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rfc:rfc3809

Network Working Group A. Nagarajan, Ed. Request for Comments: 3809 Juniper Networks Category: Informational June 2004

           Generic Requirements for Provider Provisioned
                 Virtual Private Networks (PPVPN)

Status of this Memo

 This memo provides information for the Internet community.  It does
 not specify an Internet standard of any kind.  Distribution of this
 memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004).

Abstract

 This document describes generic requirements for Provider Provisioned
 Virtual Private Networks (PPVPN).  The requirements are categorized
 into service requirements, provider requirements and engineering
 requirements.  These requirements are not specific to any particular
 type of PPVPN technology, but rather apply to all PPVPN technologies.
 All PPVPN technologies are expected to meet the umbrella set of
 requirements described in this document.

Nagarajan Informational [Page 1] RFC 3809 PPVPN June 2004

Table of Contents

 1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     1.1. Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     1.2. Deployment Scenarios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     1.3. Outline of this document. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
 2.  Contributing Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
 3.  Definitions and Taxonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
 4.  Service Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     4.1. Availability  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     4.2. Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.3. Traffic types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.4. Data Isolation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     4.5. Security  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
          4.5.1. User data security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
          4.5.2. Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
          4.5.3. Site authentication and authorization. . . . . . . 10
          4.5.4. Inter domain security. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     4.6. Topology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     4.7. Addressing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     4.8. Quality of Service  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     4.9. Service Level Agreement and Service Level Specification
          Monitoring and Reporting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     4.10.Network Resource Partitioning and Sharing between VPNs. . 14
 5.  Provider requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     5.1. Scalability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
          5.1.1. Service Provider Capacity Sizing Projections . . . 15
          5.1.2. VPN Scalability aspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
          5.1.3. Solution-Specific Metrics. . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     5.2. Management  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
          5.2.1. Customer Management of a VPN . . . . . . . . . . . 18
 6.  Engineering requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     6.1. Forwarding plane requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     6.2. Control plane requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
     6.3. Control Plane Containment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
     6.4. Requirements related to commonality of PPVPN mechanisms
          with each other and with generic Internet mechanisms. . . 21
     6.5. Interoperability  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
 7.  Security Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
 8.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     8.1. Normative References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     8.2. Informative References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
 9.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
 10. Editor's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
 11. Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Nagarajan Informational [Page 2] RFC 3809 PPVPN June 2004

1. Introduction

 This document is an output of the design team formed to develop
 requirements for PPVPNs in the Provider Provisioned Virtual Private
 Networks (PPVPN) working group and provides requirements that are
 generic to both Layer 2 Virtual Private Networks (L2VPN) and Layer 3
 Virtual Private Networks (L3VPN).  This document discusses generic
 PPVPN requirements categorized as service, provider and engineering
 requirements.  These are independent of any particular type of PPVPN
 technology.  In other words, all PPVPN technologies are expected to
 meet the umbrella set of requirements described in this document.
 PPVPNs may be constructed across single or multiple provider networks
 and/or Autonomous Systems (ASes).  In most cases the generic
 requirements described in this document are independent of the
 deployment scenario.  However, specific requirements that differ
 based on whether the PPVPN is deployed across single or multiple
 providers (and/or ASes) will be pointed out in the document.
 Specific requirements related to Layer 3 PPVPNs are described in
 [L3REQTS].  Similarly, requirements that are specific to layer 2
 PPVPNs are described in [L2REQTS].
 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
 document are to  be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

1.1. Problem Statement

 Corporations and other organizations have become increasingly
 dependent on their networks for telecommunications and data
 communication.  The data communication networks were originally built
 as Local Area Networks (LAN).  Over time the possibility to
 interconnect the networks on different sites has become more and more
 important.  The connectivity for corporate networks has been supplied
 by service providers, mainly as Frame Relay (FR) or Asynchronous
 Transfer Mode (ATM) connections, and more recently as Ethernet and
 IP-based tunnels.  This type of network, interconnecting a number of
 sites over a shared network infrastructure is called Virtual Private
 Network (VPN).  If the sites belong to the same organization, the VPN
 is called an Intranet.  If the sites belong to different
 organizations that share a common interest, the VPN is called an
 Extranet.
 Customers are looking for service providers to deliver data and
 telecom connectivity over one or more shared networks, with service
 level assurances in the form of security, QoS and other parameters.

Nagarajan Informational [Page 3] RFC 3809 PPVPN June 2004

 In order to provide isolation between the traffic belonging to
 different customers, mechanisms such as Layer 2 connections or Layer
 2/3 tunnels are necessary.  When the shared infrastructure is an IP
 network, the tunneling technologies that are typically used are
 IPsec, MPLS, L2TP, GRE, IP-in-IP etc.
 Traditional Internet VPNs have been based on IPsec to provide
 security over the Internet.  Service providers are now beginning to
 deploy enhanced VPN services that provide features such as service
 differentiation, traffic management, Layer 2 and Layer 3
 connectivity, etc. in addition to security.  Newer tunneling
 mechanisms have certain features that allow the service providers to
 provide these enhanced VPN services.
 The VPN solutions we define now MUST be able to accommodate the
 traditional types of VPNs as well as the enhanced services now being
 deployed.  They need to be able to run in a single service provider's
 network, as well as between a set of service providers and across the
 Internet.  In doing so the VPNs SHOULD NOT be allowed to violate
 basic Internet design principles or overload the Internet core
 routers or accelerate the growths of the Internet routing tables.
 Specifically, Internet core routers SHALL NOT be required to maintain
 VPN-related information, regardless of whether the Internet routing
 protocols are used to distribute this information or not.  In order
 to achieve this, the mechanisms used to develop various PPVPN
 solutions SHALL be as common as possible with generic Internet
 infrastructure mechanisms like discovery, signaling, routing and
 management.  At the same time, existing Internet infrastructure
 mechanisms SHALL NOT be overloaded.
 Another generic requirement from a standardization perspective is to
 limit the number of different solution approaches.  For example, for
 service providers that need to support multiple types of VPN
 services, it may be undesirable to require a completely different
 solution approach for each type of VPN service.

