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rfc:rfc4028

Network Working Group S. Donovan Request for Comments: 4028 J. Rosenberg Category: Standards Track Cisco Systems

                                                            April 2005
      Session Timers in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)

Status of This Memo

 This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
 Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
 improvements.  Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
 Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
 and status of this protocol.  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).

Abstract

 This document defines an extension to the Session Initiation Protocol
 (SIP).  This extension allows for a periodic refresh of SIP sessions
 through a re-INVITE or UPDATE request.  The refresh allows both user
 agents and proxies to determine whether the SIP session is still
 active.  The extension defines two new header fields:
 Session-Expires, which conveys the lifetime of the session, and
 Min-SE, which conveys the minimum allowed value for the session
 timer.

Donovan & Rosenberg Standards Track [Page 1] RFC 4028 Session Timer April 2005

Table of Contents

 1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
 2.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
 3.  Overview of Operation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
 4.  Session-Expires Header Field Definition  . . . . . . . . . .   6
 5.  Min-SE Header Field Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
 6.  422 Response Code Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
 7.  UAC Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     7.1.  Generating an Initial Session Refresh Request  . . . .   9
     7.2.  Processing a 2xx Response  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     7.3.  Processing a 422 Response  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     7.4.  Generating Subsequent Session Refresh Requests . . . .  11
 8.  Proxy Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     8.1.  Processing of Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     8.2.  Processing of Responses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     8.3.  Session Expiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
 9.  UAS Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
 10. Performing Refreshes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
 11. Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     11.1. Inside Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     11.2. Outside Attacks  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
 12. IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     12.1. IANA Registration of Min-SE and Session-Expires
           Header Fields  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     12.2. IANA Registration of the 422 (Session Interval Too
           Small) Response Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     12.3. IANA Registration of the 'timer' Option Tag  . . . . .  20
 13. Example Call Flow  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
 14. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
 15. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
     15.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
     15.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
 Authors' Addresses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
 Full Copyright Statement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

1. Introduction

 The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) [2] does not define a keepalive
 mechanism for the sessions it establishes.  Although the user agents
 may be able to determine whether the session has timed out by using
 session specific mechanisms, proxies will not be able to do so.  The
 result is that call stateful proxies will not always be able to
 determine whether a session is still active.  For instance, when a
 user agent fails to send a BYE message at the end of a session, or
 when the BYE message gets lost due to network problems, a call
 stateful proxy will not know when the session has ended.  In this
 situation, the call stateful proxy will retain state for the call and

Donovan & Rosenberg Standards Track [Page 2] RFC 4028 Session Timer April 2005

 has no method to determine when the call state information no longer
 applies.
 To resolve this problem, this extension defines a keepalive mechanism
 for SIP sessions.  UAs send periodic re-INVITE or UPDATE [3] requests
 (referred to as session refresh requests) to keep the session alive.
 The interval for the session refresh requests is determined through a
 negotiation mechanism defined here.  If a session refresh request is
 not received before the interval passes, the session is considered
 terminated.  Both UAs are supposed to send a BYE, and call stateful
 proxies can remove any state for the call.
 This refresh mechanism has additional applications.  A user agent
 would like to determine whether the session is still active for the
 same reasons a call stateful proxy server would.  This determination
 can be made at a user agent without the use of SIP level mechanisms;
 for audio sessions, periodic RTCP packets serve as an indication of
 liveness [5].  However, it is desirable to separate indications of
 SIP session liveness from the details of the particular session.
 Another application of the session timer is in the construction of a
 SIP Network Address Translator (NAT) Application Level Gateway (ALG)
 [6].  The ALG embedded in a NAT will need to maintain state for the
 duration of a call.  This state must eventually be removed.  Relying
 on a BYE to trigger the removal of state, besides being unreliable,
 introduces a potential denial of service attack.
 This document provides an extension to SIP that defines a session
 expiration mechanism.  Periodic refreshes, through re-INVITEs or
 UPDATEs, are used to keep the session active.  The extension is
 sufficiently backward compatible with SIP that it works as long as
 either one of the two participants in a dialog understands the
 extension.  Two new header fields (Session-Expires and Min-SE) and a
 new response code (422) are defined.  Session-Expires conveys the
 duration of the session, and Min-SE conveys the minimum allowed value
 for the session expiration.  The 422 response code indicates that the
 session timer duration was too small.

2. Terminology

 In this document, the key words 'MUST', 'MUST NOT', 'REQUIRED',
 'SHALL', 'SHALL NOT', 'SHOULD', 'SHOULD NOT', 'RECOMMENDED', 'MAY',
 and 'OPTIONAL' are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [1] and
 indicate requirement levels for compliant SIP implementations.

Donovan & Rosenberg Standards Track [Page 3] RFC 4028 Session Timer April 2005

 Additionally, we define the following terms:
 Session Interval: The maximum amount of time that can occur between
    session refresh requests in a dialog before the session will be
    considered timed out.  The session interval is conveyed in the
    Session-Expires header field, which is defined here.  The UAS
    obtains this value from the Session-Expires header field in a 2xx
    response to a session refresh request that it sends.  Proxies and
    UACs determine this value from the Session-Expires header field in
    a 2xx response to a session refresh request that they receive.
 Minimum Timer: Because of the processing load of mid-dialog requests,
    all elements (proxy, UAC, UAS) can have a configured minimum value
    for the session interval that they are willing to accept.  This
    value is called the minimum timer.
 Session Expiration: The time at which an element will consider the
    session timed out, if no successful session refresh transaction
    occurs beforehand.
 Session Refresh Request: An INVITE or UPDATE request processed
    according to the rules of this specification.  If the request
    generates a 2xx response, the session expiration is increased to
    the current time plus the session interval obtained from the
    response.  A session refresh request is not to be confused with a
    target refresh request, defined in Section 6 of [2], which is a
    request that can update the remote target of a dialog.
 Initial Session Refresh Request: The first session refresh request
    sent with a particular Call-ID value.
 Subsequent Session Refresh Request: Any session refresh request sent
    with a particular Call-ID after the initial session refresh
    request.
 Refresh: Same as a session refresh request.

