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rfc:rfc3821

Network Working Group M. Rajagopal Request for Comments: 3821 E. Rodriguez Category: Standards Track R. Weber

                                                            July 2004
                  Fibre Channel Over TCP/IP (FCIP)

Status of this Memo

 This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
 Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
 improvements.  Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
 Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
 and status of this protocol.  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004).

Abstract

 Fibre Channel Over TCP/IP (FCIP) describes mechanisms that allow the
 interconnection of islands of Fibre Channel storage area networks
 over IP-based networks to form a unified storage area network in a
 single Fibre Channel fabric.  FCIP relies on IP-based network
 services to provide the connectivity between the storage area network
 islands over local area networks, metropolitan area networks, or wide
 area networks.

Table Of Contents

 1.  Purpose, Motivation, and Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
 2.  Relationship to Fibre Channel Standards. . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     2.1.  Relevant Fibre Channel Standards . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     2.2.  This Specification and Fibre Channel Standards . . . . .  5
 3.  Terminology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
 4.  Protocol Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
 5.  The FCIP Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     5.1.  FCIP Protocol Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     5.2.  FCIP Link. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     5.3.  FC Entity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     5.4.  FCIP Entity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     5.5.  FCIP Link Endpoint (FCIP_LEP). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     5.6.  FCIP Data Engine (FCIP_DE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
           5.6.1.  FCIP Encapsulation of FC Frames. . . . . . . . . 16
           5.6.2.  FCIP Data Engine Error Detection and Recovery. . 19
 6.  Checking FC Frame Transit Times in the IP Network. . . . . . . 22

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 1] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 7.  The FCIP Special Frame (FSF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     7.1.  FCIP Special Frame Format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     7.2.  Overview of FSF Usage in Connection Establishment. . . . 26
 8.  TCP Connection Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
     8.1.  TCP Connection Establishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
           8.1.1.  Connection Establishment Model . . . . . . . . . 28
           8.1.2.  Creating New TCP Connections . . . . . . . . . . 29
           8.1.3.  Processing Incoming TCP Connect Requests . . . . 32
           8.1.4.  Simultaneous Connection Establishment. . . . . . 36
     8.2.  Closing TCP Connections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
     8.3.  TCP Connection Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
           8.3.1.  TCP Selective Acknowledgement Option . . . . . . 36
           8.3.2.  TCP Window Scale Option. . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
           8.3.3.  Protection Against Sequence Number Wrap. . . . . 37
           8.3.4.  TCP_NODELAY Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
     8.4.  TCP Connection Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
     8.5.  Flow Control Mapping between TCP and FC. . . . . . . . . 37
 9.  Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
     9.1.  Threat Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
     9.2.  FC Fabric and IP Network Deployment Models . . . . . . . 40
     9.3.  FCIP Security Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
           9.3.1.  IPsec ESP Authentication and Confidentiality . . 40
           9.3.2.  Key Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
           9.3.3.  ESP Replay Protection and Rekeying Issues. . . . 43
     9.4.  Secure FCIP Link Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
           9.4.1.  FCIP Link Initialization Steps . . . . . . . . . 44
           9.4.2.  TCP Connection Security Associations (SAs) . . . 44
           9.4.3.  Handling Data Integrity and Confidentiality
                   Violations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
 10. Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
     10.1. Performance Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
     10.2. IP Quality of Service (QoS) Support. . . . . . . . . . . 46
 11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
     11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
     11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
 12. Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
 Appendix A  Fibre Channel Bit and Byte Numbering Guidance. . . . . 51
          B  IANA Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
          C  FCIP Usage of Addresses and Identifiers. . . . . . . . 52
          D  Example of synchronization Recovery Algorithm. . . . . 53
          E  Relationship between FCIP and IP over FC (IPFC). . . . 58
          F  FC Frame Format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
          G  FC Encapsulation Format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
          H  FCIP Requirements on an FC Entity. . . . . . . . . . . 63
 Editors and Contributors Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
 Editors and Contributors Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
 Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 2] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

1. Purpose, Motivation, and Objectives

 Warning to Readers Familiar With Fibre Channel: Both Fibre Channel
 and IETF standards use the same byte transmission order.   However,
 the bit and byte numbering is different.  See appendix A for
 guidance.
 Fibre Channel (FC) is a gigabit or multi-gigabit speed networking
 technology primarily used to implement Storage Area Networks (SANs).
 See section 2 for information about how Fibre Channel is standardized
 and the relationship of this specification to Fibre Channel
 standards.  An overview of Fibre Channel can be found in [34].
 This specification describes mechanisms that allow the
 interconnection of islands of Fibre Channel SANs over IP Networks to
 form a unified SAN in a single Fibre Channel fabric.  The motivation
 behind defining these interconnection mechanisms is a desire to
 connect physically remote FC sites allowing remote disk access, tape
 backup, and live mirroring.
 Fibre Channel standards have chosen nominal distances between switch
 elements that are less than the distances available in an IP Network.
 Since Fibre Channel and IP Networking technologies are compatible, it
 is logical to turn to IP Networking for extending the allowable
 distances between Fibre Channel switch elements.
 The fundamental assumption made in this specification is that the
 Fibre Channel traffic is carried over the IP Network in such a manner
 that the Fibre Channel Fabric and all Fibre Channel devices on the
 Fabric are unaware of the presence of the IP Network.  This means
 that the FC datagrams must be delivered in such time as to comply
 with existing Fibre Channel specifications.  The FC traffic may span
 LANs, MANs, and WANs, so long as this fundamental assumption is
 adhered to.
 The objectives of this document are to:
 1) specify the encapsulation and mapping of Fibre Channel (FC) frames
    employing FC Frame Encapsulation [19].
 2) apply the mechanism described in 1) to an FC Fabric using an IP
    network as an interconnect between two or more islands in an FC
    Fabric.
 3) address any FC concerns arising from tunneling FC traffic over an
    IP-based network, including security, data integrity (loss),
    congestion, and performance.  This will be accomplished by
    utilizing the existing IETF-specified suite of protocols.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 3] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 4) be compatible with the referenced FC standards.  While new work
    may be undertaken in T11 to optimize and enhance FC Fabrics, this
    specification REQUIRES conformance only to the referenced FC
    standards.
 5) be compatible with all applicable IETF standards so that the IP
    Network used to extend an FC Fabric can be used concurrently for
    other reasonable purposes.
 The objectives of this document do not include using an IP Network as
 a replacement for the Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop interconnect.  No
 definition is provided for encapsulating loop primitive signals for
 transmission over an IP Network.

Conventions used in this document

 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
 document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 [1].

2. Relationship to Fibre Channel Standards

2.1. Relevant Fibre Channel Standards

 FC is standardized as a family of American National Standards
 developed by the T11 technical committee of INCITS (InterNational
 Committee for Information Technology Standards).  T11 has specified a
 number of documents describing FC protocols, operations, and
 services.  T11 documents of interest to readers of this specification
 include (but are not limited to):
  1. FC-BB - Fibre Channel Backbone [2]
  2. FC-BB-2 - Fibre Channel Backbone -2 [3]
  3. FC-SW-2 - Fibre Channel Switch Fabric -2 [4]
  4. FC-FS - Fibre Channel Framing and Signaling [5]
 FC-BB and FC-BB-2 describe the relationship between an FC Fabric and
 interconnect technologies not defined by Fibre Channel standards
 (e.g., ATM and SONET).  FC-BB-2 is the Fibre Channel document
 describing the relationships between FC and TCP/IP, including the FC
 use of FCIP.
 FC-SW-2 describes the switch components of an FC Fabric and FC-FS
 describes the FC Frame format and basic control features of Fibre
 Channel.
 Additional information regarding T11 activities is available on the
 committee's web site www.t11.org.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 4] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

2.2. This Specification and Fibre Channel Standards

 When considering the challenge of transporting FC Frames over an IP
 Network, it is logical to divide the standardization effort between
 TCP/IP requirements and Fibre Channel requirements.  This
 specification covers the TCP/IP requirements for transporting FC
 Frames; the Fibre Channel documents described in section 2.1 cover
 the Fibre Channel requirements.
 This specification addresses only the requirements necessary to
 properly utilize an IP Network as a conduit for FC Frames.  The
 result is a specification for an FCIP Entity (see section 5.4).
 A product that tunnels an FC Fabric through an IP Network MUST
 combine the FCIP Entity with an FC Entity (see section 5.3) using an
 implementation specific interface.  The requirements placed on an FC
 Entity by this specification to achieve proper delivery of FC Frames
 are summarized in appendix H.  More information about FC Entities can
 be found in the Fibre Channel standards and an example of an FC
 Entity can be found in FC-BB-2 [3].
 No attempt is being made to define a specific API between an FCIP
 Entity and an FC Entity.  The approach is to specify required
 functional interactions between an FCIP Entity and an FC Entity (both
 of which are required to forward FC frames across an IP Network), but
 allow implementers to choose how these interactions will be realized.

3. Terminology

 Terms used to describe FCIP concepts are defined in this section.
 FC End Node - An FC device that uses the connection services provided
    by the FC Fabric.
 FC Entity - The Fibre Channel specific functional component that
    combines with an FCIP Entity to form an interface between an FC
    Fabric and an IP Network (see section 5.3).
 FC Fabric - An entity that interconnects various Nx_Ports (see [5])
    attached to it, and is capable of routing FC Frames using only the
    destination ID information in an FC Frame header (see appendix F).
 FC Fabric Entity - A Fibre Channel specific element containing one
    or more Interconnect_Ports (see FC-SW-2 [4]) and one or more
    FC/FCIP Entity pairs.  See FC-BB-2 [3] for details about FC Fabric
    Entities.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 5] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 FC Frame - The basic unit of Fibre Channel data transfer (see
    appendix F).
 FC Frame Receiver Portal - The access point through which an FC
    Frame and time stamp enter an FCIP Data Engine from the FC Entity.
 FC Frame Transmitter Portal - The access point through which a
    reconstituted FC Frame and time stamp leave an FCIP Data Engine to
    the FC Entity.
 FC/FCIP Entity pair - The combination of one FC Entity and one FCIP
    entity.
 FCIP Data Engine (FCIP_DE) - The component of an FCIP Entity that
    handles FC Frame encapsulation, de-encapsulation, and transmission
    FCIP Frames through a single TCP Connection (see section 5.6).
 FCIP Entity - The entity responsible for the FCIP protocol exchanges
    on the IP Network and encompasses FCIP_LEP(s) and FCIP Control and
    Services module (see section 5.4).
 FCIP Frame - An FC Frame plus the FC Frame Encapsulation [19]
    header, encoded SOF and encoded EOF that contains the FC Frame
    (see section 5.6.1).
 FCIP Link - One or more TCP Connections that connect one FCIP_LEP to
    another (see section 5.2).
 FCIP Link Endpoint (FCIP_LEP) - The component of an FCIP Entity
    that handles a single FCIP Link and contains one or more FCIP_DEs
    (see section 5.5).
 Encapsulated Frame Receiver Portal - The TCP access point through
    which an FCIP Frame is received from the IP Network by an FCIP
    Data Engine.
 Encapsulated Frame Transmitter Portal - The TCP access point through
    which an FCIP Frame is transmitted to the IP Network by an FCIP
    Data Engine.
 FCIP Special Frame (FSF) - A specially formatted FC Frame containing
    information used by the FCIP protocol (see section 7).

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 6] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

4. Protocol Summary

 The FCIP protocol is summarized as follows:
 1) The primary function of an FCIP Entity is forwarding FC Frames,
    employing FC Frame Encapsulation described in [19].
 2) Viewed from the IP Network perspective, FCIP Entities are peers
    and communicate using TCP/IP.  Each FCIP Entity contains one or
    more TCP endpoints in the IP-based network.
 3) Viewed from the FC Fabric perspective, pairs of FCIP Entities, in
    combination with their associated FC Entities, forward FC Frames
    between FC Fabric elements.  The FC End Nodes are unaware of the
    existence of the FCIP Link.
 4) FC Primitive Signals, Primitive Sequences, and Class 1 FC Frames
    are not transmitted across an FCIP Link because they cannot be
    encoded using FC Frame Encapsulation [19].
 5) The path (route) taken by an encapsulated FC Frame follows the
    normal routing procedures of the IP Network.
 6) An FCIP Entity MAY contain multiple FCIP Link Endpoints, but each
    FCIP Link Endpoint (FCIP_LEP) communicates with exactly one other
    FCIP_LEP.
 7) When multiple FCIP_LEPs with multiple FCIP_DEs are in use,
    selection of which FCIP_DE to use for encapsulating and
    transmitting a given FC Frame is covered in FC-BB-2 [3].  FCIP
    Entities do not actively participate in FC Frame routing.
 8) The FCIP Control and Services module MAY use TCP/IP quality of
    service features (see section 10.2).
 9) It is necessary to statically or dynamically configure each FCIP
    entity with the IP addresses and TCP port numbers corresponding to
    FCIP Entities with which it is expected to initiate communication.
    If dynamic discovery of participating FCIP Entities is supported,
    the function SHALL be performed using the Service Location
    Protocol (SLPv2) [17].  It is outside the scope of this
    specification to describe any static configuration method for
    participating FCIP Entity discovery.  Refer to section 8.1.2.2 for
    a detailed description of dynamic discovery of participating FCIP
    Entities using SLPv2.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 7] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

10) Before creating a TCP Connection to a peer FCIP Entity, the FCIP
    Entity attempting to create the TCP connection SHALL statically or
    dynamically determine the IP address, TCP port, expected FC Fabric
    Entity World Wide Name, TCP Connection Parameters, and Quality of
    Service Information.
11) FCIP Entities do not actively participate in the discovery of FC
    source and destination identifiers.  Discovery of FC addresses
    (accessible via the FCIP Entity) is provided by techniques and
    protocols within the FC architecture as described in FC-FS [5] and
    FC-SW-2 [4].
12) To support IP Network security (see section 9), FCIP Entities
    MUST:
    1) implement cryptographically protected authentication and
       cryptographic data integrity keyed to the authentication
       process, and
    2) implement data confidentiality security features.
13) On an individual TCP Connection, this specification relies on
    TCP/IP to deliver a byte stream in the same order that it was
    sent.
14) This specification assumes the presence of and requires the use of
    TCP and FC data loss and corruption mechanisms.  The error
    detection and recovery features described in this specification
    complement and support these existing mechanisms.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 8] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

5. The FCIP Model

5.1. FCIP Protocol Model

 The relationship between FCIP and other protocols is illustrated in
 figure 1.
 +------------------------+ FCIP Link +------------------------+
 |          FCIP          |===========|          FCIP          |
 +--------+------+--------+           +--------+------+--------+
 |  FC-2  |      |  TCP   |           |  TCP   |      |  FC-2  |
 +--------+      +--------+           +--------+      +--------+
 |  FC-1  |      |   IP   |           |   IP   |      |  FC-1  |
 +--------+      +--------+           +--------+      +--------+
 |  FC-0  |      |  LINK  |           |  LINK  |      |  FC-0  |
 +--------+      +--------+           +--------+      +--------+
      |          |   PHY  |           |   PHY  |           |
      |          +--------+           +--------+           |
      |               |                    |               |
      |               |     IP Network     |               |
      V               +--------------------+               V
   to Fibre                                             to Fibre
   Channel                                              Channel
   Fabric                                               Fabric
 Key: FC-0 - Fibre Channel Physical Media Layer
      FC-1 - Fibre Channel Encode and Decode Layer
      FC-2 - Fibre Channel Framing and Flow Control Layer
      TCP  - Transmission Control Protocol
      IP   - Internet Protocol
      LINK - IP Link Layer
      PHY  - IP Physical Layer
 Figure 1:  FCIP Protocol Stack Model
 Note that the objective of the FCIP Protocol is to create and
 maintain one or more FCIP Links to transport data.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 9] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

5.2. FCIP Link

 The FCIP Link is the basic unit of service provided by the FCIP
 Protocol to an FC Fabric.  As shown in figure 2, an FCIP Link
 connects two portions of an FC Fabric using an IP Network as a
 transport to form a single FC Fabric.
 /\/\/\/\/\/\         /\/\/\/\/\/\         /\/\/\/\/\/\
 \    FC    /         \    IP    /         \    FC    /
 /  Fabric  \=========/  Network \=========/  Fabric  \
 \/\/\/\/\/\/         \/\/\/\/\/\/         \/\/\/\/\/\/
            |                              |
            |<--------- FCIP Link -------->|
 Figure:  2  FCIP Link Model
 At the points where the ends of the FCIP Link meet portions of the FC
 Fabric, an FCIP Entity (see section 5.4) combines with an FC Entity
 as described in section 5.3 to serve as the interface between FC and
 IP.
 An FCIP Link SHALL contain at least one TCP Connection and MAY
 contain more than one TCP Connection.  The endpoints of a single TCP
 Connection are FCIP Data Engines (see section 5.6).  The endpoints of
 a single FCIP Link are FCIP Link Endpoints (see section 5.5).