1.2. Deployment Scenarios

 There are three different deployment scenarios that need to be
 considered for PPVPN services:
 1. Single-provider, single-AS:  This is the least complex scenario,
    where the PPVPN service is offered across a single service
    provider network spanning a single Autonomous System.
 2. Single-provider, multi-AS: In this scenario, a single provider may
    have multiple Autonomous Systems (for e.g., a global Tier-1 ISP
    with different ASes depending on the global location, or an ISP

Nagarajan Informational [Page 4] RFC 3809 PPVPN June 2004

    that has been created by mergers and acquisitions of multiple
    networks).  This scenario involves the constrained distribution of
    routing information across multiple Autonomous Systems.
 3. Multi-provider: This scenario is the most complex, wherein trust
    negotiations need to be made across multiple service provider
    backbones in order to meet the security and service level
    agreements for the PPVPN customer.  This scenario can be
    generalized to cover the Internet, which comprises of multiple
    service provider networks.  It should be noted that customers can
    construct their own VPNs across multiple providers.  However such
    VPNs are not considered here as they would not be "Provider-
    provisioned".
 A fourth scenario, "Carrier's carrier" VPN may also be considered.
 In this scenario, a service provider (for example, a Tier 1 service
 provider) provides VPN service to another service provider (for
 example, a Tier 2 service provider), which in turn provides VPN
 service on its VPN to its customers.  In the example given above, the
 Tier 2 provider's customers are contained within the Tier 2
 provider's network, and the Tier 2 provider itself is a customer of
 the Tier 1 provider's network.  Thus, this scenario is not treated
 separately in the document, because all of the single provider
 requirements would apply equally to this case.
 It is expected that many of the generic requirements described in
 this document are independent of the three deployment scenarios
 listed above.  However, specific requirements that are indeed
 dependent on the deployment scenario will be pointed out in this
 document.

1.3. Outline of this document

 This document describes generic requirements for Provider Provisioned
 Virtual Private Networks (PPVPN).  The document contains several
 sections, with each set representing a significant aspect of PPVPN
 requirements.
 Section 2 lists authors who contributed to this document.  Section 3
 defines terminology and presents a taxonomy of PPVPN technologies.
 The taxonomy contains two broad classes, representing Layer 2 and
 Layer 3 VPNs.  Each top level VPN class contains subordinate classes.
 For example, the Layer 3 VPN class contains a subordinate class of
 PE-based Layer 3 VPNs.
 Sections 4, 5, 6 describe generic PPVPN requirements.

Nagarajan Informational [Page 5] RFC 3809 PPVPN June 2004

 The requirements are broadly classified under the following
 categories:
 1) Service requirements - Service attributes that the customer can
    observe or measure.  For example, does the service forward frames
    or route datagrams?  What security guarantees does the service
    provide?  Availability and stability are key requirements in this
    category.
 2) Provider requirements - Characteristics that Service Providers use
    to determine the cost-effectiveness of a PPVPN service.  Scaling
    and management are examples of Provider requirements.
 3) Engineering requirements - Implementation characteristics that
    make service and provider requirements achievable.  These can be
    further classified as:
    3a) Forwarding plane requirements - e.g., requirements related to
        router forwarding behavior.
    3b) Control plane requirements - e.g., requirements related to
        reachability and distribution of reachability information.
    3c) Requirements related to the commonality of PPVPN mechanisms
        with each other and with generic Internet mechanisms.

2. Contributing Authors

 This document was the combined effort of several individuals that
 were part of the Service Provider focus group whose intentions were
 to present Service Provider view on the general requirements for
 PPVPN.  A significant set of requirements were directly taken from
 previous work by the PPVPN WG to develop requirements for Layer 3
 PPVPN [L3REQTS].  The existing work in the L2 requirements area has
 also influenced the contents of this document [L2REQTS].
 Besides the editor, the following are the authors that contributed to
 this document:
    Loa Andersson (loa@pi.se)
    Ron Bonica (ronald.p.bonica@mci.com)
    Dave McDysan (dave.mcdysan@mci.com)
    Junichi Sumimoto (j.sumimoto@ntt.com)
    Muneyoshi Suzuki (suzuki.muneyoshi@lab.ntt.co.jp)
    David Meyer (dmm@1-4-5.net)
    Marco Carugi (marco.carugi@nortelnetworks.com)

Nagarajan Informational [Page 6] RFC 3809 PPVPN June 2004

    Yetik Serbest (yetik_serbest@labs.sbc.com)
    Luyuan Fang (luyuanfang@att.com)
    Javier Achirica (achirica@telefonica.net)

3. Definitions and Taxonomy

 The terminology used in this document is defined in [TERMINOLOGY].
 In addition the following terminology is used:
 Site: a geographical location with one or more users or one or more
 servers or a combination of servers and users.
 User: the end user equipment (hosts), e.g., a workstation.
                      PPVPN
        ________________|__________________
        |                                 |
     Layer 2 (L2)                     Layer 3 (L3)
  ______|_____                      ______|________
  |          |                      |             |
 PE-based   CE-based             PE-based       CE-based
  |__________|
  ______|_____
  |          |
 P2P        P2MP
 The figure above presents a taxonomy of PPVPN technologies.  PE-based
 and CE-based Layer 2 VPNs may also be further classified as point-to-
 point (P2P) or point-to-multipoint (P2MP).  It is also the intention
 of the working group to have a limited number of solutions, and this
 goal must be kept in mind when proposing solutions that meet the
 requirements specified in this document.  Definitions for CE-based
 and PE-based PPVPNs can be obtained from [L3FRAMEWORK].  Layer 2
 specific definitions can be obtained from [L2FRAMEWORK].

