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rfc:rfc3776

Network Working Group J. Arkko Request for Comments: 3776 Ericsson Category: Standards Track V. Devarapalli

                                                 Nokia Research Center
                                                             F. Dupont
                                                     GET/ENST Bretagne
                                                             June 2004
       Using IPsec to Protect Mobile IPv6 Signaling Between
                    Mobile Nodes and Home Agents

Status of this Memo

 This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
 Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
 improvements.  Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
 Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
 and status of this protocol.  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004).

Abstract

 Mobile IPv6 uses IPsec to protect signaling between the home agent
 and the mobile node.  Mobile IPv6 base document defines the main
 requirements these nodes must follow.  This document discusses these
 requirements in more depth, illustrates the used packet formats,
 describes suitable configuration procedures, and shows how
 implementations can process the packets in the right order.

Table of Contents

 1.    Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
 2.    Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
 3.    Packet Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
       3.1   Binding Updates and Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . .  5
       3.2   Return Routability Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
       3.3   Prefix Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
       3.4   Payload Packets  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
 4.    Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
       4.1   Mandatory Support  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
       4.2   Policy Requirements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
       4.3   IPsec Protocol Processing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
       4.4   Dynamic Keying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
 5.    Example Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 1] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

       5.1   Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
       5.2   Manual Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
             5.2.1 Binding Updates and Acknowledgements . . . . . . 18
             5.2.2 Return Routability Signaling . . . . . . . . . . 19
             5.2.3 Prefix Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
             5.2.4 Payload Packets  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
       5.3   Dynamic Keying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
             5.3.1 Binding Updates and Acknowledgements . . . . . . 22
             5.3.2 Return Routability Signaling . . . . . . . . . . 23
             5.3.3 Prefix Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
             5.3.4 Payload Packets  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
 6.    Processing Steps within a Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
       6.1   Binding Update to the Home Agent . . . . . . . . . . . 25
       6.2   Binding Update from the Mobile Node  . . . . . . . . . 26
       6.3   Binding Acknowledgement to the Mobile Node . . . . . . 27
       6.4   Binding Acknowledgement from the Home Agent  . . . . . 28
       6.5   Home Test Init to the Home Agent . . . . . . . . . . . 29
       6.6   Home Test Init from the Mobile Node  . . . . . . . . . 30
       6.7   Home Test to the Mobile Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
       6.8   Home Test from the Home Agent  . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
       6.9   Prefix Solicitation Message to the Home Agent  . . . . 31
       6.10  Prefix Solicitation Message from the Mobile Node . . . 31
       6.11  Prefix Advertisement Message to the Mobile Node  . . . 32
       6.12  Prefix Advertisement Message from the Home Agent . . . 32
       6.13  Payload Packet to the Home Agent . . . . . . . . . . . 32
       6.14  Payload Packet from the Mobile Node  . . . . . . . . . 32
       6.15  Payload Packet to the Mobile Node  . . . . . . . . . . 32
       6.16  Payload Packet from the Home Agent . . . . . . . . . . 32
       6.17  Establishing New Security Associations . . . . . . . . 32
       6.18  Rekeying Security Associations . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
       6.19  Movements and Dynamic Keying . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
 7.    Implementation Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
       7.1   IPsec  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
       7.2   IKE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
       7.3   Bump-in-the-Stack  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
 8.    IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
 9.    Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
 10    References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
       10.1  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
       10.2  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
 11.   Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
 12.   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
 13.   Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 2] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

1. Introduction

 This document illustrates the use of IPsec in securing Mobile IPv6
 [7] traffic between mobile nodes and home agents.  In Mobile IPv6, a
 mobile node is always expected to be addressable at its home address,
 whether it is currently attached to its home link or is away from
 home.  The "home address" is an IP address assigned to the mobile
 node within its home subnet prefix on its home link.  While a mobile
 node is at home, packets addressed to its home address are routed to
 the mobile node's home link.
 While a mobile node is attached to some foreign link away from home,
 it is also addressable at a care-of address.  A care-of address is an
 IP address associated with a mobile node that has a subnet prefix
 from a particular foreign link.  The association between a mobile
 node's home address and care-of address is known as a "binding" for
 the mobile node.  While away from home, a mobile node registers its
 primary care-of address with a router on its home link, requesting
 this router to function as the "home agent" for the mobile node.  The
 mobile node performs this binding registration by sending a "Binding
 Update" message to the home agent.  The home agent replies to the
 mobile node by returning a "Binding Acknowledgement" message.
 Any other nodes communicating with a mobile node are referred to as
 "correspondent nodes".  Mobile nodes can provide information about
 their current location to correspondent nodes, again using Binding
 Updates and Acknowledgements.  Additionally, return routability test
 is performed between the mobile node, home agent, and the
 correspondent node in order to authorize the establishment of the
 binding.  Packets between the mobile node and the correspondent node
 are either tunneled via the home agent, or sent directly if a binding
 exists in the correspondent node for the current location of the
 mobile node.
 Mobile IPv6 tunnels payload packets between the mobile node and the
 home agent in both directions.  This tunneling uses IPv6
 encapsulation [6].  Where these tunnels need to be secured, they are
 replaced by IPsec tunnels [2].
 Mobile IPv6 also provides support for the reconfiguration of the home
 network.  Here, the home subnet prefixes may change over time.
 Mobile nodes can learn new information about home subnet prefixes
 through the "prefix discovery" mechanism.
 This document discusses security mechanisms for the control traffic
 between the mobile node and the home agent.  If this traffic is not
 protected, mobile nodes and correspondent nodes are vulnerable to
 man-in-the-middle, hijacking, passive wiretapping, impersonation, and

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 3] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

 denial-of-service attacks.  Any third parties are also vulnerable to
 denial-of-service attacks, for instance if an attacker could direct
 the traffic flowing through the home agent to a innocent third party.
 These attacks are discussed in more detail in Section 15.1 of the
 Mobile IPv6 base specification [7].
 In order to avoid these attacks, the base specification uses IPsec
 Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) [3] to protect control traffic
 between the home agent and the mobile node.  This control traffic
 consists of various messages carried by the Mobility Header protocol
 in IPv6 [5].  The traffic takes the following forms:
 o  Binding Update and Acknowledgement messages exchanged between the
    mobile node and the home agent, as described in Sections 10.3.1,
    10.3.2, 11.7.1, and 11.7.3 of the base specification [7].
 o  Return routability messages Home Test Init and Home Test that pass
    through the home agent on their way to a correspondent node, as
    described in Section 10.4.6 of the base specification [7].
 o  ICMPv6 messages exchanged between the mobile node and the home
    agent for the purposes of prefix discovery, as described in
    Sections 10.6 and 11.4 of the base specification [7].
 The nodes may also optionally protect payload traffic passing through
 the home agent, as described in Section 5.5 of the base specification
 [7].  If multicast group membership control protocols or stateful
 address autoconfiguration protocols are supported, payload data
 protection support is required.
 The control traffic between the mobile node and the home agent
 requires message authentication, integrity, correct ordering and
 anti-replay protection.  The mobile node and the home agent must have
 an IPsec security association to protect this traffic.  IPsec does
 not proving correct ordering of messages.  Correct ordering of the
 control traffic is ensured by a sequence number in the Binding Update
 and Binding Acknowledgement messages.  The sequence number in the
 Binding Updates also provides protection to a certain extent.  It
 fails in some scenarios, for example, if the Home Agent loses the
 Binding Cache state.  Full protection against replay attacks is
 possible only when IKE is used.
 Great care is needed when using IKE [4] to establish security
 associations to Mobile IPv6 home agents.  The right kind of addresses
 must be used for transporting IKE.  This is necessary to avoid
 circular dependencies in which the use of a Binding Update triggers
 the need for an IKE exchange that cannot complete prior to the
 Binding Update having been completed.

