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Network Working Group S. Chokhani Request for Comments: 3647 Orion Security Solutions, Inc. Obsoletes: 2527 W. Ford Category: Informational VeriSign, Inc.

                                                             R. Sabett
                                                    Cooley Godward LLP
                                                            C. Merrill
                                               McCarter & English, LLP
                                                                 S. Wu
                                                      Infoliance, Inc.
                                                         November 2003
              Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure
      Certificate Policy and Certification Practices Framework

Status of this Memo

 This memo provides information for the Internet community.  It does
 not specify an Internet standard of any kind.  Distribution of this
 memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003).  All Rights Reserved.

Abstract

 This document presents a framework to assist the writers of
 certificate policies or certification practice statements for
 participants within public key infrastructures, such as certification
 authorities, policy authorities, and communities of interest that
 wish to rely on certificates.  In particular, the framework provides
 a comprehensive list of topics that potentially (at the writer's
 discretion) need to be covered in a certificate policy or a
 certification practice statement.  This document supersedes RFC 2527.

Table of Contents

 1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     1.1.  Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     1.2.  Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     1.3.  Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
 2.  Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
 3.  Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     3.1.  Certificate Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     3.2.  Certificate Policy Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     3.3.  X.509 Certificate Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Chokhani, et al. Informational [Page 1] RFC 3647 Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure November 2003

           3.3.1.  Certificate Policies Extension . . . . . . . . . 12
           3.3.2.  Policy Mappings Extension. . . . . . . . . . . . 13
           3.3.3.  Policy Constraints Extension . . . . . . . . . . 13
           3.3.4.  Policy Qualifiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     3.4.  Certification Practice Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
     3.5.  Relationship Between CP and CPS. . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     3.6.  Relationship Among CPs, CPSs, Agreements, and
           Other Documents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     3.7.  Set of Provisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
 4.  Contents of a Set of Provisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
     4.1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
           4.1.1.  Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
           4.1.2.  Document Name and Identification . . . . . . . . 22
           4.1.3.  PKI Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
           4.1.4.  Certificate Usage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
           4.1.5.  Policy Administration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
           4.1.6.  Definitions and Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
     4.2.  Publication and Repository Responsibilities. . . . . . . 25
     4.3.  Identification and Authentication (I&A). . . . . . . . . 25
           4.3.1.  Naming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
           4.3.2.  Initial Identity Validation. . . . . . . . . . . 26
           4.3.3.  I&A for Re-key Requests. . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
           4.3.4.  I&A for Revocation Requests. . . . . . . . . . . 27
     4.4.  Certificate Life-Cycle Operational Requirements. . . . . 27
           4.4.1.  Certificate Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
           4.4.2.  Certificate Application Processing . . . . . . . 28
           4.4.3.  Certificate Issuance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
           4.4.4.  Certificate Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
           4.4.5.  Key Pair and Certificate Usage . . . . . . . . . 29
           4.4.6.  Certificate Renewal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
           4.4.7.  Certificate Re-key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
           4.4.8.  Certificate Modification . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
           4.4.9.  Certificate Revocation and Suspension. . . . . . 31
           4.4.10. Certificate Status Services. . . . . . . . . . . 33
           4.4.11. End of Subscription. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
           4.4.12. Key Escrow and Recovery. . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
     4.5.  Facility, Management, and Operational Controls . . . . . 33
           4.5.1.  Physical Security Controls . . . . . . . . . . . 34
           4.5.2.  Procedural Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
           4.5.3.  Personnel Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
           4.5.4.  Audit Logging Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
           4.5.5.  Records Archival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
           4.5.6.  Key Changeover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
           4.5.7.  Compromise and Disaster Recovery . . . . . . . . 38
           4.5.8.  CA or RA Termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
      4.6. Technical Security Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
           4.6.1.  Key Pair Generation and Installation . . . . . . 39
           4.6.2.  Private Key Protection and Cryptographic

Chokhani, et al. Informational [Page 2] RFC 3647 Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure November 2003