4. Service requirements

 These are the requirements that a customer can observe or measure, in
 order to verify if the PPVPN service that the Service Provider (SP)
 provides is satisfactory.  As mentioned before, each of these
 requirements apply equally across each of the three deployment
 scenarios unless stated otherwise.

4.1. Availability

 VPN services MUST have high availability.  VPNs that are distributed
 over several sites require connectivity to be maintained even in the
 event of network failures or degraded service.

Nagarajan Informational [Page 7] RFC 3809 PPVPN June 2004

 This can be achieved via various redundancy techniques such as:
 1. Physical Diversity
    A single site connected to multiple CEs (for CE-based PPVPNs) or
    PEs (for PE-based PPVPNs), or different POPs, or even different
    service providers.
 2. Tunnel redundancy
    Redundant tunnels may be set up between the PEs (in a PE-based
    PPVPN) or the CEs (in a CE-based PPVPN) so that if one tunnel
    fails, VPN traffic can continue to flow across the other tunnel
    that has already been set-up in advance.
    Tunnel redundancy may be provided over and above physical
    diversity.  For example, a single site may be connected to two CEs
    (for CE-based PPVPNs) or two PEs (for PE-based PPVPNs).  Tunnels
    may be set up between each of the CEs (or PEs as the case may be)
    across different sites.
    Of course, redundancy means additional resources being used, and
    consequently, management of additional resources, which would
    impact the overall scaling of the service.
    It should be noted that it is difficult to guarantee high
    availability when the VPN service is across multiple providers,
    unless there is a negotiation between the different service
    providers to maintain the service level agreement for the VPN
    customer.

4.2. Stability

 In addition to availability, VPN services MUST also be stable.
 Stability is a function of several components such as VPN routing,
 signaling and discovery mechanisms, in addition to tunnel stability.
 For example, in the case of routing, route flapping or routing loops
 MUST be avoided in order to ensure stability.  Stability of the VPN
 service is directly related to the stability of the mechanisms and
 protocols used to establish the service.  It SHOULD also be possible
 to allow network upgrades and maintenance procedures without
 impacting the VPN service.

4.3. Traffic types

 VPN services MUST support unicast (or point to point) traffic and
 SHOULD support any-to-any or point-to-multipoint traffic including
 multicast and broadcast traffic.  In the broadcast model, the network

Nagarajan Informational [Page 8] RFC 3809 PPVPN June 2004

 delivers a stream to all members of a subnetwork, regardless of their
 interest in that stream.  In the multicast model, the network
 delivers a stream to a set of destinations that have registered
 interest in the stream.  All destinations need not belong to the same
 subnetwork.  Multicast is more applicable to L3 VPNs while broadcast
 is more applicable to L2VPNs.  It is desirable to support multicast
 limited in scope to an intranet or extranet.  The solution SHOULD be
 able to support a large number of such intranet or extranet specific
 multicast groups in a scalable manner.
 All PPVPN approaches SHALL support both IPv4 and IPv6 traffic.
 Specific L2 traffic types (e.g., ATM, Frame Relay and Ethernet) SHALL
 be supported via encapsulation in IP or MPLS tunnels in the case of
 L2VPNs.

4.4. Data isolation

 The PPVPN MUST support forwarding plane isolation.  The network MUST
 never deliver user data across VPN boundaries unless the two VPNs
 participate in an intranet or extranet.
 Furthermore, if the provider network receives signaling or routing
 information from one VPN, it MUST NOT reveal that information to
 another VPN unless the two VPNs participate in an intranet or
 extranet.  It should be noted that the disclosure of any
 signaling/routing information across an extranet MUST be filtered per
 the extranet agreement between the organizations participating in the
 extranet.

4.5. Security

 A range of security features SHOULD be supported by the suite of
 PPVPN solutions in the form of securing customer flows, providing
 authentication services for temporary, remote or mobile users, and
 the need to protect service provider resources involved in supporting
 a PPVPN.  These security features SHOULD be implemented based on the
 framework outlined in [VPN-SEC].  Each PPVPN solution SHOULD state
 which security features it supports and how such features can be
 configured on a per customer basis.  Protection against Denial of
 Service (DoS) attacks is a key component of security mechanisms.
 Examples of DoS attacks include attacks to the PE or CE CPUs, access
 connection congestion, TCP SYN attacks and ping attacks.
 Some security mechanisms (such as use of IPsec on a CE-to-CE basis)
 may be equally useful regardless of the scope of the VPN.  Other
 mechanisms may be more applicable in some scopes than in others.  For
 example, in some cases of single-provider single-AS VPNs, the VPN
 service may be isolated from some forms of attack by isolating the

Nagarajan Informational [Page 9] RFC 3809 PPVPN June 2004

 infrastructure used for supporting VPNs from the infrastructure used
 for other services.  However, the requirements for security are
 common regardless of the scope of the VPN service.

4.5.1. User data security

 PPVPN solutions that support user data security SHOULD use standard
 methods (e.g., IPsec) to achieve confidentiality, integrity,
 authentication and replay attack prevention.  Such security methods
 MUST be configurable between different end points, such as CE-CE,
 PE-PE, and CE-PE.  It is also desirable to configure security on a
 per-route or per-VPN basis.  User data security using encryption is
 especially desirable in the multi-provider scenario.

4.5.2. Access control

 A PPVPN solution may also have the ability to activate the
 appropriate filtering capabilities upon request of a customer.  A
 filter provides a mechanism so that access control can be invoked at
 the point(s) of communication between different organizations
 involved in an extranet.  Access control can be implemented by a
 firewall, access control lists on routers, cryptographic mechanisms
 or similar mechanisms to apply policy-based access control.  Access
 control MUST also be applicable between CE-CE, PE-PE and CE-PE.  Such
 access control mechanisms are desirable in the multi-provider
 scenario.

