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rfc:rfc3767

Network Working Group S. Farrell, Ed. Request for Comments: 3767 Trinity College Dublin Category: Standards Track June 2004

              Securely Available Credentials Protocol

Status of this Memo

 This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
 Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
 improvements.  Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
 Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
 and status of this protocol.  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004).

Abstract

 This document describes a protocol whereby a user can acquire
 cryptographic credentials (e.g., private keys, PKCS #15 structures)
 from a credential server, using a workstation that has locally
 trusted software installed, but with no user-specific configuration.
 The protocol's payloads are described in XML.  This memo also
 specifies a Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol (BEEP) profile of the
 protocol.  Security requirements are  met by mandating support for
 TLS and/or DIGEST-MD5 (through BEEP).

Table Of Contents

 1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2
 2.  The Protocol. . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
 3.  BEEP Profile for SACRED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
 4.  IANA Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
 5.  Security Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
 6.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
 Appendix A: XML Schema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
 Appendix B: An Example of Tuning with BEEP . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
 Appendix C: Provision SACRED using other Protocols . . . . . . . . 23
 Editor's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
 Full Copyright Statement. . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . 25

Farrell Standards Track [Page 1] RFC 3767 Secure Credentials Protocol June 2004

1. Introduction

 Digital credentials, such as private keys and corresponding
 certificates, are used to support various Internet protocols, e.g.
 S/MIME, IPSec, and TLS.  In a number of environments, end users wish
 to use the same credentials on different end-user devices.  In a
 "typical" desktop environment, the user already has many tools
 available to allow import/export of these credentials.  However, this
 is not very practical.  In addition, with some devices, especially
 wireless and other more constrained devices, the tools required
 simply do not exist.
 This document describes a protocol for the secure exchange of such
 credentials and is a realization of the abstract protocol framework
 described in [RFC3760].
 Many user-chosen passwords are vulnerable to dictionary attacks.  So
 the SACRED protocol is designed to give no information with which an
 attacker can acquire information for launching a dictionary attack,
 whether by eavesdropping or by impersonating either the client or
 server.
 The protocol also allows a user to create or delete an account,
 change her account password and/or credentials, and upload the new
 values to the server.  The protocol ensures that only someone that
 knew the old account password is able to modify the credentials as
 stored on the credential server.  The protocol does not preclude
 configuring a server to disallow some operations (e.g. credential
 upload) for some users.  The account management operations as a whole
 are optional implementations for both credential servers and clients.
 Note that there are potentially two "passwords" involved when using
 this protocol - the first used to authenticate the user to the
 credential server, and the second to decrypt (parts of) the
 credential following a download operation.  Where the context
 requires it, we refer to the former as the account password and the
 latter as the credential password.
 Using a protocol such as this is somewhat less secure than using a
 smart card, but can be used until smart cards and smart card readers
 on workstations become ubiquitous, and can be useful even after smart
 cards are ubiquitous, as a backup strategy when a user's smart card
 is lost or malfunctioning.
 The protocol sets out to meet the requirements in [REQS].
 Cryptographic credentials may take the form of private keys, PKCS #15
 [PKCS15], or structures.  As stated, a profile based on BEEP [BEEP]
 is specified for message transport and security (integrity,

Farrell Standards Track [Page 2] RFC 3767 Secure Credentials Protocol June 2004

 authentication, and confidentiality).  In that case, the security
 requirements are met by mandating support (via BEEP) for TLS [TLS]
 and/or DIGEST-MD5 [DIGEST-MD5].
 We assume the only authentication information available to the user
 is a username and password.
 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED",  "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
 document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

2. The Protocol

 This section defines the account management and "run-time" operations
 for the SACRED protocol.
 It also describes the message formats used, which are described in
 XML [XMLSCHEMA].  Appendix A provides an XML schema for these
 elements.
 The approach taken here is to define SACRED elements that are
 compatible with the elements used in [XKMS] and [XMLDSIG], so that an
 implementation of this protocol can easily also support XKMS, and
 vice versa.
 It is also intended that other SACRED protocol instances (e.g. using
 a different authentication scheme, credential format, or transport
 protocol) could re-use many of the definitions here.

2.1. Account Management Operations

 These operations MAY be implemented, that is, they are OPTIONAL.

2.1.1. Information Request

 This operation does NOT REQUIRE authentication.
 The purpose of this operation is to provide the client with the
 values required for account creation.
 The client sends an InfoRequest message (which has no content).
 The server responds with an InfoResponse message which contains the
 authentication mechanism parameters for the server and the list of
 supported ProcessInfo types.  For DIGEST-MD5, this consists of the
 list of realms (each as an XML element named "Realm") which the
 server supports.  There MUST be at least one realm specified.

Farrell Standards Track [Page 3] RFC 3767 Secure Credentials Protocol June 2004

 Clients MUST be able to select one from a list of Realms and MUST be
 able to disregard any other information present (allowed for
 extensibility).

