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rfc:rfc5077

Network Working Group J. Salowey Request for Comments: 5077 H. Zhou Obsoletes: 4507 Cisco Systems Category: Standards Track P. Eronen

                                                                 Nokia
                                                         H. Tschofenig
                                                Nokia Siemens Networks
                                                          January 2008
     Transport Layer Security (TLS) Session Resumption without
                         Server-Side State

Status of This Memo

 This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
 Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
 improvements.  Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
 Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
 and status of this protocol.  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Abstract

 This document describes a mechanism that enables the Transport Layer
 Security (TLS) server to resume sessions and avoid keeping per-client
 session state.  The TLS server encapsulates the session state into a
 ticket and forwards it to the client.  The client can subsequently
 resume a session using the obtained ticket.  This document obsoletes
 RFC 4507.

Salowey, et al. Standards Track [Page 1] RFC 5077 Stateless TLS Session Resumption January 2008

Table of Contents

 1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
 2.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
 3.  Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   3.1.  Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.2.  SessionTicket TLS Extension  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   3.3.  NewSessionTicket Handshake Message . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   3.4.  Interaction with TLS Session ID  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
 4.  Recommended Ticket Construction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
 5.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   5.1.  Invalidating Sessions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   5.2.  Stolen Tickets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   5.3.  Forged Tickets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   5.4.  Denial of Service Attacks  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   5.5.  Ticket Protection Key Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   5.6.  Ticket Lifetime  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   5.7.  Alternate Ticket Formats and Distribution Schemes  . . . . 13
   5.8.  Identity Privacy, Anonymity, and Unlinkability . . . . . . 14
 6.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
 7.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
 8.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
   8.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
   8.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
 Appendix A.  Discussion of Changes to RFC 4507 . . . . . . . . . . 17

Salowey, et al. Standards Track [Page 2] RFC 5077 Stateless TLS Session Resumption January 2008

1. Introduction

 This document defines a way to resume a Transport Layer Security
 (TLS) session without requiring session-specific state at the TLS
 server.  This mechanism may be used with any TLS ciphersuite.  This
 document applies to both TLS 1.0 defined in [RFC2246], and TLS 1.1
 defined in [RFC4346].  The mechanism makes use of TLS extensions
 defined in [RFC4366] and defines a new TLS message type.
 This mechanism is useful in the following situations:
 1.  servers that handle a large number of transactions from different
     users
 2.  servers that desire to cache sessions for a long time
 3.  ability to load balance requests across servers
 4.  embedded servers with little memory
 This document obsoletes RFC 4507 [RFC4507] to correct an error in the
 encoding that caused the specification to differ from deployed
 implementations.  At the time of this writing, there are no known
 implementations that follow the encoding specified in RFC 4507.  This
 update to RFC 4507 aligns the document with currently deployed
 implementations.  More details of the change are given in Appendix A.

2. Terminology

 Within this document, the term 'ticket' refers to a cryptographically
 protected data structure that is created and consumed by the server
 to rebuild session-specific state.
 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
 document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

3. Protocol

 This specification describes a mechanism to distribute encrypted
 session-state information to the client in the form of a ticket and a
 mechanism to present the ticket back to the server.  The ticket is
 created by a TLS server and sent to a TLS client.  The TLS client
 presents the ticket to the TLS server to resume a session.
 Implementations of this specification are expected to support both
 mechanisms.  Other specifications can take advantage of the session
 tickets, perhaps specifying alternative means for distribution or
 selection.  For example, a separate specification may describe an

Salowey, et al. Standards Track [Page 3] RFC 5077 Stateless TLS Session Resumption January 2008

 alternate way to distribute a ticket and use the TLS extension in
 this document to resume the session.  This behavior is beyond the
 scope of the document and would need to be described in a separate
 specification.