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 4] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

 The mobile IPv6 base document defines the main requirements the
 mobile nodes and home agents must follow when securing the above
 traffic.  This document discusses these requirements in more depth,
 illustrates the used packet formats, describes suitable configuration
 procedures, and shows how implementations can process the packets in
 the right order.
 We begin our description by showing the required wire formats for the
 protected packets in Section 3.  Section 4 describes rules which
 associated Mobile IPv6, IPsec, and IKE implementations must observe.
 Section 5 discusses how to configure either manually keyed IPsec
 security associations or how to configure IKE to establish them
 automatically.  Section 6 shows examples of how packets are processed
 within the nodes.
 All implementations of Mobile IPv6 mobile node and home agent MUST
 support at least the formats described in Section 3 and obey the
 rules in Section 4.
 The configuration and processing sections are informative, and should
 only be considered as one possible way of providing the required
 functionality.
 Note that where this document indicates a feature MUST be supported
 and SHOULD be used, this implies that all implementations must be
 capable of using the specified feature, but there may be cases where,
 for instance, a configuration option disables to use of the feature
 in a particular situation.

2. Terminology

 The keywords "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
 document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [1].

3. Packet Formats

3.1. Binding Updates and Acknowledgements

 When the mobile node is away from its home, the BUs sent by it to the
 home agent MUST support at least the following headers in the
 following order:
    IPv6 header (source = care-of address,
                 destination = home agent)
    Destination Options header
       Home Address option (home address)
    ESP header in transport mode

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 5] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

    Mobility header
       Binding Update
          Alternate Care-of Address option (care-of address)
 Note that the Alternate Care-of Address option is used to ensure that
 the care-of address is protected by ESP.  The home agent considers
 the address within this option as the current care-of address for the
 mobile node.  The home address is not protected by ESP directly, but
 the use of a specific home address with a specific security
 association is required by policy.
 The Binding Acknowledgements sent back to the mobile node when it is
 away from home MUST support at least the following headers in the
 following order:
    IPv6 header (source = home agent,
                 destination = care-of address)
    Routing header (type 2)
       home address
    ESP header in transport mode
    Mobility header
       Binding Acknowledgement
 When the mobile node is at home, the above rules are different as the
 mobile node can use its home address as a source address.  This
 typically happens for the de-registration Binding Update when the
 mobile is returning home.  In this situation, the Binding Updates
 MUST support at least the following headers in the following order:
    IPv6 header (source = home address,
                 destination = home agent)
    ESP header in transport mode
    Mobility header
       Binding Update
 The Binding Acknowledgement messages sent to the home address MUST
 support at least the following headers in the following order:
    IPv6 header (source = home agent,
                 destination = home address)
    ESP header in transport mode
    Mobility header
       Binding Acknowledgement

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 6] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

3.2. Return Routability Signaling

 When the Home Test Init messages tunneled to the home agent are
 protected by IPsec, they MUST support at least the following headers
 in the following order:
    IPv6 header (source = care-of address,
                 destination = home agent)
    ESP header in tunnel mode
    IPv6 header (source = home address,
                 destination = correspondent node)
    Mobility Header
       Home Test Init
 This format assumes that the mobile node's current care-of address is
 used as the outer header destination address in the security
 association.  As discussed in Section 4.3, this requires the home
 agent to update the destination address when the mobile node moves.
 Policy entries and security association selectors stay the same,
 however, as the inner packets do not change upon movements.
 Note that there are trade-offs in using care-of addresses as the
 destination addresses versus using the home address and attaching an
 additional Home Address destination option and/or Routing header to
 the packets.  The basis for requiring support for at least the
 care-of address case has been discussed in Section 7.
 Similarly, when the Home Test messages tunneled from the home agent
 are protected by IPsec, they MUST support at least the following
 headers in the following order:
    IPv6 header (source = home agent,
                 destination = care-of address)
    ESP header in tunnel mode
    IPv6 header (source = correspondent node,
                 destination = home address)
    Mobility Header
       Home Test
 The format used to protect return routability packets relies on the
 destination of the tunnel packets to change for the mobile node as it
 moves.  The home agent's address stays the same, but the mobile
 node's address changes upon movements, as if the security
 association's outer header destination address had changed.  When the
 mobile node adopts a new care-of address, it adopts also a new source
 address for outgoing tunnel packets.  The home agent accepts packets
 sent like this, as the outer source address in tunnel packets is not
 checked according to the rules in RFC 2401.  (We note, however, that

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 7] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

 some implementations are known to make source address checks.) For a
 discussion of the role of source addresses in outer tunnel headers,
 see Section 5.1.2.1 of RFC 2401 [2].  Note also that the home agent
 requires the packets to be authenticated regardless of the source
 address change, hence the "new" sender must possess the same keys for
 the security association as it had in the previous location.  This
 proves that the sender is the same entity, regardless of the changes
 in the addresses.
 The process is more complicated in the home agent side, as the home
 agent has stored the previous care-of address in its Security
 Association Database as the outer header destination address.  When
 IKE is being used, the mobile node runs it on top of its current
 care-of address, and the resulting tunnel-mode security associations
 will use the same addresses as IKE run over.  In order for the home
 agent to be able to tunnel a Home Test message to the mobile node, it
 uses the current care-of address as the destination of the tunnel
 packets, as if the home agent had modified the outer header
 destination address in the security association used for this
 protection.  This implies that the same security association can be
 used in multiple locations, and no new configuration or
 re-establishment of IKE phases is needed per movement.  Section 5.2.2
 discusses the security policy and security association database
 entries that are needed to accomplish this.

3.3. Prefix Discovery

 If IPsec is used to protect prefix discovery, requests for prefixes
 from the mobile node to the home agent MUST support at least the
 following headers in the following order.
    IPv6 header (source = care-of address,
                 destination = home agent)
    Destination Options header
       Home Address option (home address)
    ESP header in transport mode
    ICMPv6
       Mobile Prefix Solicitation
 Again if IPsec is used, solicited and unsolicited prefix information
 advertisements from the home agent to the mobile node MUST support at
 least the following headers in the following order.
    IPv6 header (source = home agent,
                 destination = care-of address)
    Routing header (type 2)
       home address
    ESP header in transport mode

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 8] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

    ICMPv6
       Mobile Prefix Advertisement

3.4. Payload Packets

 If IPsec is used to protect payload packets tunneled to the home
 agent from the mobile node, we use a format similar to the one in
 Section 3.2.  However, instead of the MobilityHeader, these packets
 may contain any legal IPv6 protocol(s):
    IPv6 header (source = care-of address,
                 destination = home agent)
    ESP header in tunnel mode
    IPv6 header (source = home address,
                 destination = correspondent node)
    Any protocol
 Similarly, when the payload packets are tunneled from the home agent
 to the mobile node with ESP encapsulation, they MUST support at least
 the following headers in the following order:
    IPv6 header (source = home agent,
                 destination = care-of address)
    ESP header in tunnel mode
    IPv6 header (source = correspondent node,
                 destination = home address)
    Any protocol

4. Requirements

 This section describes mandatory rules for all Mobile IPv6 mobile
 nodes and home agents.  These rules are necessary in order for it to
 be possible to enable IPsec communications despite movements,
 guarantee sufficient security, and to ensure correct processing order
 of packets.
 The rules in the following sections apply only to the communications
 between home agents and mobile nodes.  They should not be taken as
 requirements on how IPsec in general is used by mobile nodes.

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 9] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

4.1. Mandatory Support

 The following requirements apply to both home agents and mobile
 nodes:
 o  Manual configuration of IPsec security associations MUST be
    supported.  The configuration of the keys is expected to take
    place out-of-band, for instance at the time the mobile node is
    configured to use its home agent.
 o  Automatic key management with IKE [4] MAY be supported.  Only
    IKEv1 is discussed in this document.  Other automatic key
    management mechanisms exist and will appear beyond IKEv1, but this
    document does not address the issues related to them.
 o  ESP encapsulation of Binding Updates and Acknowledgements between
    the mobile node and home agent MUST be supported and MUST be used.
 o  ESP encapsulation of the Home Test Init and Home Test messages
    tunneled between the mobile node and home agent MUST be supported
    and SHOULD be used.
 o  ESP encapsulation of the ICMPv6 messages related to prefix
    discovery MUST be supported and SHOULD be used.
 o  ESP encapsulation of the payload packets tunneled between the
    mobile node and home agent MAY be supported and used.
 o  If multicast group membership control protocols or stateful
    address autoconfiguration protocols are supported, payload data
    protection MUST be supported for those protocols.

