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rfc:rfc4725

Network Working Group A. Mayrhofer Request for Comments: 4725 enum.at Category: Informational B. Hoeneisen

                                                                Switch
                                                         November 2006
                    ENUM Validation Architecture

Status of This Memo

 This memo provides information for the Internet community.  It does
 not specify an Internet standard of any kind.  Distribution of this
 memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

 Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2006).

Abstract

 An ENUM domain name is tightly coupled with the underlying E.164
 number.  The process of verifying whether or not the Registrant of an
 ENUM domain name is identical to the Assignee of the corresponding
 E.164 number is commonly called "validation".  This document
 describes validation requirements and a high-level architecture for
 an ENUM validation infrastructure.

Mayrhofer & Hoeneisen Informational [Page 1] RFC 4725 ENUM Validation Architecture November 2006

Table of Contents

 1. Introduction ....................................................3
 2. Requirements ....................................................3
 3. ENUM Provisioning Model and Roles ...............................4
    3.1. Number Assignment Entity (NAE) .............................5
    3.2. Assignee ...................................................7
    3.3. Registrant .................................................7
    3.4. Validation Entity (VE) .....................................7
    3.5. Registry ...................................................8
    3.6. Registrar ..................................................8
    3.7. Domain Name System Service Provider (DNS-SP) ...............8
    3.8. Application Service Provider (ASP) .........................8
 4. Validation Process Assumptions ..................................9
    4.1. Workflow ...................................................9
    4.2. Trust Relations ...........................................10
    4.3. Data Flow and Format ......................................11
 5. Example Scenarios ..............................................11
    5.1. E.164 Number Assignment along with ENUM Registration ......11
    5.2. Fully Disjoint Roles ......................................13
 6. Security Considerations ........................................14
    6.1. Fraud Prevention ..........................................14
    6.2. Assignee Data .............................................14
 7. Acknowledgements ...............................................15
 8. References .....................................................15
    8.1. Normative References ......................................15
    8.2. Informative References ....................................15

Mayrhofer & Hoeneisen Informational [Page 2] RFC 4725 ENUM Validation Architecture November 2006

1. Introduction

 E.164 Number Mapping (ENUM) [1] uses the Domain Name System (DNS) [4]
 to refer from E.164 numbers [2] to Uniform Resource Identifiers
 (URIs) [3].  E.164 numbers are mapped to domain names through means
 described further in RFC 3761 [1].
 "Ordinary" domain names are usually allocated on a first-come-first-
 served basis, where the associated registration data is the complete
 source of ownership.  However, ENUM domain names are linked to E.164
 numbers, and thus intrinsically tied to the status and the "Assignee"
 (defined in Section 3.2) of the corresponding E.164 number.

2. Requirements

 Preserving integrity between ENUM and E.164 is one of the main
 concerns in ENUM implementations, and often one of the reasons why
 "trials" precede commercial implementations.
 To maintain this relationship between E.164 numbers and ENUM domain
 names, registration processes must ensure that the following
 requirements are fulfilled during the entire lifetime of an ENUM
 delegation:
 o  The ENUM domain name corresponds either to an assigned E.164
    number or to a respective E.164 number that is assigned during the
    registration process itself.
 o  The corresponding E.164 number is within a number range approved
    to be used with ENUM.
 o  The registration of the ENUM domain name is authorized by the
    Assignee of the corresponding E.164 number; i.e., the entity
    requesting the registration of an ENUM domain name is either the
    Assignee of the corresponding E.164 number itself or an entity
    authorized to request registration on behalf of said Assignee.
 o  The "Registrant" (see Section 3.3) of the ENUM domain is identical
    to the Assignee of the corresponding E.164 number.
 The process of verifying the above requirements during registration
 is commonly called "initial validation".  In addition to this one-
 time validation process, provisions must be made that ENUM domain
 name delegations are revoked when the above requirements are no
 longer met.  In other words, it must be ensured that the state of the
 ENUM domain name tracks any change in state and ownership of the

Mayrhofer & Hoeneisen Informational [Page 3] RFC 4725 ENUM Validation Architecture November 2006

 corresponding E.164 number.  The regular process of checking that the
 above requirements are still satisfied is commonly called "recurring
 validation" or "revalidation".
 The above requirements are usually part of the local registration
 policy issued by the authorities in charge of ENUM administration.