3.1. Overview

 The client indicates that it supports this mechanism by including a
 SessionTicket TLS extension in the ClientHello message.  The
 extension will be empty if the client does not already possess a
 ticket for the server.  The server sends an empty SessionTicket
 extension to indicate that it will send a new session ticket using
 the NewSessionTicket handshake message.  The extension is described
 in Section 3.2.
 If the server wants to use this mechanism, it stores its session
 state (such as ciphersuite and master secret) to a ticket that is
 encrypted and integrity-protected by a key known only to the server.
 The ticket is distributed to the client using the NewSessionTicket
 TLS handshake message described in Section 3.3.  This message is sent
 during the TLS handshake before the ChangeCipherSpec message, after
 the server has successfully verified the client's Finished message.
       Client                                               Server
       ClientHello
      (empty SessionTicket extension)-------->
                                                       ServerHello
                                   (empty SessionTicket extension)
                                                      Certificate*
                                                ServerKeyExchange*
                                               CertificateRequest*
                                    <--------      ServerHelloDone
       Certificate*
       ClientKeyExchange
       CertificateVerify*
       [ChangeCipherSpec]
       Finished                     -------->
                                                  NewSessionTicket
                                                [ChangeCipherSpec]
                                    <--------             Finished
       Application Data             <------->     Application Data
 Figure 1: Message Flow for Full Handshake Issuing New Session Ticket

Salowey, et al. Standards Track [Page 4] RFC 5077 Stateless TLS Session Resumption January 2008

 The client caches this ticket along with the master secret and other
 parameters associated with the current session.  When the client
 wishes to resume the session, it includes the ticket in the
 SessionTicket extension within the ClientHello message.  Appendix A
 provides a detailed description of the encoding of the extension and
 changes from RFC 4507.  The server then decrypts the received ticket,
 verifies the ticket's validity, retrieves the session state from the
 contents of the ticket, and uses this state to resume the session.
 The interaction with the TLS Session ID is described in Section 3.4.
 If the server successfully verifies the client's ticket, then it may
 renew the ticket by including a NewSessionTicket handshake message
 after the ServerHello.
       Client                                                Server
       ClientHello
       (SessionTicket extension)      -------->
                                                        ServerHello
                                    (empty SessionTicket extension)
                                                   NewSessionTicket
                                                 [ChangeCipherSpec]
                                     <--------             Finished
       [ChangeCipherSpec]
       Finished                      -------->
       Application Data              <------->     Application Data
  Figure 2: Message Flow for Abbreviated Handshake Using New Session
                                Ticket
 A recommended ticket format is given in Section 4.
 If the server cannot or does not want to honor the ticket, then it
 can initiate a full handshake with the client.
 In the case that the server does not wish to issue a new ticket at
 this time, it just completes the handshake without including a
 SessionTicket extension or NewSessionTicket handshake message.  This
 is shown below (this flow is identical to Figure 1 in RFC 4346,
 except for the SessionTicket extension in the first message):

Salowey, et al. Standards Track [Page 5] RFC 5077 Stateless TLS Session Resumption January 2008

       Client                                               Server
       ClientHello
       (SessionTicket extension)    -------->
                                                       ServerHello
                                                      Certificate*
                                                ServerKeyExchange*
                                               CertificateRequest*
                                    <--------      ServerHelloDone
       Certificate*
       ClientKeyExchange
       CertificateVerify*
       [ChangeCipherSpec]
       Finished                     -------->
                                                [ChangeCipherSpec]
                                    <--------             Finished
       Application Data             <------->     Application Data
  Figure 3: Message Flow for Server Completing Full Handshake Without
                      Issuing New Session Ticket
 It is also permissible to have an exchange similar to Figure 3 using
 the abbreviated handshake defined in Figure 2 of RFC 4346, where the
 client uses the SessionTicket extension to resume the session, but
 the server does not wish to issue a new ticket, and therefore does
 not send a SessionTicket extension.
 If the server rejects the ticket, it may still wish to issue a new
 ticket after performing the full handshake as shown below (this flow
 is identical to Figure 1, except the SessionTicket extension in the
 ClientHello is not empty):