4.2. Policy Requirements

 The following requirements apply to both home agents and mobile
 nodes:
 o  As required in the base specification [7], when a packet destined
    to the receiving node is matched against IPsec security policy or
    selectors of a security association, an address appearing in a
    Home Address destination option is considered as the source
    address of the packet.
    Note that the home address option appears before IPsec headers.
    Section 11.3.2 of the base specification describes one possible
    implementation approach for this: The IPsec policy operations can
    be performed at the time when the packet has not yet been modified
    per Mobile IPv6 rules, or has been brought back to its normal form

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 10] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

    after Mobile IPv6 processing.  That is, the processing of the Home
    Address option is seen as a fixed transformation of the packets
    that does not affect IPsec processing.
 o  Similarly, a home address within a Type 2 Routing header destined
    to the receiving node is considered as the destination address of
    the packet, when a packet is matched against IPsec security policy
    or selectors of a security association.
    Similar implementation considers apply to the Routing header
    processing as was described above for the Home Address destination
    option.
 o  When IPsec is used to protect return routability signaling or
    payload packets, this protection MUST only be applied to the
    return routability packets entering the IPv6 encapsulated tunnel
    interface between the mobile node and the home agent.  This can be
    achieved, for instance, by defining the security policy database
    entries specifically for the tunnel interface.  That is, the
    policy entries are not generally applied on all traffic on the
    physical interface(s) of the nodes, but rather only on traffic
    that enters this tunnel.
 o  The authentication of mobile nodes MAY be based either on machine
    or user credentials.  Note that multi-user operating systems
    typically allow all users of a node to use any of the IP addresses
    assigned to the node.  This limits the capability of the home
    agent to restrict the use of a home address to a particular user
    in such environment.  Where user credentials are applied in a
    multi-user environment, the configuration should authorize all
    users of the node to control all home addresses assigned to the
    node.
 o  When the mobile node returns home and de-registers with the Home
    Agent, the tunnel between the home agent and the mobile node's
    care-of address is torn down.  The security policy entries, which
    were used for protecting tunneled traffic between the mobile node
    and the home agent MUST be made inactive (for instance, by
    removing them and installing them back later through an API).  The
    corresponding security associations could be kept as they are or
    deleted depending on how they were created.  If the security
    associations were created dynamically using IKE, they are
    automatically deleted when they expire.  If the security
    associations were created through manual configuration, they MUST
    be retained and used later when the mobile node moves away from
    home again.  The security associations protecting Binding Updates
    and Acknowledgements, and prefix discovery SHOULD NOT be deleted
    as they do not depend on care-of addresses and can be used again.

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 11] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

 The following rules apply to mobile nodes:
 o  The mobile node MUST use the Home Address destination option in
    Binding Updates and Mobile Prefix Solicitations, sent to the home
    agent from a care-of address.
 o  When the mobile node receives a changed set of prefixes from the
    home agent during prefix discovery, there is a need to configure
    new security policy entries, and there may be a need to configure
    new security associations.  It is outside the scope of this
    specification to discuss automatic methods for this.
 The following rules apply to home agents:
 o  The home agent MUST use the Type 2 Routing header in Binding
    Acknowledgements and Mobile Prefix Advertisements sent to the
    mobile node, again due to the need to have the home address
    visible when the policy checks are made.
 o  It is necessary to avoid the possibility that a mobile node could
    use its security association to send a Binding Update on behalf of
    another mobile node using the same home agent.  In order to do
    this, the security policy database entries MUST unequivocally
    identify a single security association for protecting Binding
    Updates between any given home address and home agent when
    manually keyed IPsec security associations are used.  When dynamic
    keying is used, the security policy database entries MUST
    unequivocally identify the IKE phase 1 credentials which can be
    used to authorize the creation of security associations for
    protecting Binding Updates for a particular home address.  How
    these mappings are maintained is outside the scope of this
    specification, but they may be maintained, for instance, as a
    locally administered table in the home agent.  If the phase 1
    identity is a Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN), secure forms of
    DNS may also be used.
 o  When the set of prefixes advertised by the home agent changes,
    there is a need to configure new security policy entries, and
    there may be a need to configure new security associations.  It is
    outside the scope of this specification to discuss automatic
    methods for this, if new home addresses are required.

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 12] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

4.3. IPsec Protocol Processing

 The following requirements apply to both home agents and mobile
 nodes:
 o  When securing Binding Updates, Binding Acknowledgements, and
    prefix discovery, both the mobile nodes and the home agents MUST
    support and SHOULD use the Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
    [3] header in transport mode and MUST use a non-null payload
    authentication algorithm to provide data origin authentication,
    connectionless integrity and optional anti-replay protection.
    Mandatory support for encryption and integrity protection
    algorithms is as defined in RFC 2401 [2], RFC 2402 [8], and RFC
    2406 [3].  Care is needed when selecting suitable encryption
    algorithms for ESP, however.  Currently available integrity
    protection algorithms are in general considered to be secure.  The
    encryption algorithm, DES, mandated by the current IPsec standards
    is not, however.  This is particularly problematic when IPsec
    security associations are configured manually, as the same key is
    used for a long time.
 o  Tunnel mode IPsec ESP MUST be supported and SHOULD be used for the
    protection of packets belonging to the return routability
    procedure.  A non-null encryption transform and a non-null
    authentication algorithm MUST be applied.
    Note that the return routability procedure involves two message
    exchanges from the mobile node to the correspondent node.  The
    purpose of these exchanges is to assure that the mobile node is
    live at the claimed home and care-of addresses.  One of the
    exchanges is sent directly to and from the correspondent node,
    while another one is tunneled through the home agent.  If an
    attacker is on the mobile node's link and the mobile node's
    current link is an unprotected wireless link, the attacker would
    able to see both sets of messages, and launch attacks based on it
    (these attacks are discussed further in Section 15.4 of the base
    specification [7].)  One can prevent the attack by making sure
    that the packets tunneled through the home agent are encrypted.
    Note that this specification concerns itself only with on-the-wire
    formats, and does not dictate specific implementations mechanisms.
    In the case of IPsec tunnel mode, the use of IP-in-IP
    encapsulation followed by IPsec transport mode encapsulation may
    also be possible.

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 13] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

 The following rules apply to mobile nodes:
 o  When ESP is used to protect Binding Updates, there is no
    protection for the care-of address which appears in the IPv6
    header outside the area protected by ESP.  It is important for the
    home agent to verify that the care-of address has not been
    tampered with.  As a result, the attacker would have redirected
    the mobile node's traffic to another address.  In order to prevent
    this, Mobile IPv6 implementations MUST use the Alternate Care-of
    Address mobility option in Binding Updates sent by mobile nodes
    while away from home.  The exception to this is when the mobile
    node returns home and sends a Binding Update to the home agent in
    order to de-register.  In this case no Alternate Care-of Address
    option is needed, as described in Section 3.1.
    When IPsec is used to protect return routability signaling or
    payload packets, the mobile node MUST set the source address it
    uses for the outgoing tunnel packets to the current primary care-
    of address.  The mobile node starts to use a new primary care-of
    address immediately after sending a Binding Update to the home
    agent to register this new address.  Similarly, it starts to use
    the new address as the required destination address of tunneled
    packets received from the home agent.
 The following rules apply to home agents:
 o  When IPsec is used to protect return routability signaling or
    payload packets, IPsec security associations are needed to provide
    this protection.  When the care-of address for the mobile node
    changes as a result of an accepted Binding Update, special
    treatment is needed for the next packets sent using these security
    associations.  The home agent MUST set the new care-of address as
    the destination address of these packets, as if the outer header
    destination address in the security association had changed.
    Similarly, the home agent starts to expect the new source address
    in the tunnel packets received from the mobile node.
    Such address changes can be implemented, for instance, through an
    API from the Mobile IPv6 implementation to the IPsec
    implementation.  It should be noted that the use of such an API
    and the address changes MUST only be done based on the Binding
    Updates received by the home agent and protected by the use of
    IPsec.  Address modifications based on other sources, such as
    Binding Updates to the correspondent nodes protected by return
    routability, or open access to an API from any application may
    result in security vulnerabilities.