4.5.3. Site authentication and authorization

 A PPVPN solution requires authentication and authorization of the
 following:
  1. temporary and permanent access for users connecting to sites

(authentication and authorization BY the site)

  1. the site itself (authentication and authorization FOR the site)

4.5.4. Inter domain security

 The VPN solution MUST have appropriate security mechanisms to prevent
 the different kinds of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks
 mentioned earlier, misconfiguration or unauthorized accesses in inter
 domain PPVPN connections.  This is particularly important for multi-
 service provider deployment scenarios.  However, this will also be
 important in single-provider multi-AS scenarios.

Nagarajan Informational [Page 10] RFC 3809 PPVPN June 2004

4.6. Topology

 A VPN SHOULD support arbitrary, customer-defined inter-site
 connectivity, ranging, for example, from hub-and-spoke, partial mesh
 to full mesh topology.  These can actually be different from the
 topology used by the service provider.  To the extent possible, a
 PPVPN service SHOULD be independent of the geographic extent of the
 deployment.
 Multiple VPNs per customer site SHOULD be supported without requiring
 additional hardware resources per VPN.  This SHOULD also include a
 free mix of L2 and L3 VPNs.
 To the extent possible, the PPVPN services SHOULD be independent of
 access network technology.

4.7. Addressing

 Each customer resource MUST be identified by an address that is
 unique within its VPN.  It need not be identified by a globally
 unique address.
 Support for private addresses as described in [RFC1918], as well as
 overlapping customer addresses SHALL be supported.  One or more VPNs
 for each customer can be built over the same infrastructure without
 requiring any of them to renumber.  The solution MUST NOT use NAT on
 the customer traffic to achieve that goal.  Interconnection of two
 networks with overlapping IP addresses is outside the scope of this
 document.
 A VPN service SHALL be capable of supporting non-IP customer
 addresses via encapsulation techniques, if it is a Layer 2 VPN (e.g.,
 Frame Relay, ATM, Ethernet).  Support for non-IP Layer 3 addresses
 may be desirable in some cases, but is beyond the scope of VPN
 solutions developed in the IETF, and therefore, this document.

4.8. Quality of Service

 A technical approach for supporting VPNs SHALL be able to support QoS
 via IETF standardized mechanisms such as Diffserv.  Support for
 best-effort traffic SHALL be mandatory for all PPVPN types.  The
 extent to which any specific VPN service will support QoS is up to
 the service provider.  In many cases single-provider single-AS VPNs
 will offer QoS guarantees.  Support of QoS guarantees in the multi-
 service-provider case will require cooperation between the various
 service providers involved in offering the service.

Nagarajan Informational [Page 11] RFC 3809 PPVPN June 2004

 It should be noted that QoS mechanisms in the multi-provider scenario
 REQUIRES each of the participating providers to support the
 mechanisms being used, and as such, this is difficult to achieve.
 Note that all cases involving QoS may require that the CE and/or PE
 perform shaping and/or policing.
 The need to provide QoS will occur primarily in the access network,
 since that will often be the bottleneck.  This is likely to occur
 since the backbone effectively statistically multiplexes many users,
 and is traffic engineered or includes capacity for restoration and
 growth.  Hence in most cases PE-PE QoS is not a major issue.  As far
 as access QoS is concerned, there are two directions of QoS
 management that may be considered in any PPVPN service regarding QoS:
  1. From the CE across the access network to the PE
  2. From the PE across the access network to CE
 PPVPN CE and PE devices SHOULD be capable of supporting QoS across at
 least the following subset of access networks, as applicable to the
 specific type of PPVPN (L2 or L3).  However, to the extent possible,
 the QoS capability of a PPVPN SHOULD be independent of the access
 network technology:
  1. ATM Virtual Connections (VCs)
  2. Frame Relay Data Link Connection Identifiers (DLCIs)
  3. 802.1d Prioritized Ethernet
  4. MPLS-based access
  5. Multilink Multiclass PPP
  6. QoS-enabled wireless (e.g., LMDS, MMDS)
  7. Cable modem
  8. QoS-enabled Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
 Different service models for QoS may be supported.  Examples of PPVPN
 QoS service models are:
  1. Managed access service: Provides QoS on the access connection

between CE and the customer facing ports of the PE. No QoS

    support is required in the provider core network in this case.
  1. Edge-to-edge QoS: Provides QoS across the provider core, either

between CE pairs or PE pairs, depending on the tunnel demarcation

    points.  This scenario requires QoS support in the provider core
    network.  As mentioned above, this is difficult to achieve in a
    multi-provider VPN offering.

Nagarajan Informational [Page 12] RFC 3809 PPVPN June 2004

4.9. Service Level Agreement and Service Level Specification Monitoring

    and Reporting
 A Service Level Specification (SLS) may be defined per access network
 connection, per VPN, per VPN site, and/or per VPN route.  The service
 provider may define objectives and the measurement interval for at
 least the SLS using the following Service Level Objective (SLO)
 parameters:
  1. QoS and traffic parameters for the Intserv flow or Diffserv class

[Y.1541]

  1. Availability for the site, VPN, or access connection
  1. Duration of outage intervals per site, route or VPN
  1. Service activation interval (e.g., time to turn up a new site)
  1. Trouble report response time interval
  1. Time to repair interval
  1. Total traffic offered to the site, route or VPN
  1. Measure of non-conforming traffic for the site, route or VPN
  1. Delay and delay variation (jitter) bounds
  1. Packet ordering, at least when transporting L2 services sensitive

to reordering (e.g., ATM).