3. Overview of Operation

 This section provides a brief overview of the operation of the
 extension.  It is tutorial in nature and should not be considered
 normative.
 This extension has the property that it works even when only one UA
 in a dialog supports it.  The processing steps differ for handling
 each of the four cases (the UAC does or doesn't support it, and the
 UAS does or doesn't support it).  For simplicity's sake, this section

Donovan & Rosenberg Standards Track [Page 4] RFC 4028 Session Timer April 2005

 will describe basic operation in the case where both sides support
 the extension.
 A UAC starts by sending an INVITE.  This includes a Supported header
 field with the option tag 'timer', indicating support for this
 extension.
 This request passes through proxies, any one of which may have an
 interest in establishing a session timer.  Each proxy can insert a
 Session-Expires header field and a Min-SE header field into the
 request (if none is already there) or alter the value of existing
 Session-Expires and Min-SE header fields as described below.
 The Min-SE header field establishes the lower bound for the session
 refresh interval; i.e., the fastest rate any proxy servicing this
 request will be allowed to require.  The purpose of this header field
 is to prevent hostile proxies from setting arbitrarily short refresh
 intervals so that their neighbors are overloaded.  Each proxy
 processing the request can raise this lower bound (increase the
 period between refreshes) but is not allowed to lower it.
 The Session-Expires header field establishes the upper bound for the
 session refresh interval; i.e., the time period after processing a
 request for which any session-stateful proxy must retain its state
 for this session.  Any proxy servicing this request can lower this
 value, but it is not allowed to decrease it below the value specified
 in the Min-SE header field.
 If the Session-Expires interval is too low for a proxy (i.e., lower
 than the value of Min-SE that the proxy would wish to assert), the
 proxy rejects the request with a 422 response.  That response
 contains a Min-SE header field identifying the minimum session
 interval it is willing to support.  The UAC will try again, this time
 including the Min-SE header field in the request.  The header field
 contains the largest Min-SE header field it observed in all 422
 responses previously received.  This way, the minimum timer meets the
 constraints of all proxies along the path.
 After several INVITE/422 iterations, the request eventually arrives
 at the UAS.  The UAS can adjust the value of the session interval as
 if it were a proxy; when done, it places the final session interval
 into the Session-Expires header field in a 2xx response.  The
 Session-Expires header field also contains a 'refresher' parameter,
 which indicates who is doing the refreshing -- the UA that is
 currently the UAC, or the UA that is currently the UAS.  As the 2xx
 response travels back through the proxy chain, each proxy can observe
 the final session interval but can't change it.

Donovan & Rosenberg Standards Track [Page 5] RFC 4028 Session Timer April 2005

 From the Session-Expires header field in the response, both UAs know
 that a session timer is active, when it will expire, and who is
 refreshing.  At some point before the expiration, the currently
 active refresher generates a session refresh request, which is a
 re-INVITE or UPDATE [3] request.  If the refresher never gets a
 response to that session refresh request, it sends a BYE to terminate
 the session.  Similarly, if the other side never gets the session
 refresh request before the session expires, it sends a BYE.
 The refresh requests sent once the session is established are
 processed identically to the initial requests, as described above.
 This means that a successful session refresh request will extend the
 session, as desired.
 The extension introduces additional complications beyond this basic
 flow to support cases where only one of the UAs supports it.  One
 such complication is that a proxy may need to insert the
 Session-Expires header field into the response, in the event that the
 UAS doesn't support the extension.  The negotiation of the role of
 refresher is also affected by this capability; it takes into
 consideration which participants support the extension.
 Note that the session timer refreshes the session, not the dialog
 used to establish the session.  Of course, the two are related.  If
 the session expires, a BYE is sent, which terminates the session and,
 generally, the dialog.

4. Session-Expires Header Field Definition

 The Session-Expires header field conveys the session interval for a
 SIP session.  It is placed only in INVITE or UPDATE requests, as well
 as in any 2xx response to an INVITE or UPDATE.  Like the SIP Expires
 header field, it contains a delta-time.
 The absolute minimum for the Session-Expires header field is 90
 seconds.  This value represents a bit more than twice the duration
 that a SIP transaction can take in the event of a timeout.  This
 allows sufficient time for a UA to attempt a refresh at the halfpoint
 of the session interval, and for that transaction to complete
 normally before the session expires.  However, 1800 seconds (30
 minutes) is RECOMMENDED as the value for the Session-Expires header
 field.  In other words, SIP entities MUST be prepared to handle
 Session-Expires header field values of any duration greater than 90
 seconds, but entities that insert the Session-Expires header field
 SHOULD NOT choose values of less than 30 minutes.

Donovan & Rosenberg Standards Track [Page 6] RFC 4028 Session Timer April 2005

 Small session intervals can be destructive to the network.  They
 cause excessive messaging traffic that affects both user agents and
 proxy servers.  They increase the possibility of 'glare' that can
 occur when both user agents send a re-INVITE or UPDATE at the same
 time.  Since the primary purpose of the session timer is to provide a
 means to time out state in SIP elements, very small values won't
 generally be needed.  30 minutes was chosen because 95% of phone
 calls are shorter than this duration.  However, the 30 minute minimum
 is listed as a SHOULD, and not as a MUST, since the exact value for
 this number is dependent on many network factors, including network
 bandwidths and latencies, computing power, memory availability,
 network topology, and, of course, the application scenario.  After
 all, SIP can set up any kind of session, not just a phone call.  At
 the time of publication of this document, 30 minutes seems
 appropriate.  Advances in technologies may result in the number being
 excessively large five years in the future.
 The default value of the Session-Expires header field is undefined.
 This means that the absence of the Session-Expires header field
 implies no expiration of the session, using the mechanism defined in
 this specification.  Note that other mechanisms not defined in this
 specification, such as locally configured timers, may apply.
 The syntax of the Session-Expires header field is as follows:
 Session-Expires  = ("Session-Expires" / "x") HCOLON delta-seconds
                      *(SEMI se-params)
 se-params        = refresher-param / generic-param
 refresher-param  = "refresher" EQUAL  ("uas" / "uac")
 Note that a compact form, the letter x, has been reserved for
 Session-Expires.  The BNF for delta-seconds and generic-param is
 defined in Section 25 of RFC 3261 [2].
 Table 1 is an extension of Tables 2 and 3 in [2] for the
 Session-Expires and Min-SE header fields.  The column 'PRA' is for
 the PRACK method [7], 'UPD' is for the UPDATE method [3], 'SUB' is
 for the SUBSCRIBE method [8], and 'NOT' is for the NOTIFY method [8].