2.1.2. Create Account

 This operation REQUIRES server authentication.
 The purpose of this operation is to setup a new account on the
 server.  The information required for a "new" account will depend on
 the SASL [SASL] mechanism used.
 The client sends a CreateAccountRequest, which contains the account
 name (e.g. username).  It also contains the elements required to
 create an account for a particular authentication mechanism.  The
 actual information is defined according to the authentication
 mechanism.  For DIGEST-MD5, this consists of the password verifier
 (the hashed username, password and realm) and the chosen realm.
 Although more than one set of such data is allowed by the data
 structures defined in the appendix, clients SHOULD only include one
 here.
 The server responds with an error or acknowledgement message.

2.1.3. Remove Account

 This operation REQUIRES mutual authentication.
 The purpose of this operation is to delete the entire account.
 The client sends a RemoveAccountRequest message (which has no
 content) to the server.
 The server MUST delete all information relating to the account and
 respond with an error or acknowledgement message.

2.1.4. Modify Account

 This operation REQUIRES mutual authentication.
 The purpose of this operation is to allow the client to change the
 information required for authentication.  The information required
 will depend on the authentication method used.

Farrell Standards Track [Page 4] RFC 3767 Secure Credentials Protocol June 2004

 The client sends a ModifyAccountRequest message, which contains the
 elements required to change the authentication information for the
 account, for a particular authentication mechanism.  The actual
 information is defined according to the authentication mechanism. For
 [DIGEST-MD5], it will consist of a realm and password verifier value.
 Once the account information has been changed, the server will
 respond with an error or acknowledgement message.

2.2. "Run-time" Operations

 These operations MUST be supported by all conformant implementations.

2.2.1. Credential Upload

 This operation REQUIRES mutual authentication.
 The purpose of this operation is to allow the client to deposit a
 credential with the server.
 The client sends an UploadRequest message to the server which MUST
 contain one Credential.
 If a credential with the same credential selector field as in the
 UploadRequest (a "matching" credential) already exists for the
 account, then that credential is replaced with the new credential
 from the UploadRequest.  Otherwise a "new" credential is associated
 with that account.  If a new credential is being uploaded, then the
 client SHOULD include (in LastModified) its local concept of the time
 (if it has one), or an indicator that it has no clock.  The actual
 value of LastModified can be anything, (but the element has to be
 present) since this will be overwritten by the server in any case.
 If any change is made to the stored credentials associated with the
 account, then the server MUST update the corresponding LastModified
 value (returned in DownloadResponse messages) to the current time (at
 the server).

Farrell Standards Track [Page 5] RFC 3767 Secure Credentials Protocol June 2004

 The LastModified value in the UploadRequest MUST be the value which
 was most recently received in a corresponding DownloadResponse for
 that credential.  This means the clients are strongly RECOMMENDED to
 only produce an UploadRequest based on recently downloaded
 credentials, since otherwise the LastModified value may be out of
 date.
 The LastModified value can also be of use in detecting conflicts.
 For example, download to platform A, download to platform B, update
 from B, update from A.  The server could detect a conflict on the
 second upload.  In this case the server MUST respond with a BEEP
 error (which SHOULD be StaleCredential).
 The server replaces the provided LastModified value with the current
 time at the server before storing the credential.  (Note that this
 means that it would be unwise for a client to include the
 LastModified field in a ClientInfo digital signature which is
 calculated over the CredentialType.)
 The server responds with an error or acknowledgement message.

2.2.2. Credential Download

 This operation REQUIRES mutual authentication.
 The purpose of this operation is to allow a client to get one or more
 credentials from a server (the purpose of the entire protocol
 really!).
 The client sends a DownloadRequest message to the server which MAY
 contain a credential selector string for the credential.  No, or an
 empty credential selector means the request is for all credentials
 associated with the account.
 The server responds with a DownloadResponse or an error message.  A
 DownloadResponse contains one or more credential payloads, including
 the LastModified time which represents the time (at the server) when
 the last change was made to each credential associated with the
 account (e.g. subsequent to an UploadRequest).

2.2.3. Credential Delete

 This operation REQUIRES mutual authentication.
 The purpose of this operation is to allow the client to delete one or
 all credentials associated with the account.

Farrell Standards Track [Page 6] RFC 3767 Secure Credentials Protocol June 2004

 The client sends a DeleteRequest message to the server which can
 contain either a CredentialSelector or an All element.
 If the DeleteRequest contains an All element, then all of the
 credentials associated with that account are deleted.
 If the DeleteRequest contains a CredentialSelector, then the request
 MAY include a LastModified value.  If the LastModified value is
 present in the DeleteRequest, then it MUST be the value which was
 most recently received in a corresponding DownloadResponse for that
 credential.  If the value does not match, then the server MUST NOT
 delete the credentials.
 If no "matching" credential exists, the server returns an error.
 The server responds to this request with an error or acknowledgement
 message.