                   Module Engineering Controls. . . . . . . . . . . 40
           4.6.3.  Other Aspects of Key Pair Management . . . . . . 42
           4.6.4.  Activation Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
           4.6.5.  Computer Security Controls . . . . . . . . . . . 42
           4.6.6.  Life Cycle Security Controls . . . . . . . . . . 43
           4.6.7.  Network Security Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . 43
           4.6.8.  Timestamping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
     4.7.  Certificate, CRL, and OCSP Profiles. . . . . . . . . . . 44
           4.7.1.  Certificate Profile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
           4.7.2.  CRL Profile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
           4.7.3.  OCSP Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
     4.8.  Compliance Audit and Other Assessment. . . . . . . . . . 45
     4.9.  Other Business and Legal Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
           4.9.1.  Fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
           4.9.2.  Financial Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
           4.9.3.  Confidentiality of Business Information. . . . . 47
           4.9.4.  Privacy of Personal Information. . . . . . . . . 48
           4.9.5.  Intellectual Property Rights . . . . . . . . . . 48
           4.9.6.  Representations and Warranties . . . . . . . . . 48
           4.9.7.  Disclaimers of Warranties. . . . . . . . . . . . 49
           4.9.8.  Limitations of Liability . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
           4.9.9.  Indemnities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
           4.9.10. Term and Termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
           4.9.11. Individual notices and communications
                   with participants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
           4.9.12. Amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
           4.9.13. Dispute Resolution Procedures. . . . . . . . . . 51
           4.9.14. Governing Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
           4.9.15. Compliance with Applicable Law . . . . . . . . . 51
           4.9.16. Miscellaneous Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
           4.9.17. Other Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
 5.  Security Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
 6.  Outline of a Set of Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
 7.  Comparison to RFC 2527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
 8.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
 9.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
 10. Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
 12. List of Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
 13. Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
 14. Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Chokhani, et al. Informational [Page 3] RFC 3647 Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure November 2003

1. Introduction

1.1. Background

 In general, a public-key certificate (hereinafter "certificate")
 binds a public key held by an entity (such as person, organization,
 account, device, or site) to a set of information that identifies the
 entity associated with use of the corresponding private key.  In most
 cases involving identity certificates, this entity is known as the
 "subject" or "subscriber" of the certificate.  Two exceptions,
 however, include devices (in which the subscriber is usually the
 individual or organization controlling the device) and anonymous
 certificates (in which the identity of the individual or organization
 is not available from the certificate itself).  Other types of
 certificates bind public keys to attributes of an entity other than
 the entity's identity, such as a role, a title, or creditworthiness
 information.
 A certificate is used by a "certificate user" or "relying party" that
 needs to use, and rely upon the accuracy of, the binding between the
 subject public key distributed via that certificate and the identity
 and/or other attributes of the subject contained in that certificate.
 A relying party is frequently an entity that verifies a digital
 signature from the certificate's subject where the digital signature
 is associated with an email, web form, electronic document, or other
 data.  Other examples of relying parties can include a sender of
 encrypted email to the subscriber, a user of a web browser relying on
 a server certificate during a secure sockets layer (SSL) session, and
 an entity operating a server that controls access to online
 information using client certificates as an access control mechanism.
 In summary, a relying party is an entity that uses a public key in a
 certificate (for signature verification and/or encryption).  The
 degree to which a relying party can trust the binding embodied in a
 certificate depends on several factors.  These factors can include
 the practices followed by the certification authority (CA) in
 authenticating the subject; the CA's operating policy, procedures,
 and security controls; the scope of the subscriber's responsibilities
 (for example, in protecting the private key); and the stated
 responsibilities and liability terms and conditions of the CA (for
 example, warranties, disclaimers of warranties, and limitations of
 liability).
 A Version 3 X.509 certificate may contain a field declaring that one
 or more specific certificate policies apply to that certificate
 [ISO1].  According to X.509, a certificate policy (CP) is "a named
 set of rules that indicates the applicability of a certificate to a
 particular community and/or class of applications with common
 security requirements."  A CP may be used by a relying party to help