Salowey, et al. Standards Track [Page 6] RFC 5077 Stateless TLS Session Resumption January 2008

       Client                                               Server
       ClientHello
       (SessionTicket extension) -------->
                                                       ServerHello
                                   (empty SessionTicket extension)
                                                      Certificate*
                                                ServerKeyExchange*
                                               CertificateRequest*
                                <--------          ServerHelloDone
       Certificate*
       ClientKeyExchange
       CertificateVerify*
       [ChangeCipherSpec]
       Finished                 -------->
                                                  NewSessionTicket
                                                [ChangeCipherSpec]
                                <--------                 Finished
       Application Data         <------->         Application Data
  Figure 4: Message Flow for Server Rejecting Ticket, Performing Full
               Handshake, and Issuing New Session Ticket

3.2. SessionTicket TLS Extension

 The SessionTicket TLS extension is based on [RFC4366].  The format of
 the ticket is an opaque structure used to carry session-specific
 state information.  This extension may be sent in the ClientHello and
 ServerHello.
 If the client possesses a ticket that it wants to use to resume a
 session, then it includes the ticket in the SessionTicket extension
 in the ClientHello.  If the client does not have a ticket and is
 prepared to receive one in the NewSessionTicket handshake message,
 then it MUST include a zero-length ticket in the SessionTicket
 extension.  If the client is not prepared to receive a ticket in the
 NewSessionTicket handshake message, then it MUST NOT include a
 SessionTicket extension unless it is sending a non-empty ticket it
 received through some other means from the server.
 The server uses a zero-length SessionTicket extension to indicate to
 the client that it will send a new session ticket using the
 NewSessionTicket handshake message described in Section 3.3.  The
 server MUST send this extension in the ServerHello if it wishes to
 issue a new ticket to the client using the NewSessionTicket handshake
 message.  The server MUST NOT send this extension if it does not
 receive one in the ClientHello.

Salowey, et al. Standards Track [Page 7] RFC 5077 Stateless TLS Session Resumption January 2008

 If the server fails to verify the ticket, then it falls back to
 performing a full handshake.  If the ticket is accepted by the server
 but the handshake fails, the client SHOULD delete the ticket.
 The SessionTicket extension has been assigned the number 35.  The
 extension_data field of SessionTicket extension contains the ticket.

3.3. NewSessionTicket Handshake Message

 This message is sent by the server during the TLS handshake before
 the ChangeCipherSpec message.  This message MUST be sent if the
 server included a SessionTicket extension in the ServerHello.  This
 message MUST NOT be sent if the server did not include a
 SessionTicket extension in the ServerHello.  This message is included
 in the hash used to create and verify the Finished message.  In the
 case of a full handshake, the server MUST verify the client's
 Finished message before sending the ticket.  The client MUST NOT
 treat the ticket as valid until it has verified the server's Finished
 message.  If the server determines that it does not want to include a
 ticket after it has included the SessionTicket extension in the
 ServerHello, then it sends a zero-length ticket in the
 NewSessionTicket handshake message.
 If the server successfully verifies the client's ticket, then it MAY
 renew the ticket by including a NewSessionTicket handshake message
 after the ServerHello in the abbreviated handshake.  The client
 should start using the new ticket as soon as possible after it
 verifies the server's Finished message for new connections.  Note
 that since the updated ticket is issued before the handshake
 completes, it is possible that the client may not put the new ticket
 into use before it initiates new connections.  The server MUST NOT
 assume that the client actually received the updated ticket until it
 successfully verifies the client's Finished message.
 The NewSessionTicket handshake message has been assigned the number 4
 and its definition is given at the end of this section.  The
 ticket_lifetime_hint field contains a hint from the server about how
 long the ticket should be stored.  The value indicates the lifetime
 in seconds as a 32-bit unsigned integer in network byte order
 relative to when the ticket is received.  A value of zero is reserved
 to indicate that the lifetime of the ticket is unspecified.  A client
 SHOULD delete the ticket and associated state when the time expires.
 It MAY delete the ticket earlier based on local policy.  A server MAY
 treat a ticket as valid for a shorter or longer period of time than
 what is stated in the ticket_lifetime_hint.