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 14] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

4.4. Dynamic Keying

 The following requirements apply to both home agents and mobile
 nodes:
 o  If anti-replay protection is required, dynamic keying MUST be
    used.  IPsec can provide anti-replay protection only if dynamic
    keying is used (which may not always be the case).  IPsec also
    does not guarantee correct ordering of packets, only that they
    have not been replayed.  Because of this, sequence numbers within
    the Mobile IPv6 messages are used to ensure correct ordering.
    However, if the 16 bit Mobile IPv6 sequence number space is cycled
    through, or the home agent reboots and loses its state regarding
    the sequence numbers, replay and reordering attacks become
    possible.  The use of dynamic keying, IPsec anti-replay
    protection, and the Mobile IPv6 sequence numbers can together
    prevent such attacks.
 o  If IKE version 1 is used with preshared secrets in main mode, it
    determines the shared secret to use from the IP address of the
    peer.  With Mobile IPv6, however, this may be a care-of address
    and does not indicate which mobile node attempts to contact the
    home agent.  Therefore, if preshared secret authentication is used
    in IKEv1 between the mobile node and the home agent then
    aggressive mode MUST be used.  Note also that care needs to be
    taken with phase 1 identity selection.  Where the ID_IPV6_ADDR
    Identity Payloads is used, unambiguous mapping of identities to
    keys is not possible.  (The next version of IKE may not have these
    limitations.)
 Note that the difficulties with main mode and preshared secrets in
 IKE version 1 are well known for dynamic addresses.  With static
 addresses, there has not been a problem.  With Mobile IPv6, however,
 the use of the care-of addresses to run IKE to the home agent
 presents a problem even when the home address stays stable.  Further
 discussion about the use of care-of addresses in this way appears in
 Section 7.
 The following rules apply to mobile nodes:
 o  In addition to the rules above, if dynamic keying is used, the key
    management protocol MUST use the care-of address as the source
    address in the protocol exchanges with the mobile node's home
    agent.

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 15] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

 o  However, the IPsec security associations with the mobile node's
    home agent use home addresses.  That is, the IPsec security
    associations MUST be requested from the key management protocol
    using the home address of the mobile node as the client identity.
    The security associations for protecting Binding Updates and
    Acknowledgements are requested for the Mobility header protocol in
    transport mode and for specific IP addresses as endpoints.  No
    other selectors are used.  Similarly, the security associations
    for protecting prefix discovery are requested for the ICMPv6
    protocol and the specific IP addresses, again without other
    selectors.  Security associations for payload and return
    routability protection are requested for a specific tunnel
    interface and either the payload protocol or the Mobility header
    protocol, in tunnel mode.  In this case one requested endpoint is
    an IP address and the other one is a wildcard, and there are no
    other selectors.
 o  If the mobile node has used IKE version 1 to establish security
    associations with its home agent, it should follow the procedures
    discussed in Section 11.7.1 and 11.7.3 of the base specification
    [7] to determine whether the IKE endpoints can be moved or if IKE
    phase 1 has to be re-established.
 The following rules apply to home agents:
 o  If the home agent has used IKE version 1 to establish security
    associations with the mobile node, it should follow the procedures
    discussed in Section 10.3.1 and 10.3.2 of the base specification
    [7] to determine whether the IKE endpoints can be moved or if IKE
    phase 1 has to be re-established.

5. Example Configurations

 In the following we describe the Security Policy Database (SPD) and
 Security Association Database (SAD) entries necessary to protect
 Binding Updates and Binding Acknowledgements exchanged between the
 mobile node and the home agent.
 Section 5.1 introduces the format we use in the description of the
 SPD and the SAD.  Section 5.2 describes how to configure manually
 keyed IPsec security associations without dynamic keying, and Section
 5.3 describes how to use dynamic keying.

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 16] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

5.1. Format

 The format used in the examples is as follows.  The SPD description
 has the format
   <node> "SPD OUT:"
     "-" <spdentry>
     "-" <spdentry>
     ...
     "-" <spdentry>
   <node> "SPD IN:"
     "-" <spdentry>
     "-" <spdentry>
     ...
     "-" <spdentry>
 Where <node> represents the name of the node, and <spdentry> has the
 following format:
   "IF" <condition> "THEN USE SA " <sa> |
   "IF" <condition> "THEN USE SA " <pattern> |
 Where <condition> is a boolean expression about the fields of the
 IPv6 packet, <sa> is the name of a specific security association, and
 <pattern> is a specification for a security association to be
 negotiated via IKE [4].  The SAD description has the format
   <node> "SAD:"
     "-" <sadentry>
     "-" <sadentry>
     ...
     "-" <sadentry>
 Where <node> represents the name of the node, and <sadentry> has the
 following format:
   <sa> "(" <dir> ","
            <spi> ","
            <destination> ","
            <ipsec-proto> ","
            <mode> ")" ":"
        <rule>

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 17] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

 Where <dir> is "IN" or "OUT", <spi> is the SPI of the security
 association, <destination> is its destination, <ipsec-proto> is in
 our case "ESP", <mode> is either "TUNNEL" or "TRANSPORT", and <rule>
 is an expression which describes the IPsec selectors, i.e., which
 fields of the IPv6 packet must have which values.
 We will be using an example mobile node in this section with the home
 address "home_address_1".  The user's identity in this mobile node is
 "user_1".  The home agent's address is "home_agent_1".

5.2. Manual Configuration

5.2.1. Binding Updates and Acknowledgements

 Here are the contents of the SPD and SAD for protecting Binding
 Updates and Acknowledgements:
   mobile node SPD OUT:
     - IF source = home_address_1 & destination = home_agent_1 &
          proto = MH
       THEN USE SA SA1
   mobile node SPD IN:
     - IF source = home_agent_1 & destination = home_address_1 &
          proto = MH
       THEN USE SA SA2
   mobile node SAD:
     - SA1(OUT, spi_a, home_agent_1, ESP, TRANSPORT):
       source = home_address_1 & destination = home_agent_1 &
       proto = MH
     - SA2(IN, spi_b, home_address_1, ESP, TRANSPORT):
       source = home_agent_1 & destination = home_address_1 &
       proto = MH
   home agent SPD OUT:
     - IF source = home_agent_1 & destination = home_address_1 &
          proto = MH
       THEN USE SA SA2
   home agent SPD IN:
     - IF source = home_address_1 & destination = home_agent_1 &
          proto = MH
       THEN USE SA SA1
   home agent SAD:
     - SA2(OUT, spi_b, home_address_1, ESP, TRANSPORT):
       source = home_agent_1 & destination = home_address_1 &

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 18] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

       proto = MH
     - SA1(IN, spi_a, home_agent_1, ESP, TRANSPORT):
       source = home_address_1 & destination = home_agent_1 &
       proto = MH
 In the above, "MH" refers to the protocol number for the Mobility
 Header [7].