2.3. Miscellaneous

2.3.1. Session Security

 Six SACRED operations are defined above.  In this section we specify
 the requirements for security for each of the operations (where
 supported).
      Operation                 Security REQUIRED
      ---------                 -----------------
      Information request       NONE
      Create account            Server authentication,
                                Confidentiality, Integrity
      Remove account            Mutual authentication,
                                Confidentiality, Integrity
      Modify account            Mutual authentication,
                                Confidentiality, Integrity
      Credential upload         Mutual authentication,
                                Confidentiality, Integrity
      Credential download       Mutual authentication,
                                Confidentiality, Integrity
      Credential delete         Mutual authentication,
                                Confidentiality, Integrity
 The security requirements can be met by several mechanisms.  This
 document REQUIRES credential servers to support TLS and DIGEST-MD5.
 Clients MUST support DIGEST-MD5 and TLS with server authentication.

Farrell Standards Track [Page 7] RFC 3767 Secure Credentials Protocol June 2004

 The mandatory-to-implement TLS cipher suite for SACRED is
 TLS_RSA_WITH_3DES-EDE_CBC_SHA.  Implementations SHOULD also support
 TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA [TLSAES].
 When performing mutual authentication using DIGEST-MD5 for the
 client, DIGEST-MD5 MUST only be used "within" a TLS server-
 authenticated "pipe", and MUST only be used for client
 authentication.  That is, we do not use the DIGEST-MD5 security
 services (confidentiality, integrity etc.).

2.3.2. Handling Multiple Credentials for an Account

 When more than one credential is stored under a single account, the
 client can select a single credential using the optional credential
 selector string.
 There is no concept of a "default credential" - all credentials MUST
 have an associated selector unique for that account.  The selector is
 REQUIRED for upload requests and OPTIONAL for download requests.  If
 the selector is omitted in a download request, it MUST be interpreted
 as a request for all the stored credentials.
 An empty selector string value (i.e. "") in a credential download
 request is to be interpreted as if the selector string were omitted,
 i.e. a download request containing this is a request for all
 credentials.
 It is an error to have more than one credential stored under the same
 account where both have the same credential selector string.

2.3.3. Common Fields

 All messages sent to the server MAY contain ProcessInfo values.  This
 field MAY be used by other specifications or for vendor extensions.
 For example, a server might require clients to include a phone number
 in this field.  The information response message contains a list of
 the types of ProcessInfo that the server supports.  This
 extensibility scheme is similar to that used in [XKMS] and [XBULK].
 Where no specific response message is defined for an operation (e.g.
 for UploadRequest), then the transport will indicate success or
 failure.
 All of the response messages defined here MAY contain a Status
 string, containing a value intended for human consumption.

Farrell Standards Track [Page 8] RFC 3767 Secure Credentials Protocol June 2004

2.3.4. Credential Format

 A number of messages involve the Credential element.  It has the
 following fields (all optional fields may occur exactly zero or one
 times unless otherwise stated):
  1. CredentialSelector contains a string by which this particular

credential (for this account) can be identified.

  1. PayLoad contains either a ds:KeyInfo or some other form of

credential. Implementations MUST support the PKCS #15 form of

    ds:KeyInfo defined below (the SacredPKCS15 element).
 -  LastModified is a string containing the time (at the server) at
    which this credential was last modified.
 -  TimeToLive (optional) is a hint clients SHOULD honor, which
    specifies the number of seconds the downloaded credential is to be
    usable.
 -  ProcessInfo (optional) MAY contain any (typed) information that
    the server is intended to process.  If the server doesn't support
    any of the ProcessInfo data, it MAY ignore that data.
 -  ClientInfo (optional) MAY contain any (typed) information that the
    client is intended to process, but which the server MUST ignore.
    If the client doesn't support any of the ClientInfo data, it MAY
    ignore that data (e.g. if the ClientInfo is device specific).

3. BEEP Profile for SACRED

 The protocol described in this memo is realized as a [BEEP] profile.
 Future memos may define alternative versions of the BEEP profile for
 SACRED.  When a BEEP peer sends its greeting, it indicates which
 profiles it is willing to support.  Accordingly, when the BEEP client
 asks to start a channel, it indicates the versions it supports, and
 if any of these are acceptable to the BEEP server; the latter
 specifies which profile it is starting.
 Profile Identification: http://iana.org/beep/sacred
 Messages Exchanged during Channel Creation:
      InfoRequest,
      CreateAccountRequest,
      RemoveAccountRequest,
      ModifyAccountRequest,
      DownloadRequest,
      UploadRequest,
      DeleteRequest,
      InfoResponse,

Farrell Standards Track [Page 9] RFC 3767 Secure Credentials Protocol June 2004

      DownloadResponse,
      error,
      ok
 Messages starting one-to-one exchanges:
      InfoRequest,
      CreateAccountRequest,
      RemoveAccountRequest,
      ModifyAccountRequest,
      DownloadRequest,
      UploadRequest,
      DeleteRequest
 Messages in positive replies:
      ok,
      InfoResponse,
      DownloadResponse
 Messages in negative replies: error
 Messages in one-to-many changes: none
 Message Syntax: c.f.,Section 3
 Message Semantics: c.f., Section 2
 Contact Information: c.f., the editor's address section of this memo