Salowey, et al. Standards Track [Page 8] RFC 5077 Stateless TLS Session Resumption January 2008

    struct {
        HandshakeType msg_type;
        uint24 length;
        select (HandshakeType) {
            case hello_request:       HelloRequest;
            case client_hello:        ClientHello;
            case server_hello:        ServerHello;
            case certificate:         Certificate;
            case server_key_exchange: ServerKeyExchange;
            case certificate_request: CertificateRequest;
            case server_hello_done:   ServerHelloDone;
            case certificate_verify:  CertificateVerify;
            case client_key_exchange: ClientKeyExchange;
            case finished:            Finished;
            case session_ticket:      NewSessionTicket; /* NEW */
        } body;
    } Handshake;
    struct {
        uint32 ticket_lifetime_hint;
        opaque ticket<0..2^16-1>;
    } NewSessionTicket;

3.4. Interaction with TLS Session ID

 If a server is planning on issuing a session ticket to a client that
 does not present one, it SHOULD include an empty Session ID in the
 ServerHello.  If the server rejects the ticket and falls back to the
 full handshake then it may include a non-empty Session ID to indicate
 its support for stateful session resumption.  If the client receives
 a session ticket from the server, then it discards any Session ID
 that was sent in the ServerHello.
 When presenting a ticket, the client MAY generate and include a
 Session ID in the TLS ClientHello.  If the server accepts the ticket
 and the Session ID is not empty, then it MUST respond with the same
 Session ID present in the ClientHello.  This allows the client to
 easily differentiate when the server is resuming a session from when
 it is falling back to a full handshake.  Since the client generates a
 Session ID, the server MUST NOT rely upon the Session ID having a
 particular value when validating the ticket.  If a ticket is
 presented by the client, the server MUST NOT attempt to use the
 Session ID in the ClientHello for stateful session resumption.
 Alternatively, the client MAY include an empty Session ID in the
 ClientHello.  In this case, the client ignores the Session ID sent in
 the ServerHello and determines if the server is resuming a session by
 the subsequent handshake messages.

Salowey, et al. Standards Track [Page 9] RFC 5077 Stateless TLS Session Resumption January 2008

4. Recommended Ticket Construction

 This section describes a recommended format and protection for the
 ticket.  Note that the ticket is opaque to the client, so the
 structure is not subject to interoperability concerns, and
 implementations may diverge from this format.  If implementations do
 diverge from this format, they must take security concerns seriously.
 Clients MUST NOT examine the ticket under the assumption that it
 complies with this document.
 The server uses two different keys: one 128-bit key for Advanced
 Encryption Standard (AES) [AES] in Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode
 [CBC] encryption and one 256-bit key for HMAC-SHA-256 [RFC4634].
 The ticket is structured as follows:
    struct {
        opaque key_name[16];
        opaque iv[16];
        opaque encrypted_state<0..2^16-1>;
        opaque mac[32];
    } ticket;
 Here, key_name serves to identify a particular set of keys used to
 protect the ticket.  It enables the server to easily recognize
 tickets it has issued.  The key_name should be randomly generated to
 avoid collisions between servers.  One possibility is to generate new
 random keys and key_name every time the server is started.
 The actual state information in encrypted_state is encrypted using
 128-bit AES in CBC mode with the given IV.  The Message
 Authentication Code (MAC) is calculated using HMAC-SHA-256 over
 key_name (16 octets) and IV (16 octets), followed by the length of
 the encrypted_state field (2 octets) and its contents (variable
 length).