Donovan & Rosenberg Standards Track [Page 7] RFC 4028 Session Timer April 2005

 +---------------+-----+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
 |     Header    |where|proxy|ACK|BYE|CAN|INV|OPT|REG|PRA|UPD|SUB|NOT|
 +---------------+-----+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
 |Session-Expires|  R  | amr | - | - | - | o | - | - | - | o | - | - |
 |               |     |     |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
 |Session-Expires| 2xx | ar  | - | - | - | o | - | - | - | o | - | - |
 |               |     |     |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
 |Min-SE         |  R  | amr | - | - | - | o | - | - | - | o | - | - |
 |               |     |     |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
 |Min-SE         | 422 |     | - | - | - | m | - | - | - | m | - | - |
 +---------------+-----+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
           Table 1:  Session-Expires and Min-SE Header Fields

5. Min-SE Header Field Definition

 The Min-SE header field indicates the minimum value for the session
 interval, in units of delta-seconds.  When used in an INVITE or
 UPDATE request, it indicates the smallest value of the session
 interval that can be used for that session.  When present in a
 request or response, its value MUST NOT be less than 90 seconds.
 When the header field is not present, its default value for is 90
 seconds.
 The Min-SE header field MUST NOT be used in responses except for
 those with a 422 response code.  It indicates the minimum value of
 the session interval that the server is willing to accept.
 The syntax of the Min-SE header field is as follows:
 Min-SE  =  "Min-SE" HCOLON delta-seconds *(SEMI generic-param)

6. 422 Response Code Definition

 This extension introduces the 422 (Session Interval Too Small)
 response code.  It is generated by a UAS or proxy when a request
 contains a Session-Expires header field with a duration below the
 minimum timer for the server.  The 422 response MUST contain a Min-SE
 header field with the minimum timer for that server.

Donovan & Rosenberg Standards Track [Page 8] RFC 4028 Session Timer April 2005

7. UAC Behavior

7.1. Generating an Initial Session Refresh Request

 A UAC that supports the session timer extension defined here MUST
 include a Supported header field in each request (except ACK),
 listing the option tag 'timer' [2].  It MUST do so even if the UAC is
 not requesting usage of the session timer for this session.
 The UAC MAY include a Require header field in the request with the
 value 'timer' to indicate that the UAS must support the session timer
 to participate in the session.  This does not mean that the UAC is
 requiring the UAS to perform the refreshes, only that it is requiring
 the UAS to support the extension.  In addition, the UAC MAY include a
 Proxy-Require header field in the request with the value 'timer' to
 indicate that proxies must support the session timer in order to
 correctly process the request.  However, usage of either Require or
 Proxy-Require by the UAC is NOT RECOMMENDED.  They are not needed,
 since the extension works even when only the UAC supports the
 extension.  The Supported header field containing 'timer' MUST still
 be included, even if the Require or Proxy-Require header fields are
 present containing 'timer'.
 A UAC MAY include the Min-SE header field in the initial INVITE
 request.
 A UAC MAY include a Session-Expires header field in an initial
 session refresh request if it wants a session timer applied to the
 session.  The value of this header field indicates the session
 interval desired by the UAC.  If a Min-SE header is included in the
 initial session refresh request, the value of the Session-Expires
 MUST be greater than or equal to the value in Min-SE.
 The UAC MAY include the refresher parameter with value 'uac' if it
 wants to perform the refreshes.  However, it is RECOMMENDED that the
 parameter be omitted so that it can be selected by the negotiation
 mechanisms described below.

7.2. Processing a 2xx Response

 The session timer requires a UA to create and maintain state.  This
 state includes the session interval, the session expiration, and the
 identity of the refresher.  This state is associated with the dialog
 on which the session has been negotiated.

Donovan & Rosenberg Standards Track [Page 9] RFC 4028 Session Timer April 2005

 When a 2xx response to a session refresh request arrives, it may or
 may not contain a Require header field with the value 'timer'.  If it
 does, the UAC MUST look for the Session-Expires header field to
 process the response.
 If there was a Require header field in the response with the value
 'timer', the Session-Expires header field will always be present.
 UACs MUST be prepared to receive a Session-Expires header field in a
 response, even if none were present in the request.  The 'refresher'
 parameter will be present in the Session-Expires header field,
 indicating who will perform the refreshes.  The UAC MUST set the
 identity of the refresher to the value of this parameter.  If the
 parameter contains the value 'uac', the UAC will perform them.  It is
 possible that the UAC requested the session timer (and thus included
 a Session-Expires header field in the request) and that there was no
 Require or Session-Expires header field in the 2xx response.  This
 will happen when the UAS doesn't support the session timer extension
 and only the UAC has asked for a session timer (no proxies have
 requested it).  In this case, if the UAC still wishes to use the
 session timer (which is purely for its benefit alone), it has to
 perform them.  To do this, the UAC follows the procedures defined in
 this specification as if the Session-Expires header field were in the
 2xx response, and its value was the same as that in the request, but
 with a refresher parameter of 'uac'.
 If the 2xx response did not contain a Session-Expires header field,
 there is no session expiration.  In this case, no refreshes need to
 be sent.  A 2xx without a Session-Expires can come for both initial
 and subsequent session refresh requests.  This means that the session
 timer can be 'turned-off' in mid dialog by receiving a response
 without a Session-Expires header field.
 The UAC remembers the session interval for a session as the value of
 the delta-time from the Session-Expires header field in the most
 recent 2xx response to a session refresh request on a dialog.  It is
 explicitly allowed for there to be differing session intervals (or
 none at all) on differing dialogs established as a result of a single
 INVITE.  The UAC also remembers whether it or its peer is the
 refresher on for the session.
 If the UAC must perform the refreshes, it computes the session
 expiration for that session.  The session expiration is the time of
 reception of the last 2xx response to a session refresh request on
 that dialog plus the session interval for that session.  If the UA
 seeks to continue with the session beyond the session expiration, it
 MUST generate a refresh before the session expiration.  It is

Donovan & Rosenberg Standards Track [Page 10] RFC 4028 Session Timer April 2005

 RECOMMENDED that this refresh be sent once half the session interval
 has elapsed.  Additional procedures for this refresh are described in
 Section 10.
 Similarly, a re-INVITE or UPDATE request sent within a dialog for
 purposes other than session refreshes will also have the effect of
 refreshing the session, and its processing will follow the procedures
 defined in this specification.