Chokhani, et al. Informational [Page 4] RFC 3647 Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure November 2003

 in deciding whether a certificate, and the binding therein, are
 sufficiently trustworthy and otherwise appropriate for a particular
 application.  The CP concept is an outgrowth of the policy statement
 concept developed for Internet Privacy Enhanced Mail [PEM1] and
 expanded upon in [BAU1].  The legal and liability aspects presented
 in Section 4.9 are outcomes of a collaborative effort between IETF
 PKIX working group and the American Bar Association (ABA) members who
 have worked on legal acceptance of digital signature and role of PKI
 in that acceptance.
 A more detailed description of the practices followed by a CA in
 issuing and otherwise managing certificates may be contained in a
 certification practice statement (CPS) published by or referenced by
 the CA.  According to the American Bar Association Information
 Security Committee's Digital Signature Guidelines (hereinafter
 "DSG")(1) and the Information Security Committee's PKI Assessment
 Guidelines (hereinafter "PAG")(2), "a CPS is a statement of the
 practices which a certification authority employs in issuing
 certificates." [ABA1, ABA2]  In general, CPSs also describe practices
 relating to all certificate lifecycle services (e.g., issuance,
 management, revocation, and renewal or re-keying), and CPSs provide
 details concerning other business, legal, and technical matters.  The
 terms contained in a CP or CPS may or may not be binding upon a PKI's
 participants as a contract.  A CP or CPS may itself purport to be a
 contract.  More commonly, however, an agreement may incorporate a CP
 or CPS by reference and therefore attempt to bind the parties of the
 agreement to some or all of its terms.  For example, some PKIs may
 utilize a CP or (more commonly) a CPS that is incorporated by
 reference in the agreement between a subscriber and a CA or RA
 (called a "subscriber agreement") or the agreement between a relying
 party and a CA (called a "relying party agreement" or "RPA").  In
 other cases, however, a CP or CPS has no contractual significance at
 all.  A PKI may intend these CPs and CPSs to be strictly
 informational or disclosure documents.

1.2. Purpose

 The purpose of this document is twofold.  First, the document aims to
 explain the concepts of a CP and a CPS, describe the differences
 between these two concepts, and describe their relationship to
 subscriber and relying party agreements.  Second, this document aims
 to present a framework to assist the writers and users of certificate
 policies or CPSs in drafting and understanding these documents.  In
 particular, the framework identifies the elements that may need to be
 considered in formulating a CP or a CPS.  The purpose is not to
 define particular certificate policies or CPSs, per se.  Moreover,
 this document does not aim to provide legal advice or recommendations

Chokhani, et al. Informational [Page 5] RFC 3647 Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure November 2003

 as to particular requirements or practices that should be contained
 within CPs or CPSs.  (Such recommendations, however, appear in
 [ABA2].)

1.3. Scope

 The scope of this document is limited to discussion of the topics
 that can be covered in a CP (as defined in X.509) or CPS (as defined
 in the DSG and PAG).  In particular, this document describes the
 types of information that should be considered for inclusion in a CP
 or a CPS.  While the framework as presented generally assumes use of
 the X.509 version 3 certificate format for the purpose of providing
 assurances of identity, it is not intended that the material be
 restricted to use of that certificate format or identity
 certificates.  Rather, it is intended that this framework be
 adaptable to other certificate formats and to certificates providing
 assurances other than identity that may come into use.
 The scope does not extend to defining security policies generally
 (such as organization security policy, system security policy, or
 data labeling policy).  Further, this document does not define a
 specific CP or CPS.  Moreover, in presenting a framework, this
 document should be viewed and used as a flexible tool presenting
 topics that should be considered of particular relevance to CPs or
 CPSs, and not as a rigid formula for producing CPs or CPSs.
 This document assumes that the reader is familiar with the general
 concepts of digital signatures, certificates, and public-key
 infrastructure (PKI), as used in X.509, the DSG, and the PAG.

2. Definitions

 This document makes use of the following defined terms:
 Activation data - Data values, other than keys, that are required to
 operate cryptographic modules and that need to be protected (e.g., a
 PIN, a passphrase, or a manually-held key share).
 Authentication - The process of establishing that individuals,
 organizations, or things are who or what they claim to be.  In the
 context of a PKI, authentication can be the process of establishing
 that an individual or organization applying for or seeking access to
 something under a certain name is, in fact, the proper individual or
 organization.  This corresponds to the second process involved with
 identification, as shown in the definition of "identification" below.
 Authentication can also refer to a security service that provides
 assurances that individuals, organizations, or things are who or what