3.1. Profile Initialization

 Because all but one of the operations of the SACRED profile have
 security requirements (cf., Section 2.3.1), before starting the
 SACRED profile, the BEEP session will likely be tuned using either
        http://iana.org/beep/TLS
        or
        http://iana.org/beep/TLS followed by
        http://iana.org/SASL/DIGEST-MD5
 Appendix B gives an example of tuning a BEEP session using DIGEST-
 MD5 (i.e. it shows how to turn on BEEP security).
 Regardless, upon completion of the negotiation process, a tuning
 reset occurs in which both BEEP peers issue a new greeting.  Consult
 Section 3 of [BEEP] for an example of how a BEEP peer may choose to
 issue different greetings based on whether confidentiality is in use.

Farrell Standards Track [Page 10] RFC 3767 Secure Credentials Protocol June 2004

 Any of the messages listed in section 3.2 below may be exchanged
 during channel initialization (c.f., Section 2.3.1.2 of [BEEP]),
 e.g.,
      C: <start number='1'>
      C:   <profile uri='http://iana.org/beep/sacred'>
      C:             <![CDATA[<DownloadRequest ...>]]>
      C:     </profile>
      C: </start>
      S: <profile uri='http://iana.org/beep/sacred'>
      S:   <![CDATA[<DownloadResponse ...>]]>
      S: </profile>
 Note that BEEP imposes both encoding and length limitations on the
 messages that are piggybacked during channel initialization.

3.2. Profile Exchange

 All messages are exchanged as "application/beep+xml" (c.f., Section
 6.4 of [BEEP]):
 Role         MSG                   RPY                     ERR
 ----         ---                   ---                     ---
 I            InfoRequest           InfoResponse            error
 I            CreateAccountRequest  ok                      error
 I            RemoveAccountRequest  ok                      error
 I            ModifyAccountRequest  ok                      error
 I            DownloadRequest       DownloadResponse        error
 I            UploadRequest         ok                      error
 I            DeleteRequest         Ok                      error

3.3. Error Handling

 The "error" message from Section 2.3.1.5 of [BEEP] is used to convey
 error information.  Typically, after flagging an error, a peer will
 initiate a graceful release of the BEEP session.
 The following BEEP error reply codes from [BEEP] are to be used:
  code  Meaning
  ====  =======
  421   service not available
  450   requested action not taken (e.g., lock already in
         use)
  451   requested action aborted (e.g., local error in
         processing)

Farrell Standards Track [Page 11] RFC 3767 Secure Credentials Protocol June 2004

  454   temporary authentication failure
  500   general syntax error (e.g., poorly-formed XML)
  501   syntax error in parameters (e.g., non-valid XML)
  504   parameter not implemented
  530   authentication required
  534   authentication mechanism insufficient (e.g., too
         weak, sequence exhausted, etc.)
  535   authentication failure
  537   action not authorized for user
  538   authentication mechanism requires encryption
  550   requested action not taken (e.g., no requested
         profiles are acceptable)
  553   parameter invalid
  554   transaction failed (e.g., policy violation)
 The following SACRED-specific error reply codes can also be used:
  code  Meaning
  ====  =======
  555   Extension (ProcessInfo) used not supported
  556   Required extension (ProcessInfo) not present
  557   StaleCredential (A bad LastModified value was
         contained in an UploadRequest.)

3.4. SASL Authorization Identity

 The use of the SASL authorization identity in this protocol is
 implementation-specific.  If used, the authorization identity is not
 a substitute for the credential selector field, but may be used to
 affect authorization for access to credentials.

4. IANA Considerations

 The IANA has registered the BEEP profile specified in Section 4.
    http://iana.org/beep/sacred
 The sacred protocol SHOULD be run over port 1118.
 The GSSAPI service name (required when using SASL) for this protocol
 SHALL be "sacred".