 The above list contains items from [Y.1241], as well as other items
 typically part of SLAs for currently deployed VPN services [FRF.13].
 See [RFC3198] for generic definitions of SLS, SLA, and SLO.
 The provider network management system SHALL measure, and report as
 necessary, whether measured performance meets or fails to meet the
 above SLS objectives.
 In many cases the guaranteed levels for Service Level Objective (SLO)
 parameters may depend upon the scope of the VPN.  For example, one
 level of guarantee might be provided for service within a single AS.
 A different (generally less stringent) guarantee might be provided
 within multiple ASs within a single service provider.  At the current
 time, in most cases specific guarantees are not offered for multi-
 provider VPNs, and if guarantees were offered they might be expected
 to be less stringent still.

Nagarajan Informational [Page 13] RFC 3809 PPVPN June 2004

 The service provider and the customer may negotiate a contractual
 arrangement that includes a Service Level Agreement (SLA) regarding
 compensation if the provider does not meet an SLS performance
 objective.  Details of such compensation are outside the scope of
 this document.

4.10. Network Resource Partitioning and Sharing between VPNs

 Network resources such as memory space, FIB table, bandwidth and CPU
 processing SHALL be shared between VPNs and, where applicable, with
 non-VPN Internet traffic.  Mechanisms SHOULD be provided to prevent
 any specific VPN from taking up available network resources and
 causing others to fail.  SLAs to this effect SHOULD be provided to
 the customer.
 Similarly, resources used for control plane mechanisms are also
 shared.  When the service provider's control plane is used to
 distribute VPN specific information and provide other control
 mechanisms for VPNs, there SHALL be mechanisms to ensure that control
 plane performance is not degraded below acceptable limits when
 scaling the VPN service, or during network events such as failure,
 routing instabilities etc.  Since a service provider's network would
 also be used to provide Internet service, in addition to VPNs,
 mechanisms to ensure the stable operation of Internet services and
 other VPNs SHALL be made in order to avoid adverse effects of
 resource hogging by large VPN customers.

5. Provider requirements

 This section describes operational requirements for a cost-effective,
 profitable VPN service offering.

5.1. Scalability

 The scalability for VPN solutions has many aspects.  The list below
 is intended to comprise of the aspects that PPVPN solutions SHOULD
 address.  Clearly these aspects in absolute figures are very
 different for different types of VPNs - i.e., a point to point
 service has only two sites, while a VPLS or L3VPN may have a larger
 number of sites.  It is also important to verify that PPVPN solutions
 not only scales on the high end, but also on the low end - i.e., a
 VPN with three sites and three users should be as viable as a VPN
 with hundreds of sites and thousands of users.

Nagarajan Informational [Page 14] RFC 3809 PPVPN June 2004

5.1.1. Service Provider Capacity Sizing Projections

 A PPVPN solution SHOULD be scalable to support a very large number of
 VPNs per Service Provider network.  The estimate is that a large
 service provider will require support for O(10^4) VPNs within four
 years.
 A PPVPN solution SHOULD be scalable to support a wide range of number
 of site interfaces per VPN, depending on the size and/or structure of
 the customer organization.  The number of site interfaces SHOULD
 range from a few site interfaces to over 50,000 site interfaces per
 VPN.
 A PPVPN solution SHOULD be scalable to support of a wide range of
 number of routes per VPN.  The number of routes per VPN may range
 from just a few to the number of routes exchanged between ISPs
 (O(10^5)), with typical values being in the O(10^3) range.  The high
 end number is especially true considering the fact that many large
 ISPs may provide VPN services to smaller ISPs or large corporations.
 Typically, the number of routes per VPN is at least twice the number
 of site interfaces.
 A PPVPN solution SHOULD support high values of the frequency of
 configuration setup and change, e.g., for real-time provisioning of
 an on-demand videoconferencing VPN or addition/deletion of sites.
 Approaches SHOULD articulate scaling and performance limits for more
 complex deployment scenarios, such as single-provider multi-AS VPNs,
 multi-provider VPNs and carriers' carrier.  Approaches SHOULD also
 describe other dimensions of interest, such as capacity requirements
 or limits, number of interworking instances supported  as well as any
 scalability implications on management systems.
 A PPVPN solution SHOULD support a large number of customer interfaces
 on a single PE (for PE-based PPVPN) or CE (for CE-based PPVPN) with
 current Internet protocols.

5.1.2. VPN Scalability aspects

 This section describes the metrics for scaling PPVPN solutions,
 points out some of the scaling differences between L2 and L3 VPNs.
 It should be noted that the scaling numbers used in this document
 must be treated as typical examples as seen by the authors of this
 document.  These numbers are only representative and different
 service providers may have different requirements for scaling.
 Further discussion on service provider sizing projections is in
 Section 5.1.1.  Please note that the terms "user" and "site" are as
 defined in Section 3.  It should also be noted that the numbers given

Nagarajan Informational [Page 15] RFC 3809 PPVPN June 2004

 below would be different depending on whether the scope of the VPN is
 single-provider single-AS, single-provider multi-AS, or multi-
 provider.  Clearly, the larger the scope, the larger the numbers that
 may need to be supported.  However, this also means more management
 issues.  The numbers below may be treated as representative of the
 single-provider case.

5.1.2.1. Number of users per site

 The number of users per site follows the same logic as for users per
 VPN.  Further, it must be possible to have single user sites
 connected to the same VPN as very large sites are connected to.
 L3 VPNs SHOULD scale from 1 user per site to O(10^4) per site.  L2
 VPNs SHOULD scale from 1 user to O(10^3) per site for point-to-point
 VPNs and to O(10^4) for point-to-multipoint VPNs.

5.1.2.2. Number of sites per VPN

 The number of sites per VPN clearly depends on the number of users
 per site.  VPNs SHOULD scale from 2 to O(10^3) sites per VPN.  These
 numbers are usually limited by device memory.

5.1.2.3. Number of PEs and CEs

 The number of PEs that supports the same set of VPNs, i.e., the
 number of PEs that needs to directly exchange information on VPN de-
 multiplexing information is clearly a scaling factor in a PE-based
 VPN.  Similarly, in a CE-based VPN, the number of CEs is a scaling
 factor.  This number is driven by the type of VPN service, and also
 by whether the service is within a single AS/domain or involves a
 multi-SP or multi-AS network.  Typically, this number SHOULD be as
 low as possible in order to make the VPN cost effective and
 manageable.