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 10] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

5.3. FC Entity

 An implementation that tunnels an FC Fabric through an IP Network
 MUST combine an FC Entity with an FCIP Entity (see section 5.4) to
 form a complete interface between the FC Fabric and IP Network as
 shown in figure 3.  An FC Fabric Entity may contain multiple
 instances of the FC/FCIP Entity pair shown on either the right-hand
 or left-hand side of figure 3.
            |<--------- FCIP Link -------->|
            |                              |
 +----------+         /\/\/\/\/\/\         +----------+
 |   FCIP   |         \    IP    /         |   FCIP   |
 |  Entity  |=========/  Network \=========|  Entity  |
 +----------+         \/\/\/\/\/\/         +----------+
 |    FC    |                              |    FC    |
 |  Entity  |                              |  Entity  |
 +----------+                              +----------+
      |                                         |
 /\/\/\/\/\/\                              /\/\/\/\/\/\
 \    FC    /                              \    FC    /
 /  Fabric  \                              /  Fabric  \
 \/\/\/\/\/\/                              \/\/\/\/\/\/
 Figure 3:  Model for Two Connected FC/FCIP Entity Pairs
 In general, the combination of an FCIP Link and two FC/FCIP Entity
 pairs is intended to provide a non-Fibre Channel backbone transport
 between Fibre Channel components.  For example, this combination can
 be used to function as the hard-wire connection between two Fibre
 Channel switches.
 The interface between the FC and FCIP Entities is implementation
 specific.  The functional requirements placed on an FC Entity by this
 specification are listed in appendix H.  More information about FC
 Entities can be found in the Fibre Channel standards and an example
 of an FC Entity can be found in FC-BB-2 [3].

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 11] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

5.4. FCIP Entity

 The model for an FCIP Entity is shown in figure 4.
  .......................................................
  : FCIP Entity                                         :
  :                                                     :
  :  +-----------+                                      :
  :  |   FCIP    |                                      :
  :  |Control and|------------------------------------+ :
  :  | Services  |                                    | :
  :  |  Module   |                                    | :
  :  +-----------+                                    | :
  :        |            +--------------------+        | :
  :        |   +-------+--------------------+|----+   | :
  :        |   |+-----+--------------------+|----+|   | :
  :        |   ||+----| FCIP Link Endpoint |----+||   | :
  :        |   |||    +--------------------+    |||   | :
  :.............................................|||.....:
           |   |||                              |||   |
           |   |||                              |||   o<--+
           |   |||                unique TCP    |||   |   |
           |   |||                connections-->|||   |   |
           |   |||                              |||   |   |
        +----------+                         /\/\/\/\/\/\ |
        |    FC    |                         \    IP    / |
        |  Entity  |                         /  Network \ |
        +----------+                         \/\/\/\/\/\/ |
             |                                            |
        /\/\/\/\/\/\                   +------------------+
        \    FC    /                   +->TCP port for
        /  Fabric  \                      incoming
        \/\/\/\/\/\/                      connections
  Figure 4:  FCIP Entity Model
 The FCIP Entity receives TCP connect requests on behalf of the
 FCIP_LEPs that it manages.  In support of this, the FCIP Entity is
 the sole owner of at least one TCP port/IP Address combination used
 to form TCP Connections.  The TCP port may be the FCIP well known
 port at a given IP Address.  An FC Fabric to IP Network interface
 product SHALL provide each FC/FCIP Entity pair contained in the
 product with a unique combination of FC Fabric Entity World Wide
 Identifier and FC/FCIP Entity Identifier values (see section 7).
 An FCIP Entity contains an FCIP Control and Services Module to
 control FCIP link initialization, FCIP link dissolution, and to
 provide the FC Entity with an interface to key IP Network features.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 12] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 The interfaces to the IP Network features are implementation
 specific, however, REQUIRED TCP/IP functional support is specified in
 this document, including:
  1. TCP Connections - see section 8
  2. Security - see section 9
  3. Performance - see section 10
  4. Dynamic Discovery - see section 8.1.2.2
 The FCIP Link Endpoints in an FCIP Entity provide the FC Frame
 encapsulation and transmission features of FCIP.

5.5. FCIP Link Endpoint (FCIP_LEP)

 As shown in figure 5, the FCIP Link Endpoint contains one FCIP Data
 Engine for each TCP Connection in the FCIP Link.
  ................................................
  : FCIP Link Endpoint                           :
  :                   +------------------+       :
  :          +-------+------------------+|----+  :
  :          |+-----+------------------+|----+|  :
  :          ||+----| FCIP Data Engine |----+||  :
  :          |||    +------------------+    |||  :
  :..............................................:
             |||                            |||
        +----------+                    /\/\/\/\/\/\
        |    FC    |                    \    IP    /
        |  Entity  |                    /  Network \
        +----------+                    \/\/\/\/\/\/
              |
        /\/\/\/\/\/\
        \    FC    /
        /  Fabric  \
        \/\/\/\/\/\/
 Figure 5:  FCIP Link Endpoint Model
 Each time a TCP Connection is formed with a new FC/FCIP Entity pair
 (including all the actions described in section  8.1), the FCIP
 Entity SHALL create a new FCIP Link Endpoint containing one FCIP Data
 Engine.
 An FCIP_LEP is a transparent data translation point between an FC
 Entity and an IP Network.  A pair of FCIP_LEPs communicating over one
 or more TCP Connections create an FCIP Link to join two islands of an
 FC Fabric, producing a single FC Fabric.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 13] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 The IP Network over which the two FCIP_LEPs communicate is not aware
 of the FC payloads that it is carrying.  Likewise, the FC End Nodes
 connected to the FC Fabric are unaware of the TCP/IP based transport
 employed in the structure of the FC Fabric.
 An FCIP_LEP uses normal TCP based flow control mechanisms for
 managing its internal resources and matching them with the advertised
 TCP Receiver Window Size (see sections 8.3.2, 8.5).  An FCIP_LEP MAY
 communicate with its local FC Entity counterpart to coordinate flow
 control.

5.6. FCIP Data Engine (FCIP_DE)

 The model for one of the multiple FCIP_DEs that MAY be present in an
 FCIP_LEP is shown in figure 6.
      +--------------------------------+
      |                                |
 F    |-+    +------------------+    +-|
 C    |p|    |  Encapsulation   |    |p|    N
   -->|1|--->|     Engine       |--->|2|--> e
 E    |-+    +------------------+    +-|    t
 n    |                                |  I w
 t    |-+    +------------------+    +-|  P o
 i    |p|    | De-Encapsulation |    |p|    r
 t <--|4|<---|     Engine       |<---|3|<-- k
 y    |-+    +------------------+    +-|
      |                                |
      +--------------------------------+
 Figure 6:  FCIP Data Engine Model
 Data enters and leaves the FCIP_DE through four portals (p1 - p4).
 The portals do not process or examine the data that passes through
 them.  They are only the named access points where the FCIP_DE
 interfaces with the external world.  The names of the portals are as
 follows:
 p1) FC Frame Receiver Portal - The interface through which an FC
     Frame and time stamp enters an FCIP_DE from the FC Entity.
 p2) Encapsulated Frame Transmitter Portal - The TCP interface through
     which an FCIP Frame is transmitted to the IP Network by an
     FCIP_DE.
 p3) Encapsulated Frame Receiver Portal - The TCP interface through
     which an FCIP Frame is received from the IP Network by an
     FCIP_DE.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 14] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 p4) FC Frame Transmitter Portal - The interface through which a
     reconstituted FC Frame and time stamp exits an FCIP_DE to the FC
     Entity.
 The work of the FCIP_DE is done by the Encapsulation and De-
 Encapsulation Engines.  The Engines have two functions:
 1) Encapsulating and de-encapsulating FC Frames using the
    encapsulation format described in FC Frame Encapsulation [19] and
    in section 5.6.1 of this document, and
 2) Detecting some data transmission errors and performing minimal
    error recovery as described in section 5.6.2.
 Data flows through a pair of IP Network connected FCIP_DEs in the
 following seven steps:
 1) An FC Frame and time stamp arrives at the FC Frame Receiver Portal
    and is passed to the Encapsulation Engine.  The FC Frame is
    assumed to have been processed by the FC Entity according to the
    applicable FC rules and is not validated by the FCIP_DE.  If the
    FC Entity is in the Unsynchronized state with respect to a time
    base as described in the FC Frame Encapsulation [19]
    specification, the time stamp delivered with the FC Frame SHALL be
    zero.
 2) In the Encapsulation Engine, the encapsulation format described in
    FC Frame Encapsulation [19] and in section 5.6.1 of this document
    SHALL be applied to prepare the FC Frame and associated time stamp
    for transmission over the IP Network.
 3) The entire encapsulated FC Frame (a.k.a. the FCIP Frame) SHALL be
    passed to the Encapsulated Frame Transmitter Portal where it SHALL
    be inserted in the TCP byte stream.
 4) Transmission of the FCIP Frame over the IP Network follows all the
    TCP rules of operation.  This includes, but is not limited to, the
    in-order delivery of bytes in the stream, as specified by TCP [6].
 5) The FCIP Frame arrives at the partner FCIP Entity where it enters
    the FCIP_DE through the Encapsulated Frame Receiver Portal and is
    passed to the De-Encapsulation Engine for processing.
 6) The De-Encapsulation Engine SHALL validate the incoming TCP byte
    stream as described in section 5.6.2.2 and SHALL de-encapsulate
    the FC Frame and associated time stamp according to the
    encapsulation format described in FC Frame Encapsulation [19] and
    in section 5.6.1 of this document.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 15] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 7) In the absence of errors, the de-encapsulated FC Frame and time
    stamp SHALL be passed to the FC Frame Transmitter Portal for
    delivery to the FC Entity.  Error handling is discussed in section
    5.6.2.2.
 Every FC Frame that arrives at the FC Frame Receiver Portal SHALL be
 transmitted on the IP Network as described in steps 1 through 4
 above.  In the absence of errors, data bytes arriving at the
 Encapsulated Frame Receiver Portal SHALL be de-encapsulated and
 forwarded to the FC Frame Transmitter Portal as described in steps 5
 through 7.

5.6.1. FCIP Encapsulation of FC Frames

 The FCIP encapsulation of FC Frames employs FC Frame Encapsulation
 [19].
 The features from FC Frame Encapsulation that are unique to
 individual protocols SHALL be applied as follows for the FCIP
 encapsulation of FC Frames.
 The Protocol# field SHALL contain 1 in accordance with the IANA
 Considerations annex of FC Frame Encapsulation [19].
 The Protocol Specific field SHALL have the format shown in figure 7.
 Note: the word numbers in figure 7 are relative to the complete FC
 Frame Encapsulation header, not to the Protocol Specific field.
 W|------------------------------Bit------------------------------|
 o|                                                               |
 r|                    1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3|
 d|0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1|
  +---------------------------------------------------------------+
 1|               replication of encapsulation word 0             |
  +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
 2|    pFlags     |    Reserved   |    -pFlags    |  -Reserved    |
  +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
 Figure 7:  FCIP Usage of FC Frame Encapsulation Protocol Specific
 field
 Word 1 of the Protocol Specific field SHALL contain an exact copy of
 word 0 in FC Frame Encapsulation [19].
 The pFlags (protocol specific flags) field provides information about
 the protocol specific usage of the FC Encapsulation Header.  Figure 8
 shows the defined pFlags bits.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 16] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 |----------------Bit--------------------|
 |                                       |
 |  0    1    2    3    4    5    6    7 |
 +----+-----------------------------+----+
 | Ch |          Reserved           | SF |
 +----+-----------------------------+----+
 Figure 8:  pFlags Field Bits
 The SF (Special Frame) bit indicates whether the FCIP Frame is an
 encapsulated FC Frame or an FSF (FCIP Special Frame, see section 7).
 When the FCIP Frame contains an encapsulated FC Frame, the SF bit
 SHALL be 0.  When the FCIP Frame is an FSF, the SF bit SHALL be 1.
 The FSF SHALL only be sent as the first bytes transmitted in each
 direction on a newly formed TCP Connection and only one FSF SHALL be
 transmitted in each direction at that time (see section 8.1).  After
 that all FCIP Frames SHALL have the SF bit set to 0.
 The Ch (Changed) bit indicates whether an echoed FSF has been
 intentionally altered (see section 8.1.3).  The Ch bit SHALL be 0
 unless the FSF bit is 1.  When the initial TCP Connection FSF is
 sent, the Ch bit SHALL be 0.  If the recipient of a TCP connect
 request echoes the FSF without any changes, then the Ch bit SHALL
 continue to be 0.  If the recipient of a TCP connect request alters
 the FSF before echoing it, then the Ch bit SHALL be changed to 1.
 The -pFlags field SHALL contain the ones complement of the contents
 of the pFlags field.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 17] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 Table 1 summarizes the usage of the pFlags SF and Ch bits.
 +----+----+------------+--------------------------------------+
 |    |    | Originated |                                      |
 | SF | Ch | or Echoed  | Validity/Description                 |
 +----+----+------------+--------------------------------------+
 |  0 |  0 |    n/a     | Encapsulated FC Frame                |
 +----+----+------------+--------------------------------------+
 |  0 |  1 |    n/a     | Always Illegal                       |
 +----+----+------------+--------------------------------------+
 |  1 |  0 | Originated | Originated FSF                       |
 +----+----+------------+--------------------------------------+
 |  1 |  1 | Originated | Always Illegal                       |
 +----+----+------------+--------------------------------------+
 |  1 |  0 |   Echoed   | Echoed FSF without changes           |
 +----+----+------------+--------------------------------------+
 |  1 |  1 |   Echoed   | Echoed FSF with changes              |
 +----+----+------------+--------------------------------------+
 | Note 1: Echoed FSFs may contain changes resulting from      |
 | transmission errors, necessitating the comparison between   |
 | sent and received FSF bytes by the FSF originator described |
 | in section 8.1.2.3.                                         |
 |                                                             |
 | Note 2: Column positions in this table do not reflect the   |
 | bit positions of the SF and Ch bits in the pFlags field.    |
 +-------------------------------------------------------------+
 Table 1:  pFlags SF and Ch bit usage summary
 The Reserved pFlags bits SHALL be 0.
 The Reserved field (bits 23-16 in word 2): SHALL contain 0.
 The -Reserved field (bits 7-0 in word 2): SHALL contain 255 (or
 0xFF).
 The CRCV (CRC Valid) Flag SHALL be set to 0.
 The CRC field SHALL be set to 0.
 In FCIP, the SOF and EOF codes listed as Class 2, Class 3, and Class
 4 in the FC Frame Encapsulation [19] are legal.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 18] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

5.6.2. FCIP Data Engine Error Detection and Recovery

5.6.2.1. TCP Assistance With Error Detection and Recovery

 TCP [6] requires in order delivery, generation of TCP checksums, and
 checking of TCP checksums.  Thus, the byte stream passed from TCP to
 the FCIP_LEP will be in order and free of errors detectable by the
 TCP checksum.  The FCIP_LEP relies on TCP to perform these functions.