5.2.2. Return Routability Signaling

 In the following we describe the necessary SPD and SAD entries to
 protect return routability signaling between the mobile node and the
 home agent.  Note that the rules in the SPD are ordered, and the ones
 in the previous section must take precedence over these ones.  In
 other words, the higher precedence entries must occur first in the
 RFC 2401 [2] ordered list of SPD entries.
   mobile node SPD OUT:
     - IF interface = IPv6 IPv6 tunnel to home_agent_1 &
          source = home_address_1 & destination = any &
          proto = MH
       THEN USE SA SA3
   mobile node SPD IN:
     - IF interface = IPv6 tunnel from home_agent_1 &
          source = any & destination = home_address_1 &
          proto = MH
       THEN USE SA SA4
   mobile node SAD:
     - SA3(OUT, spi_c, home_agent_1, ESP, TUNNEL):
       source = home_address_1 & destination = any & proto = MH
     - SA4(IN, spi_d, care_of_address_1, ESP, TUNNEL):
       source = any & destination = home_address_1 & proto = MH
   home agent SPD OUT:
     - IF interface = IPv6 tunnel to home_address_1 &
          source = any & destination = home_address_1 &
          proto = MH
       THEN USE SA SA4
   home agent SPD IN:
     - IF interface = IPv6 tunnel from home_address_1 &
          source = home_address_1 & destination = any &
          proto = MH
       THEN USE SA SA3

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 19] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

   home agent SAD:
     - SA4(OUT, spi_d, care_of_address_1, ESP, TUNNEL):
       source = any & destination = home_address_1 & proto = MH
     - SA3(IN, spi_c, home_agent_1, ESP, TUNNEL):
       source = home_address_1 & destination = any & proto = MH
 The security association from the home agent to the mobile node uses
 the current care-of address as the destination.  As discussed
 earlier, this address is updated in the SAD as the mobile node moves.
 It can be initialized to the home address before the mobile node has
 registered.

5.2.3. Prefix Discovery

 In the following we describe some additional SPD and SAD entries to
 protect prefix discovery.  Note that the SPDs described above protect
 all ICMPv6 traffic between the mobile node and the home agent, as
 IPsec may not have the ability to distinguish between different
 ICMPv6 types.
   mobile node SPD OUT:
     - IF source = home_address_1 & destination = home_agent_1 &
          proto = ICMPv6
       THEN USE SA SA5.
   mobile node SPD IN:
     - IF source = home_agent_1 & destination = home_address_1 &
          proto = ICMPv6
       THEN USE SA SA6
   mobile node SAD:
     - SA5(OUT, spi_e, home_agent_1, ESP, TRANSPORT):
       source = home_address_1 & destination = home_agent_1 &
       proto = ICMPv6
     - SA6(IN, spi_f, home_address_1, ESP, TRANSPORT):
       source = home_agent_1 & destination = home_address_1 &
       proto = ICMPv6
   home agent SPD OUT:
     - IF source = home_agent_1 & destination = home_address_1 &
          proto = ICMPv6
       THEN USE SA SA6
   home agent SPD IN:
     - IF source = home_address_1 & destination = home_agent_1 &
          proto = ICMPv6
       THEN USE SA SA5

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 20] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

   home agent SAD:
     - SA6(OUT, spi_f, home_address_1, ESP, TRANSPORT):
       source = home_agent_1 & destination = home_address_1 &
       proto = ICMPv6
     - SA5(IN, spi_e, home_agent_1, ESP, TRANSPORT):
       source = home_address_1 & destination = home_agent_1 &
       proto = ICMPv6

5.2.4. Payload Packets

 It is also possible to perform some additional, optional, protection
 of tunneled payload packets.  This protection takes place in a
 similar manner to the return routability protection above, but
 requires a different value for the protocol field.  The necessary SPD
 and SAD entries are shown below.  It is assumed that the entries for
 protecting Binding Updates and Acknowledgements, and the entries to
 protect Home Test Init and Home Test messages take precedence over
 these entries.
   mobile node SPD OUT:
     - IF interface = IPv6 tunnel to home_agent_1 &
          source = home_address_1 & destination = any &
          proto = X
       THEN USE SA SA7
   mobile node SPD IN:
     - IF interface = IPv6 tunnel from home_agent_1 &
          source = any & destination = home_address_1 &
          proto = X
       THEN USE SA SA8
   mobile node SAD:
     - SA7(OUT, spi_g, home_agent_1, ESP, TUNNEL):
       source = home_address_1 & destination = any & proto = X
     - SA8(IN, spi_h, care_of_address_1, ESP, TUNNEL):
       source = any & destination = home_address_1 & proto = X
   home agent SPD OUT:
     - IF interface = IPv6 tunnel to home_address_1 &
          source = any & destination = home_address_1 &
          proto = X
       THEN USE SA SA8
   home agent SPD IN:
     - IF interface = IPv6 tunnel from home_address_1 &
          source = home_address_1 & destination = any &
          proto = X
       THEN USE SA SA7

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 21] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

   home agent SAD:
     - SA8(OUT, spi_h, care_of_address_1, ESP, TUNNEL):
       source = any & destination = home_address_1 & proto = X
     - SA7(IN, spi_g, home_agent_1, ESP, TUNNEL):
       source = home_address_1 & destination = any & proto = X
 If multicast group membership control protocols such as MLDv1 [9] or
 MLDv2 [11] need to be protected, these packets may use a link-local
 address rather than the home address of the mobile node.  In this
 case the source and destination can be left as a wildcard and the SPD
 entries will work solely based on the used interface and the
 protocol, which is ICMPv6 for both MLDv1 and MLDv2.
 Similar problems are encountered when stateful address
 autoconfiguration protocols such as DHCPv6 [10] are used.  The same
 approach is applicable for DHCPv6 as well.  DHCPv6 uses the UDP
 protocol.
 Support for multiple layers of encapsulation (such as ESP
 encapsulated in ESP) is not required by RFC 2401 [2] and is also
 otherwise often problematic.  It is therefore useful to avoid setting
 the protocol X in the above entries to either AH or ESP.

5.3. Dynamic Keying

 In this section we show an example configuration that uses IKE to
 negotiate security associations.

5.3.1. Binding Updates and Acknowledgements

 Here are the contents of the SPD for protecting Binding Updates and
 Acknowledgements:
   mobile node SPD OUT:
     - IF source = home_address_1 & destination = home_agent_1 &
          proto = MH
       THEN USE SA ESP TRANSPORT: local phase 1 identity = user_1
   mobile node SPD IN:
     - IF source = home_agent_1 & destination = home_address_1 &
          proto = MH
       THEN USE SA ESP TRANSPORT: local phase 1 identity = user_1
   home agent SPD OUT:
     - IF source = home_agent_1 & destination = home_address_1 &
          proto = MH
       THEN USE SA ESP TRANSPORT: peer phase 1 identity = user_1

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 22] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

   home agent SPD IN:
     - IF source = home_address_1 & destination = home_agent_1 &
          proto = MH
       THEN USE SA ESP TRANSPORT: peer phase 1 identity = user_1
 We have omitted details of the proposed transforms in the above, and
 all details related to the particular authentication method such as
 certificates beyond listing a specific identity that must be used.
 We require IKE version 1 to be run using the care-of addresses but
 still negotiate IPsec SAs that use home addresses.  The extra
 conditions set by the home agent SPD for the peer phase 1 identity to
 be "user_1" must be verified by the home agent.  The purpose of the
 condition is to ensure that the IKE phase 2 negotiation for a given
 user's home address can not be requested by another user.  In the
 mobile node, we simply set our local identity to be "user_1".
 These checks also imply that the configuration of the home agent is
 user-specific: every user or home address requires a specific
 configuration entry.  It would be possible to alleviate the
 configuration tasks by using certificates that have home addresses in
 the Subject AltName field.  However, it is not clear if all IKE
 implementations allow one address to be used for carrying the IKE
 negotiations when another address is mentioned in the used
 certificates.  In any case, even this approach would have required
 user-specific tasks in the certification authority.

5.3.2. Return Routability Signaling

 Protection for the return routability signaling can be configured in
 a similar manner as above.
   mobile node SPD OUT:
     - IF interface = IPv6 tunnel to home_agent_1 &
          source = home_address_1 & destination = any &
          proto = MH
       THEN USE SA ESP TUNNEL: outer destination = home_agent_1 &
                               local phase 1 identity = user_1
   mobile node SPD IN:
     - IF interface = IPv6 tunnel from home_agent_1 &
          source = any & destination = home_address_1 &
          proto = MH
       THEN USE SA ESP TUNNEL: outer destination = home_agent_1 &
                               local phase 1 identity = user_1

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 23] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

   home agent SPD OUT:
     - IF interface = IPv6 tunnel to home_address_1 &
          source = any & destination = home_address_1 &
          proto = MH
       THEN USE SA ESP TUNNEL: outer destination = home_address_1 &
                               peer phase 1 identity = user_1
   home agent SPD IN:
     - IF interface = IPv6 tunnel from home_address_1 &
          source = home_address_1 & destination = any &
          proto = MH
       THEN USE SA ESP TUNNEL: outer destination = home_address_1 &
                               peer phase 1 identity = user_1
 The security association from the home agent to the mobile node uses
 the current care-of address as the destination.  As discussed
 earlier, this address is updated in the SAD as the mobile node moves.
 The SPD entries can be written using the home address (as above), if
 the care-of address update in the SAD is also done upon the creation
 of security associations.