Farrell Standards Track [Page 12] RFC 3767 Secure Credentials Protocol June 2004

5. Security Considerations

 [REQS] calls for specifications to state how they address the
 vulnerabilities listed below.
    V1.   A passive attacker can watch all packets on the network and
          later carry out a dictionary attack.
          - The use of DIGEST-MD5 and/or TLS counters this
          vulnerability.
    V2.   An attacker can attempt to masquerade as a credential server
          in an attempt to get a client to reveal information online
          that allows for a later dictionary attack.
          - The use of server or mutual authentication counters this
          vulnerability.
    V3.   An attacker can attempt to get a client to decrypt a chosen
          "ciphertext" and get the client to make use of the resulting
          plaintext - the attacker may then be able to carry out a
          dictionary attack (e.g. if the plaintext resulting from
          "decryption" of a random string is used as a DSA private
          key).
          - The use of server or mutual authentication counters this
          vulnerability.
    V4.   An attacker could overwrite a repository entry so that when
          a user subsequently uses what they think is a good
          credential, they expose information about their password
          (and hence the "real" credential).
          - Server implementations SHOULD take measures to protect the
          database.  Clients MAY use the ClientInfo field to store
          e.g. a signature over the Credential, which they then verify
          before using the private component.
    V5.   An attacker can copy a credential server's repository and
          carry out a dictionary attack.
          - Server implementations SHOULD take measures to protect the
          database.
    V6.   An attacker can attempt to masquerade as a client in an
          attempt to get a server to reveal information that allows
          for a later dictionary attack.
          - The mutual authentication requirements of this protocol
          counter this to a great extent.  Additionally, credential
          servers MAY choose to provide mechanisms that protect
          against online dictionary attacks against user account
          passwords, either by repeated access attempts to a single
          user account (varying the password) or by attempting to
          access many user accounts using the same password.
    V7.   An attacker can persuade a server that a successful login
          has occurred, even if it hasn't.
          - Client authentication prevents this.

Farrell Standards Track [Page 13] RFC 3767 Secure Credentials Protocol June 2004

    V8.   (Upload) An attacker can overwrite someone else's
          credentials on the server.
          - Only if they know the account password already (thanks to
          mutual authentication).
    V9.   (When using password-based authentication) An attacker can
          force a password change to a known (or "weak") password.
          - Client authentication counters this.
    V10.  An attacker can attempt a man-in-the-middle attack for lots
          of reasons...
          - Mutual authentication and the encryption of subsequent
          messages prevents this.
    V11.  User enters password instead of name.
          - Since the DIGEST-MD5 mechanism is only used after TLS
          tuning, the user's name is also protected.
    V12.  An attacker could attempt various denial-of-service attacks.
          - No specific countermeasures against DoS are proposed.
 If the CreateAccountRequest message were sent over a cleartext
 channel (or otherwise exposed), then an attacker could mount a
 dictionary attack and recover the account password.  This is why the
 server authenticated TLS transport is REQUIRED for this operation.
 If someone steals the server database they can launch a dictionary
 attack.  If the dictionary attack is successful, the attacker can
 decrypt the user's credentials.  An attacker that has learned the
 user's account password can also upload new credentials, assuming the
 user is authorized to modify the credentials, because someone who
 knows the user's account password is assumed to be the user.
 However, if someone steals the server database and is unsuccessful at
 obtaining the user's account password through a dictionary attack,
 they will be unable to upload new credentials.
 Credential servers SHOULD incorporate measures that act to counter
 denial of service attacks.  In particular, they SHOULD drop inactive
 connections and minimize the use of resources by un-authenticated
 connections.  A number of recommendations are listed at [DDOS].
 Various operations in the SACRED protocol depend upon server
 authentication being provided by server authenticated TLS.  SACRED
 clients SHOULD take care that the correct server is at the far end of
 the TLS "pipe" by performing the checks which are listed in section
 3.1 of RFC 2818 [RFC2818].  Clients SHOULD also include the optional
 BEEP serverName field in their "start" message and SHOULD then ensure
 that the BEEP serverName is consistent with the checks on the TLS
 server described in RFC 2818.  Failure to carry out these checks
 could allow a spoof server access to a user's credential.

Farrell Standards Track [Page 14] RFC 3767 Secure Credentials Protocol June 2004

 If the SACRED account password were to be used in some other, less
 secure protocol, using DIGEST-MD5, then it might appear to be the
 case that a man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack could be mounted.
 However, this is not the case since the DIGEST-MD5 client hash
 includes a client-selected "digest-uri-value", which in SACRED's case
 will be "sacred/<serverName>".  In a MITM attack, those values will
 be something else.  A MITM attack as described is therefore thwarted,
 because digest-uri-value wouldn't match what the SACRED server is
 expecting.

6. References

6.1. Normative References

 [BEEP]       Rose, M., "The Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol
              Core", RFC 3080, March 2001.
 [DIGEST-MD5] Leach, P. and C. Newman, "Using Digest Authentication as
              a SASL Mechanism", RFC 2831, May 2000.
 [PKCS15]     "PKCS #15 v1.1: Cryptographic Token Information Syntax
              Standard," RSA Laboratories, June 2000.
 [REQS]       Arsenault, A. and S. Farrell, "Securely Available
              Credentials - Requirements", RFC 3157, August 2001.
 [RFC2119]    Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
 [SASL]       Myers, J., "Simple Authentication and Security Layer
              (SASL)", RFC 2222, October 1997.
 [TLS]        Dierks, T. and C. Allen, "The TLS Protocol - Version
              1.0", RFC 2246, January 1999.
 [TLSAES]     Chown, P., "Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
              Ciphersuites for Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC
              3268, June 2002.
 [XMLDSIG]    Eastlake, 3rd, D., Reagle, J. and D. Solo, "(Extensible
              Mark-Up Language) XML-Signature Syntax and Processing",
              RFC 3275, March 2002.
 [XMLSCHEMA]  "XML Schema Part 1: Structures", D. Beech, M. Maloney,
              N. Mendelsohn, and H. Thompson.  W3C Recommendation, May
              2001.  Available at http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-
              xmlschema-2-20010502/