5.6.2.2. Errors in FCIP Headers and Discarding FCIP Frames

 Bytes delivered through the Encapsulated Frame Receiver Portal that
 are not correctly delimited as defined by the FC Frame Encapsulation
 [19] are considered to be in error.
 The failure of the Protocol# and Version fields in the FCIP Frame
 header to contain the values defined for an FCIP Frame SHALL be
 considered an error.
 Further, some errors in the encapsulation will result in the FCIP_DE
 losing synchronization with the FC Frames in the byte stream entering
 through the Encapsulated Frame Receiver Portal.
 The Frame Length field in the FC Frame Encapsulation header is used
 to determine where in the data stream the next FC Encapsulated Header
 is located.  The following tests SHALL be performed to verify
 synchronization with the byte stream entering the Encapsulated Frame
 Receiver Portal, and synchronization SHALL be considered lost if any
 of the tests fail:
 1) Frame Length field validation -- 15 < Frame Length < 545;
 2) Comparison of Frame Length field to its ones complement; and
 3) A valid EOF is found in the word preceding the start of the next
    FCIP header as indicated by the Frame Length field, to be tested
    as follows:
    1) Bits 24-31 and 16-23 contain identical legal EOF values (the
       list of legal EOF values is in the FC Frame Encapsulation
       [19]); and
    2) Bits 8-15 and 0-7 contain the ones complement of the EOF value
       found in bits 24-31.
 Note: The range of valid Frame Length values is derived as follows.
 The FCIP Frame header is seven words, one word each is required for
 the encoded SOF and EOF values, the FC Frame header is six words, and

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 19] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 the FC CRC requires one word, yielding a base Frame Length of 16
 (7+1+1+6+1) words, if no FC Payload is present.  Since the FC Payload
 is optional, any Frame Length value greater than 15 is valid.  The
 maximum FC Payload size is 528 words, meaning that any Frame Length
 value up to and including 544 (528+16) is valid.
 If synchronization is lost, the FC Frame SHALL NOT be forwarded on to
 the FC Entity and further recovery SHALL be handled as defined by
 section 5.6.2.3.
 In addition to the tests above, the validity and positioning of the
 following FCIP Frame information SHOULD be used to detect
 encapsulation errors that may or may not affect synchronization:
    a)  Protocol# ones complement field (1 test);
    b)  Version ones complement field (1 test);
    c)  Replication of encapsulation word 0 in word 1 (1 test);
    d)  Reserved field and its ones complement (2 tests);
    e)  Flags field and its ones complement (2 tests);
    f)  CRC field is equal to zero (1 test);
    g)  SOF fields and ones complement fields (4 tests);
    h)  Format and values of FC header (1 test);
    i)  CRC of FC Frame (2 tests);
    j)  FC Frame Encapsulation header information in the next FCIP
        Frame (1 test).
 At least 3 of the 16 tests listed above SHALL be performed.  Failure
 of any of the above tests actually performed SHALL indicate an
 encapsulation error and the FC Frame SHALL NOT be forwarded on to the
 FC Entity.  Further, such errors SHOULD be considered carefully,
 since some may be synchronization errors.
 Whenever an FCIP_DE discards bytes delivered through the Encapsulated
 Frame Receiver Portal, it SHALL cause the FCIP Entity to notify the
 FC Entity of the condition and provide a suitable description of the
 reason bytes were discarded.
 The burden for recovering from discarded data falls on the FC Entity
 and other components of the FC Fabric, and is outside the scope of
 this specification.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 20] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

5.6.2.3. Synchronization Failures

 If an FCIP_DE determines that it cannot find the next FCIP Frame
 header in the byte stream entering through the Encapsulated Frame
 Receiver Portal, the FCIP_DE SHALL do one of the following:
 a) close the TCP Connection [6] [7] and notify the FC Entity with the
    reason for the closure;
 b) recover synchronization by searching the bytes delivered by the
    Encapsulated Frame Receiver Portal for a valid FCIP Frame header
    having the correct properties (see section 5.6.2.2), and
    discarding bytes delivered by the Encapsulated Frame Receiver
    Portal until a valid FCIP Frame header is found; or
 c) attempt to recover synchronization as described in b) and if
    synchronization cannot be recovered, close the TCP Connection as
    described in a), including notification of the FC Entity with the
    reason for the closure.
 If the FCIP_DE attempts to recover synchronization, the
 resynchronization algorithm used SHALL meet the following
 requirements:
 a) discard or identify with an EOFa (see appendix section F.1) those
    FC Frames and fragments of FC Frames identified before
    synchronization has again been completely verified.  The number of
    FC Frames not forwarded may vary based on the algorithm used;
 b) return to forwarding FC Frames through the FC Frame Transmitter
    Portal only after synchronization on the transmitted FCIP Frame
    stream has been verified; and
 c) close the TCP/IP connection if the algorithm ends without
    verifying successful synchronization.  The probability of failing
    to synchronize successfully and the time necessary to determine
    whether or not synchronization was successful may vary with the
    algorithm used.
 An example algorithm meeting these requirements can be found in
 appendix D.
 The burden for recovering from the discarding of FCIP Frames during
 the optional resynchronization process described in this section
 falls on the FC Entity and other components of the FC Fabric, and is
 outside the scope of this specification.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 21] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

6. Checking FC Frame Transit Times in the IP Network

 FC-BB-2 [3] defines how the measurement of IP Network transit time is
 performed, based on the requirements stated in the FC Frame
 Encapsulation [19] specification.  The choice to place this
 implementation requirement on the FC Entity is based on a desire to
 include the transit time through the FCIP Entities when computing the
 IP Network transit time experienced by the FC Frames.
 Each FC Frame that enters the FCIP_DE through the FC Frame Receiver
 Portal SHALL be accompanied by a time stamp value that the FCIP_DE
 SHALL place in the Time Stamp [integer] and Time Stamp [fraction]
 fields of the encapsulation header of the FCIP Frame that contains
 the FC Frame.  If no synchronized time stamp value is available to
 accompany the entering FC Frame, a value of zero SHALL be used.
 Each FC Frame that exits the FCIP_DE through the FC Frame Transmitter
 Portal SHALL be accompanied by the time stamp value taken from the
 FCIP Frame that encapsulated the FC Frame.
 The FC Entity SHALL use suitable internal clocks and either Fibre
 Channel services or an SNTP Version 4 server [26] to establish and
 maintain the required synchronized time value.  The FC Entity SHALL
 verify that the FC Entity it is communicating with on an FCIP Link is
 using the same synchronized time source, either Fibre Channel
 services or SNTP server.
 Note that since the FC Fabric is expected to have a single
 synchronized time value throughout, reliance on the Fibre Channel
 services means that only one synchronized time value is needed for
 all FCIP_DEs regardless of their connection characteristics.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 22] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

7. The FCIP Special Frame (FSF)

7.1. FCIP Special Frame Format

 Figure 9 shows the FSF format.
  W|------------------------------Bit------------------------------|
  o|                                                               |
  r|                    1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3|
  d|0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1|
   +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
  0|   Protocol#   |    Version    |  -Protocol#   |   -Version    |
   |    (0x01)     |    (0x01)     |     (0xFE)    |    (0xFE)     |
   +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
  1|   Protocol#   |    Version    |  -Protocol#   |   -Version    |
   |    (0x01)     |    (0x01)     |     (0xFE)    |    (0xFE)     |
   +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
  2|    pFlags     |    Reserved   |    -pFlags    |  -Reserved    |
   |               |     (0x00)    |               |    (0xFF)     |
   +-----------+---+---------------+-----------+---+---------------+
  3|   Flags   |   Frame Length    |   -Flags  |   -Frame Length   |
   | (0b000000)|  (0b0000010011)   | (0b111111)|   (0b1111101100)  |
   +-----------+-------------------+-----------+-------------------+
  4|                      Time Stamp [integer]                     |
   +---------------------------------------------------------------+
  5|                      Time Stamp [fraction]                    |
   +---------------------------------------------------------------+
  6|                     CRC (Reserved in FCIP)                    |
   |                        (0x00-00-00-00)                        |
   +-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
  7|           Reserved            |          -Reserved            |
   |           (0x00-00)           |          (0xFF-FF)            |
   +-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
  8|                                                               |
   +-----        Source FC Fabric Entity World Wide Name      -----+
  9|                                                               |
   +---------------------------------------------------------------+
 10|                                                               |
   +-----           Source FC/FCIP Entity Identifier          -----+
 11|                                                               |
   +---------------------------------------------------------------+
 12|                                                               |
   +-----                   Connection Nonce                  -----+
 13|                                                               |
   +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+
                             (Continued)
 Figure 9:  FSF Format (part 1 of 2)

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 23] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

  W|------------------------------Bit------------------------------|
  o|                                                               |
  r|                    1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3|
  d|0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1|
   |                                                               |
   |                          (Concluded)                          |
   +---------------------------------------------------------------+
 14|   Connection  |    Reserved   |    Connection Usage Code      |
   |  Usage Flags  |     (0x00)    |     <defined in FC-BB-2>      |
   +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+
 15|                                                               |
   +-----    Destination FC Fabric Entity World Wide Name     -----+
 16|                                                               |
   +---------------------------------------------------------------+
 17|                            K_A_TOV                            |
   +-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
 18|           Reserved            |          -Reserved            |
   |           (0x00-00)           |          (0xFF-FF)            |
   +-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
 Figure 9: FSF Format (part 2 of 2)
 The FSF SHALL only be sent as the first bytes transmitted in each
 direction on a newly formed TCP Connection, and only one FSF SHALL be
 transmitted in each direction.
 The contents of the FSF SHALL be as described for encapsulated FC
 Frames, except for the fields described in this section.
 All FSFs SHALL have the pFlags SF bit set to 1 (see section 5.6.1).
 The Source FC Fabric Entity World Wide Name field SHALL contain the
 Fibre Channel Name_Identifier [5] for the FC Fabric entity associated
 with the FC/FCIP Entity pair that generates (as opposed to echoes)
 the FSF.  For example, if the FC Fabric entity is a FC Switch, the FC
 Fabric Entity World Wide Name field SHALL contain the Switch_Name
 [4].  The Source FC Fabric Entity World Wide Name SHALL be world wide
 unique.
 The Source FC/FCIP Entity Identifier field SHALL contain a unique
 identifier for the FC/FCIP Entity pair that generates (as opposed to
 echoes) the FSF.  The value is assigned by the FC Fabric entity whose
 world wide name appears in the Source FC Fabric Entity World Wide
 Name field.
 Note: The combination of the Source FC Entity World Wide Name and
 Source FC/FCIP Entity Identifier fields uniquely identifies every
 FC/FCIP Entity pair in the IP Network.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 24] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 The Connection Nonce field shall contain a 64-bit random number
 generated to uniquely identify a single TCP connect request.  In
 order to provide sufficient security for the connection nonce, the
 Randomness Recommendations for Security [9] SHOULD be followed.
 The Connection Usage Flags field identifies the types of SOF values
 [19] to be carried on the connection as shown in figure 10.
 |------------------------------Bit------------------------------|
 |                                                               |
 |    0      1       2       3       4       5       6       7   |
 +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------------------------------+
 |  SOFf | SOF?2 | SOF?3 | SOF?4 |            Reserved           |
 +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------------------------------+
 Figure 10:  Connection Usage Flags Field Format
 If the SOFf bit is one, then FC Frames containing SOFf are intended
 to be carried on the connection.
 If the SOF?2 bit is one, then FC Frames containing SOFi2 and SOFn2
 are intended to be carried on the connection.
 If the SOF?3 bit is one, then FC Frames containing SOFi3 and SOFn3
 are intended to be carried on the connection.
 If the SOF?4 bit is one, then FC Frames containing SOFi4, SOFn4, and
 SOFc4 are intended to be carried on the connection.
 All or none of the SOFf, SOF?2, SOF?3, and SOF?4 bits MAY be set to
 one.  If all of the SOFf, SOF?2, SOF?3, and SOF?4 bits are zero, then
 the types of FC Frames intended to be carried on the connection have
 no specific relationship to the SOF code.
 The FCIP Entity SHALL NOT enforce the SOF usage described by the
 Connection Usage Flags field and SHALL only use the contents of the
 field as described below.
 The Connection Usage Code field contains Fibre Channel defined
 information regarding the intended usage of the connection as
 specified in FC-BB-2 [3].

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 25] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 The FCIP Entity SHALL use the contents of the Connection Usage Flags
 and Connection Usage Code fields to locate appropriate QoS settings
 in the "shared" database of TCP Connection information (see section
 8.1.1) and apply those settings to a newly formed connection.
 The Destination FC Fabric Entity World Wide Name field MAY contain
 the Fibre Channel Name_Identifier [5] for the FC Fabric entity
 associated with the FC/FCIP Entity pair that echoes (as opposed to
 generates) the Special Frame.
 The K_A_TOV field SHALL contain the FC Keep Alive Timeout value to be
 applied to the new TCP Connection as specified in FC-BB-2 [3].
 For each new incoming TCP connect request and subsequent FSF
 received, the FCIP Entity SHALL send the contents of the Source FC
 Fabric Entity World Wide Name, Source FC/FCIP Identifier, Connection
 Usage Flags and Connection Usage Code fields to the FC Entity along
 with the other connection information (e.g., FCIP_LEP and FCIP_DE
 information).

7.2. Overview of FSF Usage in Connection Establishment

 When a new TCP Connection is established, an FCIP Special Frame makes
 one round trip from the FCIP Entity initiating the TCP connect
 operation to the FCIP Entity receiving the TCP connect request and
 back.  This FSF usage serves three functions:
  1. Identification of the FCIP Link endpoints
  1. Conveyance of a few critical parameters shared by the FC/FCIP

Entity pairs involved in the FCIP Link

  1. Configuration discovery (used in place of SLP only when allowed by

site security policies)

 The specific format and protocol requirements for this usage of the
 FSF are found in sections 7.1 and 8.1.2.3.  This section provides an
 overview of the FSF usage without stating requirements.
 Because FCIP is only a tunnel for a Fibre Channel Fabric and because
 the Fabric has its own complex link setup algorithm that can be
 employed for many FCIP link setup needs, it is desirable to minimize
 the complexity of the FSF usage during TCP Connection setup.  With
 this in mind, this FSF usage is not a login or parameter negotiation
 mechanism.  A single FSF transits each newly established TCP
 connection as the first bytes sent in each direction.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 26] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 Note: This usage of the FSF cannot be eliminated entirely because a
 newly created TCP Connection must be associated with the correct FCIP
 Link before FC Fabric initialization of the connection can commence.
 The first bytes sent from the TCP connect request initiator to the
 receiver are an FSF identifying both the sender and who the sender
 thinks is the receiver.  If the contents of this FSF are correct and
 acceptable to the receiver, the unchanged FSF is echoed back to the
 sender.  This send/echo process is the only set of actions that
 allows the TCP Connection to be used to carry FC Fabric traffic.  If
 the send and unchanged echo process does not occur, the algorithm
 followed at one or both ends of the TCP Connection results in the
 closure of the TCP Connection (see section 8.1 for specific algorithm
 requirements).
 Note: Owing to the limited manner in which the FSF is used and the
 requirement that the FSF be echoed without changes before a TCP
 Connection is allowed to carry user data, no error checking beyond
 that provided by TCP is deemed necessary.
 As described above, the primary purpose of the FSF usage during TCP
 Connection setup is identifying the FCIP Link to which the new TCP
 Connection belongs.  From these beginnings, it is only a small
 stretch to envision using the FSF as a simplified configuration
 discovery tool, and the mechanics of such a usage are described in
 section 8.1.
 However, use of the FSF for configuration discovery lacks the broad
 range of capabilities provided by SLPv2 and most particularly lacks
 the security capabilities of SLPv2.  For these reasons, using the FSF
 for configuration discovery is not appropriate for all environments.
 Thus the choice to use the FSF for discovery purposes is a policy
 choice to be included in the TCP Connection Establishment "shared"
 database described in section 8.1.1.
 When FSF-based configuration discovery is enabled, the normal TCP
 Connection setup rules outlined above are modified as follows.
 Normally, the algorithm executed by an FCIP Entity receiving an FSF
 includes verifying that its own identification information in the
 arriving FSF is correct and closing the TCP Connection if it is not.
 This can be viewed as requiring the initiator of a TCP connect
 request to know in advance the identity of the FCIP Entity that is
 the target of that request (using SLP, for example), and through the
 FSF effectively saying, "I think I'm talking to X."  If the party at
 the other end of the TCP connect request is really Y, then it simply
 hangs up.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 27] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 FSF-based discovery allows the "I think I'm talking to X" to be
 replaced with "Please tell me who I am talking to?", which is
 accomplished by replacing an explicit value in the Destination FC
 Fabric Entity World Wide Name field with zero.
 If the policy at the receiving FCIP Entity allows FSF-based
 discovery, the zero is replaced with the correct Destination FC
 Fabric Entity World Wide Name value in the echoed FSF.  This is still
 subject to the rules of sending with unchanged echo, and so closure
 of TCP Connection occurs after the echoed FSF is received by the TCP
 connect initiator.
 Despite the TCP Connection closure, however, the TCP connect
 initiator now knows the correct Destination FC Fabric Entity World
 Wide Name identity of the FCIP Entity at a given IP Address and a
 subsequent TCP Connection setup sequence probably will be successful.
 The Ch bit in the pFlags field (see section 5.6.1) allows for
 differentiation between changes in the FSF resulting from
 transmission errors and changes resulting from intentional acts by
 the FSF recipient.