Salowey, et al. Standards Track [Page 10] RFC 5077 Stateless TLS Session Resumption January 2008

    struct {
        ProtocolVersion protocol_version;
        CipherSuite cipher_suite;
        CompressionMethod compression_method;
        opaque master_secret[48];
        ClientIdentity client_identity;
        uint32 timestamp;
    } StatePlaintext;
    enum {
       anonymous(0),
       certificate_based(1),
       psk(2)
   } ClientAuthenticationType;
    struct {
        ClientAuthenticationType client_authentication_type;
        select (ClientAuthenticationType) {
            case anonymous: struct {};
            case certificate_based:
                ASN.1Cert certificate_list<0..2^24-1>;
            case psk:
                opaque psk_identity<0..2^16-1>;   /* from [RFC4279] */
        };
     } ClientIdentity;
 The structure StatePlaintext stores the TLS session state including
 the master_secret.  The timestamp within this structure allows the
 TLS server to expire tickets.  To cover the authentication and key
 exchange protocols provided by TLS, the ClientIdentity structure
 contains the authentication type of the client used in the initial
 exchange (see ClientAuthenticationType).  To offer the TLS server
 with the same capabilities for authentication and authorization, a
 certificate list is included in case of public-key-based
 authentication.  The TLS server is therefore able to inspect a number
 of different attributes within these certificates.  A specific
 implementation might choose to store a subset of this information or
 additional information.  Other authentication mechanisms, such as
 Kerberos [RFC2712], would require different client identity data.
 Other TLS extensions may require the inclusion of additional data in
 the StatePlaintext structure.

Salowey, et al. Standards Track [Page 11] RFC 5077 Stateless TLS Session Resumption January 2008

5. Security Considerations

 This section addresses security issues related to the usage of a
 ticket.  Tickets must be authenticated and encrypted to prevent
 modification or eavesdropping by an attacker.  Several attacks
 described below will be possible if this is not carefully done.
 Implementations should take care to ensure that the processing of
 tickets does not increase the chance of denial of service as
 described below.

5.1. Invalidating Sessions

 The TLS specification requires that TLS sessions be invalidated when
 errors occur.  [CSSC] discusses the security implications of this in
 detail.  In the analysis within this paper, failure to invalidate
 sessions does not pose a security risk.  This is because the TLS
 handshake uses a non-reversible function to derive keys for a session
 so information about one session does not provide an advantage to
 attack the master secret or a different session.  If a session
 invalidation scheme is used, the implementation should verify the
 integrity of the ticket before using the contents to invalidate a
 session to ensure that an attacker cannot invalidate a chosen
 session.

5.2. Stolen Tickets

 An eavesdropper or man-in-the-middle may obtain the ticket and
 attempt to use it to establish a session with the server; however,
 since the ticket is encrypted and the attacker does not know the
 secret key, a stolen ticket does not help an attacker resume a
 session.  A TLS server MUST use strong encryption and integrity
 protection for the ticket to prevent an attacker from using a brute
 force mechanism to obtain the ticket's contents.

5.3. Forged Tickets

 A malicious user could forge or alter a ticket in order to resume a
 session, to extend its lifetime, to impersonate another user, or to
 gain additional privileges.  This attack is not possible if the
 ticket is protected using a strong integrity protection algorithm
 such as a keyed HMAC-SHA-256.

5.4. Denial of Service Attacks

 The key_name field defined in the recommended ticket format helps the
 server efficiently reject tickets that it did not issue.  However, an
 adversary could store or generate a large number of tickets to send

Salowey, et al. Standards Track [Page 12] RFC 5077 Stateless TLS Session Resumption January 2008

 to the TLS server for verification.  To minimize the possibility of a
 denial of service, the verification of the ticket should be
 lightweight (e.g., using efficient symmetric key cryptographic
 algorithms).