Farrell Standards Track [Page 15] RFC 3767 Secure Credentials Protocol June 2004

6.2. Informative References

 [DDOS]       "Recommendations for the Protection against Distributed
              Denial-of-Service Attacks in the Internet",
              http://www.iwar.org.uk/comsec/resources/dos/ddos_en.htm
 [RFC2818]    Rescorla, E., "HTTP over TLS", RFC 2818, May 2000.
 [RFC3760]    Gustafson, D., Just, M. and M. Nystrom, "Securely
              Available Credentials - Credential Server Framework,"
              RFC 3760, April 2004.
 [XKMS]       Hallam-Baker, P. (ed), "XML Key Management
              Specification", http://www.w3.org/TR/xkms2/
 [XBULK]      Hughes, M (ed), "XML Key Management Specification - Bulk
              Operation", http://www.w3.org/TR/xkms2-xbulk/

Acknowledgements

 Radia Perlman (radia.perlman@sun.com) and Charlie Kaufman
 (charliek@microsoft.com) co-authored earlier versions of this
 document.  Michael Zolotarev (mzolotar@tpg.com.au) did much of the
 initial work, adapting an earlier version to the use of SRP (though
 SRP was subsequently dropped, much of the framework survives).
 Marshall Rose (mrose@dbc.mtview.ca.us) helped out a lot, in
 particular, with the BEEP profile.  And the following people were
 actively involved in the mailing list discussions leading to this
 document:
      David Chizmadia,
      Dave Crocker (dcrocker@brandenburg.com),
      Lawrence Greenfield (leg+@andrew.cmu.edu),
      Dale Gustafson (degustafson@comcast.net),
      Mike Just (just.mike@tbs-sct.gc.ca),
      John Linn (jlinn@rsasecurity.com),
      Neal McBurnett (neal@bcn.boulder.co.us),
      Keith Moore (moore@cs.utk.edu),
      RL "Bob" Morgan (rlmorgan@washington.edu),
      Magnus Nystrom (magnus@rsasecurity.com),
      Eamon O'Tuathail (eamon.otuathail@clipcode.com),
      Gareth Richards (grichards@rsasecurity.com)
 Of course, any and all errors remain the editor's responsibility.

Farrell Standards Track [Page 16] RFC 3767 Secure Credentials Protocol June 2004

Appendix A: XML Schema

 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <schema
      targetNamespace="urn:sacred-2002-12-19"
      xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#"
      xmlns:sacred="urn:sacred-2002-12-19"
      xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
      <import namespace="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#"
      schemaLocation=
      "http://www.w3.org/TR/xmldsig-core/xmldsig-core-schema.xsd"/>
      <!-- extensibility holes -->
      <complexType name="ProcessInfoType">
       <sequence maxOccurs="unbounded">
        <any namespace="##other"/>
       </sequence>
      </complexType>
      <element name="ProcessInfo" type="sacred:ProcessInfoType"/>
      <complexType name="ClientInfoType">
       <sequence maxOccurs="unbounded">
        <any namespace="##other"/>
       </sequence>
      </complexType>
      <element name="ClientInfo" type="sacred:ClientInfoType"/>
      <!-- Where to put authenentication information -->
      <complexType name="AuthInfoType">
       <choice maxOccurs="unbounded">
        <element name="DigestMD5AuthInfo">
         <complexType>
          <sequence>
           <element name="PasswordVerifier" type="base64Binary"/>
           <element name="Realm" type="string" />
          </sequence>
         </complexType>
        </element>
        <any namespace="##other"/>
       </choice>
      </complexType>
      <element name="AuthInfo" type="sacred:AuthInfoType"/>
      <!-- authentication mechanism parameters -->
      <complexType name="AuthParamsType">
       <choice maxOccurs="unbounded">
        <element name=" DigestMD5AuthParams">
         <complexType>
          <sequence>
           <element name="Realm" type="string"
             minOccurs="1" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
          </sequence>