8. TCP Connection Management

8.1. TCP Connection Establishment

8.1.1. Connection Establishment Model

 The description of the connection establishment process is a model
 for the interactions between an FC Entity and an FCIP Entity during
 TCP Connection establishment.  The model is written in terms of a
 "shared" database that the FCIP Entity consults to determine the
 properties of the TCP Connections to be formed combined with routine
 calls to the FC Entity when connections are successfully established.
 Whether the FC Entity contributes information to the "shared"
 database is not critical to this model.  However, the fact that the
 FCIP Entity MAY consult the database at any time to determine its
 actions relative to TCP Connection establishment is important.
 It is important to remember that this description is only a model for
 the interactions between an FC Entity and an FCIP Entity.  Any
 implementation that has the same effects on the FC Fabric and IP
 Network as those described using the model meets the requirements of
 this specification.  For example, an implementation might replace the
 "shared" database with a routine interface between the FC and FCIP
 Entities.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 28] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

8.1.2. Creating New TCP Connections

8.1.2.1. Non-Dynamic Creation of New TCP Connections

 When an FCIP Entity discovers that a new TCP Connection needs to be
 established, it SHALL determine the IP Address to which the TCP
 Connection is to be made and establish all enabled IP security
 features for that IP Address as described in section 9.  Then the
 FCIP Entity SHALL determine the following information about the new
 connection in addition to the IP Address:
  1. The expected Destination FC Fabric Entity World Wide Name of the

FC/FCIP Entity pair to which the TCP Connection is being made

  1. TCP Connection Parameters (see section 8.3)
  1. Quality of Service Information (see section 10)
 Based on this information, the FCIP Entity SHALL generate a TCP
 connect request [6] to the FCIP Well-Known Port of 3225 (or other
 configuration specific port number) at the specified IP Address.
 If the TCP connect request is rejected, the FCIP Entity SHALL act to
 limit unnecessary repetition of attempts to establish similar
 connections.  For example, the FCIP Entity might wait 60 seconds
 before trying to re-establish the connection.
 If the TCP connect request is accepted, the FCIP Entity SHALL follow
 the steps described in section 8.1.2.3 to complete the establishment
 of a new FCIP_DE.
 It is RECOMMENDED that an FCIP Entity not initiate TCP connect
 requests to another FCIP Entity if incoming TCP connect requests from
 that FCIP Entity have already been accepted.

8.1.2.2. Dynamic Creation of New TCP Connections

 If dynamic discovery of participating FCIP Entities is supported, the
 function SHALL be performed using the Service Location Protocol
 (SLPv2) [17] in the manner defined for FCIP usage [20].
 Upon discovering that dynamic discovery is to be used, the FCIP
 Entity SHALL enable IP security features for the SLP discovery
 process as described in [20] and then:
 1) Determine the one or more FCIP Discovery Domain(s) to be used in
    the dynamic discovery process;

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 29] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 2) Establish an SLPv2 Service Agent to advertise the availability of
    this FCIP Entity to peer FCIP Entities in the identified FCIP
    Discovery Domain(s); and
 3) Establish an SLPv2 User Agent to locate service advertisements for
    peer FCIP Entities in the identified FCIP Discovery Domain(s).
 For each peer FCIP Entity dynamically discovered through the SLPv2
 User Agent, the FCIP Entity SHALL establish all enabled IP security
 features for the discovered IP Address as described in section 9 and
 then determine the following information about the new connection:
  1. The expected Destination FC Fabric Entity World Wide Name of the

FC/FCIP Entity pair to which the TCP Connection is being made

  1. TCP Connection Parameters (see section 8.3)
  1. Quality of Service Information (see section 10)
 Based on this information, the FCIP Entity SHALL generate a TCP
 connect request [6] to the FCIP Well-Known Port of 3225 (or other
 configuration specific port number) at the IP Address specified by
 the service advertisement.  If the TCP connect request is rejected,
 act to limit unnecessary repetition of attempts to establish similar
 connections.  If the TCP connect request is accepted, the FCIP Entity
 SHALL follow the steps described in section 8.1.2.3 to complete the
 establishment of a new FCIP_DE.
 It is recommended that an FCIP Entity not initiate TCP connect
 requests to another FCIP Entity if incoming TCP connect requests from
 that FCIP Entity have already been accepted.

8.1.2.3. Connection Setup After a Successful TCP Connect Request

 Whether Non-Dynamic TCP Connection creation (see section 8.1.2.1) or
 Dynamic TCP Connection creation (see section 8.1.2.2) is used, the
 steps described in this section SHALL be followed to take the TCP
 Connection setup process to completion.
 After the TCP connect request has been accepted, the FCIP Entity
 SHALL send an FCIP Special Frame (FSF, see section 7) as the first
 bytes transmitted on the newly formed connection, and retain a copy
 of those bytes for later comparisons.  All fields in the FSF SHALL be
 filled in as described in section 7, particularly:
  1. The Source FC Fabric Entity World Wide Name field SHALL contain

the FC Fabric Entity World Wide Name for the FC/FCIP Entity pair

    that is originating the TCP connect request;

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 30] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

  1. The Source FC/FCIP Entity Identifier field SHALL contain a unique

identifier that is assigned by the FC Fabric entity whose world

    wide name appears in the Source FC Fabric Entity World Wide Name
    field;
  1. The Connection Nonce field SHALL contain a 64-bit random number

that differs in value from any recently used Connection Nonce

    value.  In order to provide sufficient security for the connection
    nonce, the Randomness Recommendations for Security [9] SHOULD be
    followed; and
  1. The Destination FC Fabric Entity World Wide Name field SHALL

contain 0 or the expected FC Fabric Entity World Wide Name for the

    FC/FCIP Entity pair whose destination is the TCP connect request.
 After the FSF is sent on the newly formed connection, the FCIP Entity
 SHALL wait for the FSF to be echoed as the first bytes received on
 the newly formed connection.
 The FCIP Entity MAY apply a timeout of not less than 90 seconds while
 waiting for the echoed FSF bytes.  If the timeout expires, the FCIP
 Entity SHALL close the TCP Connection and notify the FC Entity with
 the reason for the closure.
 If the echoed FSF bytes do not exactly match the FSF bytes sent
 (words 7 through 17 inclusive) or if the echoed Destination FC Fabric
 Entity World Wide Name field contains zero, the FCIP Entity SHALL
 close the TCP Connection and notify the FC Entity with the reason for
 the closure.
 The FCIP Entity SHALL only perform the following steps if the echoed
 FSF bytes exactly match the FSF bytes sent (words 7 through 17
 inclusive).
 1) Instantiate the appropriate Quality of Service (see section 10)
    conditions on the newly created TCP Connection,
 2) If the IP Address and TCP Port to which the TCP Connection was
    made is not associated with any other FCIP_LEP, create a new
    FCIP_LEP for the new FCIP Link,
 3) Create a new FCIP_DE within the newly created FCIP_LEP to service
    the new TCP Connection, and
 4) Inform the FC Entity of the new FCIP_LEP, FCIP_DE, Destination FC
    Fabric Entity World Wide Name, Connection Usage Flags, and
    Connection Usage Code.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 31] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

8.1.3. Processing Incoming TCP Connect Requests

 The FCIP Entity SHALL listen for new TCP Connection requests [6] on
 the FCIP Well-Known Port (3225).  An FCIP Entity MAY also accept and
 establish TCP Connections to a TCP port number other than the FCIP
 Well-Known Port, as configured by the network administrator in a
 manner outside the scope of this specification.
 The FCIP Entity SHALL determine the following information about the
 requested connection:
  1. Whether the "shared" database (see section 8.1.1) allows the

requested connection

  1. Whether IP security setup has been performed for the IP security

features enabled on the connection (see section 9)

 If the requested connection is not allowed, the FCIP Entity SHALL
 reject the connect request using appropriate TCP means.  If the
 requested connection is allowed, the FC Entity SHALL ensure that
 required IP security features are enabled and accept the TCP connect
 request.
 After the TCP connect request has been accepted, the FCIP Entity
 SHALL wait for the FSF sent by the originator of the TCP connect
 request (see section 8.1.2) as the first bytes received on the
 accepted connection.
 The FCIP Entity MAY apply a timeout of no less than 90 seconds while
 waiting for the FSF bytes. If the timeout expires, the FCIP Entity
 SHALL close the TCP Connection and notify the FC Entity with the
 reason for the closure.
 Note: One method for attacking the security of the FCIP Link
 formation process (detailed in section 9.1) depends on keeping a TCP
 connect request open without sending an FSF.  Implementations should
 bear this in mind in the handling of TCP connect requests where the
 FSF is not sent in a timely manner.
 Upon receipt of the FSF sent by the originator of the TCP connect
 request, the FCIP Entity SHALL inspect the contents of the following
 fields:
  1. Connection Nonce,
  2. Destination FC Fabric Entity World Wide Name,
  3. Connection Usage Flags, and
  4. Connection Usage Code.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 32] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 If the Connection Nonce field contains a value identical to the most
 recently received Connection Nonce from the same IP Address, the FCIP
 Entity SHALL close the TCP Connection and notify the FC Entity with
 the reason for the closure.
 If an FCIP Entity receives a duplicate FSF during the FCIP Link
 formation process, it SHALL close that TCP Connection and notify the
 FC Entity with the reason for the closure.
 If the Destination FC Fabric Entity World Wide Name contains 0, the
 FCIP Entity SHALL take one of the following three actions:
 1) Leave the Destination FC Fabric Entity World Wide Name field and
    Ch bit both 0;
 2) Change the Destination FC Fabric Entity World Wide Name field to
    match FC Fabric Entity World Wide Name associated with the FCIP
    Entity that received the TCP connect request and change the Ch bit
    to 1; or
 3) Close the TCP Connection without sending any response.
 The choice between the above actions depends on the anticipated usage
 of the FCIP Entity.  The FCIP Entity may consult the "shared"
 database when choosing between the above actions.
 If:
 a) The Destination FC Fabric Entity World Wide Name contains a non-
    zero value that does not match the FC Fabric Entity World Wide
    Name associated with the FCIP Entity that received the TCP connect
    request, or
 b) The contents of the Connection Usage Flags and Connection Usage
    Code fields is not acceptable to the FCIP Entity that received the
    TCP connect request, then the FCIP Entity SHALL take one of the
    following two actions:
    1) Change the contents of the unacceptable fields to correct/
       acceptable values and set the Ch bit to 1; or
    2) Close the TCP Connection without sending any response.
 If the FCIP Entity makes any changes in the content of the FSF, it
 SHALL also set the Ch bit to 1.
 If any changes have been made in the received FSF during the
 processing described above, the following steps SHALL be performed:

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 33] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 1) The changed FSF SHALL be echoed to the originator of the TCP
    connect request as the only bytes transmitted on the accepted
    connection;
 2) The TCP Connection SHALL be closed (the FC Entity need not be
    notified of the TCP Connection closure in this case because it is
    not indicative of an error); and
 3) All of the additional processing described in this section SHALL
    be skipped.
 The remaining steps in this section SHALL be performed only if the
 FCIP Entity has not changed the contents of the above mentioned
 fields to correct/acceptable values.
 If the Source FC Fabric Entity World Wide Name and Source FC/FCIP
 Entity Identifier field values in the FSF do not match the Source FC
 Fabric Entity World Wide Name and Source FC/FCIP Entity Identifier
 associated with any other FCIP_LEP, the FCIP Entity SHALL:
 1) Echo the unchanged FSF to the originator of the TCP connect
    request as the first bytes transmitted on the accepted connection;
 2) Instantiate the appropriate Quality of Service (see section 10.2)
    conditions on the newly created TCP Connection, considering the
    Connection Usage Flags and Connection Usage Code fields, and
    "shared" database information (see section 8.1.1) as appropriate,
 3) Create a new FCIP_LEP for the new FCIP Link,
 4) Create a new FCIP_DE within the newly created FCIP_LEP to service
    the new TCP Connection, and
 5) Inform the FC Entity of the new FCIP_LEP, FCIP_DE, Source FC
    Fabric Entity World Wide Name, Source FC/FCIP Entity Identifier,
    Connection Usage Flags, and Connection Usage Code.
 If the Source FC Fabric Entity World Wide Name and Source FC/FCIP
 Entity Identifier field values in the FCIP Special Frame match the
 Source FC Fabric Entity World Wide Name and Source FC/FCIP Entity
 Identifier associated with an existing FCIP_LEP, the FCIP Entity
 SHALL:
 1) Request that the FC Entity authenticate the source of the TCP
    connect request (see FC-BB-2 [3]), providing the following
    information to the FC Entity for authentication purposes:

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 34] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

    a) Source FC Fabric Entity World Wide Name,
    b) Source FC/FCIP Entity Identifier, and
    c) Connection Nonce.
    The FCIP Entity SHALL NOT use the new TCP Connection for any
    purpose until the FC Entity authenticates the source of the TCP
    connect request.  If the FC Entity indicates that the TCP connect
    request cannot be properly authenticated, the FCIP Entity SHALL
    close the TCP Connection and skip all of the remaining steps in
    this section.
    The definition of the FC Entity SHALL include an authentication
    mechanism for use in response to a TCP connect request source that
    communicates with the partner FC/FCIP Entity pair on an existing
    FCIP Link.  This authentication mechanism should use a previously
    authenticated TCP Connection in the existing FCIP Link to
    authenticate the Connection Nonce sent in the new TCP Connection
    setup process.  The FCIP Entity SHALL treat failure of this
    authentication as an authentication failure for the new TCP
    Connection setup process.
 2) Echo the unchanged FSF to the originator of the TCP connect
    request as the first bytes transmitted on the accepted connection;
 3) Instantiate the appropriate Quality of Service (see section 10.2)
    conditions on the newly created TCP Connection, considering the
    Connection Usage Flags and Connection Usage Code fields, and
    "shared" database information (see section 8.1.1) as appropriate,
 4) Create a new FCIP_DE within the existing FCIP_LEP to service the
    new TCP Connection, and
 5) Inform the FC Entity of the FCIP_LEP, Source FC Fabric Entity
    World Wide Name, Source FC/FCIP Entity Identifier, Connection
    Usage Flags, Connection Usage Code, and new FCIP_DE.
 Note that the originator of TCP connect requests uses the IP Address
 and TCP Port to identify which TCP Connections belong to which
 FCIP_LEPs while the recipient of TCP connect requests uses the Source
 FC Fabric Entity World Wide Name, and Source FC/FCIP Entity
 Identifier fields from the FSF to identify which TCP Connection
 belong to which FCIP_LEPs.  For this reason, an FCIP Entity that both
 originates and receives TCP connect requests is unable to match the
 FCIP_LEPs associated with originated TCP connect requests to the
 FCIP_LEPs associated with received TCP connect requests.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 35] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

8.1.4. Simultaneous Connection Establishment

 If two FCIP Entities perform simultaneous open operations, then two
 TCP Connections are formed and the SF originates at one end on one
 connection and at the other end on the other.  Connection setup
 proceeds as described above on both connections, and the steps
 described above properly result in the formation of two FCIP Links
 between the same FCIP Entities.
 This is not an error.  Fibre Channel is perfectly capable of handling
 two approximately equal connections between FC Fabric elements.
 The decision to setup pairs of FCIP Links in this manner is
 considered to be a site policy decision that can be covered in the
 "shared" database described in section 8.1.1.