5.5. Ticket Protection Key Management

 A full description of the management of the keys used to protect the
 ticket is beyond the scope of this document.  A list of RECOMMENDED
 practices is given below.
 o  The keys should be generated securely following the randomness
    recommendations in [RFC4086].
 o  The keys and cryptographic protection algorithms should be at
    least 128 bits in strength.  Some ciphersuites and applications
    may require cryptographic protection greater than 128 bits in
    strength.
 o  The keys should not be used for any purpose other than generating
    and verifying tickets.
 o  The keys should be changed regularly.
 o  The keys should be changed if the ticket format or cryptographic
    protection algorithms change.

5.6. Ticket Lifetime

 The TLS server controls the lifetime of the ticket.  Servers
 determine the acceptable lifetime based on the operational and
 security requirements of the environments in which they are deployed.
 The ticket lifetime may be longer than the 24-hour lifetime
 recommended in [RFC4346].  TLS clients may be given a hint of the
 lifetime of the ticket.  Since the lifetime of a ticket may be
 unspecified, a client has its own local policy that determines when
 it discards tickets.

5.7. Alternate Ticket Formats and Distribution Schemes

 If the ticket format or distribution scheme defined in this document
 is not used, then great care must be taken in analyzing the security
 of the solution.  In particular, if confidential information, such as
 a secret key, is transferred to the client, it MUST be done using
 secure communication so as to prevent attackers from obtaining or
 modifying the key.  Also, the ticket MUST have its integrity and
 confidentiality protected with strong cryptographic techniques to
 prevent a breach in the security of the system.

Salowey, et al. Standards Track [Page 13] RFC 5077 Stateless TLS Session Resumption January 2008

5.8. Identity Privacy, Anonymity, and Unlinkability

 This document mandates that the content of the ticket is
 confidentiality protected in order to avoid leakage of its content,
 such as user-relevant information.  As such, it prevents disclosure
 of potentially sensitive information carried within the ticket.
 The initial handshake exchange, which was used to obtain the ticket,
 might not provide identity confidentiality of the client based on the
 properties of TLS.  Another relevant security threat is the ability
 for an on-path adversary to observe multiple TLS handshakes where the
 same ticket is used, therefore concluding they belong to the same
 communication endpoints.  Application designers that use the ticket
 mechanism described in this document should consider that
 unlinkability [ANON] is not necessarily provided.
 While a full discussion of these topics is beyond the scope of this
 document, it should be noted that it is possible to issue a ticket
 using a TLS renegotiation handshake that occurs after a secure tunnel
 has been established by a previous handshake.  This may help address
 some privacy and unlinkability issues in some environments.

6. Acknowledgements

 The authors would like to thank the following people for their help
 with preparing and reviewing this document: Eric Rescorla, Mohamad
 Badra, Tim Dierks, Nelson Bolyard, Nancy Cam-Winget, David McGrew,
 Rob Dugal, Russ Housley, Amir Herzberg, Bernard Aboba, and members of
 the TLS working group.
 [CSSC] describes a solution that is very similar to the one described
 in this document and gives a detailed analysis of the security
 considerations involved.  [RFC2712] describes a mechanism for using
 Kerberos [RFC4120] in TLS ciphersuites, which helped inspire the use
 of tickets to avoid server state.  [RFC4851] makes use of a similar
 mechanism to avoid maintaining server state for the cryptographic
 tunnel.  [SC97] also investigates the concept of stateless sessions.
 The authors would also like to thank Jan Nordqvist, who found the
 encoding error in RFC 4507, corrected by this document.  In addition
 Nagendra Modadugu, Wan-Teh Chang, and Michael D'Errico provided
 useful feedback during the review of this document.

Salowey, et al. Standards Track [Page 14] RFC 5077 Stateless TLS Session Resumption January 2008

7. IANA Considerations

 IANA has assigned a TLS extension number of 35 to the SessionTicket
 TLS extension from the TLS registry of ExtensionType values defined
 in [RFC4366].
 IANA has assigned a TLS HandshakeType number 4 to the
 NewSessionTicket handshake type from the TLS registry of
 HandshakeType values defined in [RFC4346].
 This document does not require any actions or assignments from IANA.