7.3. Processing a 422 Response

 If the response to a session refresh request is a 422 (Session
 Interval Too Small) response message, then the UAC MAY retry the
 request.  The procedures for retrying are described in Section 7.4.
 This new request constitutes a new transaction and SHOULD have the
 same value as the Call-ID, To, and From of the previous request, but
 the CSeq should contain a new sequence number that is one higher than
 the previous.

7.4. Generating Subsequent Session Refresh Requests

 The values of Supported, Require, and Proxy-Require used in the
 initial Session refresh request MUST be used.
 The UAC MUST insert the Min-SE header field into a session refresh
 request for a particular dialog if it has ever received a 422
 response to a previous session refresh request on the same dialog, or
 if it has received a session refresh request on that dialog that
 contained a Min-SE header field.  Similarly, if no dialog has been
 established yet, a UAC MUST insert the Min-SE header field into an
 INVITE request if it has ever received a 422 response to a previous
 INVITE request with the same Call-ID.
 The value of the Min-SE header field present in a session refresh
 request MUST be the largest value among all Min-SE header field
 values returned in all 422 responses or received in session refresh
 requests, on the same dialog, if a dialog has been established.  If
 no dialog has been established, the Min-SE header field value is set
 to the largest value among all Min-SE header field values returned in
 all 422 responses for an INVITE request with the same Call-ID.  A
 result of this rule is that the maximum value of the Min-SE is
 effectively 'cleared' once the dialog is established, and from that
 point on, only the values from proxies known to be on the proxy path
 will end up being used.
 The UAC may have its own opinions about the minimum session interval.
 In that case, if the value above is too small, the UAC MAY increase
 it.

Donovan & Rosenberg Standards Track [Page 11] RFC 4028 Session Timer April 2005

 In a session refresh request sent within a dialog with an active
 session timer, the Session-Expires header field SHOULD be present.
 When present, it SHOULD be equal to the maximum of the Min-SE header
 field (recall that its default value when not present is 90 seconds)
 and the current session interval.  Inclusion of the Session-Expires
 header field with this value avoids certain denial-of-service
 attacks, as documented in Section 11.  As such, a UA should only
 ignore the SHOULD in unusual and singular cases where it is desirable
 to change the session interval mid-dialog.
 If the session refresh request is not the initial one, it is
 RECOMMENDED that the refresher parameter be set to 'uac' if the
 element sending the request is currently performing refreshes, and to
 'uas' if its peer is performing the refreshes.  This way, the role of
 refresher does not change on each refresh.  However, if it wishes to
 explicitly change the roles, it MAY use a value of 'uas' if it knows
 that the other side supports the session timer.  It could know this
 by having received a request from its peer with a Supported header
 field containing the value 'timer'.  If it seeks to reselect the
 roles, it MAY omit the parameter.
 A re-INVITE generated to refresh the session is a normal re-INVITE,
 and an UPDATE generated to refresh a session is a normal UPDATE.  If
 a UAC knows that its peer supports the UPDATE method, it is
 RECOMMENDED that UPDATE be used instead of a re-INVITE.  A UA can
 make this determination if it has seen an Allow header field from its
 peer with the value 'UPDATE', or through a mid-dialog OPTIONS
 request.  It is RECOMMENDED that the UPDATE request not contain an
 offer [4], but a re-INVITE SHOULD contain one, even if the details of
 the session have not changed.  In that case, the offer MUST indicate
 that it has not changed.  In the case of SDP, this is accomplished by
 including the same value for the origin field as did previous SDP
 messages to its peer.  The same is true for an answer exchanged as a
 result of a session refresh request; if it has not changed, that MUST
 be indicated.

8. Proxy Behavior

 Session timers are mostly of interest to call stateful proxy servers
 (that is, to servers that maintain the state of calls and dialogs
 established through them).  However, a stateful proxy server (that
 is, a server which is aware of transaction state but does not retain
 call or dialog state) MAY also follow the rules described here.
 Stateless proxies MUST NOT attempt to request session timers.
 Proxies that ask for session timers SHOULD record-route, as they
 won't receive refreshes if they don't.

Donovan & Rosenberg Standards Track [Page 12] RFC 4028 Session Timer April 2005

    The proxy processing rules require the proxy to remember
    information between the request and response, ruling out stateless
    proxies.

8.1. Processing of Requests

 Processing of requests is identical for all session refresh requests.
 To request a session timer for a session, a proxy makes sure that a
 Session-Expires header field is present in a session refresh request
 for that session.  A proxy MAY insert a Session-Expires header field
 in the request before forwarding it if none was present in the
 request.  This Session-Expires header field may contain any desired
 expiration time the proxy would like, but not with a duration lower
 than the value in the Min-SE header field in the request, if it is
 present.  The proxy MUST NOT include a refresher parameter in the
 header field value.
 If the request already had a Session-Expires header field, the proxy
 MAY reduce its value but MUST NOT set it to a duration lower than the
 value in the Min-SE header field in the request, if it is present.
 If the value of the Session-Expires header field is greater than or
 equal to the value in the Min-SE header field (recall that the
 default is 90 seconds when the Min-SE header field is not present),
 the proxy MUST NOT increase the value of the Session-Expires header
 field.  If the value of the Session-Expires header field is lower
 than the value of the Min-SE header field (possibly because the proxy
 increased the value of the Min-SE header field, as described below),
 the proxy MUST increase the value of the Session-Expires header field
 to make it equal to Min-SE header field value.  The proxy MUST NOT
 insert or modify the value of the 'refresher' parameter in the
 Session-Expires header field.
 If the request contains a Supported header field with a value
 'timer', the proxy MAY reject the INVITE request with a 422 (Session
 Interval Too Small) response if the session interval in the
 Session-Expires header field is smaller than the minimum interval
 defined by the proxy's local policy.  When sending the 422 response,
 the proxy MUST include a Min-SE header field with the value of its
 minimum interval.  That minimum MUST NOT be lower than 90 seconds.
 If the request doesn't indicate support for the session timer but
 contains a session interval that is too small, the proxy cannot
 usefully reject the request, as this would result in a call failure.
 Rather, the proxy SHOULD insert a Min-SE header field containing its
 minimum interval.  If a Min-SE header field is already present, the
 proxy SHOULD increase (but MUST NOT decrease) the value to its
 minimum interval.  The proxy MUST then increase the Session-Expires