3. ENUM Provisioning Model and Roles

 The above requirements lead to the introduction of a new role in the
 provisioning model, an entity performing validation related tasks:
 The Validation Entity (VE).  A typical ENUM provisioning model, on
 which this document is based, is depicted in Figure 1:
                         +----------+
                        .| Registry |- -- -- -- -- -- --
                      .  +----------+                   |
                    .          |
                  .            |                        | Trust
          DNS Delegation       |                          Relation
              .                | Registration           |
            .                  |
          .                    |                        |
 +--------+              +-----------+                +----+
 | DNS-SP |-- -- -- -- --| Registrar |----------------| VE |
 +--------+ Nameservers  +-----------+   Validation   +----+
     :                         |                     /  |
     :                         |                  E.164 Number
     :                         | ENUM             Assignment
     : NAPTR                   | Management     _ Verification
     :                         |             /          |
     :                         |          _
     :                         |      /                 |
  +-----+  ENUM enabled  +------------+ E.164 Number +-----+
  | ASP |- -- -- -- -- --| Assignee = |-- -- -- -- --| NAE |
  +-----+    Service     | Registrant |  Assignment  +-----+
                         +------------+
       Legend:
       ASP:    Application Service Provider
       DNS-SP: Domain Name System Service Provider
       NAE:    Number Assignment Entity
       VE:     Validation Entity
                         Figure 1: ENUM Model

Mayrhofer & Hoeneisen Informational [Page 4] RFC 4725 ENUM Validation Architecture November 2006

 These different roles are described further below.  Note that an
 entity can act in more than one of these roles simultaneously; for
 example, the Registrar, the DNS-SP, and the ASP roles could be
 performed by a single company.

3.1. Number Assignment Entity (NAE)

 A Number Assignment Entity (NAE) assigns E.164 numbers to end-users.
 Often, but not always, the Communication Service Provider (CSP) of
 the end-user (Assignee) acts as NAE.  There are two main variants for
 E.164 number assignments:
 1.  Indirect assignment:
     The National Number Plan Administrator (NNPA) assigns ranges of
     E.164 numbers to CSPs.  Out of these ranges, the CSPs assign
     numbers (or number blocks) to their customers (end-users,
     Assignees).  In this variant, the CSPs perform the role of the
     NAE.
 2.  Direct assignment:
     In certain cases, an NNPA assigns E.164 numbers directly to
     Assignees (end-users), and therefore the NNPA acts as NAE in this
     variant.  Typically, this concerns the assignment of special
     purpose numbers (e.g., premium rate).

Mayrhofer & Hoeneisen Informational [Page 5] RFC 4725 ENUM Validation Architecture November 2006

 These two variants of E.164 number assignment are depicted in
 Figure 2:
 +--------------------------------------------+
 | International Telecommunication Union (ITU)|
 +--------------------------------------------+
                      |
            Country codes (e.g., +44)
                      |
                      v
  +-------------------------------------------+
  | National Number Plan Administrator (NNPA) |------------+
  +-------------------------------------------+            |
                      |                                    |
                Number Ranges                              |
          (e.g., +44 20 7946 xxxx)                         |
                      |                                    |
                      v                                    |
    +--------------------------------------+               |
    | Communication Service Provider (CSP) |               |
    +--------------------------------------+               |
                      |                                    |
                      |                              Single Numbers
            Either Single Numbers              (e.g., +44 909 8790879)
               or Number Blocks                       (Variant 2)
   (e.g., +44 20 7946 0999, +44 20 7946 07xx)              |
                 (Variant 1)                               |
                      |                                    |
                      v                                    |
                +----------+                               |
                | Assignee |<------------------------------+
                +----------+
                   Figure 2: E.164 Number Assignment
 (Note: Numbers above are "drama" numbers and are shown for
 illustrative purpose only.  Assignment polices for similar "real"
 numbers in country code +44 may differ.)
 As the Assignee (subscriber) data associated with an E.164 number is
 the primary source of number assignment information, the NAE usually
 holds the authoritative information required to confirm the
 assignment.
 A CSP that acts as NAE (indirect assignment) may therefore easily
 assert the E.164 number assignment for its subscribers.  In some
 cases, such CSPs operate database(s) containing service information
 on their subscribers' numbers.  Typically, authorized entities such