Chokhani, et al. Informational [Page 6] RFC 3647 Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure November 2003

 they claim to be or that a message or other data originated from a
 specific individual, organization, or device.  Thus, it is said that
 a digital signature of a message authenticates the message's sender.
 CA-certificate - A certificate for one CA's public key issued by
 another CA.
 Certificate policy (CP) - A named set of rules that indicates the
 applicability of a certificate to a particular community and/or class
 of application with common security requirements.  For example, a
 particular CP might indicate applicability of a type of certificate
 to the authentication of parties engaging in business-to-business
 transactions for the trading of goods or services within a given
 price range.
 Certification path - An ordered sequence of certificates that,
 together with the public key of the initial object in the path, can
 be processed to obtain that of the final object in the path.
 Certification Practice Statement (CPS) - A statement of the practices
 that a certification authority employs in issuing, managing,
 revoking, and renewing or re-keying certificates.
 CPS Summary (or CPS Abstract) - A subset of the provisions of a
 complete CPS that is made public by a CA.
 Identification - The process of establishing the identity of an
 individual or organization, i.e., to show that an individual or
 organization is a specific individual or organization.  In the
 context of a PKI, identification refers to two processes:
 (1) establishing that a given name of an individual or organization
     corresponds to a real-world identity of an individual or
     organization, and
 (2) establishing that an individual or organization applying for or
     seeking access to something under that name is, in fact, the
     named individual or organization.  A person seeking
     identification may be a certificate applicant, an applicant for
     employment in a trusted position within a PKI participant, or a
     person seeking access to a network or software application, such
     as a CA administrator seeking access to CA systems.
 Issuing certification authority (issuing CA) - In the context of a
 particular certificate, the issuing CA is the CA that issued the
 certificate (see also Subject certification authority).

Chokhani, et al. Informational [Page 7] RFC 3647 Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure November 2003

 Participant - An individual or organization that plays a role within
 a given PKI as a subscriber, relying party, CA, RA, certificate
 manufacturing authority, repository service provider, or similar
 entity.
 PKI Disclosure Statement (PDS) - An instrument that supplements a CP
 or CPS by disclosing critical information about the policies and
 practices of a CA/PKI.  A PDS is a vehicle for disclosing and
 emphasizing information normally covered in detail by associated CP
 and/or CPS documents.  Consequently, a PDS is not intended to replace
 a CP or CPS.
 Policy qualifier - Policy-dependent information that may accompany a
 CP identifier in an X.509 certificate.  Such information can include
 a pointer to the URL of the applicable CPS or relying party
 agreement.  It may also include text (or number causing the
 appearance of text) that contains terms of the use of the certificate
 or other legal information.
 Registration authority (RA) - An entity that is responsible for one
 or more of the following functions:  the identification and
 authentication of certificate applicants, the approval or rejection
 of certificate applications, initiating certificate revocations or
 suspensions under certain circumstances, processing subscriber
 requests to revoke or suspend their certificates, and approving or
 rejecting requests by subscribers to renew or re-key their
 certificates.  RAs, however, do not sign or issue certificates (i.e.,
 an RA is delegated certain tasks on behalf of a CA).  [Note: The term
 Local Registration Authority (LRA) is sometimes used in other
 documents for the same concept.]
 Relying party - A recipient of a certificate who acts in reliance on
 that certificate and/or any digital signatures verified using that
 certificate.  In this document, the terms "certificate user" and
 "relying party" are used interchangeably.
 Relying party agreement (RPA) - An agreement between a certification
 authority and relying party that typically establishes the rights and
 responsibilities between those parties regarding the verification of
 digital signatures or other uses of certificates.
 Set of provisions - A collection of practice and/or policy
 statements, spanning a range of standard topics, for use in
 expressing a CP or CPS employing the approach described in this
 framework.

Chokhani, et al. Informational [Page 8] RFC 3647 Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure November 2003

 Subject certification authority (subject CA) - In the context of a
 particular CA-certificate, the subject CA is the CA whose public key
 is certified in the certificate (see also Issuing certification
 authority).
 Subscriber - A subject of a certificate who is issued a certificate.
 Subscriber Agreement - An agreement between a CA and a subscriber
 that establishes the right and responsibilities of the parties
 regarding the issuance and management of certificates.
 Validation - The process of identification of certificate applicants.
 "Validation" is a subset of "identification" and refers to
 identification in the context of establishing the identity of
 certificate applicants.

