) applies to both IPv4 and IPv6 firewalls.  Typically,
 firewalls block all traffic into the protected network that is not
 identifiable return traffic of a prior outbound communication.  This
 means that HIP peers are not reachable outside the protected network,
 because firewalls block base exchange attempts from outside peers.

Stiemerling, et al. Informational [Page 6] RFC 5207 HIP NAT/Firewall Traversal Issues April 2008

3.2. Phase 2: ESP Data Exchange

 Firewalls are less problematic than NATs with regard to passing ESP
 traffic.  The largest concern is commonly used firewall
 configurations that block ESP traffic, because it is not a well-known
 transport protocol and ports cannot be used to identify return flows.
 However, firewalls could use mechanisms similar to Security Parameter
 Index (SPI) multiplexed NAT (SPINAT) to use SPIs as flow identifiers
 [YLITALO].

4. HIP Extensions

 This section identifies possible changes to HIP that attempt to
 improve NAT and firewall traversal, specifically, the reachability of
 HIP peers behind those middleboxes and traversal of the HIP base
 exchange.  Sections 2 and 3 describe several problems related to
 encapsulation schemes for the HIP base exchange in IPv4 and IPv6.
 UDP may improve HIP operation in the presence of NATs and firewalls.
 It may also aid traversal of other middleboxes.  For example, load
 balancers that use IP- and transport-layer information can correctly
 operate with UDP-encapsulated HIP traffic.
 HIP nodes located behind a NAT must notify their communication peers
 about the contact information.  The contact information is the NAT's
 public IP address and a specific UDP port number.  This measure
 enables the peers to send return traffic to HIP nodes behind the NAT.
 This would require a new HIP mechanism.
 To be reachable behind a NAT, a rendezvous point is required that
 lets HIP nodes behind a NAT register an IP address and port number
 that can be used to contact them.  Depending on the type of NAT, use
 of this rendezvous point may be required only during the base
 exchange or throughout the duration of a communication instance.  A
 rendezvous point is also useful for HIP nodes behind firewalls,
 because they suffer from an analogous problem, as described in
 Section 3.
 The proposed mobility management packet exchange [RFC5206] [NIKANDER]
 can support this method of NAT traversal.  The original intention of
 this extension is to support host mobility and multihoming.  This
 mechanism is similar to the Alternate Network Address Types (ANAT)
 described in [RFC4091].  However, HIP peers use mobility management
 messages to notify peers about rendezvous points, similar to
 [RFC4091].  HIP peers must determine their contact address before
 they can announce it to their peers.

Stiemerling, et al. Informational [Page 7] RFC 5207 HIP NAT/Firewall Traversal Issues April 2008

5. NAT Extensions

 IPsec SPIs have only one-way significance, as described in
 Section 2.2.  Consequently, NATs and firewalls can observe the SPI
 values of outgoing packets, but they cannot learn the SPI values of
 the corresponding inbound return traffic in the same way.  Two
 methods exist:
 First, NATs can observe the HIP base exchange and learn the SPI
 values that HIP peers agree to use.  Afterwards, NATs can map
 outgoing and incoming IPsec flows accordingly.  This approach is
 called architectured NAT, or SPINAT [YLITALO], and can be used by
 firewalls as well.  It requires HIP-specific NAT modifications.
 Second, HIP peers can use a generic NAT or firewall signaling
 protocol to explicitly signal appropriate SPI values to their NATs
 and firewalls.  This approach does not require HIP-specific changes
 at the middlebox, but does require integration of HIP with the
 signaling protocol at the end systems.
 Possible solutions for signaling SPI values are the mechanisms
 proposed in the IETF NSIS WG (NATFW NSLP) and MIDCOM MIB module
 [RFC5190].  Using MIDCOM in the context of HIP requires additional
 knowledge about network topology.  For example, in multihomed
 environments with different border NATs or firewalls, a host must
 know which of the multiple NATs/firewalls to signal.  Therefore, this
 solution can be problematic.
 By using the NSIS NAT/FW traversal (NATFW NSLP) mechanism HIP nodes
 can signal the used SPI values for both directions.  NATFW NSLP
 ensures that signaling messages will reach all NATs and firewalls
 along the data path (path-coupled signaling).  Although NSIS is
 generally supported at both peers, the NATFW NSLP offers a "proxy
 mode" for scenarios where only one end supports NSIS.  This has
 deployment advantages.