Mayrhofer & Hoeneisen Informational [Page 6] RFC 4725 ENUM Validation Architecture November 2006

 as other CSPs are allowed to access these databases, in real-time,
 under contract for the limited purposes of billing and validation (no
 marketing, data mining, or otherwise).  These databases could be re-
 used for ENUM validation purposes.
 Number portability transactions may lead to situations where the CSP
 that originally acted as NAE no longer has authoritative assignment
 information about ported numbers.  Whether the old and/or the new CSP
 act(s) as NAE for ported numbers depends on local policy.
 However, it is unlikely that all CSPs acting as NAEs will participate
 in ENUM validation.

3.2. Assignee

 The person or organization to whom a NAE assigns an E.164 number is
 called Assignee of this number.  For the scope of this document, the
 terms Assignee, subscriber, and number-holder are used equivalently.
 The Assignee has the "right to use" on the assigned E.164 number.

3.3. Registrant

 The ENUM Registrant is the end-user, the person or organization who
 is the "holder" of the ENUM domain name.
 The Registrant usually has control over his ENUM domain name(s) and
 its DNS zone content.

3.4. Validation Entity (VE)

 The Validation Entity (VE) verifies whether or not the Registrant of
 an ENUM domain name is identical to the Assignee of the corresponding
 E.164 number.
 Often it also verifies that the entity requesting the registration of
 an ENUM domain name is either the Assignee of the corresponding E.164
 number itself or an entity authorized to request registration on
 behalf of said Assignee.
 This role may be performed by several parties and is not necessarily
 limited to a single entity.
 The actual validation methods applied may vary depending on, e.g.,
 the particular party, available data sources, Assignee's choice, and
 regulatory requirements.  Validation methods are out of scope of this
 document.

Mayrhofer & Hoeneisen Informational [Page 7] RFC 4725 ENUM Validation Architecture November 2006

3.5. Registry

 The ENUM Registry operates the master database of ENUM domain
 delegations and runs the authoritative nameservers for the relevant
 zone under e164.arpa.  There must always be a single authoritative
 ENUM Registry for a specific zone.

3.6. Registrar

 An ENUM Registrar performs ENUM domain delegations on behalf of a
 Registrant by interacting with the Registry, typically through a
 protocol like Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP) [5].  This role
 is similar to the one that Registrars fulfill in the "ordinary"
 domain name registration world.
 The Registrar may well not be the same entity as the CSP of the
 Registrant.  Therefore, a Registrar may lack authoritative number-
 assignment information.  If the Registrar and the CSP are the same
 entity (or has a source of authoritative data), the Registrar could
 perform the role of the VE itself.
 In any case, a Registrar has to ensure a proper validation through a
 VE prior to the registration of an ENUM domain name.

3.7. Domain Name System Service Provider (DNS-SP)

 The Domain Name System Service Provider (DNS-SP) operates the
 nameservers for the ENUM DNS zones, which contain the ENUM Naming
 Authority Pointer (NAPTR) Resource Record (RR) entries [1].
 In most cases, the Registry delegates the ENUM DNS zones to the
 nameservers at the DNS-SP.
 The DNS-SP is usually not involved in the validation process.

3.8. Application Service Provider (ASP)

 The Application Service Provider (ASP) operates a service for the
 Registrant.  This service could be an IP telephony service, whereby
 the service provider populates the ENUM zone for its customers so
 that others can discover that customer's URI.
 Usually, the ASP is not involved in the validation process.