8. References

8.1. Normative References

 [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
            Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
 [RFC2246]  Dierks, T. and C. Allen, "The TLS Protocol Version 1.0",
            RFC 2246, January 1999.
 [RFC4346]  Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
            (TLS) Protocol Version 1.1", RFC 4346, April 2006.
 [RFC4366]  Blake-Wilson, S., Nystrom, M., Hopwood, D., Mikkelsen, J.,
            and T. Wright, "Transport Layer Security (TLS)
            Extensions", RFC 4366, April 2006.
 [RFC4507]  Salowey, J., Zhou, H., Eronen, P., and H. Tschofenig,
            "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Session Resumption without
            Server-Side State", RFC 4507, May 2006.

8.2. Informative References

 [AES]      National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Advanced
            Encryption Standard (AES)", Federal Information Processing
            Standards (FIPS) Publication 197, November 2001.
 [ANON]     Pfitzmann, A. and M. Hansen, "Anonymity, Unlinkability,
            Unobservability, Pseudonymity, and Identity Management - A
            Consolidated Proposal for Terminology", http://
            dud.inf.tu-dresden.de/literatur/
            Anon_Terminology_v0.26-1.pdf Version 0.26, December 2005.

Salowey, et al. Standards Track [Page 15] RFC 5077 Stateless TLS Session Resumption January 2008

 [CBC]      National Institute of Standards and Technology,
            "Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation -
            Methods and Techniques", NIST Special Publication 800-38A,
            December 2001.
 [CSSC]     Shacham, H., Boneh, D., and E. Rescorla, "Client-side
            caching for TLS", Transactions on Information and System
            Security (TISSEC) , Volume 7, Issue 4, November 2004.
 [RFC2712]  Medvinsky, A. and M. Hur, "Addition of Kerberos Cipher
            Suites to Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 2712,
            October 1999.
 [RFC4086]  Eastlake, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker, "Randomness
            Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086, June 2005.
 [RFC4120]  Neuman, C., Yu, T., Hartman, S., and K. Raeburn, "The
            Kerberos Network Authentication Service (V5)", RFC 4120,
            July 2005.
 [RFC4279]  Eronen, P. and H. Tschofenig, "Pre-Shared Key Ciphersuites
            for Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 4279,
            December 2005.
 [RFC4634]  Eastlake, D. and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms
            (SHA and HMAC-SHA)", RFC 4634, July 2006.
 [RFC4851]  Cam-Winget, N., McGrew, D., Salowey, J., and H. Zhou, "The
            Flexible Authentication via Secure Tunneling Extensible
            Authentication Protocol Method (EAP-FAST)", RFC 4851,
            May 2007.
 [SC97]     Aura, T. and P. Nikander, "Stateless Connections",
            Proceedings of the First International Conference on
            Information and Communication Security (ICICS '97) , 1997.

Salowey, et al. Standards Track [Page 16] RFC 5077 Stateless TLS Session Resumption January 2008