8.2. Closing TCP Connections

 The FCIP Entity SHALL provide a mechanism with acknowledgement by
 which the FC Entity is able to cause the closing of an existing TCP
 Connection at any time.  This allows the FC Entity to close TCP
 Connections that are producing too many errors, etc.

8.3. TCP Connection Parameters

 In order to provide efficient management of FCIP_LEP resources as
 well as FCIP Link resources, consideration of certain TCP Connection
 parameters is recommended.

8.3.1. TCP Selective Acknowledgement Option

 The Selective Acknowledgement option RFC 2883 [18] allows the
 receiver to acknowledge multiple lost packets in a single ACK,
 enabling faster recovery.  An FCIP Entity MAY negotiate use of TCP
 SACK and use it for faster recovery from lost packets and holes in
 TCP sequence number space.

8.3.2. TCP Window Scale Option

 The TCP Window Scale option [8] allows TCP window sizes larger than
 16-bit limits to be advertised by the receiver.  It is necessary to
 allow data in long fat networks to fill the available pipe.  This
 also implies buffering on the TCP sender that matches the
 (bandwidth*delay) product of the TCP Connection.  An FCIP_LEP uses
 locally available mechanisms to set a window size that matches the
 available local buffer resources and the desired throughput.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 36] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

8.3.3. Protection Against Sequence Number Wrap

 It is RECOMMENDED that FCIP Entities implement protection against
 wrapped sequence numbers PAWS [8].  It is quite possible that within
 a single connection, TCP sequence numbers wrap within a timeout
 window.

8.3.4. TCP_NODELAY Option

 FCIP Entities should disable the Nagle Algorithm as described in RFC
 1122 [7] section 4.2.3.4.  By tradition, this can be accomplished by
 setting the TCP_NODELAY option to one at the local TCP interface.

8.4. TCP Connection Considerations

 In idle mode, a TCP Connection "keep alive" option of TCP is normally
 used to keep a connection alive.  However, this timeout is fairly
 large and may prevent early detection of loss of connectivity.  In
 order to facilitate faster detection of loss of connectivity, FC
 Entities SHOULD implement some form of Fibre Channel connection
 failure detection (see FC-BB-2 [3]).
 When an FCIP Entity discovers that TCP connectivity has been lost,
 the FCIP Entity SHALL notify the FC Entity of the failure including
 information about the reason for the failure.

8.5. Flow Control Mapping between TCP and FC

 The FCIP Entity and FC Entity are connected to the IP Network and FC
 Fabric, respectively, and they need to follow the flow control
 mechanisms of both TCP and FC, which work independently of each
 other.
 This section provides guidelines as to how the FCIP Entity can map
 TCP flow control to status notifications to the FC Entity.
 There are two scenarios in which the flow control management becomes
 crucial:
 1) When there is line speed mismatch between the FC and IP
    interfaces.
    Even though it is RECOMMENDED that both of the FC and IP
    interfaces to the FC Entity and FCIP Entity, respectively, be of
    comparable speeds, it is possible to carry FC traffic over an IP
    Network that has a different line speed and bit error rate.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 37] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 2) When the FC Fabric or IP Network encounters congestion.
    Even when both the FC Fabric or IP network are of comparable
    speeds, during the course of operation, the FC Fabric or the IP
    Network could encounter congestion due to transient conditions.
 The FC Entity uses Fibre Channel mechanisms for flow control at the
 FC Frame Receiver Portal based on information supplied by the FCIP
 Entity regarding flow constraints at the Encapsulated Frame
 Transmitter Portal.  The FCIP Entity uses TCP mechanisms for flow
 control at the Encapsulated Frame Receiver Portal based on
 information supplied by the FC Entity regarding flow constraints at
 the FC Frame Transmitter Portal.
 Coordination of these flow control mechanisms, one of which is credit
 based and the other of which is window based, depends on a
 painstaking design that is outside the scope of this specification.

9. Security

 FCIP utilizes the IPsec protocol suite to provide data
 confidentiality and authentication services, and IKE as the key
 management protocol.  This section describes the requirements for
 various components of these protocols as used by FCIP, based on FCIP
 operating environments.  Additional consideration for use of IPsec
 and IKE with the FCIP protocol can be found in [21].  In the event
 that requirements in [21] conflict with requirements stated in this
 document, the requirements in this document SHALL prevail.

9.1. Threat Models

 Using a general purpose, wide-area network, such as an IP Network, as
 a functional replacement for physical cabling introduces some
 security problems not normally encountered in Fibre Channel Fabrics.
 FC interconnect cabling is typically protected physically from
 outside access.  Public IP Networks allow hostile parties to impact
 the security of the transport infrastructure.
 The general effect is that the security of an FC Fabric is only as
 good as the security of the entire IP Network that carries the FCIP
 Links used by that FC Fabric.  The following broad classes of attacks
 are possible:
 1) Unauthorized Fibre Channel elements can gain access to resources
    through normal Fibre Channel Fabric and processes.  Although this
    is a valid threat, securing the Fibre Channel Fabrics is outside
    the scope of this document.  Securing the IP Network is the issue
    considered in this specification.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 38] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 2) Unauthorized agents can monitor and manipulate Fibre Channel
    traffic flowing over physical media used by the IP Network and
    accessible to the agent.
 3) TCP Connections may be hijacked and used to instantiate an invalid
    FCIP Link between two peer FCIP Entities.
 4) Valid and invalid FCIP Frames may be injected on the TCP
    Connections.
 5) The payload of an FCIP Frame may be altered or transformed.  The
    TCP checksum, FCIP ones complement checks, and FC frame CRC do not
    protect against this because all of them can be modified or
    regenerated by a malicious and determined adversary.
 6) Unauthorized agents can masquerade as valid FCIP Entities and
    disturb proper operation of the Fibre Channel Fabric.
 7) Denial of Service attacks can be mounted by injecting TCP
    Connection requests and other resource exhaustion operations.
 8) An adversary may launch a variety of attacks against the discovery
    process [17].
 9) An attacker may exploit the FSF authentication mechanism of the
    FCIP Link formation process (see section 8.1.3).  The attacker
    could observe the FSF contents sent on an initial connection of an
    FCIP Link and use the observed nonce, Source FC/FCIP Entity
    Identifier, and other FSF contents to form an FCIP Link using the
    attacker's own previously established connection, while
    resetting/blocking the observed connection.  Although the use of
    timeout for reception of FSF reduces the risk of this attack, such
    an attack is possible.  See section 9.3.1 to protect against this
    specific attack.
 The existing IPsec Security Architecture and protocol suite [10]
 offers protection from these threats.  An FCIP Entity MUST implement
 portions of the IPsec protocol suite as described in this section.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 39] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

9.2. FC Fabric and IP Network Deployment Models

 In the context of enabling a secure FCIP tunnel between FC SANs, the
 following characteristics of the IP Network deployment are useful to
 note.
 1) The FCIP Entities share a peer-to-peer relationship.  Therefore,
    the administration of security policies applies to all FCIP
    Entities in an equal manner.  This differs from a true Client-
    Server relationship, where there is an inherent difference in how
    security policies are administered.
 2) Policy administration as well as security deployment and
    configuration are constrained to the set of FCIP Entities, thereby
    posing less of a requirement on a scalable mechanism.  For
    example, the validation of credentials can be relaxed to the point
    where deploying a set of pre-shared keys is a viable technique.
 3) TCP Connections and the IP Network are terminated at the FCIP
    Entity.  The granularity of security implementation is at the
    level of the FCIP tunnel endpoint (or FCIP Entity), unlike other
    applications where there is a user-level termination of TCP
    Connections.  User-level objects are not controllable by or
    visible to FCIP Entities.  All user-level security related to FCIP
    is the responsibility of the Fibre Channel standards and is
    outside the scope of this specification.
 4) When an FCIP Entity is deployed, its IP addresses will typically
    be statically assigned.  However, support for dynamic IP address
    assignment, as described in [33], while typically not required,
    cannot be ruled out.

9.3. FCIP Security Components

 FCIP Security compliant implementations MUST implement ESP and the
 IPsec protocol suite based cryptographic authentication and data
 integrity [10], as well as confidentiality using algorithms and
 transforms as described in this section.  Also, FCIP implementations
 MUST meet the secure key management requirements of IPsec protocol
 suite.

9.3.1. IPsec ESP Authentication and Confidentiality

 FCIP Entities MUST implement IPsec ESP [12] in Tunnel Mode for
 providing Data Integrity and Confidentiality.  FCIP Entities MAY
 implement IPsec ESP in Transport Mode, if deployment considerations
 require use of Transport Mode.  When ESP is utilized, per-packet data
 origin authentication, integrity, and replay protection MUST be used.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 40] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 If Confidentiality is not enabled but Data Integrity is enabled, ESP
 with NULL Encryption [15] MUST be used.
 IPsec ESP for message authentication computes a cryptographic hash
 over the payload that is protected.  While IPsec ESP mandates
 compliant implementations to support certain algorithms for deriving
 this hash, FCIP implementations:
  1. MUST implement HMAC with SHA-1 [11]
  2. SHOULD implement AES in CBC MAC mode with XCBC extensions [23]
  3. DES in CBC mode SHOULD NOT be used due to inherent weaknesses
 For ESP Confidentiality, FCIP Entities:
  1. MUST implement 3DES in CBC mode [16]
  2. SHOULD implement AES in CTR mode [22]
  3. MUST implement NULL Encryption [15]

9.3.2. Key Management

 FCIP Entities MUST support IKE [14] for peer authentication,
 negotiation of Security Associations (SA), and Key Management using
 the IPsec DOI [13].  Manual keying SHALL NOT be used for establishing
 an SA since it does not provide the necessary elements for rekeying
 (see section 9.3.3).  Conformant FCIP implementations MUST support
 peer authentication using pre-shared keys and MAY support peer
 authentication using digital certificates.  Peer authentication using
 public key encryption methods outlined in IKE [14] sections 5.2 and
 5.3 SHOULD NOT be used.
 IKE Phase 1 establishes a secure, MAC-authenticated channel for
 communications for use by IKE Phase 2.  FCIP implementations MUST
 support IKE Main Mode and SHOULD support Aggressive Mode.
 IKE Phase 1 exchanges MUST explicitly carry the Identification
 Payload fields (IDii and IDir).  Conformant FCIP implementations MUST
 use ID_IPV4_ADDR, ID_IPV6_ADDR (if the protocol stack supports IPv6),
 or ID_FQDN Identification Type values.  The ID_USER_FQDN, IP Subnet,
 IP Address Range, ID_DER_ASN1_DN, and ID_DER_ASN1_GN Identification
 Type values SHOULD NOT be used.  The ID_KEY_ID Identification Type
 values MUST NOT be used.  As described in [13], the port and protocol
 fields in the Identification Payload MUST be set to zero or UDP port
 500.
 FCIP Entities negotiate parameters for SA during IKE Phase 2 only
 using "Quick Mode".  For FCIP Entities engaged in IKE "Quick Mode",
 there is no requirement for PFS (Perfect Forward Secrecy).  FCIP

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 41] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 implementations MUST use either ID_IPV4_ADDR or ID_IPV6_ADDR
 Identification Type values (based on the version of IP supported).
 Other Identification Type values MUST NOT be used.
 Since the number of Phase 2 SAs may be limited, Phase 2 delete
 messages may be sent for idle SAs.  The receipt of a Phase 2 delete
 message SHOULD NOT be interpreted as a reason for tearing down an
 FCIP Link or any of its TCP connections.  When there is new activity
 on that idle link, a new Phase 2 SA MUST be re-established.
 For a given pair of FCIP Entities, the same IKE Phase 1 negotiation
 can be used for all Phase 2 negotiations; i.e., all TCP Connections
 that are bundled into the single FCIP Link can share the same Phase 1
 results.
 Repeated rekeying using "Quick Mode" on the same shared secret will
 reduce the cryptographic properties of that secret over time.  To
 overcome this, Phase 1 SHOULD be invoked periodically to create a new
 set of IKE shared secrets and related security parameters.
 IKE Phase 1 establishment requires the following key distribution and
 FCIP Entities:
  1. MUST support pre-shared IKE keys.
  2. MAY support certificate-based peer authentication using digital

signatures.

  1. SHOULD NOT use peer authentication using the public key encryption

methods outlined in sections 5.2 and 5.3 of [14].

 When pre-shared keys are used, IKE Main Mode is usable only when both
 peers of an FCIP Link use statically assigned IP addresses.  When
 support for dynamically assigned IP Addresses is attempted in
 conjunction with Main Mode, use of group pre-shared keys would be
 forced, and the use of group pre-shared keys in combination with Main
 Mode is not recommended as it exposes the deployed environment to
 man-in-the-middle attacks.  Therefore, if either peer of an FCIP Link
 uses dynamically assigned addresses, Aggressive Mode SHOULD be used
 and Main Mode SHOULD NOT be used.
 When Digital Signatures are used, either IKE Main Mode or IKE
 Aggressive Mode may be used.  In all cases, access to locally stored
 secret information (pre-shared key, or private key for digital
 signing) MUST be suitably restricted, since compromise of secret
 information nullifies the security properties of IKE/IPsec protocols.
 Such mechanisms are outside the scope of this document.  Support for
 IKE Oakley Groups [27] is not required.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 42] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 For the purpose of establishing a secure FCIP Link, the two
 participating FCIP Entities consult a Security Policy Database (SPD).
 The SPD is described in IPsec [10] Section 4.4.1.  FCIP Entities may
 have more than one interface and IP Address, and it is possible for
 an FCIP Link to contain multiple TCP connections whose FCIP endpoint
 IP Addresses are different.  In this case, an IKE Phase 1 SA is
 established for each FCIP endpoint IP Address pair.  Within IKE Phase
 1, FCIP implementations must support the ID_IPV4_ADDR, ID_IPV6_ADDR
 (if the protocol stack supports IPv6), and ID_FQDN Identity Payloads.
 If FCIP Endpoint addresses are dynamically assigned, it may be
 beneficial to use ID_FQDN, and for this reason, IP_FQDN Identity
 Payload MUST be supported.  Other identity payloads (ID_USER_FQDN,
 ID_DER_ASN1_GN, ID_KEY_ID) SHOULD NOT be used.
 At the end of successful IKE negotiations both FCIP Entities store
 the SA parameters in their SA database (SAD).  The SAD is described
 in IPsec [10] Section 4.4.3.  The SAD contains the set of active SA
 entries, each entry containing Sequence Counter Overflow, Sequence
 Number Counter, Anti-replay Window, and the Lifetime of the SA.  FCIP
 Entities SHALL employ a default SA Lifetime of one hour and a default
 Anti-replay window of 32 sequence numbers.
 When a TCP Connection is established between two FCIP_DEs, two
 unidirectional SAs are created for that connection and each SA is
 identified in the form of a Security Parameter Index (SPI).  One SA
 is associated with the incoming traffic flow and the other SA is
 associated with the outgoing traffic flow.  The FCIP_DEs at each end
 of the TCP connection MUST maintain the SPIs for both its incoming
 and outgoing FCIP Encapsulated Frames.
 FCIP Entities MAY provide administrative management of
 Confidentiality usage.  These management interfaces SHOULD be
 provided in a secure manner, so as to prevent an attacker from
 subverting the security process by attacking the management
 interface.

9.3.3. ESP Replay Protection and Rekeying Issues

 FCIP Entities MUST implement Replay Protection against ESP Sequence
 Number wrap, as described in [14].  In addition, based on the cipher
 algorithm and the number of bits in the cipher block size, the
 validity of the key may become compromised.  In both cases, the SA
 needs to be re-established.
 FCIP Entities MUST use the results of IKE Phase 1 negotiation for
 initiating an IKE Phase 2 "Quick Mode" exchange and establish new
 SAs.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 43] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 To enable smooth transition of SAs, it is RECOMMENDED that both FCIP
 Entities refresh the SPI when the sequence number counter reaches
 2^31 (i.e., half the sequence number space).  It also is RECOMMENDED
 that the receiver operate with multiple SPIs for the same TCP
 Connection for a period of 2^31 sequence number packets before aging
 out an SPI.
 When a new SPI is created for the outgoing direction, the sending
 side SHALL begin using it for all new FCIP Encapsulated Frames.
 Frames that are either in-flight, or re-sent due to TCP
 retransmissions, etc. MAY use either the new SPI or the one being
 replaced.