Mayrhofer & Hoeneisen Informational [Page 8] RFC 4725 ENUM Validation Architecture November 2006

4. Validation Process Assumptions

4.1. Workflow

 The prototypical initial validation workflow using the above roles
 and definitions consists of the following steps:
 1.  A potential Registrant approaches a Registrar, and orders an ENUM
     domain name.
 2.  The Registrar chooses a cooperating Validation Entity, and
     requests an initial validation for the ENUM domain name ordered.
 3.  The Validation Entity performs the actual validation, which could
     require interaction with the Assignee/Registrant.
 4.  The Validation Entity indicates the result of the initial
     validation to the Registrar.
 5.  If the validation process was successful, the Registrar
     provisions the ENUM domain name with the Registry.  Depending on
     the local Registry policy, validation-related information may be
     provided to the Registry along with this registration.
 In most cases, local policy mandates expiration dates to be imposed
 on successful validations.  If the ENUM delegation is to be kept
 beyond this expiration date, recurring validation has to be
 performed.  A typical revalidation workflow involves the following
 steps:
 1.  In good time before the current validation expires, the Registrar
     requests the Validation Entity to revalidate the domain name in
     question.
 2.  The Validation Entity verifies if the delegation requirements are
     still met.  It may use information acquired during the initial
     validation or associated to the registration data.
 3.  The Validation Entity indicates the result of the recurring
     validation to the Registrar.
 4.  In case the revalidation has been successful, the domain
     delegation may persist.  Local Registry policy may require
     updating domain name registration data, especially in case the
     Registry keeps validation-related expiry information.

Mayrhofer & Hoeneisen Informational [Page 9] RFC 4725 ENUM Validation Architecture November 2006

 5.  In case the revalidation has failed, the ENUM domain delegation
     must be suspended, either by explicit interaction with the
     Registry or -- if the Registry keeps validation-related
     information -- automatically when the current validation expires.
     Local policy may grant a grace period on the expiration date.
 This workflow ensures the integrity between the E.164 and ENUM
 namespaces.  ENUM domain delegations that fail to meet the validation
 requirements are suspended from the DNS.

4.2. Trust Relations

 The above validation workflow implies the following trust relations:
 o  The Registry trusts the Validation Entities to enforce the local
    validation policy.
 o  The Registrars trust the Validation Entities to properly perform
    validation based on the Registrar's request.
 o  Depending on the amount of validation data provided to the
    Registry additional trust relations may be necessary.  Three cases
    can be differentiated:
  • The Registry receives no validation-related data: The Registry

needs to trust the Registrar that validation has been

       performed, and the result was positive.  In addition, the
       Registry needs to trust the Registrar that it will properly
       remove delegations for which revalidation fails.
  • The Registry receives validation-related data including expiry

date, but there are no means of checking its authenticity: The

       Registry needs to trust the Registrar that the validation data
       provided is authentic.
  • The Registry receives validation-related data including expiry

date and means to verify its authenticity (e.g., a

       cryptographic signature issued by the VE): No additional trust
       relations are necessary.

Mayrhofer & Hoeneisen Informational [Page 10] RFC 4725 ENUM Validation Architecture November 2006

4.3. Data Flow and Format

 The validation process requires the following regular data flows
 (Note: data flows not directly related to validation are out of scope
 of this document):
 o  Registrars communicate with Validation Entities to initiate,
    modify, or cancel validation requests.  Validation Entities act
    upon validation requests and provide validation results to
    Registrars.  Since Registrars could potentially communicate with
    several Validation Entities, and Validation Entities could provide
    services to several Registrars (worst case: full mesh), a
    standardized protocol and data format should be used in this data
    flow.
 o  If the local Registry policy mandates that validation-related
    information is to be stored along with delegation records, a
    validation-related data flow between Registry and Registrar is
    required.  Since the registration itself already requires
    communication between those entities, validation-related
    information in a standardized data format should be embedded into
    the existing Registry-Registrar protocol data flow.
 o  Validation Entities may need to communicate with Assignees to
    perform validation.  A Validation Entity may choose to perform all
    communication with the Assignee via the requesting Registrar
    rather than contacting the Assignee by itself.  Since the actual
    communication form and process are expected to greatly vary, it
    does not make sense to specify any data formats or processes for
    this purpose.