5.3.3. Prefix Discovery

 In the following we describe some additional SPD entries to protect
 prefix discovery with IKE.  (Note that when actual new prefixes are
 discovered, there may be a need to enter new manually configured SPD
 entries to specify the authorization policy for the resulting new
 home addresses.)
   mobile node SPD OUT:
     - IF source = home_address_1 & destination = home_agent_1 &
          proto = ICMPv6
       THEN USE SA ESP TRANSPORT: local phase 1 identity = user_1
   mobile node SPD IN:
     - IF source = home_agent_1 & destination = home_address_1 &
          proto = ICMPv6
       THEN USE SA ESP TRANSPORT: local phase 1 identity = user_1
   home agent SPD OUT:
     - IF source = home_agent_1 & destination = home_address_1 &
          proto = ICMPv6
       THEN USE SA ESP TRANSPORT: peer phase 1 identity = user_1
   home agent SPD IN:
     - IF source = home_address_1 & destination = home_agent_1 &
          proto = ICMPv6
       THEN USE SA ESP TRANSPORT: peer phase 1 identity = user_1

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 24] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

5.3.4. Payload Packets

 Protection for the payload packets happens similarly to the
 protection of return routability signaling.  As in the manually keyed
 case, these SPD entries have lower priority than the above ones.
    mobile node SPD OUT:
      - IF interface = IPv6 tunnel to home_agent_1 &
           source = home_address_1 & destination = any &
           proto = X
        THEN USE SA ESP TUNNEL: outer destination = home_agent_1 &
                                local phase 1 identity = user_1
    mobile node SPD IN:
      - IF interface = IPv6 tunnel from home_agent_1 &
           source = any & destination = home_address_1 &
           proto = X
        THEN USE SA ESP TUNNEL: outer destination = home_agent_1 &
                                local phase 1 identity = user_1
    home agent SPD OUT:
      - IF interface = IPv6 tunnel to home_address_1 &
           source = any & destination = home_address_1 &
           proto = X
        THEN USE SA ESP TUNNEL: outer destination = home_address_1 &
                                peer phase 1 identity = user_1
    home agent SPD IN:
      - IF interface = IPv6 tunnel from home_address_1 &
           source = home_address_1 & destination = any &
           proto = X
        THEN USE SA ESP TUNNEL: outer destination = home_address_1 &
                                peer phase 1 identity = user_1

6. Processing Steps within a Node

6.1. Binding Update to the Home Agent

 Step 1.  At the mobile node, Mobile IPv6 module first produces the
 following packet:
    IPv6 header (source = home address,
                 destination = home agent)
    Mobility header
       Binding Update
 Step 2.  This packet is matched against the IPsec SPD on the mobile
 node and we make a note that IPsec must be applied.

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 25] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

 Step 3.  Then, we add the necessary Mobile IPv6 options but do not
 change the addresses yet, as described in Section 11.3.2 of the base
 specification [7].  This results in:
    IPv6 header (source = home address,
                 destination = home agent)
    Destination Options header
       Home Address option (care-of address)
    Mobility header
       Binding Update
 Step 4.  Finally, IPsec headers are added and the necessary
 authenticator values are calculated:
    IPv6 header (source = home address,
                 destination = home agent)
    Destination Options header
       Home Address option (care-of address)
    ESP header (SPI = spi_a)
    Mobility header
       Binding Update
 Here spi_a is the SPI value that was either configured manually, or
 agreed upon in an earlier IKE negotiation.
 Step 5.  Before sending the packet, the addresses in the IPv6 header
 and the Destination Options header are changed:
    IPv6 header (source = care-of address,
                 destination = home agent)
    Destination Options header
       Home Address option (home address)
    ESP header (SPI = spi_a)
    Mobility header
       Binding Update

6.2. Binding Update from the Mobile Node

 Step 1.  The following packet is received at the home agent:
    IPv6 header (source = care-of address,
                 destination = home agent)
    Destination Options header
       Home Address option (home address)
    ESP header (SPI = spi_a)
    Mobility header
       Binding Update

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 26] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

 Step 2.  The home address option is processed first, which results in
    IPv6 header (source = home address,
                 destination = home agent)
    Destination Options header
       Home Address option (care-of address)
    ESP header (SPI = spi_a)
    Mobility header
       Binding Update
 Step 3.  ESP header is processed next, resulting in
     IPv6 header (source = home address,
                  destination = home agent)
     Destination Options header
        Home Address option (care-of address)
     Mobility header
        Binding Update
 Step 4.  This packet matches the policy required for this security
 association (source = home address, destination = home agent, proto =
 MH).
 Step 5.  Mobile IPv6 processes the Binding Update.  The Binding
 Update is delivered to the Mobile IPv6 module.
 Step 6.  If there are any security associations in the security
 association database for the protection of return routability or
 payload packets for this mobile node, those security associations are
 updated with the new care-of address.

6.3. Binding Acknowledgement to the Mobile Node

 Step 1.  Mobile IPv6 produces the following packet:
    IPv6 header (source = home agent,
                 destination = home address)
    Mobility header
       Binding Acknowledgement
 Step 2.  This packet matches the IPsec policy entries, and we
 remember that IPsec has to be applied.

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 27] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

 Step 3.  Then, we add the necessary Route Headers but do not change
 the addresses yet, as described in Section 9.5.4 of the base
 specification [7].  This results in:
    IPv6 header (source = home agent,
                 destination = home address)
    Routing header (type 2)
       care-of address
    Mobility header
       Binding Acknowledgement
 Step 4.  We apply IPsec:
    IPv6 header (source = home agent,
                 destination = home address)
    Routing header (type 2)
       care-of address
    ESP header (SPI = spi_b)
    Mobility header
       Binding Acknowledgement
 Step 5.  Finally, before sending the packet out we change the
 addresses in the IPv6 header and the Route header:
    IPv6 header (source = home agent,
                 destination = care-of address)
    Routing header (type 2)
       home address
    ESP header (SPI = spi_b)
    Mobility header
       Binding Acknowledgement

6.4. Binding Acknowledgement from the Home Agent

 Step 1.  The following packet is received at the mobile node
    IPv6 header (source = home agent,
                 destination = care-of address)
    Routing header (type 2)
       home address
    ESP header (SPI = spi_b)
    Mobility header
       Binding Acknowledgement

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 28] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

 Step 2.  After the routing header is processed the packet becomes
    IPv6 header (source = home agent,
                 destination = home address)
    Routing header (type 2)
       care-of address
    ESP header (SPI = spi_b)
    Mobility header
       Binding Acknowledgement
 Step 3.  ESP header is processed next, resulting in:
    IPv6 header (source = home agent,
                 destination = home address)
    Routing header (type 2)
       care-of address
    Mobility header
       Binding Acknowledgement
 Step 4.  This packet matches the policy required for this security
 association (source = home agent, destination = home address, proto =
 MH).
 Step 5.  The Binding Acknowledgement is delivered to the Mobile IPv6
 module.

6.5. Home Test Init to the Home Agent

 Step 1.  The mobile node constructs a Home Test Init message:
    IPv6 header (source = home address,
                 destination = correspondent node)
    Mobility header
       Home Test Init
 Step 2.  Mobile IPv6 determines that this packet should go to the
 tunnel to the home agent.
 Step 3.  The packet is matched against IPsec policy entries for the
 interface, and we find that IPsec needs to be applied.
 Step 4.  IPsec tunnel mode headers are added.  Note that we use a
 care-of address as a source address for the tunnel packet.
    IPv6 header (source = care-of address,
                 destination = home agent)
    ESP header (SPI = spi_c)
    IPv6 header (source = home address,

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 29] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

                 destination = correspondent node)
    Mobility header
       Home Test Init
 Step 5.  The packet is sent directly to the home agent using IPsec
 encapsulation.