9.4. Secure FCIP Link Operation

9.4.1. FCIP Link Initialization Steps

 FCIP implementations may allow enabling and disabling security
 mechanisms at the granularity of an FCIP Link.  If enabled, the
 following FCIP Link Initialization steps MUST be followed.
 When an FCIP Link is initialized, before any FCIP TCP Connections are
 established, the local SPD is consulted to determine if IKE Phase 1
 has been completed with the FCIP Entity in the peer FCIP Entity, as
 identified by the WWN.
 If Phase 1 is already completed, IKE Phase 2 proceeds.  Otherwise,
 IKE Phase 1 MUST be completed before IKE Phase 2 can start.  Both IKE
 Phase 1 and Phase 2 transactions use UDP Port 500.  If IKE Phase 1
 fails, the FCIP Link initialization terminates and notifies the FC
 entity with the reason for the termination.  Otherwise, the FCIP Link
 initialization moves to TCP Connection Initialization.
 As described in section 8.1, FCIP Entities exchange an FSF for
 forming an FCIP Link.  The use of ESP Confidentiality is an effective
 countermeasure against any perceived security risks of FSF.

9.4.2. TCP Connection Security Associations (SAs)

 Each TCP connection MUST be protected by an IKE Phase 2 SA.  Traffic
 from one or more than one TCP connection may flow within each IPsec
 Phase 2 SA.  While it is possible for an IKE Phase 2 SA to protect
 multiple TCP connections, all packets of a TCP connection are
 protected using only one IKE Phase 2 SA.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 44] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 If different Quality of Service settings are applied to TCP
 connections, it is advisable to use a different IPsec SA for these
 connections.  Attempting to apply a different quality of service to
 connections handled by the same IPsec SA can result in reordering,
 and falling outside the replay window.  For additional details, see
 [21].
 FCIP implementations need not verify that the IP addresses and port
 numbers in the packet match any locally stored per-connection values,
 leaving this check to be performed by the IPsec layer.
 An implementation is free to perform several IKE Phase 2 negotiations
 and cache them in its local SPIs, although entries in such a cache
 can be flushed per current SA Lifetime settings.

9.4.3. Handling Data Integrity and Confidentiality Violations

 Upon datagram reception, when the ESP packet fails an integrity
 check, the receiver MUST drop the datagram, which will trigger TCP
 retransmission.  If many such datagrams are dropped, a receiving FCIP
 Entity MAY close the TCP Connection and notify the FC Entity with the
 reason for the closure.
 An implementation SHOULD follow guidelines for auditing all auditable
 ESP events per IPsec [10] Section 7.
 Integrity checks MUST be performed if Confidentiality is enabled.

10. Performance

10.1. Performance Considerations

 Traditionally, the links between FC Fabric components have been
 characterized by low latency and high throughput.  The purpose of
 FCIP is to provide functionality equivalent to these links using an
 IP Network, where low latency and high throughput are not as certain.
 It follows that FCIP Entities and their counterpart FC Entities
 probably will be interested in optimal use of the IP Network.
 Many options exist for ensuring high throughput and low latency
 appropriate for the distances involved in an IP Network.  For
 example, a private IP Network might be constructed for the sole use
 of FCIP Entities.  The options that are within the scope of this
 specification are discussed here.
 One option for increasing the probability that FCIP data streams will
 experience low latency and high throughput is the IP QoS techniques
 discussed in section 10.2.  This option can have value when applied

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 45] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 to a single TCP Connection.  Depending on the sophistication of the
 FC Entity, further value may be obtained by having multiple TCP
 Connections with differing QoS characteristics.
 There are many reasons why an FC Entity might request the creation of
 multiple TCP Connections within an FCIP_LEP.  These reasons include a
 desire to provide differentiated services for different TCP data
 connections between FCIP_LEPs, or a preference to separately queue
 different streams of traffic not having a common in-order delivery
 requirement.
 At the time a new TCP Connection is created, the FC Entity SHALL
 specify to the FCIP Entity the QoS characteristics (including but not
 limited to IP per-hop-behavior) to be used for the lifetime of that
 connection.  This MAY be achieved by having:
 a) only one set of QoS characteristics for all TCP Connections;
 b) a default set of QoS characteristics that the FCIP Entity applies
    in the absence of differing instructions from the FC Entity; or
 c) a sophisticated mechanism for exchanging QoS requirements
    information between the FC Entity and FCIP Entity each time a new
    TCP Connection is created.
 Once established, the QoS characteristics of a TCP Connection SHALL
 NOT be changed, since this specification provides no mechanism for
 the FC Entity to control such changes.  The mechanism for providing
 different QoS characteristics in FCIP is the establishment of a
 different TCP Connections and associated FCIP_DEs.
 When FCIP is used with a network with a large (bandwidth*delay)
 product, it is RECOMMENDED that FCIP_LEPs use the TCP mechanisms
 (window scaling and wrapped sequence protection) for Long Fat
 Networks (LFNs) as defined in RFC 1323 [24].

10.2. IP Quality of Service (QoS) Support

 Many methods of providing QoS have been devised or proposed.  These
 include (but are not limited to) the following:
  1. Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) – RFC 3031 [32]
  2. Differentiated Services Architecture (diffserv) – RFC 2474 [28],

RFC 2475 [29], RFC 2597 [30], and RFC 2598 [31] – and other forms

    of per-hop-behavior (PHB)
 -  Integrated Services, RFC 1633 [25]
 -  IEEE 802.1p

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 46] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 The purpose of this specification is not to specify any particular
 form of IP QoS, but rather to specify only those issues that must be
 addressed in order to maximize interoperability between FCIP
 equipment that has been manufactured by different vendors.
 It is RECOMMENDED that some form of preferential QoS be used for FCIP
 traffic to minimize latency and packet drops.  No particular form of
 QoS is recommended.
 If a PHB IP QoS is implemented, it is RECOMMENDED that it
 interoperate with diffserv (see RFC 2474 [28], RFC 2475 [29], RFC
 2597 [30], and RFC 2598 [31]).
 If no form of preferential QoS is implemented, the DSCP field SHOULD
 be set to '000000' to avoid negative impacts on other network
 components and services that may be caused by uncontrolled usage of
 non-zero values of the DSCP field.

11. References

11.1. Normative References

 The references in this section were current as of the time this
 specification was approved.  This specification is intended to
 operate with newer versions of the referenced documents and looking
 for newer reference documents is recommended.
 [1]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
      Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
 [2]  Fibre Channel Backbone (FC-BB), ANSI INCITS.342:2001, December
      12, 2001.
 [3]  Fibre Channel Backbone -2 (FC-BB-2), ANSI INCITS.372:2003, July
      25, 2003.
 [4]  Fibre Channel Switch Fabric -2 (FC-SW-2), ANSI INCITS.355:2001,
      December 12, 2001.
 [5]  Fibre Channel Framing and Signaling (FC-FS), ANSI
      INCITS.373:2003, October 27, 2003.
 [6]  Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC 793,
      September 1981.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 47] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 [7]  Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Communication
      Layers", STD 3, RFC 1122, October 1989.
 [8]  Jacobson, V., Braden, R. and D. Borman, "TCP Extensions for High
      Performance", RFC 1323, May 1992.
 [9]  Eastlake, D., Crocker, S. and J. Schiller, "Randomness
      Recommendations for Security", RFC 1750, December 1994.
 [10] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "Security Architecture for the
      Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, November 1998.
 [11] Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M. and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed- Hashing
      for Message Authentication", RFC 2104, February 1997.
 [12] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "IP Encapsulating Security Payload
      (ESP)", RFC 2406, November 1998.
 [13] Piper, D., "The Internet IP Security Domain of Interpretation of
      ISAKMP", RFC 2407, November 1998.
 [14] Harkins, D. and D. Carrel, "The Internet Key Exchange (IKE)",
      RFC 2409, November 1998.
 [15] Glenn, R. and S. Kent, "The NULL Encryption Algorithm and Its
      Use With IPsec", RFC 2410, November 1998.
 [16] Pereira, R. and R. Adams, "The ESP CBC-Mode Cipher Algorithms",
      RFC 2451, November 1998.
 [17] Guttman, E., Perkins, C., Veizades, J. and M. Day, "Service
      Location Protocol, version 2", RFC 2608, July 1999.
 [18] Floyd, S., Mahdavi, J., Mathis, M. and M. Podolsky, "SACK
      Extension", RFC 2883, July 2000.
 [19] Weber, R., Rajagopal, M., Travostino, F., O'Donnell, M., Monia,
      C. and M. Merhar, "Fibre Channel (FC) Frame Encapsulation", RFC
      3643, December 2003.
 [20] Peterson, D., "Finding Fibre Channel over TCP/IP (FCIP) Entities
      Using Service Location Protocol version 2 (SLPv2)", RFC 3822,
      July 2004.
 [21] Aboba, B., Tseng, J., Walker, J., Rangan, V. and F. Travostino,
      "Securing Block Storage Protocols over IP", RFC 3723, April
      2004.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 48] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 [22] Frankel, S., Glenn, R. and S. Kelly, "The AES-CBC Cipher
      Algorithm and Its Use with IPsec", RFC 3602, September 2003.
 [23] Frankel, S. and H. Herbert, "The AES-XCBC-MAC-96 Algorithm and
      Its Use With IPsec", RFC 3566, September 2003.

11.2. Informative References

 [24] Jacobson, V., Braden, R. and D. Borman, "TCP Extensions for High
      Performance", RFC 1323, May 1992.
 [25] Braden, R., Clark, D. and S. Shenker, "Integrated Services in
      the Internet Architecture: an Overview", RFC 1633, June 1994.
 [26] Mills, D., "Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP) Version 4 for
      IPv4, IPv6 and OSI", RFC 2030, October 1996.
 [27] Orman, H., "The OAKLEY Key Determination Protocol", RFC 2412,
      November 1998.
 [28] Nichols, K., Blake, S., Baker, F. and D. Black, "Definition of
      the Differentiated Services Field (DS Field) in the IPv4 and
      Ipv6 Headers", RFC 2474, December 1998.
 [29] Blake, S., Black, D., Carlson, M., Davies, E., Wang, Z. and W.
      Weiss, "An Architecture for Differentiated Services", RFC 2475,
      December 1998.
 [30] Heinanen, J., Baker, F., Weiss, W. and J. Wroclawski,  "An
      Assured Forwarding PHB", RFC 2597, June 1999.
 [31] Jacobson, V., Nichols, K. and K. Poduri, "An Expedited
      Forwarding PHB Group", RFC 2598, June 1999.
 [32] Rosen, E., Viswanathan, A. and R. Callon, "Multiprotocol Label
      Switching Architecture", RFC 3031, January, 2001.
 [33] Patel, B., Aboba, B., Kelly, S. and V. Gupta, "Dynamic Host
      Configuration Protocol (DHCPv4) Configuration of IPsec Tunnel
      Mode", RFC 3456, January 2003.
 [34] Kembel, R., "The Fibre Channel Consultant: A Comprehensive
      Introduction", Northwest Learning Associates, 1998.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 49] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

12. Acknowledgments

 The developers of this specification thank Mr. Jim Nelson for his
 assistance with FC-FS related issues.
 The developers of this specification express their appreciation to
 Mr. Mallikarjun Chadalapaka and Mr. David Black for their detailed
 and helpful reviews.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 50] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

Appendix A - Fibre Channel Bit and Byte Numbering Guidance

 Both Fibre Channel and IETF standards use the same byte transmission
 order.  However, the bit and byte numbering is different.
 Fibre Channel bit and byte numbering can be observed if the data
 structure heading, shown in figure 11, is cut and pasted at the top
 of figure 7, figure 9, and figure 17.
 W|------------------------------Bit------------------------------|
 o|                                                               |
 r|3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1                    |
 d|1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0|
 Figure 11:  Fibre Channel Data Structure Bit and Byte Numbering
 Fibre Channel bit numbering for the pFlags field can be observed if
 the data structure heading, shown in figure 12, is cut and pasted at
 the top of figure 8.
     |----------------Bit--------------------|
     |                                       |
     | 31   30   29   28   27   26   25   24 |
 Figure 12:  Fibre Channel pFlags Bit Numbering
 Fibre Channel bit numbering for the Connection Usage Flags field can
 be observed if the data structure heading, shown in figure 13, is cut
 and pasted at the top of figure 10.
 |------------------------------Bit------------------------------|
 |                                                               |
 |   31      30      29      28      27      26      25      24  |
 Figure 13:  Fibre Channel Connection Usage Flags Bit Numbering

Appendix B - IANA Considerations

 IANA has made the following port assignments to FCIP:
  1. fcip-port 3225/tcp FCIP
  2. fcip-port 3225/udp FCIP
 IANA has changed the authority for these port allocations to
 reference this RFC.
 Use of UDP with FCIP is prohibited even though IANA has allocated a
 port.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 51] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 The FC Frame encapsulation used by this specification employs
 Protocol# value 1, as described in the IANA Considerations appendix
 of the FC Frame Encapsulation [19] specification.

Appendix C - FCIP Usage of Addresses and Identifiers

 In support of network address translators, FCIP does not use IP
 Addresses to identify FCIP Entities or FCIP_LEPs.  The only use of IP
 Addresses for identification occurs when initiating new TCP connect
 requests (see section 8.1.2.3) where the IP Address destination of
 the TCP connect request is used to answer the question: "Have
 previous TCP connect requests been made to the same destination FCIP
 Entity?"  The correctness of this assumption is further checked by
 sending the Destination FC Fabric Entity World Wide Name in the FCIP
 Special Frame (FSF) and having the value checked by the FCIP Entity
 that receives the TCP connect request and FSF (see section 8.1.3).
 For the purposes of processing incoming TCP connect requests, the
 source FCIP Entity is identified by the Source FC Fabric Entity World
 Wide Name and Source FC/FCIP Entity Identifier fields in the FSF sent
 from the TCP connect requestor to the TCP connect recipient as the
 first bytes following the TCP connect request (see section 8.1.2.3
 and section 8.1.3).
 FC-BB-2 [3] provides the definitions for each of the following FSF
 fields:
  1. Source FC Fabric Entity World Wide Name,
  2. Source FC/FCIP Entity Identifier, and
  3. Destination FC Fabric Entity World Wide Name.
 As described in section 8.1.3, FCIP Entities segregate their
 FCIP_LEPs between:
  1. Connections resulting from TCP connect requests initiated by the

FCIP Entity, and

  1. Connections resulting from TCP connect requests received by the

FCIP Entity.