Farrell Standards Track [Page 17] RFC 3767 Secure Credentials Protocol June 2004

         </complexType>
        </element>
        <any namespace="##other"/>
       </choice>
      </complexType>
      <element name="AuthParams" type="sacred:AuthParamsType"/>
      <!-- Protocol messsages -->
      <!-- "account handling" operations -->
      <!-- Information request -->
      <element name="InfoRequest"/>
      <element name="InfoResponse">
       <complexType>
        <sequence>
         <element name="Status" type="string" minOccurs="0"/>
         <element name="ServerId" type="string"/>
         <element ref="sacred:AuthParams"/>
         <element ref="sacred:ProcessInfo" minOccurs="0"/>
        </sequence>
       </complexType>
      </element>
      <!-- Create Account Request -->
      <element name="CreateAccountRequest">
       <complexType>
        <sequence>
         <element name="UserId" type="string"/>
         <element ref="sacred:AuthInfo"/>
         <element ref="sacred:ProcessInfo" minOccurs="0"/>
        </sequence>
       </complexType>
      </element>
      <!-- remove account request -->
      <element name="RemoveAccountRequest">
       <complexType>
        <sequence>
         <element ref="sacred:ProcessInfo" minOccurs="0"/>
        </sequence>
       </complexType>
      </element>
      <!-- password change request -->
      <element name="ModifyAccountRequest">
       <complexType>
        <sequence>
         <element ref="sacred:AuthInfo"/>
         <element ref="sacred:ProcessInfo" minOccurs="0"/>
        </sequence>
       </complexType>
      </element>
      <!-- "run-time" operations -->

Farrell Standards Track [Page 18] RFC 3767 Secure Credentials Protocol June 2004

      <!-- DownLoad Request -->
      <element name="DownloadRequest">
       <complexType>
        <sequence>
         <element name="CredentialSelector" type="string"
           minOccurs="0"/>
         <element ref="sacred:ProcessInfo" minOccurs="0"/>
        </sequence>
       </complexType>
      </element>
      <!-- Download Response -->
      <element name="DownloadResponse">
       <complexType>
        <sequence>
         <element name="Status" type="string" minOccurs="0"/>
         <element name="Credential" type="sacred:CredentialType"
          maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
        </sequence>
       </complexType>
      </element>
      <!-- Upload request -->
      <element name="UploadRequest">
       <complexType>
        <sequence>
         <element name="Credential" type="sacred:CredentialType"/>
        </sequence>
       </complexType>
      </element>
      <element name="DeleteRequest">
        <complexType>
          <sequence>
            <choice>
              <sequence>
                <element name="CredentialSelector" type="string"/>
                <element name="LastModified" type="dateTime"
                      minOccurs="0"/>
              </sequence>
              <element name="All"/>
            </choice>
            <element ref="sacred:ProcessInfo" minOccurs="0"/>
          </sequence>
        </complexType>
      </element>
      <!-- Credential related structures -->
      <!-- A new ds:KeyInfo thing -->
      <element name="SacredPKCS15" type="base64Binary"/>
      <!-- credential -->
      <complexType name="CredentialType">

Farrell Standards Track [Page 19] RFC 3767 Secure Credentials Protocol June 2004

       <sequence>
        <element name="CredentialSelector" type="string"/>
        <element name="LastModified" type="dateTime"/>
        <element name="Payload" type="ds:KeyInfoType" minOccurs="0"/>
        <element name="TimeToLive" type="string" minOccurs="0"/>
        <element ref="sacred:ProcessInfo" minOccurs="0"/>
        <element ref="sacred:ClientInfo" minOccurs="0"/>
       </sequence>
      </complexType>
 </schema>

Appendix B: An Example of Tuning with BEEP

 Here is what tuning BEEP for authentication and confidentiality
 looks like using TLS and SASL's DIGEST-MD5:
 L: <wait for incoming connection>
 I: <open connection>
  ... each peer sends a greeting indicating the services that
     it offers ...
 L: RPY 0 0 . 0 233
 L: Content-Type: application/beep+xml
 L:
 L: <greeting>
 L:    <profile uri='http://iana.org/beep/SASL/DIGEST-MD5' />
 L:    <profile uri='http://iana.org/beep/TLS' />
 L:    <profile uri='http://iana.org/beep/sacred' />
 L: </greeting>
 L: END
 I: RPY 0 0 . 0 52
 I: Content-Type: application/beep+xml
 I:
 I: <greeting />
 I: END
  ... the initiator starts a channel for TLS and piggybacks a request
     to start the TLS negotiation ...
 I: MSG 0 1 . 52 149
 I: Content-Type: application/beep+xml
 I:
 I: <start number='1' serverName="sacred.example.org">
 I:    <profile uri='http://iana.org/beep/TLS'>
 I:        &lt;ready />