5.1.2.4. Number of sites per PE

 The number of sites per PE needs to be discussed based on several
 different scenarios.  On the one hand there is a limitation to the
 number of customer facing interfaces that the PE can support.  On the
 other hand the access network may aggregate several sites connected
 on comparatively low bandwidth on to one single high bandwidth
 interface on the PE.  The scaling point here is that the PE SHOULD be
 able to support a few or even a single site on the low end and
 O(10^4) sites on the high end.  This number is also limited by device
 memory.  Implementations of PPVPN solutions may be evaluated based on
 this requirement, because it directly impacts cost and manageability
 of a VPN.

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5.1.2.5. Number of VPNs in the network

 The number of VPNs SHOULD scale linearly with the size of the access
 network and with the number of PEs.  As mentioned in Section 5.1.1,
 the number of VPNs in the network SHOULD be O(10^4).  This
 requirement also effectively places a requirement on the number of
 tunnels that SHOULD be supported in the network.  For a PE-based VPN,
 the number of tunnels is of the same order as the number of VPNs.
 For a CE-based VPN, the number of tunnels in the core network may be
 fewer, because of the possibility of tunnel aggregation or
 multiplexing across the core.

5.1.2.6. Number of VPNs per customer

 In some cases a service provider may support multiple VPNs for the
 same customer of that service provider.  For example, this may occur
 due to differences in services offered per VPN (e.g., different QoS,
 security levels, or reachability) as well as due to the presence of
 multiple workgroups per customer.  It is possible that one customer
 will run up to O(100) VPNs.

5.1.2.7. Number of addresses and address prefixes per VPN

 Since any VPN solution SHALL support private customer addresses, the
 number of addresses and address prefixes are important in evaluating
 the scaling requirements.  The number of address prefixes used in
 routing protocols and in forwarding tables specific to the VPN needs
 to scale from very few (for smaller customers) to very large numbers
 seen in typical Service Provider backbones.  The high end is
 especially true considering that many Tier 1 SPs may provide VPN
 services to Tier 2 SPs or to large corporations.  For a L2 VPN this
 number would be on the order of addresses supported in typical native
 Layer 2 backbones.

5.1.3. Solution-Specific Metrics

 Each PPVPN solution SHALL document its scalability characteristics in
 quantitative terms.  A VPN solution SHOULD quantify the amount of
 state that a PE and P device has to support.  This SHOULD be stated
 in terms of the order of magnitude of the number of VPNs and site
 interfaces supported by the service provider.  Ideally, all VPN-
 specific state SHOULD be contained in the PE device for a PE-based
 VPN.  Similarly, all VPN-specific state SHOULD be contained in the CE
 device for a CE-based VPN.  In all cases, the backbone routers (P
 devices) SHALL NOT maintain VPN-specific state as far as possible.

Nagarajan Informational [Page 17] RFC 3809 PPVPN June 2004

 Another metric is that of complexity.  In a PE-based solution the PE
 is more complex in that it has to maintain tunnel-specific
 information for each VPN, but the CE is simpler since it does not
 need to support tunnels.  On the other hand, in a CE-based solution,
 the CE is more complex since it has to implement routing across a
 number of tunnels to other CEs in the VPN, but the PE is simpler
 since it has only one routing and forwarding instance.  Thus, the
 complexity of the PE or CE SHOULD be noted in terms of their
 processing and management functions.

5.2. Management

 A service provider MUST have a means to view the topology,
 operational state, service order status, and other parameters
 associated with each customer's VPN.  Furthermore, the service
 provider MUST have a means to view the underlying logical and
 physical topology, operational state, provisioning status, and other
 parameters associated with the equipment providing the VPN service(s)
 to its customers.
 In the multi-provider scenario, it is unlikely that participating
 providers would provide each other a view to the network topology and
 other parameters mentioned above.  However, each provider MUST ensure
 via management of their own networks that the overall VPN service
 offered to the customers are properly managed.  In general the
 support of a single VPN spanning multiple service providers requires
 close cooperation between the service providers.  One aspect of this
 cooperation involves agreement on what information about the VPN will
 be visible across providers, and what network management protocols
 will be used between providers.
 VPN devices SHOULD provide standards-based management interfaces
 wherever feasible.

5.2.1. Customer Management of a VPN

 A customer SHOULD have a means to view the topology, operational
 state, service order status, and other parameters associated with his
 or her VPN.
 All aspects of management information about CE devices and customer
 attributes of a PPVPN manageable by an SP SHOULD be capable of being
 configured and maintained by the customer after being authenticated
 and authorized.
 A customer SHOULD be able to make dynamic requests for changes to
 traffic parameters.  A customer SHOULD be able to receive real-time
 response from the SP network in response to these requests.  One

Nagarajan Informational [Page 18] RFC 3809 PPVPN June 2004

 example of such as service is a "Dynamic Bandwidth management"
 capability, that enables real-time response to customer requests for
 changes of allocated bandwidth allocated to their VPN(s).  A possible
 outcome of giving customers such capabilities is Denial of Service
 attacks on other VPN customers or Internet users.  This possibility
 is documented in the Security Considerations section.

6. Engineering requirements

 These requirements are driven by implementation characteristics that
 make service and provider requirements achievable.