 Within each of these two groups, the following information is used to
 further identify each FCIP_LEP:
  1. Source FC Fabric Entity World Wide Name,
  2. Source FC/FCIP Entity Identifier, and
  3. Destination FC Fabric Entity World Wide Name.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 52] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

Appendix D - Example of Synchronization Recovery Algorithm

 The contents of this annex are informative.
 Synchronization may be recovered as specified in section 5.6.2.3.  An
 example of an algorithm for searching the bytes delivered to the
 Encapsulated Frame Receiver Portal for a valid FCIP Frame header is
 provided in this annex.
 This resynchronization uses the principle that a valid FCIP data
 stream must contain at least one valid header every 2176 bytes (the
 maximum length of an encapsulated FC Frame).  Although other data
 patterns containing apparently valid headers may be contained in the
 stream, the FC CRC or FCIP Frame validity of the data patterns
 contained in the data stream will always be either interrupted by or
 resynchronized with the valid FCIP Frame headers.
 Consider the case shown in figure 14.  A series of short FCIP Frames,
 perhaps from a trace, are embedded in larger FCIP Frames, say as a
 result of a trace file being transferred from one disk to another.
 The headers for the short FCIP Frames are denoted SFH and the long
 FCIP Frame headers are marked as LFH.
    +-+--+-+----+-+----+-+----+-+-+-+---+-+---
    |L|  |S|    |S|    |S|    |S| |L|   |S|
    |F|  |F|    |F|    |F|    |F| |F|   |F|...
    |H|  |H|    |H|    |H|    |H| |H|   |H|
    +-+--+-+----+-+----+-+----+-+-+-+---+-+---
    |                             |
    |<---------2176 bytes-------->|
    Figure 14:  Example of resynchronization data stream
 A resynchronization attempt that starts just to the right of an LFH
 will find several SFH FCIP Frames before discovering that they do not
 represent the transmitted stream of FCIP Frames.  Within 2176 bytes
 plus or minus, however, the resynchronization attempt will encounter
 an SFH whose length does not match up with the next SFH because the
 LFH will fall in the middle of the short FCIP Frame pushing the next
 header farther out in the byte stream.
 Note that the resynchronization algorithm cannot forward any
 prospective FC Frames to the FC Frame Transmitter Portal because,
 until synchronization is completely established, there is no
 certainty that anything that looked like an FCIP Frame really was
 one.  For example, an SFH might fortuitously contain a length that

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 53] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 points exactly to the beginning of an LFH.  The LFH would identify
 the correct beginning of a transmitted FCIP Frame, but that in no way
 guarantees that the SFH was also a correct FCIP Frame header.
 There exist some data streams that cannot be resynchronized by this
 algorithm.  If such a data stream is encountered, the algorithm
 causes the TCP Connection to be closed.
 The resynchronization assumes that security and authentication
 procedures outside the FCIP Entity are protecting the valid data
 stream from being replaced by an intruding data stream containing
 valid FCIP data.
 The following steps are one example of how an FCIP_DE might
 resynchronize with the data stream entering the Encapsulated Frame
 Receiver Portal.
 1) Search for candidate and strong headers:
    The data stream entering the Encapsulated Frame Receiver Portal is
    searched for 12 bytes in a row containing the required values for:
       a) Protocol field,
       b) Version field,
       c) ones complement of the Protocol field,
       d) ones complement of the Version field,
       e) replication of encapsulation word 0 in word 1, and
       f) pFlags field and its ones complement.
    If such a 12-byte grouping is found, the FCIP_DE assumes that it
    has identified bytes 0-2 of a candidate FCIP encapsulation header.
    All bytes up to and including the candidate header byte are
    discarded.
    If no candidate header has been found after searching a specified
    number of bytes greater than some multiple of 2176 (the maximum
    length of an FCIP Frame), resynchronization has failed and the
    TCP/IP connection is closed.
    Word 3 of the candidate header contains the Frame Length and Flags
    fields and their ones complements.  If the fields are consistent
    with their ones complements, the candidate header is considered a
    strong candidate header.  The Frame Length field is used to
    determine where in the byte stream the next strong candidate
    header should be and processing continues at step 2).

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 54] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 2) Use multiple strong candidate headers to locate a verified
    candidate header:
    The Frame Length in one strong candidate header is used to skip
    incoming bytes until the expected location of the next strong
    candidate header is reached.  Then the tests described in step 1)
    are applied to see if another strong candidate header has
    successfully been located.
    All bytes skipped and all bytes in all strong candidate headers
    processed are discarded.
    Strong candidate headers continue to be verified in this way for
    at least 4352 bytes (twice the maximum length of an FCIP Frame).
    If at any time a verification test fails, processing restarts at
    step 1 and a retry counter is incremented.  If the retry counter
    exceeds 3 retries, resynchronization has failed and the TCP
    Connection is closed, and the FC entity is notified with the
    reason for the closure.
    After strong candidate headers have been verified for at least
    4352 bytes, the next header identified is a verified candidate
    header, and processing continues at step 3).
    Note: If a strong candidate header was part of the data content of
    an FCIP Frame, the FCIP Frame defined by that or a subsequent
    strong candidate header will eventually cross an actual header in
    the byte stream.  As a result it will either identify the actual
    header as a strong candidate header or it will lose
    synchronization again because of the extra 28 bytes in the length,
    returning to step 1 as described above.
 3) Use multiple strong candidate headers to locate a verified
    candidate header:
    Incoming bytes are inspected and discarded until the next verified
    candidate header is reached.  Inspection of the incoming bytes
    includes testing for other candidate headers using the criteria
    described in step 1.  Each verified candidate header is tested
    against the tests listed in section 5.6.2.2 as would normally be
    the case.
    Verified candidate headers continue to be located and tested in
    this way for a minimum of 4352 bytes (twice the maximum length of
    an FCIP Frame).  If all verified candidate headers encountered are
    valid, the last verified candidate header is a valid header.  At
    this point the FCIP_DE stops discarding bytes and begins normal

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 55] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

    FCIP de-encapsulation, including for the first time since
    synchronization was lost, delivery of FC Frames through the FC
    Frame Transmitter Portal according to normal FCIP rules.
    If any verified candidate headers are invalid but meet all the
    requirements of a strong candidate header, increment the retry
    counter and return to step 2).  If any verified candidate headers
    are invalid and fail to meet the tests for a strong candidate
    header, or if inspection of the bytes between verified candidate
    headers discovers any candidate headers, increment the retry
    counter and return to step 1.  If the retry counter exceeds 4
    retries, resynchronization has failed and the TCP/IP connection is
    closed.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 56] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

    A flowchart for this algorithm can be found in figure 15.
                      Synchronization is lost
                               |
                  _____________v_______________
                 |                             |
                 | Search for candidate header |
    +----------->|                             |
    |            |   Found           Not Found |
    |            | (Strong candidate)          |
    |            |_____________________________|
    |                    |              |
    |                    |              + --------->close TCP
    |             _______v_____________________     Connection
    |            |                             |    and notify
    |            |   Enough strong candidate   |    the FC Entity
    |      +---->|     headers identified?     |    with the reason
    |      |     |                             |    for closure
    |      |     |     No               Yes    |
    |      |     |        (Verified candidate) |
    |      |     |_____________________________|
    |___________________|                |
    ^      |                             |
    |      |                             |
    |      |      _______________________v_____
    |      |     |                             |
    |      |     | Enough verified candidate   |
    |      |     |   headers validated?        |
    |      |     |                             |
    |      |     |     No               Yes    |
    |      |     |            (Resynchronized) |
    |      |     |_____________________________|
    |      |            |                |
    |      |      ______v__________      |      Resume
    |      |     |                 |     + ---> Normal
    |      |     | Synchronization |            De-encapsulation
    |      |     |      Lost?      |
    |      |     |                 |
    |      |     | No          Yes |
    |      |     |_________________|
    |      |        |           |
    |      |________|           |
    |___________________________|
    Figure 15:  Flow diagram of simple synchronization example

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 57] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

Appendix E - Relationship between FCIP and IP over FC (IPFC)

 The contents of this annex are informative.
 IPFC (RFC 2625) describes the encapsulation of IP packets in FC
 Frames.  It is intended to facilitate IP communication over an FC
 network.
 FCIP describes the encapsulation of FC Frames in TCP segments, which
 in turn are encapsulated inside IP packets for transporting over an
 IP network.  It gives no consideration to the type of FC Frame that
 is being encapsulated.  Therefore, the FC Frame may actually contain
 an IP packet as described in the IP over FC specification (RFC
 2625).  In such a case, the data packet would have:
  1. Data Link Header
  2. IP Header
  3. TCP Header
  4. FCIP Header
  5. FC Header
  6. IP Header
 Note: The two IP headers would not be identical to each other.  One
 would have information pertaining to the final destination, while the
 other would have information pertaining to the FCIP Entity.
 The two documents focus on different objectives.  As mentioned above,
 implementation of FCIP will lead to IP encapsulation within IP.
 While perhaps inefficient, this should not lead to issues with IP
 communication.  One caveat: if a Fibre Channel device is
 encapsulating IP packets in an FC Frame (e.g., an IPFC device), and
 that device is communicating with a device running IP over a non-FC
 medium, a second IPFC device may need to act as a gateway between the
 two networks.  This scenario is not specifically addressed by FCIP.
 There is nothing in either of the specifications to prevent a single
 device from implementing both FCIP and IP-over-FC (IPFC), but this is
 implementation specific, and is beyond the scope of this document.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 58] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

Appendix F - FC Frame Format

 Note: All users of the words "character" or "characters" in this
 section refer to 8bit/10bit link encoding wherein each 8 bit
 "character" within a link frame is encoded as a 10 bit "character"
 for link transmission.  These words do not refer to ASCII, Unicode,
 or any other form of text characters, although octets from such
 characters will occur as 8 bit "characters" for this encoding.  This
 usage is employed here for consistency with the ANSI T11 standards
 that specify Fibre Channel.
 The contents of this annex are informative.
 All FC Frames have a standard format (see FC-FS [5]) much like LAN's
 802.x protocols.  However, the exact size of each FC Frame varies
 depending on the size of the variable fields.  The size of the
 variable field ranges from 0 to 2112-bytes as shown in the FC Frame
 Format in figure 16, resulting in the minimum size FC Frame of 36
 bytes and the maximum size FC Frame of 2148 bytes.  Valid FC Frame
 lengths are always a multiple of four bytes.
 +------+--------+-----------+----//-------+------+------+
 | SOF  |Frame   |Optional   |  Frame      | CRC  |  EOF |
 | (4B) |Header  |Header     | Payload     | (4B) | (4B) |
 |      |(24B)   |<----------------------->|      |      |
 |      |        | Data Field = (0-2112B)  |      |      |
 +------+--------+-----------+----//-------+------+------+
 Figure 16:  FC Frame Format
 SOF and EOF Delimiters
    On an FC link, Start-of-Frame (SOF) and End-Of-Frame (EOF) are
    called Ordered Sets and are sent as special words constructed from
    the 8B/10B comma character (K28.5) followed by three additional
    8B/10B data characters making them uniquely identifiable in the
    data stream.
    On an FC link, the SOF delimiter serves to identify the beginning
    of an FC Frame and prepares the receiver for FC Frame reception.
    The SOF contains information about the FC Frame's Class of
    Service, position within a sequence, and in some cases, connection
    status.
    The EOF delimiter identifies the end of the FC Frame and the final
    FC Frame of a sequence.  In addition, it serves to force the
    running disparity to negative.  The EOF is used to end the
    connection in connection-oriented classes of service.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 59] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

    A special EOF delimiter called EOFa (End Of Frame - Abort) is used
    to terminate a partial FC Frame resulting from a malfunction in a
    link facility during transmission.  Since an FCIP Entity functions
    like a transmission link with respect to the rest of the FC
    Fabric, FCIP_DEs may use EOFa in their error recovery procedures.
    It is therefore important to preserve the information conveyed by
    the delimiters across the IP-based network, so that the receiving
    FCIP Entity can correctly reconstruct the FC Frame in its original
    SOF and EOF format before forwarding it to its ultimate FC
    destination on the FC link.
    When an FC Frame is encapsulated and sent over a byte-oriented
    interface, the SOF and EOF delimiters are represented as sequences
    of four consecutive bytes, which carry the equivalent Class of
    Service and FC Frame termination information as the FC ordered
    sets.
    The representation of SOF and EOF in an encapsulation FC Frame is
    described in FC Frame Encapsulation [19].
 Frame Header
    The FC Frame Header is transparent to the FCIP Entity.  The FC
    Frame Header is 24 bytes long and has several fields that are
    associated with the identification and control of the payload.
    Current FC Standards allow up to 3 Optional Header fields [5]:
  1. Network_Header (16-bytes)
  2. Association_Header (32-bytes)
  3. Device_Header (up to 64-bytes).
 Frame Payload
    The FC Frame Payload is transparent to the FCIP Entity.  An FC
    application level payload is called an Information Unit at the
    FC-4 Level.  This is mapped into the FC Frame Payload of the FC
    Frame.  A large Information Unit is segmented using a structure
    consisting of FC Sequences.  Typically, a Sequence consists of
    more than one FC Frame.  FCIP does not maintain any state
    information regarding the relationship of FC Frames within an FC
    Sequence.
 CRC
    The FC CRC is 4 bytes long and uses the same 32-bit polynomial
    used in FDDI and is specified in ANSI X3.139 Fiber Distributed
    Data Interface.  This CRC value is calculated over the entire FC

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 60] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

    header and the FC payload; it does not include the SOF and EOF
    delimiters.
    Note: When FC Frames are encapsulated into FCIP Frames, the FC
    Frame CRC is untouched by the FCIP Entity.

Appendix G - FC Encapsulation Format

 This annex contains a reproduction of the FC Encapsulation Format
 [19] as it applies to FCIP Frames that encapsulate FC Frames.  The
 information in this annex is not intended to represent the FCIP
 Special Frame (FSF) that is described in section 7.
 The information in this annex was correct as of the time this
 specification was approved.  The information in this annex is
 informative only.
 If there are any differences between the information here and the FC
 Encapsulation Format specification [19], the FC Encapsulation Format
 specification takes precedence.
 If there are any differences between the information here and the
 contents of section 5.6.1, then the contents of section 5.6.1 take
 precedence.
 Figure 17 applies the requirements stated in section 5.6.1 and in the
 FC Encapsulation Frame format resulting in a summary of the FC Frame
 format.  Where FCIP requires specific values, those values are shown
 in hexadecimal in parentheses.  Detailed requirements for the FCIP
 usage of the FC Encapsulation Format are in section 5.6.1.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 61] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 W|------------------------------Bit------------------------------|
 o|                                                               |
 r|                    1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3|
 d|0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1|
  +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
 0|   Protocol#   |    Version    |  -Protocol#   |   -Version    |
  |    (0x01)     |    (0x01)     |     (0xFE)    |    (0xFE)     |
  +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
 1|   Protocol#   |    Version    |  -Protocol#   |   -Version    |
  |    (0x01)     |    (0x01)     |     (0xFE)    |    (0xFE)     |
  +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
 2|    pFlags     |    Reserved   |    -pFlags    |  -Reserved    |
  |     (0x00)    |     (0x00)    |     (0xFF)    |    (0xFF)     |
  +-----------+---+---------------+-----------+---+---------------+
 3|   Flags   |   Frame Length    |   -Flags  |   -Frame Length   |
  |   (0x00)  |                   |   (0x3F)  |                   |
  +-----------+-------------------+-----------+-------------------+
 4|                      Time Stamp [integer]                     |
  +---------------------------------------------------------------+
 5|                      Time Stamp [fraction]                    |
  +---------------------------------------------------------------+
 6|                     CRC (Reserved in FCIP)                    |
  |                        (0x00-00-00-00)                        |
  +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
 7|      SOF      |      SOF      |     -SOF      |     -SOF      |
  +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
 8|                                                               |
  +-----            FC Frame content (see appendix F)        -----+
  |                                                               |
  +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
 n|      EOF      |      EOF      |     -EOF      |     -EOF      |
  +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
 Figure 17:  FCIP Frame Format
 The names of fields are generally descriptive on their contents and
 the FC Encapsulation Format specification [19] is referenced for
 details.  Field names preceded by a minus sign are ones complement
 values of the named field.
 Note: Figure 17 does not represent the FSF that is described in
 section 7.