3. Concepts

 This section explains the concepts of CP and CPS, and describes their
 relationship with other PKI documents, such as subscriber agreements
 and relying party agreements.  Other related concepts are also
 described.  Some of the material covered in this section and in some
 other sections is specific to certificate policies extensions as
 defined X.509 version 3.  Except for those sections, this framework
 is intended to be adaptable to other certificate formats that may
 come into use.

3.1. Certificate Policy

 When a certification authority issues a certificate, it is providing
 a statement to a certificate user (i.e., a relying party) that a
 particular public key is bound to the identity and/or other
 attributes of a particular entity (the certificate subject, which is
 usually also the subscriber).  The extent to which the relying party
 should rely on that statement by the CA, however, needs to be
 assessed by the relying party or entity controlling or coordinating
 the way relying parties or relying party applications use
 certificates.  Different certificates are issued following different
 practices and procedures, and may be suitable for different
 applications and/or purposes.
 The X.509 standard defines a CP as "a named set of rules that
 indicates the applicability of a certificate to a particular
 community and/or class of application with common security
 requirements" [ISO1].  An X.509 Version 3 certificate may identify a
 specific applicable CP, which may be used by a relying party to

Chokhani, et al. Informational [Page 9] RFC 3647 Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure November 2003

 decide whether or not to trust a certificate, associated public key,
 or any digital signatures verified using the public key for a
 particular purpose.
 CPs typically fall into two major categories.  First, some CPs
 "indicate the applicability of a certificate to a particular
 community" [ISO1].  These CPs set forth requirements for certificate
 usage and requirements on members of a community.  For instance, a CP
 may focus on the needs of a geographical community, such as the ETSI
 policy requirements for CAs issuing qualified certificates [ETS].
 Also, a CP of this kind may focus on the needs of a specific
 vertical-market community, such as financial services [IDT].
 The second category of typical CPs "indicate the applicability of a
 certificate to a . . . class of application with common security
 requirements."  These CPs identify a set of applications or uses for
 certificates and say that these applications or uses require a
 certain level of security.  They then set forth PKI requirements that
 are appropriate for these applications or uses.  A CP within this
 category often makes sets requirements appropriate for a certain
 "level of assurance" provided by certificates, relative to
 certificates issued pursuant to related CPs.  These levels of
 assurance may correspond to "classes" or "types" of certificates.
 For instance, the Government of Canada PKI Policy Management
 Authority (GOC PMA) has established eight certificate policies in a
 single document [GOC], four policies for certificates used for
 digital signatures and four policies for certificates used for
 confidentiality encryption.  For each of these applications, the
 document establishes four levels of assurances:  rudimentary, basic,
 medium, and high.  The GOC PMA described certain types of digital
 signature and confidentiality uses in the document, each with a
 certain set of security requirements, and grouped them into eight
 categories.  The GOC PMA then established PKI requirements for each
 of these categories, thereby creating eight types of certificates,
 each providing rudimentary, basic, medium, or high levels of
 assurance.  The progression from rudimentary to high levels
 corresponds to increasing security requirements and corresponding
 increasing levels of assurance.
 A CP is represented in a certificate by a unique number called an
 "Object Identifier" (OID).  That OID, or at least an "arc", can be
 registered.  An "arc" is the beginning of the numerical sequence of
 an OID and is assigned to a particular organization.  The
 registration process follows the procedures specified in ISO/IEC and
 ITU standards.  The party that registers the OID or arc also can
 publish the text of the CP, for examination by relying parties.  Any
 one certificate will typically declare a single CP or, possibly, be

Chokhani, et al. Informational [Page 10] RFC 3647 Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure November 2003

 issued consistent with a small number of different policies.  Such
 declaration appears in the Certificate Policies extension of a X.509
 Version 3 certificate.  When a CA places multiple CPs within a
 certificate's Certificate Policies extension, the CA is asserting
 that the certificate is appropriate for use in accordance with any of
 the listed CPs.
 CPs also constitute a basis for an audit, accreditation, or another
 assessment of a CA.  Each CA can be assessed against one or more
 certificate policies or CPSs that it is recognized as implementing.
 When one CA issues a CA-certificate for another CA, the issuing CA
 must assess the set of certificate policies for which it trusts the
 subject CA (such assessment may be based upon an assessment with
 respect to the certificate policies involved).  The assessed set of
 certificate policies is then indicated by the issuing CA in the CA-
 certificate.  The X.509 certification path processing logic employs
 these CP indications in its well-defined trust model.