6.1. Forwarding plane requirements

 VPN solutions SHOULD NOT pre-suppose or preclude the use of IETF
 developed tunneling techniques such as IP-in-IP, L2TP, GRE, MPLS or
 IPsec.  The separation of VPN solution and tunnels will facilitate
 adaptability with extensions to current tunneling techniques or
 development of new tunneling techniques.  It should be noted that the
 choice of the tunneling techniques may impact the service and scaling
 capabilities of the VPN solution.
 It should also be noted that specific tunneling techniques may not be
 feasible depending on the deployment scenario.  In particular, there
 is currently very little use of MPLS in the inter-provider scenario.
 Thus, native MPLS support may be needed between the service
 providers, or it would be necessary to run MPLS over IP or GRE.  It
 should be noted that if MPLS is run over IP or GRE, some of the other
 capabilities of MPLS, such as Traffic Engineering, would be impacted.
 Also note that a service provider MAY optionally choose to use a
 different encapsulation for multi-AS VPNs than is used for single AS
 VPNs.  Similarly, a group of service providers may choose to use a
 different encapsulation for multi-service provider VPNs than for VPNs
 within a single service provider.
 For Layer 2 VPNs, solutions SHOULD utilize the encapsulation
 techniques defined by the Pseudo-Wire Emulation Edge-to-Edge (PWE3)
 Working Group, and SHOULD NOT impose any new requirements on these
 techniques.
 PPVPN solutions MUST NOT impose any restrictions on the backbone
 traffic engineering and management techniques.  Conversely, backbone
 engineering and management techniques MUST NOT affect the basic
 operation of a PPVPN, apart from influencing the SLA/SLS guarantees
 associated with the service.  The SP SHOULD, however, be REQUIRED to
 provide per-VPN management, tunnel maintenance and other maintenance
 required in order to meet the SLA/SLS.

Nagarajan Informational [Page 19] RFC 3809 PPVPN June 2004

 By definition, VPN traffic SHOULD be segregated from each other, and
 from non-VPN traffic in the network.  After all, VPNs are a means of
 dividing a physical network into several logical (virtual) networks.
 VPN traffic separation SHOULD be done in a scalable fashion.
 However, safeguards SHOULD be made available against misbehaving VPNs
 to not affect the network and other VPNs.
 A VPN solution SHOULD NOT impose any hard limit on the number of VPNs
 provided in the network.

6.2. Control plane requirements

 The plug and play feature of a VPN solution with minimum
 configuration requirements is an important consideration.  The VPN
 solutions SHOULD have mechanisms for protection against customer
 interface and/or routing instabilities so that they do not impact
 other customers' services or impact general Internet traffic handling
 in any way.
 A VPN SHOULD be provisioned with minimum number of steps.  For
 instance, a VPN need not be configured in every PE.  For this to be
 accomplished, an auto-configuration and an auto-discovery protocol,
 which SHOULD be as common as possible to all VPN solutions, SHOULD be
 defined.  However, these mechanisms SHOULD NOT adversely affect the
 cost, scalability or stability of a service by being overly complex,
 or by increasing layers in the protocol stack.
 Mechanisms to protect the SP network from effects of misconfiguration
 of VPNs SHOULD be provided.  This is especially of importance in the
 multi-provider case, where misconfiguration could possibly impact
 more than one network.

6.3. Control Plane Containment

 The PPVPN control plane MUST include a mechanism through which the
 service provider can filter PPVPN related control plane information
 as it passes between Autonomous Systems.  For example, if a service
 provider supports a PPVPN offering, but the service provider's
 neighbors do not participate in that offering, the service provider
 SHOULD NOT leak PPVPN control information into neighboring networks.
 Neighboring networks MUST be equipped with mechanisms that filter
 this information should the service provider leak it.  This is
 important in the case of multi-provider VPNs as well as single-
 provider multi-AS VPNs.

Nagarajan Informational [Page 20] RFC 3809 PPVPN June 2004

6.4. Requirements related to commonality of PPVPN mechanisms with each

    other and with generic Internet mechanisms
 As far as possible, the mechanisms used to establish a VPN service
 SHOULD re-use well-known IETF protocols, limiting the need to define
 new protocols from scratch.  It should, however, be noted that the
 use of Internet mechanisms for the establishment and running of an
 Internet-based VPN service, SHALL NOT affect the stability,
 robustness, and scalability of the Internet or Internet services.  In
 other words, these mechanisms SHOULD NOT conflict with the
 architectural principles of the Internet, nor SHOULD it put at risk
 the existing Internet systems.  For example, IETF-developed routing
 protocols SHOULD be used for routing of L3 PPVPN traffic, without
 adding VPN-specific state to the Internet core routers.  Similarly,
 well-known L2 technologies SHOULD be used in VPNs offering L2
 services, without imposing risks to the Internet routers.  A solution
 MUST be implementable without requiring additional functionality to
 the P devices in a network, and minimal functionality to the PE in a
 PE-based VPN and CE in a CE-based VPN.
 In addition to commonality with generic Internet mechanisms,
 infrastructure mechanisms used in different PPVPN solutions (both L2
 and L3), e.g., discovery, signaling, routing and management, SHOULD
 be as common as possible.

6.5. Interoperability

 Each technical solution is expected to be based on interoperable
 Internet standards.
 Multi-vendor interoperability at network element, network and service
 levels among different implementations of the same technical solution
 SHOULD be ensured (that will likely rely on the completeness of the
 corresponding standard). This is a central requirement for SPs and
 customers.
 The technical solution MUST be multi-vendor interoperable not only
 within the SP network infrastructure, but also with the customer's
 network equipment and services making usage of the PPVPN service.
 Customer access connections to a PPVPN solution may be different at
 different sites (e.g., Frame Relay on one site and Ethernet on
 another).
 Interconnection of a L2VPN over an L3VPN as if it were a customer
 site SHALL be supported.  However, interworking of Layer 2
 technologies is not required, and is outside the scope of the working
 group, and therefore, of this document.

Nagarajan Informational [Page 21] RFC 3809 PPVPN June 2004

 Inter-domain interoperability - It SHOULD be possible to deploy a
 PPVPN solution across domains, Autonomous Systems, or the Internet.