Donovan & Rosenberg Standards Track [Page 13] RFC 4028 Session Timer April 2005

 header field value to be equal to the value in the Min-SE header
 field, as described above.  A proxy MUST NOT insert a Min-SE header
 field or modify the value of an existing header field in a proxied
 request if that request contains a Supported header field with the
 value 'timer'.  This is needed to protect against certain denial of
 service attacks, described in Section 11.
 Assuming that the proxy has requested a session timer (and thus has
 possibly inserted the Session-Expires header field or reduced it),
 the proxy MUST remember that it is using a session timer, and also
 remember the value of the Session-Expires header field from the
 proxied request.  This MUST be remembered for the duration of the
 transaction.
 The proxy MUST remember, for the duration of the transaction, whether
 the request contained the Supported header field with the value
 'timer'.  If the request did not contain a Supported header field
 with the value 'timer', the proxy MAY insert a Require header field
 with the value 'timer' into the request.  However, this is NOT
 RECOMMENDED.  This allows the proxy to insist on a session timer for
 the session.  This header field is not needed if a Supported header
 field was in the request; in this case, the proxy would already be
 sure the session timer can be used for the session.

8.2. Processing of Responses

 When the final response to the request arrives, it is examined by the
 proxy.
 If the response does not contain a Session-Expires header field but
 the proxy remembers that it requested a session timer in the request
 (by inserting, modifying, or examining and accepting the
 Session-Expires header field in the proxied request), this means that
 the UAS did not support the session timer.  If the proxy remembers
 that the UAC did not support the session timer either, the proxy
 forwards the response upstream normally.  There is no session
 expiration for this session.  If, however, the proxy remembers that
 the UAC did support the session timer, additional processing is
 needed.
 Because there is no Session-Expires or Require header field in the
 response, the proxy knows that it is the first session-timer-aware
 proxy to receive the response.  This proxy MUST insert a
 Session-Expires header field into the response with the value it
 remembered from the forwarded request.  It MUST set the value of the
 'refresher' parameter to 'uac'.  The proxy MUST add the 'timer'

Donovan & Rosenberg Standards Track [Page 14] RFC 4028 Session Timer April 2005

 option tag to any Require header field in the response, and if none
 was present, add the Require header field with that value before
 forwarding it upstream.
 If the received response contains a Session-Expires header field, no
 modification of the response is needed.
 In all cases, if the 2xx response forwarded upstream by the proxy
 contains a Session-Expires header field, its value represents the
 session interval for the session associated with that response.  The
 proxy computes the session expiration as the time when the 2xx
 response is forwarded upstream, plus the session interval.  This
 session expiration MUST update any existing session expiration for
 the session.  The refresher parameter in the Session-Expires header
 field in the 2xx response forwarded upstream will be present, and it
 indicates which UA is performing the refreshes.  There can be
 multiple 2xx responses to a single INVITE, each representing a
 different dialog, resulting in multiple session expirations, one for
 each session associated with each dialog.
 The proxy MUST NOT modify the value of the Session-Expires header
 field received in the response (assuming one was present) before
 forwarding it upstream.

8.3. Session Expiration

 When the current time equals or passes the session expiration for a
 session, the proxy MAY remove associated call state, and MAY free any
 resources associated with the call.  Unlike the UA, it MUST NOT send
 a BYE.

9. UAS Behavior

 The UAS must respond to a request for a session timer by the UAC or a
 proxy in the path of the request, or it may request that a session
 timer be used itself.
 If an incoming request contains a Supported header field with a value
 'timer' and a Session Expires header field, the UAS MAY reject the
 INVITE request with a 422 (Session Interval Too Small) response if
 the session interval in the Session-Expires header field is smaller
 than the minimum interval defined by the UAS' local policy.  When
 sending the 422 response, the UAS MUST include a Min-SE header field
 with the value of its minimum interval.  This minimum interval MUST
 NOT be lower than 90 seconds.
 If the UAS wishes to accept the request, it copies the value of the
 Session-Expires header field from the request into the 2xx response.

Donovan & Rosenberg Standards Track [Page 15] RFC 4028 Session Timer April 2005

 The UAS response MAY reduce its value but MUST NOT set it to a
 duration lower than the value in the Min-SE header field in the
 request, if it is present; otherwise the UAS MAY reduce its value but
 MUST NOT set it to a duration lower than 90 seconds.  The UAS MUST
 NOT increase the value of the Session-Expires header field.
 If the incoming request contains a Supported header field with a
 value 'timer' but does not contain a Session-Expires header, it means
 that the UAS is indicating support for timers but is not requesting
 one.  The UAS may request a session timer in the 2XX response by
 including a Session-Expires header field.  The value MUST NOT be set
 to a duration lower than the value in the Min-SE header field in the
 request, if it is present.
 The UAS MUST set the value of the refresher parameter in the
 Session-Expires header field in the 2xx response.  This value
 specifies who will perform refreshes for the dialog.  The value is
 based on the value of this parameter in the request, and on whether
 the UAC supports the session timer extension.  The UAC supports the
 extension if the 'timer' option tag was present in a Supported header
 field in the request.  Table 2 defines how the value in the response
 is set.  A value of 'none' in the 2nd column means that there was no
 refresher parameter in the request.  A value of 'NA' in the third
 column means that this particular combination shouldn't happen, as it
 is disallowed by the protocol.
     UAC supports?  refresher parameter  refresher parameter
                         in request           in response
     -------------------------------------------------------
           N                none                 uas
           N                uac                  NA
           N                uas                  NA
           Y                none             uas or uac
           Y                uac                  uac
           Y                uas                  uas
                      Table 2:  UAS Behavior
 The fourth row of Table 2 describes a case where both the UAC and UAS
 support the session timer extension, and where the UAC did not select
 who will perform refreshes.  This allows the UAS to decide whether it
 or the UAC will perform the refreshes.  However, as the table
 indicates, the UAS cannot override the UAC's choice of refresher, if
 it made one.
 If the refresher parameter in the Session-Expires header field in the
 2xx response has a value of 'uac', the UAS MUST place a Require
 header field into the response with the value 'timer'.  This is