Farrell Standards Track [Page 20] RFC 3767 Secure Credentials Protocol June 2004

 I:    </profile>
 I: </start>
 I: END
  ... the listener creates the channel and piggybacks its readiness to
     start TLS ...
 L: RPY 0 1 . 233 112
 L: Content-Type: application/beep+xml
 L:
 L: <profile uri='http://iana.org/beep/TLS'>
 L:     &lt;proceed />
 L: </profile>
 L: END
  ... upon receiving the reply, the initiator starts up TLS ...
  ... successful transport security negotiation ...
  ... a new greeting is sent (cf., Section 9 of RFC 3080), note that
     the listener no longer advertises TLS (we're already running
     it)
 L: RPY 0 0 . 0 186
 L: Content-Type: application/beep+xml
 L:
 L: <greeting>
 L:    <profile uri='http://iana.org/beep/SASL/DIGEST-MD5' />
 L:    <profile uri='http://iana.org/beep/sacred' />
 L: </greeting>
 L: END
 I: RPY 0 0 . 0 52
 I: Content-Type: application/beep+xml
 I:
 I: <greeting />
 I: END
  ... the initiator starts a channel for DIGEST-MD5 and piggybacks
     initialization information for the mechanism ...
 I: MSG 0 1 . 52 178
 I: Content-Type: application/beep+xml
 I:
 I: <start number='1'>
 I:    <profile uri='http://iana.org/beep/SASL/DIGEST-MD5'>
 I:        &lt;blob> ... &lt;/blob>
 I:    </profile>

Farrell Standards Track [Page 21] RFC 3767 Secure Credentials Protocol June 2004

 I: </start>
 I: END
  ... the listener creates the channel and piggybacks a challenge ...
 L: RPY 0 1 . 186 137
 L: Content-Type: application/beep+xml
 L:
 L: <profile uri='http://iana.org/beep/SASL/DIGEST-MD5'>
 L:     &lt;blob> ... &lt;/blob>
 L: </profile>
 L: END
  ... the initiator sends a response to the challenge ...
 I: MSG 1 0 . 0 58
 I: Content-Type: application/beep+xml
 I:
 I: <blob> ... </blob>
 I: END
  ... the listener accepts the challenge and tells the initiator
     that it is now authenticated ...
 L: RPY 1 0 . 0 66
 L: Content-Type: application/beep+xml
 L:
 L: <blob status='complete' />
 L: END
  ... the initiator starts a channel for SACRED and piggybacks its
     initial SACRED request ...
 I: MSG 0 2 . 230 520
 I: Content-Type: application/beep+xml
 I:
 I: <start number='3'>
 I:    <profile uri='http://iana.org/beep/sacred' />
 I:        &lt;?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 I:        &lt;sacred:DownloadRequest
 I:          xmlns:sacred="urn:sacred-2002-12-19"
 I:          xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
 I:          xsi:schemaLocation="urn:sacred-2002-12-19 sacred.xsd">
 I:          &lt;CredentialSelector>
 I:                      magnus-credentials&lt;/CredentialSelector>
 I:        &lt;/sacred:DownloadRequest>
 I: </start>

Farrell Standards Track [Page 22] RFC 3767 Secure Credentials Protocol June 2004

 I: END
  ... the listener creates the channel and piggybacks the response to
 the initial SACRED request
 L: RPY 0 2 . 323 805
 L: Content-Type: application/beep+xml
 L:
 L: <profile uri='http://iana.org/beep/sacred' />
 L:     &lt;?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 L:     &lt;sacred:DownloadResponse
 L:       xmlns:sacred="urn:sacred-2002-12-19"
 L:       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
 L:       xsi:schemaLocation="urn:sacred-2002-12-19 sacred.xsd">
 L:       &lt;Status>Success&lt;/Status>
 L:       &lt;Credential>
 L:         &lt;CredentialSelector>
 L:              magnus-credential&lt;/CredentialSelector>
 L:         &lt;LastModified>2002-11-22T00:00:08Z&lt;/LastModified>
 L:         &lt;Payload>
 L:             &lt;sacred:SacredPKCS15
 L:               xmlns:sacred="urn:sacred-2002-12-19">GpM7
 L:             &lt;/sacred:SacredPKCS15>
 L:         &lt;/Payload>
 L:       &lt;/Credential>
 L:     &lt;/sacred:DownloadResponse>
 L: </profile>
 L: END

Appendix C: Provision SACRED using other Protocols

 SACRED may be implemented in a non-BEEP environment, provided that
 before any SACRED PDUs are sent, the application protocol must be
 protected according to the security mandates provided in Section 2.3.
 For example, if SACRED is provisioned as the payload of an
 application protocol that supports SASL and TLS, then the appropriate
 SASL and/or TLS negotiation must successfully occur before exchanging
 Sacred PDUs.
 Alternatively, if the application protocol doesn't support SASL, then
 one or more PDUs are defined to facilitate a SASL negotiation, and
 the appropriate negotiation must occur before exchanging Sacred PDUs.

Farrell Standards Track [Page 23] RFC 3767 Secure Credentials Protocol June 2004

Editor's Address

 Stephen Farrell,
 Distributed Systems Group,
 Computer Science Department,
 Trinity College Dublin,
 IRELAND
 Phone: +353-1-608-3070
 EMail: stephen.farrell@cs.tcd.ie

Farrell Standards Track [Page 24] RFC 3767 Secure Credentials Protocol June 2004

Full Copyright Statement

 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004).  This document is subject
 to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and
 except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights.
 This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
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 INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE
 INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
 WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

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 Internet Society.

Farrell Standards Track [Page 25]

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