3.2. Certificate Policy Examples

 For example purposes, suppose that the International Air Transport
 Association (IATA) undertakes to define some certificate policies for
 use throughout the airline industry, in a PKI operated by IATA in
 combination with PKIs operated by individual airlines.  Two CPs might
 be defined - the IATA General-Purpose CP, and the IATA Commercial-
 Grade CP.
 The IATA General-Purpose CP could be used by industry personnel for
 protecting routine information (e.g., casual electronic mail) and for
 authenticating connections from World Wide Web browsers to servers
 for general information retrieval purposes. The key pairs may be
 generated, stored, and managed using low-cost, software-based
 systems, such as commercial browsers.  Under this policy, a
 certificate may be automatically issued to anybody listed as an
 employee in the corporate directory of IATA or any member airline who
 submits a signed certificate request form to a network administrator
 in his or her organization.
 The IATA Commercial-Grade CP could be used to protect financial
 transactions or binding contractual exchanges between airlines.
 Under this policy, IATA could require that certified key pairs be
 generated and stored in approved cryptographic hardware tokens.
 Certificates and tokens could be provided to airline employees with
 disbursement authority.  These authorized individuals might then be
 required to present themselves to the corporate security office, show
 a valid identification badge, and sign a subscriber agreement
 requiring them to protect the token and use it only for authorized
 purposes, as a condition of being issued a token and a certificate.

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3.3. X.509 Certificate Fields

 The following extension fields in an X.509 certificate are used to
 support CPs:
  • Certificate Policies extension;
  • Policy Mappings extension; and
  • Policy Constraints extension.

3.3.1. Certificate Policies Extension

 A Certificate Policies field lists CPs that the certification
 authority declares are applicable.  Using the example of the IATA
 General-Purpose and Commercial-Grade policies defined in Section 3.2,
 the certificates issued to regular airline employees would contain
 the object identifier for General-Purpose policy.  The certificates
 issued to the employees with disbursement authority would contain the
 object identifiers for both the General-Purpose policy and the
 Commercial-Grade policy.  The inclusion of both object identifiers in
 the certificates means that they would be appropriate for either the
 General-Purpose or Commercial-Grade policies.  The Certificate
 Policies field may also optionally convey qualifier values for each
 identified policy; the use of qualifiers is discussed in Section 3.4.
 When processing a certification path, a CP that is acceptable to the
 relying party application must be present in every certificate in the
 path, i.e., in CA-certificates as well as end entity certificates.
 If the Certificate Policies field is flagged critical, it serves the
 same purpose as described above but also has an additional role.
 Specifically, it indicates that the use of the certificate is
 restricted to one of the identified policies, i.e., the certification
 authority is declaring that the certificate must only be used in
 accordance with the provisions of at least one of the listed CPs.
 This field is intended to protect the certification authority against
 claims for damages asserted by a relying party who has used the
 certificate for an inappropriate purpose or in an inappropriate
 manner, as stipulated in the applicable CP.
 For example, the Internal Revenue Service might issue certificates to
 taxpayers for the purpose of protecting tax filings.  The Internal
 Revenue Service understands and can accommodate the risks of
 erroneously issuing a bad certificate, e.g., to an imposter.
 Suppose, however, that someone used an Internal Revenue Service tax-
 filing certificate as the basis for encrypting multi-million-dollar-
 value proprietary trade secrets, which subsequently fell into the
 wrong hands because of a cryptanalytic attack by an attacker who is
 able to decrypt the message.  The Internal Revenue Service may want

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 to defend itself against claims for damages in such circumstances by
 pointing to the criticality of the Certificate Policies extension to
 show that the subscriber and relying party misused the certificate.
 The critical-flagged Certificate Policies extension is intended to
 mitigate the risk to the CA in such situations.