Donovan & Rosenberg Standards Track [Page 16] RFC 4028 Session Timer April 2005

 because the uac is performing refreshes and the response has to be
 processed for the UAC to know this.  If the refresher parameter in
 the 2xx response has a value of 'uas' and the Supported header field
 in the request contained the value 'timer', the UAS SHOULD place a
 Require header field into the response with the value 'timer'.  In
 this case, the UAC is not refreshing, but it is supposed to send a
 BYE if it never receives a refresh.  Since the call will still
 succeed without the UAC sending a BYE, insertion of the Require is a
 SHOULD here, and not a MUST.
 Just like the UAC, the UAS stores state for the session timer.  This
 state includes the session interval, the session expiration, and the
 identity of the refresher.  This state is bound to the dialog used to
 set up the session.  The session interval is set to the value of the
 delta-time from the Session-Expires header field in the most recent
 2xx response to a session refresh request on that dialog.  It also
 remembers whether it or its peer is the refresher on the dialog,
 based on the value of the refresher parameter from the most recent
 2xx response to a session refresh request on that dialog.  If the
 most recent 2xx response had no Session-Expires header field, there
 is no session expiration, and no refreshes have to be performed.
 If the UAS must refresh the session, it computes the session
 expiration.  The session expiration is the time of transmission of
 the last 2xx response to a session refresh request on that dialog
 plus the session interval.  If UA wishes to continue with the session
 beyond the session expiration, it MUST generate a refresh before the
 session expiration.  It is RECOMMENDED that this refresh be sent once
 half the session interval has elapsed.  Additional procedures for
 this refresh are described in Section 10.

10. Performing Refreshes

 The side generating a refresh does so according to the UAC procedures
 defined in Section 7.  Note that only a 2xx response to a session
 refresh request extends the session expiration.  This means that a UA
 could attempt a refresh and receive a 422 response with a Min-SE
 header field that contains a value much larger than the current
 session interval.  The UA will still have to send a session refresh
 request before the session expiration (which has not changed), even
 though this request will contain a value of the Session-Expires that
 is much larger than the current session interval.
 If the session refresh request transaction times out or generates a
 408 or 481 response, then the UAC sends a BYE request as per Section
 12.2.1.2 of RFC 3261 [2].  If the session refresh request does not
 generate a 2xx response (and, as a result, the session is not
 refreshed), and a response other than 408 or 481 is received, the UAC

Donovan & Rosenberg Standards Track [Page 17] RFC 4028 Session Timer April 2005

 SHOULD follow the rules specific to that response code and retry if
 possible.  For example, if the response is a 401, the UAC would retry
 the request with new credentials.  However, the UAC SHOULD NOT
 continuously retry the request if the server indicates the same error
 response.
 Similarly, if the side not performing refreshes does not receive a
 session refresh request before the session expiration, it SHOULD send
 a BYE to terminate the session, slightly before the session
 expiration.  The minimum of 32 seconds and one third of the session
 interval is RECOMMENDED.
    Firewalls and NAT ALGs may be very unforgiving about allowing SIP
    traffic to pass after the expiration time of the session.  This is
    why the BYE should be sent before the expiration.

11. Security Considerations

 The session timer introduces the capability of a proxy or UA element
 to force compliant UAs to send refreshes at a rate of the element's
 choosing.  This introduces the possibility of denial-of-service
 attacks with significant amplification properties.  These attacks can
 be launched from 'outsiders' (elements that attempt to modify
 messages in transit) or by 'insiders' (elements that are legitimately
 in the request path but are intent on doing harm).  Fortunately, both
 cases are adequately handled by this specification.

11.1. Inside Attacks

 This introduces the possibility of rogue proxies or UAs introducing
 denial-of-service attacks.  However, the mechanisms in this
 specification prevent that from happening.
 First, consider the case of a rogue UAC that wishes to force a UAS to
 generate refreshes at a rapid rate.  To do so, it inserts a
 Session-Expires header field into an INVITE with a low duration and a
 refresher parameter equal to uas.  Assume it places a Supported
 header field into the request.  The UAS or any proxy that objects to
 this low timer will reject the request with a 422, thereby preventing
 the attack.  If no Supported header field was present, the proxies
 will insert a Min-SE header field into the request before forwarding
 it.  As a result, the UAS will not choose a session timer lower than
 the minimum allowed by all elements on the path.  This too prevents
 the attack.
 Next, consider the case of a rogue UAS that wishes to force a UAC to
 generate refreshes at a rapid rate.  In that case, the UAC has to
 support session timer.  The initial INVITE arrives at the rogue UAS,

Donovan & Rosenberg Standards Track [Page 18] RFC 4028 Session Timer April 2005

 which returns a 2xx with a very small session interval.  The UAC uses
 this timer and quickly sends a refresh.  Section 7.4 requires that
 the UAC copy the current session interval into the Session-Expires
 header field in the request.  This enables the proxies to see the
 current value.  The proxies will reject this request and provide a
 Min-SE with a higher minimum, which the UAC will then use.  Note,
 that if the proxies did not reject the request, but rather proxied
 the request with a Min-SE header field, an attack would still be
 possible.  The UAS could discard this header field in a 2xx response
 and force the UAC to continue to generate rapid requests.
 In a similar fashion, a rogue proxy cannot force either the UAC or
 UAS to generate refreshes unless the proxy remains on the signaling
 path and sees every request and response.

11.2. Outside Attacks

 An element that can observe and modify a request or response in
 transit can force rapid session refreshes.  To prevent this, requests
 and responses have to be protected by message integrity.  Since the
 session timer header fields are not end-to-end and are manipulated by
 proxies, the SIP S/MIME capabilities are not suitable for this task.
 Rather, integrity has to be protected by using hop-by-hop mechanisms.
 As a result, it is RECOMMENDED that an element send a request with a
 Session-Expires header field or a Supported header field with the
 value 'timer' by using TLS.  As adequate protection is obtained only
 if security is applied on each hop, it is RECOMMENDED that the SIPS
 URI scheme be used in conjunction with this extension.  This means
 that proxies that record-route and request session timer SHOULD
 record-route with a SIPS URI.  A UA that inserts a Session-Expires
 header into a request or response SHOULD include a Contact URI that
 is a SIPS URI.

12. IANA Considerations

 This extension defines two new header fields, a new response code,
 and a new option tag.  SIP [2] defines IANA procedures for
 registering these.