5. Example Scenarios

5.1. E.164 Number Assignment along with ENUM Registration

 In this simple scenario, we assume that the roles of the Registrar,
 the VE, and the NAE are performed by the same entity, e.g., an
 Internet Telephony Service Provider (ITSP).  This ITSP is a CSP that
 was assigned number ranges by the NNPA.  Out of these ranges he
 assigns numbers to his customers (Assignees) to provide those with
 communication services.  The ITSP chooses to assign an E.164 number
 together with the corresponding ENUM domain name.  Therefore, it can
 perform the validation simply by reference to its subscriber
 database.

Mayrhofer & Hoeneisen Informational [Page 11] RFC 4725 ENUM Validation Architecture November 2006

 Figure 3 shows the external interactions needed for the ENUM domain
 name provisioning process:
                 +----------+
                 | Registry |
                 +----------+
                      ^
                      |
                      |(3)
                      |
              +--------------------------------------+
              |                                      |
              |                    ITSP              |
              |  +-----------+              +----+   |
              |  | Registrar |              | VE |   |
              |  +-----------+      (2)     +----+   |
              |                                      |
              +--------------------------+           |
                      ^                  |           |
                      |                  |           |
                      |(1)               |           |
                      |                  |           |
                      |                  |           |
                +------------+   (4)     |  +-----+  |
                | Assignee = |<----------|  | NAE |  |
                | Registrant |           |  +-----+  |
                -------------            |           |
                                         +-----------+
                   Legend:
                   ITSP: Internet Telephony Service Provider
                   NAE:  Number Assignment Entity
                   VE:   Validation Entity
    Figure 3: E.164 Number Assignment along with ENUM Registration
 (1)  The ITSP receives an order for ENUM services.
 (2)  The ITSP assigns a free E.164 number and performs the validation
      at the same time.
 (3)  The ITSP sends an ENUM registration request to the Registry,
      which might contain additional information about the validation
      applied.
 (4)  The ITSP sends a confirmation about the E.164 number assignment
      and the ENUM registration to its customer, who is now Assignee
      and Registrant.
 This scenario is quite close to "ordinary" domain name registrations.

Mayrhofer & Hoeneisen Informational [Page 12] RFC 4725 ENUM Validation Architecture November 2006

5.2. Fully Disjoint Roles

 In this more complex scenario, we assume that all roles of the ENUM
 provisioning model are performed by different entities.  In contrast
 with the previous example (in Section 5.1), we assume that the ENUM
 domain name to be registered is based on an already assigned E.164
 number and the NAE in question provides the VE with access to the
 subscriber database.  We further assume that there is a requirement
 for the VE to verify the intention of the Assignee.  The validation
 process therefore involves also contacting the Assignee.
 Figure 4 shows the interactions needed for the ENUM domain name
 provisioning process:
                  +----------+
                  | Registry |
                  +----------+
                       ^
                       |
                       |(9)
                       |
                       |
                       |             (3)
                  +-----------+ ---------->+----+
                  | Registrar |<---------- | VE |
                  +-----------+   (8)    > +----+
                       ^                / /  ^  |
                       |               / /   |  |
                       |           (7)/ /    |  |
                       |(2)          / /     |  |
                       |            / /   (5)|  |
                       |           / /       |  |
                       |          / /        |  |
                       |         / /(6)      |  |
                       |        / /          |  |(4)
                       |       / /           |  |
                       |      / /            |  |
                 +------------+<             |  v
                 | Assignee = |            +-----+
                 | Registrant |<---------- | NAE |
                 +------------+    (1)     +-----+
                   Legend:
                   NAE:  Number Assignment Entity
                   VE:   Validation Entity
                    Figure 4: Fully Disjoint Roles