6.6. Home Test Init from the Mobile Node

 Step 1.  The home agent receives the following packet:
    IPv6 header (source = care-of address,
                 destination = home agent)
    ESP header (SPI = spi_c)
    IPv6 header (source = home address,
                 destination = correspondent node)
    Mobility Header
       Home Test Init
 Step 2.  IPsec processing is performed, resulting in:
    IPv6 header (source = home address,
                 destination = correspondent node)
    Mobility Header
       Home Test Init
 Step 3.  The resulting packet matches the policy required for this
 security association and the packet can be processed further.
 Step 4.  The packet is then forwarded to the correspondent node.

6.7. Home Test to the Mobile Node

 Step 1.  The home agent receives a Home Test packet from the
 correspondent node:
    IPv6 header (source = correspondent node,
                 destination = home address)
    Mobility Header
       Home Test Init
 Step 2.  The home agent determines that this packet is destined to a
 mobile node that is away from home, and decides to tunnel it.
 Step 3.  The packet matches the IPsec policy entries for the tunnel
 interface, and we note that IPsec needs to be applied.

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 30] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

 Step 4.  IPsec is applied, resulting in a new packet.  Note that the
 home agent must keep track of the location of the mobile node, and
 update the tunnel endpoint address in the security association(s)
 accordingly.
    IPv6 header (source = home agent,
                 destination = care-of address)
    ESP header (SPI = spi_d)
    IPv6 header (source = correspondent node,
                 destination = home address)
    Mobility Header
       Home Test Init
 Step 5.  The packet is sent directly to the care-of address using
 IPsec encapsulation.

6.8. Home Test from the Home Agent

 Step 1.  The mobile node receives the following packet:
    IPv6 header (source = home agent,
                 destination = care-of address)
    ESP header (SPI = spi_d)
    IPv6 header (source = correspondent node,
                 destination = home address)
    Mobility Header
       Home Test Init
 Step 2.  IPsec is processed, resulting in:
    IPv6 header (source = correspondent node,
                 destination = home address)
    Mobility Header
       Home Test Init
 Step 3.  This matches the policy required for this security
 association (source = any, destination = home address).
 Step 4.  The packet is given to Mobile IPv6 processing.

6.9. Prefix Solicitation Message to the Home Agent

 This procedure is similar to the one presented in Section 6.1.

6.10. Prefix Solicitation Message from the Mobile Node

 This procedure is similar to the one presented in Section 6.2.

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 31] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

6.11. Prefix Advertisement Message to the Mobile Node

 This procedure is similar to the one presented in Section 6.3.

6.12. Prefix Advertisement Message from the Home Agent

 This procedure is similar to the one presented in Section 6.4.

6.13. Payload Packet to the Home Agent

 This procedure is similar to the one presented in Section 6.5.

6.14. Payload Packet from the Mobile Node

 This procedure is similar to the one presented in Section 6.6.

6.15. Payload Packet to the Mobile Node

 This procedure is similar to the one presented in Section 6.7.

6.16. Payload Packet from the Home Agent

 This procedure is similar to the one presented in Section 6.8.

6.17. Establishing New Security Associations

 Step 1.  The mobile node wishes to send a Binding Update to the home
 agent.
   IPv6 header (source = home address,
                destination = home agent)
   Mobility header
      Binding Update
 Step 2.  There is no existing security association to protect the
 Binding Update, so the mobile node initiates IKE.  The IKE packets
 are sent as shown in the following examples.  The first packet is an
 example of an IKE packet sent from the mobile node, and the second
 one is from the home agent.  The examples shows also that the phase 1
 identity used for the mobile node is a FQDN.
   IPv6 header (source = care-of address,
                destination = home agent)
      UDP
      IKE
         ... IDii = ID_FQDN mn123.ha.net ...

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 32] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

   IPv6 header (source = home agent
                destination = care-of address)
      UDP
      IKE
         ... IDir = ID_FQDN ha.net ...
 Step 3.  IKE phase 1 completes, and phase 2 is initiated to request
 security associations for protecting traffic between the mobile
 node's home address and the home agent.  These addresses will be used
 as selectors.  This involves sending and receiving additional IKE
 packets.  The below example shows again one packet sent by the mobile
 node and another sent by the home agent.  The example shows also that
 the phase 2 identity used for the mobile node is the mobile node's
 home address.
   IPv6 header (source = care-of address,
                destination = home agent)
      UDP
      IKE
         ... IDci = ID_IPV6_ADDR home address ...
   IPv6 header (source = home agent,
                destination = care-of address)
      UDP
      IKE
         ... IDcr = ID_IPV6_ADDR home agent ...
 Step 4.  The remaining steps are as shown in Section 6.1.

6.18. Rekeying Security Associations

 Step 1.  The mobile node and the home agent have existing security
 associations.  Either side may decide at any time that the security
 associations need to be rekeyed, for instance, because the specified
 lifetime is approaching.
 Step 2.  Mobility header packets sent during rekey may be protected
 by the existing security associations.
 Step 3.  When the rekeying is finished, new security associations are
 established.  In practice there is a time interval during which an
 old, about-to-expire security association and newly established
 security association will both exist.  The new ones should be used as
 soon as they become available.
 Step 4.  A notification of the deletion of the old security
 associations is received.  After this, only the new security
 associations can be used.

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 33] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

 Note that there is no requirement that the existence of the IPsec and
 IKE security associations is tied to the existence of bindings.  It
 is not necessary to delete a security association if a binding is
 removed, as a new binding may soon be established after this.
 Since cryptographic acceleration hardware may only be able to handle
 a limited number of active security associations, security
 associations may be deleted via IKE in order to keep the number of
 active cryptographic contexts to a minimum.  Such deletions should
 not be interpreted as a sign of losing a contact to the peer or as a
 reason to remove a binding.  Rather, if additional traffic needs to
 be sent, it is preferable to bring up another security association to
 protect it.

6.19. Movements and Dynamic Keying

 In this section we describe the sequence of events that relate to
 movement with IKE-based security associations.  In the initial state,
 the mobile node is not registered in any location and has no security
 associations with the home agent.  Depending on whether the peers
 will be able to move IKE endpoints to new care-of addresses, the
 actions taken in Step 9 and 10 are different.
 Step 1.  Mobile node with the home address A moves to care-of address
 B.
 Step 2.  Mobile node runs IKE from care-of address B to the home
 agent, establishing a phase 1.  The home agent can only act as the
 responder before it knows the current location of the mobile node.
 Step 3.  Protected by this phase 1, mobile node establishes a pair of
 security associations for protecting Mobility Header traffic to and
 from the home address A.
 Step 4.  Mobile node sends a Binding Update and receives a Binding
 Acknowledgement using the security associations created in Step 3.
 Step 5.  Mobile node establishes a pair of security associations for
 protecting return routability packets.  These security associations
 are in tunnel mode and their endpoint in the mobile node side is
 care-of address B.  For the purposes of our example, this step uses
 the phase 1 connection established in Step 2.  Multiple phase 1
 connections are also possible.
 Step 6.  The mobile node uses the security associations created in
 Step 5 to run return routability.

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 34] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

 Step 7.  The mobile node moves to a new location and adopts a new
 care-of address C.
 Step 8.  Mobile node sends a Binding Update and receives a Binding
 Acknowledgement using the security associations created in Step 3.
 The home agent ensures that the next packets sent using the security
 associations created in Step 5 will have the new care-of address as
 their destination address, as if the outer header destination address
 in the security association had changed.
 Step 9.  If the mobile node and the HA have the capability to change
 the IKE endpoints, they change the address to C.  If they do not have
 the capability, both nodes remove their phase 1 connections created
 on top of the care-of address B and will establish a new IKE phase 1
 on top of the care-of address C.  This capability to change the IKE
 phase 1 end points is indicated through setting the Key Management
 Mobility Capability (K) flag [7] in the Binding Update and Binding
 Acknowledgement messages.
 Step 10.  If a new IKE phase 1 connection was setup after movement,
 the MN will not be able to receive any notifications delivered on top
 of the old IKE phase 1 security association.  Notifications delivered
 on top of the new security association are received and processed
 normally.  If the mobile node and HA were able to update the IKE
 endpoints, they can continue using the same IKE phase 1 connection.