12.1. IANA Registration of Min-SE and Session-Expires Header Fields

 The following is the registration for the Min-SE header field:
 RFC Number: RFC 4028
 Header Name: Min-SE
 Compact Form: none

Donovan & Rosenberg Standards Track [Page 19] RFC 4028 Session Timer April 2005

 The following is the registration for the Session-Expires header
 field:
 RFC Number: RFC 4028
 Header Name: Session-Expires
 Compact Form: x

12.2. IANA Registration of the 422 (Session Interval Too Small)

     Response Code
 The following is the registration for the 422 (Session Interval Too
 Small) response code:
 Response Code: 422
 Default Reason Phrase: Session Interval Too Small
 RFC Number: RFC 4028

12.3. IANA Registration of the 'timer' Option Tag

 The following is the registration for the 'timer' option tag:
 Name: timer
 Description: This option tag is for support of the session timer
    extension.  Inclusion in a Supported header field in a request or
    response indicates that the UA can perform refreshes according to
    that specification.  Inclusion in a Require header in a request
    means that the UAS must understand the session timer extension to
    process the request.  Inclusion in a Require header field in a
    response indicates that the UAC must look for the Session-Expires
    header field in the response and process it accordingly.

13. Example Call Flow

 Example Session Timer Flow
     Alice      Proxy P1     Proxy P2        Bob
       |(1) INVITE  |            |            |
       |SE: 50      |            |            |
       |----------->|            |            |
       |(2) 422     |            |            |
       |MSE: 3600   |            |            |
       |<-----------|            |            |
       |(3) ACK     |            |            |
       |----------->|            |            |
       |(4) INVITE  |            |            |
       |SE:3600     |            |            |
       |MSE:3600    |            |            |
       |----------->|            |            |

Donovan & Rosenberg Standards Track [Page 20] RFC 4028 Session Timer April 2005

       |            |(5) INVITE  |            |
       |            |SE:3600     |            |
       |            |MSE:3600    |            |
       |            |----------->|            |
       |            |(6) 422     |            |
       |            |MSE:4000    |            |
       |            |<-----------|            |
       |            |(7) ACK     |            |
       |            |----------->|            |
       |(8) 422     |            |            |
       |MSE:4000    |            |            |
       |<-----------|            |            |
       |(9) ACK     |            |            |
       |----------->|            |            |
       |(10) INVITE |            |            |
       |SE:4000     |            |            |
       |MSE:4000    |            |            |
       |----------->|            |            |
       |            |(11) INVITE |            |
       |            |SE:4000     |            |
       |            |MSE:4000    |            |
       |            |----------->|            |
       |            |            |(12) INVITE |
       |            |            |SE:4000     |
       |            |            |MSE:4000    |
       |            |            |----------->|
       |            |            |(13) 200 OK |
       |            |            |SE:4000     |
       |            |            |<-----------|
       |            |(14) 200 OK |            |
       |            |SE:4000     |            |
       |            |<-----------|            |
       |(15) 200 OK |            |            |
       |SE:4000     |            |            |
       |<-----------|            |            |
       |(16) ACK    |            |            |
       |----------->|            |            |
       |            |(17) ACK    |            |
       |            |------------------------>|
       |(18) UPDATE |            |            |
       |SE:4000     |            |            |
       |----------->|            |            |
       |            |(19) UPDATE |            |
       |            |SE:4000     |            |
       |            |------------------------>|
       |            |(20) 200 OK |            |
       |            |SE:4000     |            |
       |            |<------------------------|

Donovan & Rosenberg Standards Track [Page 21] RFC 4028 Session Timer April 2005

       |(21) 200 OK |            |            |
       |SE:4000     |            |            |
       |<-----------|            |            |
       |            |(22) BYE    |            |
       |            |<------------------------|
       |(23) BYE    |            |            |
       |<-----------|            |            |
       |            |(24) 408    |            |
       |            |------------------------>|
         Figure 1:  Example Session Timer Flow
 Figure 1 gives an example of a call flow that makes use of the
 session timer.  In this example, both the UAC and UAS support the
 session timer extension.  The initial INVITE request generated by the
 UAC, Alice (message 1), might look like this:
 INVITE sips:bob@biloxi.example.com SIP/2.0
 Via: SIP/2.0/TLS pc33.atlanta.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashds8
 Supported: timer
 Session-Expires: 50
 Max-Forwards: 70
 To: Bob <sips:bob@biloxi.example.com>
 From: Alice <sips:alice@atlanta.example.com>;tag=1928301774
 Call-ID: a84b4c76e66710
 CSeq: 314159 INVITE
 Contact: <sips:alice@pc33.atlanta.example.com>
 Content-Type: application/sdp
 Content-Length: 142
 (Alice's SDP not shown)
 This request indicates that Alice supports the session timer, and is
 requesting session refreshes every 50 seconds.  This arrives at the
 first proxy, P1.  This session interval is below the minimum allowed
 value of 3600.  So P1 rejects the request with a 422 (message 2):
 SIP/2.0 422 Session Interval Too Small
 Via: SIP/2.0/TLS pc33.atlanta.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashds8
   ;received=192.0.2.1
 Min-SE: 3600
 To: Bob <sips:bob@biloxi.example.com>;tag=9a8kz
 From: Alice <sips:alice@atlanta.example.com>;tag=1928301774
 Call-ID: a84b4c76e66710
 CSeq: 314159 INVITE