7. Security Considerations

 Security requirements for Provider Provisioned VPNs have been
 described in Section 4.5.  In addition, the following considerations
 need to be kept in mind when a provider provisioned VPN service is
 provided across a public network infrastructure that is also used to
 provide Internet connectivity.  In general, the security framework
 described in [VPN-SEC] SHOULD be used as far as it is applicable to
 the given type of PPVPN service.
 The PE device has a lot of functionality required for the successful
 operation of the VPN service.  The PE device is frequently also part
 of the backbone providing Internet services, and is therefore
 susceptible to security and denial of service attacks.  The PE
 control plane CPU is vulnerable from this point of view, and it may
 impact not only VPN services but also general Internet services if
 not adequately protected.  In addition to VPN configuration, if
 mechanisms such as QoS are provisioned on the PE, it is possible for
 attackers to recognize the highest priority traffic or customers and
 launch directed attacks.  Care SHOULD be taken to prevent such
 attacks whenever any value added services such as QoS are offered.
 When a service such as "Dynamic Bandwidth Management" as described in
 Section 5.2.1 is provided, it allows customers to dynamically request
 for changes to their bandwidth allocation.  The provider MUST take
 care to authenticate such requests and detect and prevent possible
 Denial-of-Service attacks.  These DoS attacks are possible when a
 customer maliciously or accidentally may cause a change in bandwidth
 allocation that may impact the bandwidth allocated to other VPN
 customers or Internet users.
 Different choices of VPN technology have different assurance levels
 of the privacy of a customer's network.  For example, CE-based
 solutions may enjoy more privacy than PE-based VPNs by virtue of
 tunnels extending from CE to CE, even if the tunnels are not
 encrypted.  In a PE-based VPN, a PE has many more sites than those
 attached to a CE in a CE-based VPN.  A large number of these sites
 may use [RFC1918] addresses.  Provisioning mistakes and PE software
 bugs may make traffic more prone to being misdirected as opposed to a
 CE-based VPN.  Care MUST be taken to prevent misconfiguration in all
 kinds of PPVPNs, but more care MUST be taken in the case of PE-based
 VPNs, as this could impact other customers and Internet services.
 Similarly, there SHOULD be mechanisms to prevent the flooding of

Nagarajan Informational [Page 22] RFC 3809 PPVPN June 2004

 Internet routing tables whenever there is a misconfiguration or
 failure of PPVPN control mechanisms that use Internet routing
 protocols for relay of VPN-specific information.
 Different deployment scenarios also dictate the level of security
 that may be needed for a VPN.  For example, it is easier to control
 security in a single provider, single AS VPN and therefore, expensive
 encryption techniques may not be used in this case, as long as VPN
 traffic is isolated from the Internet.  There is a reasonable amount
 of control possible in the single provider, multi AS case, although
 care SHOULD be taken to ensure the constrained distribution of VPN
 route information across the ASes.  Security is more of a challenge
 in the multi-provider case, where it may be necessary to adopt
 encryption techniques in order to provide the highest level of
 security.

8. References

8.1. Normative References

 [RFC2119]     Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
               Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

8.2. Informative References

 [TERMINOLOGY] Andersson, L., Madsen, T., "Terminology for Provider
               Provisioned Virtual Private Networks", Work in
               Progress.
 [L3FRAMEWORK] Callon, R., Suzuki, M., et al. "A Framework for Layer 3
               Provider Provisioned Virtual Private Networks", Work in
               Progress, March 2003.
 [L2FRAMEWORK] Andersson, L., et al. "Framework for Layer 2 Virtual
               Private Networks (L2VPNs)", Work in Progress, March
               2004.
 [L3REQTS]     Carugi, M., McDysan, D. et al., "Service Requirements
               for Layer 3 Provider Provisioned Virtual Private
               Networks", Work in Progress, April 2003.
 [L2REQTS]     Augustyn, W., Serbest, Y., et al., "Service
               Requirements for Layer 2 Provider Provisioned Virtual
               Private Networks", Work in Progress, April 2003.

Nagarajan Informational [Page 23] RFC 3809 PPVPN June 2004

 [Y.1241]      "IP Transfer Capability for the support of IP based
               Services", Y.1241 ITU-T Draft Recommendation, March
               2000.
 [RFC1918]     Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, B., Karrenberg, D., de Groot,
               G. and E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private
               Internets", BCP 5, RFC 1918, February 1996.
 [RFC3198]     Westerinen, A., Schnizlein, J., Strassner, J.,
               Scherling, M., Quinn, B., Herzog, S., Huynh, A.,
               Carlson, M., Perry, J. and S. Waldbusser, "Terminology
               for Policy-Based Management", RFC 3198, November 2001.
 [VPN-SEC]     Fang, L., et al., "Security Framework for Provider
               Provisioned Virtual Private Networks", Work in
               Progress, February 2004.
 [FRF.13]      Frame Relay Forum, "Service Level Definitions
               Implementation Agreement", August 1998.
 [Y.1541]      "Network Performance Objectives for IP-based Services",
               Y.1541, ITU-T Recommendation.

9. Acknowledgements

 This work was done in consultation with the entire design team for
 PPVPN requirements.  A lot of the text was adapted from the Layer 3
 requirements document produced by the Layer 3 requirements design
 team.  The authors would also like to acknowledge the constructive
 feedback from Scott Bradner, Alex Zinin, Steve Bellovin, Thomas
 Narten and other IESG members, and the detailed comments from Ross
 Callon.

10. Editor's Address

 Ananth Nagarajan
 Juniper Networks
 EMail: ananth@juniper.net

Nagarajan Informational [Page 24] RFC 3809 PPVPN June 2004

11. Full Copyright Statement

 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004).  This document is subject
 to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and
 except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights.
 This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
 "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS
 OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET
 ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
 INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE
 INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
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Acknowledgement

 Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
 Internet Society.

Nagarajan Informational [Page 25]

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