7. Implementation Considerations

7.1. IPsec

 Note that packet formats and header ordering discussed in Section 3
 must be supported, but implementations may also support other
 formats.  In general, the use of formats not required here may lead
 to incorrect processing of the packets by the peer (such as silently
 discarding them), unless support for these formats has been verified
 off-line.  Such verification can take place at the same time the
 parameters of the security associations are agreed upon.  In some
 cases, however, basic IPv6 specifications call for support of options
 not discussed here.  In these cases, such a verification step might
 be unnecessary as long as the peer fully supports the relevant IPv6
 specifications.  However, no claims are made in this document about
 the validity of these other formats in the context of Mobile IPv6.
 It is also likely that systems that support Mobile IPv6 have been
 tested more extensively with the required formats.
 We have chosen to require an encapsulation format for return
 routability and payload packet protection which can only be realized
 if the destination of the IPsec packets sent from the home agent can

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 35] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

 be changed as the mobile node moves.  One of the main reasons for
 choosing such a format is that it removes the overhead of twenty four
 bytes when a home address option or routing header is added to the
 tunneled packet.  Such an overhead would not be significant for the
 protection of the return routability packets, but would create an
 additional overhead if IPsec is used to protect the tunneling of
 payload packets to the home agent.  This overhead may be significant
 for real-time traffic.  Given that the use of the shorter packet
 formats for any traffic requires the existence of suitable APIs, we
 have chosen to require support for the shorter packet formats both
 for payload and return routability packets.
 In order to support the care-of address as the destination address on
 the mobile node side, the home agent must act as if the outer header
 destination address in the security association to the mobile node
 would have changed upon movements.  Implementations are free to
 choose any particular method to make this change, such as using an
 API to the IPsec implementation to change the parameters of the
 security association, removing the security association and
 installing a new one, or modification of the packet after it has gone
 through IPsec processing.  The only requirement is that after
 registering a new binding at the home agent, the next IPsec packets
 sent on this security association will be addressed to the new
 care-of address.
 We have chosen to require policy entries that are specific to a
 tunnel interface.  This means that implementations have to regard the
 Home Agent - Mobile Node tunnel as a separate interface on which
 IPsec SPDs can be based.  A further complication of the IPsec
 processing on a tunnel interface is that this requires access to the
 BITS implementation before the packet actually goes out.

7.2. IKE

 We have chosen to require that a dynamic key management protocol must
 be able to make an authorization decision for IPsec security
 association creation with different addresses than with what the key
 management protocol is run.  We expect this to be done typically by
 configuring the allowed combinations of phase 1 user identities and
 home addresses.
 When certificate authentication is used, IKE fragmentation can be
 encountered.  This can occur when certificate chains are used, or
 even with single certificates if they are large.  Many firewalls do
 not handle fragments properly, and may drop them.  Routers in the
 path may also discard fragments after the initial one, since they

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 36] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

 typically will not contain full IP headers that can be compared
 against an access list.  Where fragmentation occurs, the endpoints
 will not always be able to establish a security association.
 Fortunately, typical Mobile IPv6 deployment uses short certificate
 chains, as the mobile node is communicating directly with its home
 network.  Where the problem appears, it may be difficult (at least
 away from home) to replace the firewalls or routers with equipment
 that can properly support fragments.  It may help to store the peer
 certificates locally, or to obtain them through other means.

7.3. Bump-in-the-Stack

 Mobile IPv6 sets high requirements for a so-called Bump-In-The-Stack
 (BITS) implementation model of IPsec.  As Mobile IPv6 specific
 modifications of the packets are required before or after IPsec
 processing, the BITS implementation has to perform also some tasks
 related to mobility.  This may increase the complexity of the
 implementation, even if it already performs some tasks of the IP
 layer (such as fragmentation).
 Specifically, Bump-in-the-Stack implementations may have to deal with
 the following issues:
 o  Processing the Home Address destination option and Routing header
    type 2 to a form suitable for IPsec processing to take place.
    This is needed, among other things, for the security association
    and policy lookups.  While relatively straightforward, the
    required processing may have a hardware effect in BITS
    implementations, if they use hardware support beyond the
    cryptographic operations.
 o  Detecting packets sent between the mobile node and its home agent
    using IPv6 encapsulation.
 o  Offering the necessary APIs for updating the IPsec and IKE
    security association endpoints.

8. IANA Considerations

 No IANA actions are necessary based on this document.  IANA actions
 for the Mobile IPv6 protocol itself have been covered in [7].

9. Security Considerations

 The Mobile IPv6 base specification [7] requires strong security
 between the mobile node and the home agent.  This memo discusses how
 that security can be arranged in practice, using IPsec.  The security

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 37] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

 considerations related to this are documented in the base
 specification, including a discussion of the implications of using
 either manual or dynamic keying.

10. References

10.1. Normative References

 [1]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
      Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
 [2]  Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "Security Architecture for the
      Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, November 1998.
 [3]  Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "IP Encapsulating Security Payload
      (ESP)", RFC 2406, November 1998.
 [4]  Harkins, D. and D. Carrel, "The Internet Key Exchange (IKE)",
      RFC 2409, November 1998.
 [5]  Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6)
      Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.
 [6]  Conta, A. and S. Deering, "Generic Packet Tunneling in IPv6
      Specification", RFC 2473, December 1998.
 [7]  Johnson, D., Perkins, C. and J. Arkko, "Mobility Support in
      IPv6", RFC 3775, June 2004.

10.2. Informative References

 [8]  Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "IP Authentication Header", RFC 2402,
      November 1998.
 [9]  Deering, S., Fenner, W. and B. Haberman, "Multicast Listener
      Discovery (MLD) for IPv6", RFC 2710, October 1999.
 [10] Droms, R., Ed., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., Perkins, C. and
      M. Carney, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6
      (DHCPv6)", RFC 3315, July 2003.
 [11] Vida, R. and L. Costa, Eds., "Multicast Listener Discovery
      Version 2 (MLDv2) for IPv6", RFC 3810, June 2004.

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 38] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

11. Acknowledgements

 The authors would like to thank Greg O'Shea, Michael Thomas, Kevin
 Miles, Cheryl Madson, Bernard Aboba, Erik Nordmark, Gabriel
 Montenegro, Steven Kent, and Santeri Paavolainen for interesting
 discussions in this problem space.

12. Authors' Addresses

 Jari Arkko
 Ericsson
 02420  Jorvas
 Finland
 EMail: jari.arkko@ericsson.com
 Vijay Devarapalli
 Nokia Research Center
 313 Fairchild Drive
 Mountain View  CA 94043
 USA
 EMail: vijayd@iprg.nokia.com
 Francis Dupont
 ENST Bretagne
 Campus de Rennes
 2, rue de la Chataigneraie
 CS 17607
 35576 Cesson-Sevigne Cedex
 France
 EMail: Francis.Dupont@enst-bretagne.fr

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 39] RFC 3776 Home Agent IPsec June 2004

13. Full Copyright Statement

 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004).  This document is subject
 to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and
 except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights.
 This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
 "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS
 OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET
 ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
 INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE
 INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
 WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Intellectual Property

 The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
 Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to
 pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in
 this document or the extent to which any license under such rights
 might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has
 made any independent effort to identify any such rights.  Information
 on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be
 found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.
 Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
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 http://www.ietf.org/ipr.
 The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
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 rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement
 this standard.  Please address the information to the IETF at ietf-
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Acknowledgement

 Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
 Internet Society.

Arkko, et al. Standards Track [Page 40]

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