6. Legacy NAT and Firewall Traversal

 The solutions outlined in Section 5 require that NATs and firewalls
 are updated to support new functions, such as HIP itself or NSIS
 NATFW signaling.  NATs and firewalls are already widely deployed.  It
 will be impossible to upgrade or replace all such middleboxes with
 HIP support.  This section explores how HIP operates in the presence
 of legacy NATs and firewalls that are not HIP-aware.  Because the
 vast majority of deployed NATs currently support IPv4 only, this
 section focuses on them.

Stiemerling, et al. Informational [Page 8] RFC 5207 HIP NAT/Firewall Traversal Issues April 2008

 For HIP over IPv4, UDP encapsulation of HIP traffic already solves
 some NAT traversal issues.  Usually, UDP packets can traverse NATs
 and firewalls when communication was initiated from the inside.
 However, traffic initiated outside a NAT is typically dropped,
 because it cannot be demultiplexed to the final destination (for
 NATs) or is prohibited by policy (for firewalls).
 Even when UDP encapsulation enables the HIP base exchange to succeed,
 ESP still causes problems [RFC3715].  Some NAT implementations offer
 "VPN pass-through", where the NAT learns about IPsec flows and tries
 to correlate outgoing and incoming SPI values.  This often works
 reliably only for a small number of nodes behind a single NAT, due to
 the possibility of SPI collisions.
 A better solution may be to use UDP encapsulation for ESP [RFC3948],
 enabled through a new parameter in the base exchange.  It is for
 further study whether to mandate UDP encapsulation for all HIP
 traffic to reduce the complexity of the protocol.
 HIP may also consider other NAT/firewall traversal mechanisms, such
 as the widely deployed Universal Plug and Play (UPNP) [UPNP].  UPNP
 can be used to configure middleboxes on the same link as a HIP node.

7. HIP across Other Middleboxes

 This document focuses on NAT and firewall middleboxes and does not
 discuss other types identified in [RFC3234].  NATs and firewalls are
 the most frequently deployed middleboxes at the time of writing.
 However, future versions of this document may describe how HIP
 interacts with other types of middleboxes.

8. Security Considerations

 Opening pinholes in firewalls (i.e., loading firewall rules allowing
 packets to traverse) and creating NAT bindings are highly security-
 sensitive actions.  Any mechanism that does so in order to support
 HIP traversal across middleboxes should be well protected.  Detailed
 discussion of the related security issues can be found in the
 security considerations sections of the corresponding standards
 documents, such as [RFC3715] and [RFC5190].
 This document has not considered whether some of the options listed
 above pose additional threats to security of the HIP protocol itself.

Stiemerling, et al. Informational [Page 9] RFC 5207 HIP NAT/Firewall Traversal Issues April 2008

9. Acknowledgments

 The following people have helped to improve this document through
 thoughtful suggestions and feedback: Pekka Nikander, Tom Henderson,
 and the HIP research group.  The authors would like to thank the
 final reviewers, Kevin Fall, Mark Allman, and Karen Sollins.
 Lars Eggert and Martin Stiemerling are partly funded by Ambient
 Networks, a research project supported by the European Commission
 under its Sixth Framework Program.  The views and conclusions
 contained herein are those of the authors and should not be
 interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or
 endorsements, either expressed or implied, of the Ambient Networks
 project or the European Commission.