Appendix A. Discussion of Changes to RFC 4507

 RFC 4507 [RFC4507] defines a mechanism to resume a TLS session
 without maintaining server side state by specifying an encrypted
 ticket that is maintained on the client.  The client presents this
 ticket to the server in a SessionTicket hello extension.  The
 encoding in RFC 4507 used the XDR style encoding specified in TLS
 [RFC4346].
 An error in the encoding caused the specification to differ from
 deployed implementations.  At the time of this writing there are no
 known implementations that follow the encoding specified in RFC 4507.
 This update to RFC 4507 aligns the document with these currently
 deployed implementations.
 Erroneous encoding in RFC 4507 resulted in two length fields; one for
 the extension contents and one for the ticket itself.  Hence, for a
 ticket that is 256 bytes long and begins with the hex value FF FF,
 the encoding of the extension would be as follows according to RFC
 4507:
      00 23          Ticket Extension type 35
      01 02          Length of extension contents
      01 00          Length of ticket
      FF FF .. ..    Actual ticket
 The update proposed in this document reflects what implementations
 actually encode, namely it removes the redundant length field.  So,
 for a ticket that is 256 bytes long and begins with the hex value FF
 FF, the encoding of the extension would be as follows according to
 this update:
      00 23          Extension type 35
      01 00          Length of extension contents (ticket)
      FF FF .. ..    Actual ticket
 A server implemented according to RFC 4507 receiving a ticket
 extension from a client conforming to this document would interpret
 the first two bytes of the ticket as the length of this ticket.  This
 will result in either an inconsistent length field or in the
 processing of a ticket missing the first two bytes.  In the first
 case, the server should reject the request based on a malformed
 length.  In the second case, the server should reject the ticket
 based on a malformed ticket, incorrect key version, or failed
 decryption.  A server implementation based on this update receiving
 an RFC 4507 extension would interpret the first length field as the

Salowey, et al. Standards Track [Page 17] RFC 5077 Stateless TLS Session Resumption January 2008

 length of the ticket and include the second two length bytes as the
 first bytes in the ticket, resulting in the ticket being rejected
 based on a malformed ticket, incorrect key version, or failed
 decryption.
 Note that the encoding of an empty SessionTicket extension was
 ambiguous in RFC 4507.  An RFC 4507 implementation may have encoded
 it as:
      00 23      Extension type 35
      00 02      Length of extension contents
      00 00      Length of ticket
 or it may have encoded it the same way as this update:
      00 23      Extension type 35
      00 00      Length of extension contents
 A server wishing to support RFC 4507 clients should respond to an
 empty SessionTicket extension encoded the same way as it received it.
 A server implementation can construct tickets such that it can detect
 an RFC 4507 implementation, if one existed, by including a cookie at
 the beginning of the tickets that can be differentiated from a valid
 length.  For example, if an implementation constructed tickets to
 start with the hex values FF FF, then it could determine where the
 ticket begins and determine the length correctly from the type of
 length fields present.
 This document makes a few additional changes to RFC 4507 listed
 below.
 o  Clarifying that the server can allow session resumption using a
    ticket without issuing a new ticket in Section 3.1.
 o  Clarifying that the lifetime is relative to when the ticket is
    received in section 3.3.
 o  Clarifying that the NewSessionTicket handshake message is included
    in the hash generated for the Finished messages in Section 3.3.
 o  Clarifying the interaction with TLS Session ID in Section 3.4.
 o  Recommending the use of SHA-256 for the integrity protection of
    the ticket in Section 4.
 o  Clarifying that additional data can be included in the
    StatePlaintext structure in Section 4.

Salowey, et al. Standards Track [Page 18] RFC 5077 Stateless TLS Session Resumption January 2008

Authors' Addresses

 Joseph Salowey
 Cisco Systems
 2901 3rd Ave
 Seattle, WA  98121
 US
 EMail: jsalowey@cisco.com
 Hao Zhou
 Cisco Systems
 4125 Highlander Parkway
 Richfield, OH  44286
 US
 EMail: hzhou@cisco.com
 Pasi Eronen
 Nokia Research Center
 P.O. Box 407
 FIN-00045 Nokia Group
 Finland
 EMail: pasi.eronen@nokia.com
 Hannes Tschofenig
 Nokia Siemens Networks
 Otto-Hahn-Ring 6
 Munich, Bayern  81739
 Germany
 EMail: Hannes.Tschofenig@nsn.com

Salowey, et al. Standards Track [Page 19] RFC 5077 Stateless TLS Session Resumption January 2008

Full Copyright Statement

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 This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
 contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
 retain all their rights.
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Salowey, et al. Standards Track [Page 20]

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