Donovan & Rosenberg Standards Track [Page 22] RFC 4028 Session Timer April 2005

 This response contains a Min-SE header field with the value 3600.
 Alice then retries the request.  This time, the request contains a
 Min-SE header, as Alice has received a 422 for other INVITE requests
 with the same Call-ID.  The new request (message 4) might look like
 this:
 INVITE sips:bob@biloxi.example.com SIP/2.0
 Via: SIP/2.0/TLS pc33.atlanta.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashds9
 Supported: timer
 Session-Expires: 3600
 Min-SE: 3600
 Max-Forwards: 70
 To: Bob <sips:bob@biloxi.example.com>
 From: Alice <sips:alice@atlanta.example.com>;tag=1928301774
 Call-ID: a84b4c76e66710
 CSeq: 314160 INVITE
 Contact: <sips:alice@pc33.atlanta.example.com>
 Content-Type: application/sdp
 Content-Length: 142
 (Alice's SDP not shown)
 Proxy P1 record-routes.  Since the session interval is now acceptable
 to it, it forwards the request to P2 (message 5).  However, the
 session interval is below its minimum configured amount of 4000.  So
 it rejects the request with a 422 response code (message 6) and
 includes a Min-SE header field with the value of 4000.  Once more,
 Alice retries the INVITE.  This time, the Min-SE header field in her
 INVITE is the maximum of all Min-SE she has received (3600 and 4000).
 Message 10 might look like this:
 INVITE sips:bob@biloxi.example.com SIP/2.0
 Via: SIP/2.0/TLS pc33.atlanta.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashds10
 Supported: timer
 Session-Expires: 4000
 Min-SE: 4000
 Max-Forwards: 70
 To: Bob <sips:bob@biloxi.example.com>
 From: Alice <sips:alice@atlanta.example.com>;tag=1928301774
 Call-ID: a84b4c76e66710
 CSeq: 314161 INVITE
 Contact: <sips:alice@pc33.atlanta.example.com>
 Content-Type: application/sdp
 Content-Length: 142
 (Alice's SDP not shown)

Donovan & Rosenberg Standards Track [Page 23] RFC 4028 Session Timer April 2005

 P1 record-routes once again, but P2 does not (this wouldn't normally
 happen; presumably, if it asked for session timer, it would
 record-route the subsequent request).  The UAS receives the request.
 It copies the Session-Expires header from the request to the response
 and adds a refresher parameter with value 'uac'.  This 200 OK is
 forwarded back to Alice.  The response she receives (message 15)
 might look like this:
 SIP/2.0 200 OK
 Via: SIP/2.0/TLS pc33.atlanta.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashds10
  ;received=192.0.2.1
 Require: timer
 Supported: timer
 Record-Route: sips:p1.atlanta.example.com;lr
 Session-Expires: 4000;refresher=uac
 To: Bob <sips:bob@biloxi.example.com>;tag=9as888nd
 From: Alice <sips:alice@atlanta.example.com>;tag=1928301774
 Call-ID: a84b4c76e66710
 CSeq: 314161 INVITE
 Contact: <sips:bob@192.0.2.4>
 Content-Type: application/sdp
 Content-Length: 142
 (Bob's SDP not shown)
 Alice generates an ACK (message 16), which is routed through P1 and
 then to Bob.  Since Alice is the refresher, around 2000 seconds later
 Alice sends an UPDATE request to refresh the session.  Because this
 request is part of an established dialog and Alice has not received
 any 422 responses or requests on that dialog, there is no Min-SE
 header field in her request (message 18):
 UPDATE sips:bob@192.0.2.4 SIP/2.0
 Via: SIP/2.0/TLS pc33.atlanta.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashds12
 Route: sips:p1.atlanta.example.com;lr
 Supported: timer
 Session-Expires: 4000;refresher=uac
 Max-Forwards: 70
 To: Bob <sips:bob@biloxi.example.com>;tag=9as888nd
 From: Alice <sips:alice@atlanta.example.com>;tag=1928301774
 Call-ID: a84b4c76e66710
 CSeq: 314162 UPDATE
 Contact: <sips:alice@pc33.atlanta.example.com>

Donovan & Rosenberg Standards Track [Page 24] RFC 4028 Session Timer April 2005

 This is forwarded through P1 to Bob.  Bob generates a 200 OK, copying
 the Session-Expires header field into the response.  This is
 forwarded through P1 and arrives at Alice.  The response she receives
 (message 21) might look like this:
 SIP/2.0 200 OK
 Via: SIP/2.0/TLS pc33.atlanta.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashds12
   ;received=192.0.2.1
 Require: timer
 Session-Expires: 4000;refresher=uac
 To: Bob <sips:bob@biloxi.example.com>;tag=9as888nd
 From: Alice <sips:alice@atlanta.example.com>;tag=1928301774
 Call-ID: a84b4c76e66710
 CSeq: 314162 UPDATE
 Contact: <sips:bob@192.0.2.4>
 Shortly afterward, Alice's UA crashes.  As a result, she never sends
 a session refresh request.  3968 seconds later, Bob times out and
 sends a BYE request (message 22).  This is sent to P1.  P1 attempts
 to deliver it but fails (because Alice's UA has crashed).  P1 then
 returns a 408 (Request Timeout) to Bob.

14. Acknowledgements

 The authors wish to thank Brett Tate for his contributions to this
 work.  Brian Rosen completed the editing of the document.

15. References

15.1. Normative References

 [1]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
      Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
 [2]  Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, A.,
      Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E. Schooler, "SIP:
      Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, June 2002.
 [3]  Rosenberg, J., "The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) UPDATE
      Method", RFC 3311, October 2002.
 [4]  Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "An Offer/Answer Model with
      Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 3264, June 2002.

Donovan & Rosenberg Standards Track [Page 25] RFC 4028 Session Timer April 2005

15.2. Informative References

 [5]  Schulzrinne, H.,  Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V. Jacobson,
      "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications", STD 64,
      RFC 3550, July 2003.
 [6]  Srisuresh, P. and M. Holdrege, "IP Network Address Translator
      (NAT) Terminology and Considerations", RFC 2663, August 1999.
 [7]  Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "Reliability of Provisional
      Responses in Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 3262, June
      2002.
 [8]  Roach, A., "Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)-Specific Event
      Notification", RFC 3265, June 2002.

Authors' Addresses

 Steve Donovan
 Cisco Systems, Inc.
 2200 E. President George Bush Turnpike
 Richardson, Texas 75082
 US
 EMail: srd@cisco.com
 Jonathan Rosenberg
 Cisco Systems, Inc.
 600 Lanidex Plaza
 Parsippany, NJ  07054
 US
 EMail: jdrosen@cisco.com

Donovan & Rosenberg Standards Track [Page 26] RFC 4028 Session Timer April 2005

Full Copyright Statement

 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).
 This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
 contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
 retain all their rights.
 This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
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 OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET
 ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
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 on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be
 found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.
 Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
 assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an
 attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of
 such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this
 specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at
 http://www.ietf.org/ipr.
 The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
 copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary
 rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement
 this standard.  Please address the information to the IETF at ietf-
 ipr@ietf.org.

Acknowledgement

 Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
 Internet Society.

Donovan & Rosenberg Standards Track [Page 27]

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