Mayrhofer & Hoeneisen Informational [Page 13] RFC 4725 ENUM Validation Architecture November 2006

 (1)  The NAE assigns an E.164 number.  This assignment could have
      been done long before the ENUM domain name registration, e.g.,
      at the time when the Assignee subscribed to a common telephony
      service.
 (2)  The Assignee orders the corresponding ENUM domain name at a
      Registrar of his choice.
 (3)  The Registrar requests validation at an independent VE.
 (4)  The VE contacts the subscriber database of the NAE, to verify
      that the Assignee of the E.164 number corresponds to the
      Registrant of the ENUM domain name.
 (5)  The result of the NAE subscriber database is positive.
 (6)  The VE performs a call-back to the E.164 number to be registered
      as ENUM domain name, makes provisions for authentication, and
      asks the Assignee to confirm his intention.
 (7)  The Assignee confirms and the VE documents this confirmation.
 (8)  The VE returns a positive answer to the Registrar.  The answer
      might contain some additional information about the validation
      process, such as expiration date, validation method applied, and
      so on.
 (9)  Finally, the Registrar sends an ENUM registration request to the
      Registry.  Additional information about the validation process
      might be sent along with the registration request.

6. Security Considerations

6.1. Fraud Prevention

 Situations where an entity has control over the ENUM domain of a
 third party's E.164 number impose high fraud potential.  Unauthorized
 control over an ENUM domain of a bank could, for example, be used for
 "man in the middle" attacks on telephone banking applications.  Cases
 of such attacks could discredit ENUM as a whole.
 Implementing high-quality validation processes is therefore crucial
 to any ENUM deployment and should receive high attention.

6.2. Assignee Data

 When handling Assignee data, privacy and discretion issues must be
 considered.  Implementations transporting assignee data over the
 Internet must use authenticated and encrypted transport protocols.
 Local registration/validation policy and agreements should clearly
 limit usage of Assignee data.

Mayrhofer & Hoeneisen Informational [Page 14] RFC 4725 ENUM Validation Architecture November 2006

7. Acknowledgements

 The authors would like to thank the following persons for their
 valuable suggestions and contributions: Lawrence Conroy, Michael
 Haberler, Ted Hardie, Otmar Lendl, Hala Mowafy, Marcel Parodi, Jon
 Peterson, Penn Pfautz, Patrik Schaefer, and Richard Stastny.

8. References

8.1. Normative References

 [1]  Faltstrom, P. and M. Mealling, "The E.164 to Uniform Resource
      Identifiers (URI) Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS)
      Application (ENUM)", RFC 3761, April 2004.
 [2]  ITU-T, "The international public telecommunication numbering
      plan", Recommendation E.164 (02/05), Feb 2005.

8.2. Informative References

 [3]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
      Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC 3986,
      January 2005.
 [4]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
      specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987.
 [5]  Hollenbeck, S., "Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP)",
      RFC 3730, March 2004.

Mayrhofer & Hoeneisen Informational [Page 15] RFC 4725 ENUM Validation Architecture November 2006

Authors' Addresses

 Alexander Mayrhofer
 enum.at GmbH
 Karlsplatz 1/9
 Wien  A-1010
 Austria
 Phone: +43 1 5056416 34
 EMail: alexander.mayrhofer@enum.at
 URI:   http://www.enum.at/
 Bernie Hoeneisen
 Switch
 Neumuehlequai 6
 CH-8001 Zuerich
 Switzerland
 Phone: +41 44 268 1515
 EMail: hoeneisen@switch.ch, b.hoeneisen@ieee.org
 URI:   http://www.switch.ch/

Mayrhofer & Hoeneisen Informational [Page 16] RFC 4725 ENUM Validation Architecture November 2006

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 contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
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Mayrhofer & Hoeneisen Informational [Page 17]

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