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 62] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

Appendix H - FCIP Requirements on an FC Entity

 The contents of this annex are informative for FCIP but might be
 considered normative on FC-BB-2.
 The capabilities that FCIP requires of an FC Entity include:
 1) The FC Entity must deliver FC Frames to the correct FCIP Data
    Engine (in the correct FCIP Link Endpoint).
 2) Each FC Frame delivered to an FCIP_DE must be accompanied by a
    time value synchronized with the clock maintained by the FC Entity
    at the other end of the FCIP Link (see section 6).  If a
    synchronized time value is not available, a value of zero must
    accompany the FC Frame.
 3) When FC Frames exit FCIP Data Engine(s) via the FC Frame
    Transmitter Portal(s), the FC Entity should forward them to the FC
    Fabric.  However, before forwarding an FC Frame, the FC Entity
    must compute the end-to-end transit time for the FC Frame using
    the time value supplied by the FCIP_DE (taken from the FCIP
    header) and a synchronized time value (see section 6).  If the
    end-to-end transit time exceeds the requirements of the FC Fabric,
    the FC Entity is responsible for discarding the FC Frame.
 4) The only delivery ordering guarantee provided by FCIP is correctly
    ordered delivery of FC Frames between a pair of FCIP Data Engines.
    FCIP expects the FC Entity to implement all other FC Frame
    delivery ordering requirements.
 5) When a TCP connect request is received and that request would add
    a new TCP Connection to an existing FCIP_LEP, the FC Entity must
    authenticate the source of the TCP connect request before use of
    the new TCP connection is allowed.
 6) The FC Entity may participate in determining allowed TCP
    Connections, TCP Connection parameters, quality of service usage,
    and security usage by modifying interactions with the FCIP Entity
    that are modelled as a "shared" database in section 8.1.1.
 7) The FC Entity may require the FCIP Entity to perform TCP close
    requests.
 8) The FC Entity may recover from connection failures.
 9) The FC Entity must recover from events that the FCIP Entity cannot
    handle, such as:

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 63] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

    a) loss of synchronization with FCIP Frame headers from the
       Encapsulated Frame Receiver Portal requiring resetting the TCP
       Connection; and
    b) recovering from FCIP Frames that are discarded as a result of
       synchronization problems (see section 5.6.2.2 and section
       5.6.2.3).
 10) The FC Entity must work cooperatively with the FCIP Entity to
     manage flow control problems in either the IP Network or FC
     Fabric.
 11) The FC Entity may test for failed TCP Connections.
     Note that the Fibre Channel standards must be consulted for a
     complete understanding of the requirements placed on an FC
     Entity.
     Table 2 shows the explicit interactions between the FCIP Entity
     and the FC Entity.
 +-------------+-----------------+-----------------------------------+
 |             |                 | Information/Parameter Passed and  |
 |             |                 |             Direction             |
 | Reference   |                 +-----------------+-----------------+
 |  Section    |    Condition    | FCIP Entity---> | <---FC Entity   |
 +-------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
 | 5.6         | FC Frame ready  |                 | Provide FC      |
 | FCIP Data   | for IP transfer |                 | Frame and       |
 | Engine      |                 |                 | time stamp at   |
 |             |                 |                 | FC Frame        |
 |             |                 |                 | Receiver Portal |
 +-------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
 | WWN = World Wide Name                                             |
 +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
 |                           continued                               |
 +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
 Table 2:  FC/FCIP Entity pair interactions (part 1 of 5)

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 64] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 +-------------+-----------------+-----------------------------------+
 |             |                 | Information/Parameter Passed and  |
 |             |                 |             Direction             |
 | Reference   |                 +-----------------+-----------------+
 |  Section    |    Condition    | FCIP Entity---> | <---FC Entity   |
 +-------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
 |                           continued                               |
 +-------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
 | 5.6         | FCIP Frame      | Provide FC      |                 |
 | FCIP Data   | received from   | Frame and       |                 |
 | Engine      | IP Network      | time stamp at   |                 |
 |             |                 | FC Frame Trans- |                 |
 |             |                 | mitter Portal   |                 |
 +-------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
 | 5.6.2.2     | FCIP_DE         | Inform FC       |                 |
 | Errors      | discards bytes  | Entity that     |                 |
 | in FCIP     | delivered       | bytes have been |                 |
 | Headers and | through         | discarded with  |                 |
 | Discarding  | Encapsulated    | reason          |                 |
 | FCIP Frames | Frame Receiver  |                 |                 |
 |             | Portal          |                 |                 |
 +-------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
 | 5.6.2.3     | FCIP Entity     | Inform FC       |                 |
 | Synchron-   | closes TCP      | Entity that TCP |                 |
 | ization     | Connection due  | Connection has  |                 |
 | Failures    | to synchron-    | been closed     |                 |
 |             | ization failure | with reason     |                 |
 |             |                 | for closure     |                 |
 +-------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
 | 8.1.2.3     | Receipt of the  | Inform FC       |                 |
 | Connection  | echoed FSF      | Entity that TCP |                 |
 | Setup       | takes too long  | Connection has  |                 |
 | Following a | or the FSF      | been closed     |                 |
 | Successful  | contents have   | with reason     |                 |
 | TCP Connect | changed         | for closure     |                 |
 | Request     |                 |                 |                 |
 +-------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
 | WWN = World Wide Name                                             |
 +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
 |                           continued                               |
 +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
 Table 2:  FC/FCIP Entity pair interactions (part 2 of 5)

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 65] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 +-------------+-----------------+-----------------------------------+
 |             |                 | Information/Parameter Passed and  |
 |             |                 |             Direction             |
 | Reference   |                 +-----------------+-----------------+
 |  Section    |    Condition    | FCIP Entity---> | <---FC Entity   |
 +-------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
 |                           continued                               |
 +-------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
 | 8.1.2.1     | New TCP         | Inform FC       |                 |
 | Non-Dynamic | Connection      | Entity of       |                 |
 | Creation of | created based   | new or existing |                 |
 | a New TCP   | on "shared"     | FCIP_LEP and    |                 |
 | Connections | database        | new FCIP_DE     |                 |
 |             | information     | along with      |                 |
 |             |                 | Destination FC  |                 |
 |             |                 | Fabric Entity   |                 |
 |             |                 | WWN, Connection |                 |
 |             |                 | Usage Flags,    |                 |
 |             |                 | Connection      |                 |
 |             |                 | Usage Code and  |                 |
 |             |                 | Connection      |                 |
 |             |                 | Nonce           |                 |
 +-------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
 | 8.1.2.2     | New TCP         | Inform FC       |                 |
 | Dynamic     | Connection      | Entity of       |                 |
 | Creation of | created based   | new or existing |                 |
 | a New TCP   | on SLP service  | FCIP_LEP and    |                 |
 | Connections | advertisement   | new FCIP_DE     |                 |
 |             | and "shared"    | along with      |                 |
 |             | database        | Destination FC  |                 |
 |             | information     | Fabric Entity   |                 |
 |             |                 | WWN, Connection |                 |
 |             |                 | Usage Flags,    |                 |
 |             |                 | Connection      |                 |
 |             |                 | Usage Code and  |                 |
 |             |                 | Connection      |                 |
 |             |                 | Nonce           |                 |
 +-------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
 | WWN = World Wide Name                                             |
 +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
 |                           continued                               |
 +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
 Table 2:  FC/FCIP Entity pair interactions (part 3 of 5)

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 66] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 +-------------+-----------------+-----------------------------------+
 |             |                 | Information/Parameter Passed and  |
 |             |                 |             Direction             |
 | Reference   |                 +-----------------+-----------------+
 |  Section    |    Condition    | FCIP Entity---> | <---FC Entity   |
 +-------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
 |                           continued                               |
 +-------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
 | 8.1.3       | New TCP         | Inform FC       |                 |
 | Processing  | Connection      | Entity of       |                 |
 | Incoming    | created based   | new or existing |                 |
 | TCP Connect | on incoming TCP | FCIP_LEP and    |                 |
 | Requests    | Connect request | new FCIP_DE     |                 |
 |             | and "shared"    | along with      |                 |
 |             | database        | Source FC       |                 |
 |             | information     | Fabric Entity   |                 |
 |             |                 | WWN, Source     |                 |
 |             |                 | FC/FCIP Entity  |                 |
 |             |                 | Identifier,     |                 |
 |             |                 | Connection      |                 |
 |             |                 | Usage Flags,    |                 |
 |             |                 | Connection      |                 |
 |             |                 | Usage Code and  |                 |
 |             |                 | Connection      |                 |
 |             |                 | Nonce           |                 |
 +-------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
 | 8.1.3       | TCP Connect     | Request FC      | Yes or No       |
 | Processing  | Request wants   | Entity to       | answer about    |
 | Incoming    | to add a new    | authenticate    | whether the     |
 | TCP Connect | TCP Connection  | the source of   | source of the   |
 | Requests    | to an existing  | the TCP Connect | TCP Connect     |
 |             | FCIP_LEP        | Request         | Request can be  |
 |             |                 |                 | authenticated   |
 +-------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
 | 8.1.3       | Receipt of the  | Inform FC       |                 |
 | Processing  | FSF takes too   | Entity that TCP |                 |
 | Incoming    | long or         | Connection has  |                 |
 | TCP Connect | duplicate       | been closed     |                 |
 | Requests    | Connection      | with reason     |                 |
 |             | Nonce value     | for closure     |                 |
 +-------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
 | WWN = World Wide Name                                             |
 +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
 |                           continued                               |
 +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
 Table 2:  FC/FCIP Entity pair interactions (part 4 of 5)

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 67] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 +-------------+-----------------+-----------------------------------+
 |             |                 | Information/Parameter Passed and  |
 |             |                 |             Direction             |
 | Reference   |                 +-----------------+-----------------+
 |  Section    |    Condition    | FCIP Entity---> | <---FC Entity   |
 +-------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
 |                           concluded                               |
 +-------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
 | 8.2         | FC Entity       | Acknowledgement | Identification  |
 | Closing TCP | determines      | of TCP          | of the FCIP_DE  |
 | Connections | that a TCP      | Connection      | whose TCP       |
 |             | Connection      | closure         | Connection      |
 |             | needs to be     |                 | needs to be     |
 |             | closed          |                 | closed          |
 +-------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
 | 8.4         | Discovery that  | Inform FC       |                 |
 | TCP         | TCP connectiv-  | Entity that TCP |                 |
 | Connection  | ity has been    | Connection has  |                 |
 | Considera-  | lost            | been closed     |                 |
 | tions       |                 | with reason     |                 |
 |             |                 | for closure     |                 |
 +-------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
 | 9.4.1       | IKE phase 1     | Inform FC       |                 |
 | FCIP        | failed, result- | Entity that TCP |                 |
 | Link        | ing in termin-  | Connection can  |                 |
 | Initializ-  | ation of link   | not be opened   |                 |
 | ation Steps | initialization  | with reason for |                 |
 |             |                 | failure         |                 |
 +-------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
 | 9.4.3       | Excessive       | Inform FC       |                 |
 | Handling    | numbers of      | Entity that TCP |                 |
 | data        | dropped         | Connection has  |                 |
 | integrity   | datagrams       | been closed     |                 |
 | and confi-  | detected and    | with reason     |                 |
 | dentiality  | TCP Connection  | for closure     |                 |
 | violations  | closed          |                 |                 |
 +-------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
 | RFC 3723    | TCP Connection  | Inform FC       |                 |
 |             | closed due to   | Entity that TCP |                 |
 | Handling SA | SA parameter    | Connection has  |                 |
 | parameter   | mismatch        | been closed     |                 |
 | mismatches  | problems        | with reason     |                 |
 |             |                 | for closure     |                 |
 +-------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
 | WWN = World Wide Name                                             |
 +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
 Table 2:  FC/FCIP Entity pair interactions (part 5 of 5)

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 68] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

Editors and Contributors Acknowledgements

 During the development of this specification, Murali Rajagopal,
 Elizabeth Rodriguez, Vi Chau, and Ralph Weber served consecutively as
 editors.  Raj Bhagwat contributed substantially to the initial basic
 FCIP concepts.
 Venkat Rangan contributed the Security section and continues to
 coordinate security issues with the ips Working Group and IETF.
 Andy Helland contributed a substantial revision of Performance
 section, aligning it with TCP/IP QoS concepts.
 Dave Peterson contributed the dynamic discovery section and edits to
 RFC 3822.
 Anil Rijhsinghani contributed material related to the FCIP MIB and
 edits the FCIP MIB document.
 Bob Snively contributed material related to error detection and
 recovery including the bulk of the synchronization recovery example
 annex.
 Lawrence J. Lamers contributed numerous ideas focused on keeping FCIP
 compatible with B_Port devices.
 Milan Merhar contributed several of the FCIP conceptual modifications
 necessary to support NATs.
 Don Fraser contributed material related to link failure detection and
 reporting.
 Bill Krieg contributed a restructuring of the TCP Connection setup
 sections that made them more linear with respect to time and more
 readable.
 Several T11 leaders supported this effort and advised the editors of
 this specification regarding coordination with T11 documents and
 projects.  These T11 leaders are: Jim Nelson (Framing and Signaling),
 Neil Wanamaker (Framing and Signaling), Craig Carlson (Generic
 Services), Ken Hirata (Switch Fabric), Murali Rajagopal (Backbone),
 Steve Wilson (Switch Fabric), and Michael O'Donnell (Security
 Protocols).

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 69] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

Editors and Contributors Addresses

 Neil Wanamaker
 Akara
 10624 Icarus Court
 Austin, TX 78726
 USA
 Phone: +1 512 257 7633
 Fax: +1 512 257 7877
 EMail: nwanamaker@akara.com
 Ralph Weber
 ENDL Texas, representing Brocade
 Suite 102 PMB 178
 18484 Preston Road
 Dallas, TX 75252
 USA
 Phone: +1 214 912 1373
 EMail: roweber@ieee.org
 Elizabeth G. Rodriguez
 Dot Hill Systems Corp.
 6305 El Camino Real
 Carlsbad, CA 92009
 USA
 Phone: +1 760 431 4435
 EMail: elizabeth.rodriguez@dothill.com
 Steve Wilson
 Brocade Comm. Systems, Inc.
 1745 Technology Drive
 San Jose, CA. 95110
 USA
 Phone: +1 408 333 8128
 EMail: swilson@brocade.com

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 70] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 Bob Snively
 Brocade Comm. Systems, Inc.
 1745 Technology Drive
 San Jose, CA 95110
 USA
 Phone: +1 408 303 8135
 EMail: rsnively@brocade.com
 David Peterson
 Cisco Systems - SRBU
 6450 Wedgwood Road
 Maple Grove, MN 55311
 USA
 Phone: +1 763 398 1007
 Cell: +1 612 802 3299
 EMail: dap@cisco.com
 Donald R. Fraser
 Hewlett-Packard
 301 Rockrimmon Blvd., Bldg. 5
 Colorado Springs, CO 80919
 USA
 Phone: +1 719 548 3272
 EMail: Don.Fraser@HP.com
 R. Andy Helland
 LightSand Communications, Inc.
 375 Los Coches Street
 Milpitas, CA 95035
 USA
 Phone: +1 408 404 3119
 Fax: +1 408 941 2166
 EMail: andyh@lightsand.com
 Raj Bhagwat
 LightSand Communications, Inc.
 24411 Ridge Route Dr.
 Suite 135
 Laguna Hills, CA 92653
 USA
 Phone: +1 949 837 1733 x104
 EMail: rajb@lightsand.com

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 71] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 Bill Krieg
 Lucent Technologies
 200 Lucent Lane
 Cary, NC 27511
 USA
 Phone: +1 919 463 4020
 Fax: +1 919 463 4041
 EMail: bkrieg@lucent.com
 Michael E. O'Donnell
 McDATA Corporation
 310 Interlocken Parkway
 Broomfield, CO 80021
 USA
 Phone: +1 303 460 4142
 Fax: +1 303 465 4996
 EMail: modonnell@mcdata.com
 Anil Rijhsinghani
 McDATA Corporation
 310 Interlocken Parkway
 Broomfield, CO 80021
 USA
 Phone: +1 508 870 6593
 EMail: anil.rijhsinghani@mcdata.com
 Milan J. Merhar
 43 Nagog Park
 Pirus Networks
 Acton, MA 01720
 USA
 Phone: +1 978 206 9124
 EMail: Milan@pirus.com
 Craig W. Carlson
 QLogic Corporation
 6321 Bury Drive
 Eden Prairie, MN 55346
 USA
 Phone: +1 952 932 4064
 EMail: craig.carlson@qlogic.com

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 72] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

 Venkat Rangan
 Rhapsody Networks Inc.
 3450 W. Warren Ave.
 Fremont, CA 94538
 USA
 Phone: +1 510 743 3018
 Fax: +1 510 687 0136
 EMail: venkat@rhapsodynetworks.com
 Lawrence J. Lamers
 SAN Valley Systems, Inc.
 6320 San Ignacio Ave.
 San Jose, CA 95119-1209
 USA
 Phone: +1 408 234 0071
 EMail: ljlamers@ieee.org
 Murali Rajagopal
 Broadcom Corporation
 16215 Alton Parkway
 Irvine,CA 92619
 USA
 Phone: +1 949 450 8700
 EMail: muralir@broadcom.com
 Ken Hirata
 Vixel Corporation
 15245 Alton Parkway, Suite 100
 Irvine, CA 92618
 USA
 Phone: +1 949 788 6368
 Fax: +1 949 753 9500
 EMail: ken.hirata@vixel.com
 Vi Chau
 USA
 Email: vchau1@cox.net

Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 73] RFC 3821 FCIP July 2004

Full Copyright Statement

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 to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and
 except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights.
 This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
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Rajagopal, et al. Standards Track [Page 74]

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