10. References

10.1. Normative References

 [RFC2663]   Srisuresh, P. and M. Holdrege, "IP Network Address
             Translator (NAT) Terminology and Considerations",
             RFC 2663, August 1999.
 [RFC3948]   Huttunen, A., Swander, B., Volpe, V., DiBurro, L., and M.
             Stenberg, "UDP Encapsulation of IPsec ESP Packets",
             RFC 3948, January 2005.
 [RFC4423]   Moskowitz, R. and P. Nikander, "Host Identity Protocol
             (HIP) Architecture", RFC 4423, May 2006.
 [RFC5201]   Moskowitz, R., Nikander, P., Jokela, P., Ed., and T.
             Henderson, "Host Identity Protocol", RFC 5201,
             April 2008.

10.2. Informative References

 [NIKANDER]  Nikander, P., Ylitalo, J., and J. Wall, "Integrating
             Security, Mobility, and Multi-Homing in a HIP Way", Proc.
             Network and Distributed Systems Security Symposium
             (NDSS) 2003, February 2003.
 [RFC3234]   Carpenter, B. and S. Brim, "Middleboxes: Taxonomy and
             Issues", RFC 3234, February 2002.
 [RFC3489]   Rosenberg, J., Weinberger, J., Huitema, C., and R. Mahy,
             "STUN - Simple Traversal of User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
             Through Network Address Translators (NATs)", RFC 3489,
             March 2003.

Stiemerling, et al. Informational [Page 10] RFC 5207 HIP NAT/Firewall Traversal Issues April 2008

 [RFC3715]   Aboba, B. and W. Dixon, "IPsec-Network Address
             Translation (NAT) Compatibility Requirements", RFC 3715,
             March 2004.
 [RFC4091]   Camarillo, G. and J. Rosenberg, "The Alternative Network
             Address Types (ANAT) Semantics for the Session
             Description Protocol (SDP) Grouping Framework", RFC 4091,
             June 2005.
 [RFC4303]   Kent, S., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)",
             RFC 4303, December 2005.
 [RFC5190]   Quittek, J., Stiemerling, M., and P. Srisuresh,
             "Definitions of Managed Objects for Middlebox
             Communication", RFC 5190, March 2008.
 [RFC5206]   Henderson, T., Ed., "End-Host Mobility and Multihoming
             with the Host Identity Protocol", RFC 5206, April 2008.
 [UPNP]      UPNP Web Site, "Universal Plug and Play Web Site", Web
             Site http://www.upnp.org/, July 2005.
 [YLITALO]   Ylitalo, J., Melen, J., Nikander, P., and V. Torvinen,
             "Re-Thinking Security in IP-Based Micro-Mobility", Proc.
             7th Information Security Conference (ISC) 2004,
             September 2004.

Stiemerling, et al. Informational [Page 11] RFC 5207 HIP NAT/Firewall Traversal Issues April 2008

Authors' Addresses

 Martin Stiemerling
 NEC Europe Ltd.
 Kurfuersten-Anlage 36
 Heidelberg  69115
 Germany
 Phone: +49 6221 4342 113
 Fax:   +49 6221 4342 155
 EMail: stiemerling@nw.neclab.eu
 URI:   http://www.nw.neclab.eu/
 Juergen Quittek
 NEC Europe Ltd.
 Kurfuersten-Anlage 36
 Heidelberg  69115
 Germany
 Phone: +49 6221 4342 115
 Fax:   +49 6221 4342 155
 EMail: quittek@nw.neclab.eu
 URI:   http://www.nw.neclab.eu/
 Lars Eggert
 Nokia Research Center
 P.O. Box 407
 Nokia Group  00045
 Finland
 Phone: +358 50 48 24461
 EMail: lars.eggert@nokia.com
 URI:   http://research.nokia.com/people/lars_eggert/

Stiemerling, et al. Informational [Page 12] RFC 5207 HIP NAT/Firewall Traversal Issues April 2008

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 contained in BCP 78 and at http://www.rfc-editor.org/copyright.html,
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Stiemerling, et al. Informational [Page 13]

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