3.3.2. Policy Mappings Extension

 The Policy Mappings extension may only be used in CA-certificates.
 This field allows a certification authority to indicate that certain
 policies in its own domain can be considered equivalent to certain
 other policies in the subject certification authority's domain.
 For example, suppose that for purposes of facilitating
 interoperability, the ACE Corporation establishes an agreement with
 the ABC Corporation to cross-certify the public keys of each others'
 certification authorities for the purposes of mutually securing their
 respective business-to-business exchanges.  Further, suppose that
 both companies have pre-existing financial transaction protection
 policies called ace-e-commerce and abc-e-commerce, respectively.  One
 can see that simply generating cross-certificates between the two
 domains will not provide the necessary interoperability, as the two
 companies' applications are configured with, and employee
 certificates are populated with, their respective certificate
 policies.  One possible solution is to reconfigure all of the
 financial applications to require either policy and to reissue all
 the certificates with both policies appearing in their Certificate
 Policies extensions.  Another solution, which may be easier to
 administer, uses the Policy Mapping field.  If this field is included
 in a cross-certificate for the ABC Corporation certification
 authority issued by the ACE Corporation certification authority, it
 can provide a statement that the ABC's financial transaction
 protection policy (i.e., abc-e-commerce) can be considered equivalent
 to that of the ACE Corporation (i.e., ace-e-commerce).  With such a
 statement included in the cross-certificate issued to ABC, relying
 party applications in the ACE domain requiring the presence of the
 object identifier for the ace-e-commerce CP can also accept, process,
 and rely upon certificates issued within the ABC domain containing
 the object identifier for the abc-e-commerce CP.

3.3.3. Policy Constraints Extension

 The Policy Constraints extension supports two optional features.  The
 first is the ability for a certification authority to require that
 explicit CP indications be present in all subsequent certificates in
 a certification path.  Certificates at the start of a certification
 path may be considered by a relying party to be part of a trusted
 domain, i.e., certification authorities are trusted for all purposes

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 so no particular CP is needed in the Certificate Policies extension.
 Such certificates need not contain explicit indications of CP.  When
 a certification authority in the trusted domain, however, certifies
 outside the domain, it can activate the requirement that a specific
 CP's object identifier appear in subsequent certificates in the
 certification path.
 The other optional feature in the Policy Constraints field is the
 ability for a certification authority to disable policy mapping by
 subsequent certification authorities in a certification path.  It may
 be prudent to disable policy mapping when certifying outside the
 domain.  This can assist in controlling risks due to transitive
 trust, e.g., a domain A trusts domain B, domain B trusts domain C,
 but domain A does not want to be forced to trust domain C.

3.3.4. Policy Qualifiers

 The Certificate Policies extension field has a provision for
 conveying, along with each CP identifier, additional policy-dependent
 information in a qualifier field.  The X.509 standard does not
 mandate the purpose for which this field is to be used, nor does it
 prescribe the syntax for this field.  Policy qualifier types can be
 registered by any organization.
 The following policy qualifier types are defined in PKIX RFC 3280
 [PKI1]:
 (a) The CPS Pointer qualifier contains a pointer to a CPS, CPS
     Summary, RPA, or PDS published by the CA.  The pointer is in the
     form of a uniform resource identifier (URI).
 (b) The User Notice qualifier contains a text string that is to be
     displayed to subscribers and relying parties prior to the use of
     the certificate.  The text string may be an IA5String or a
     BMPString - a subset of the ISO 100646-1 multiple octet coded
     character set.  A CA may invoke a procedure that requires that
     the relying party acknowledge that the applicable terms and
     conditions have been disclosed and/or accepted.
 Policy qualifiers can be used to support the definition of generic,
 or parameterized, CPs.  Provided the base CP so provides, policy
 qualifier types can be defined to convey, on a per-certificate basis,
 additional specific policy details that fill in the generic
 definition.

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3.4. Certification Practice Statement

 The term certification practice statement (CPS) is defined by the DSG
 and PAG as:  "A statement of the practices which a certification
 authority employs in issuing certificates." [ABA1, ABA2]  As stated
 above, a CPS establishes practices concerning lifecycle services in
 addition to issuance, such as certificate management (including
 publication and archiving), revocation, and renewal or re-keying.  In
 the DSG, the ABA expands this definition with the following comments:
 "A certification practice statement may take the form of a
 declaration by the certification authority of the details of its
 trustworthy system and the practices it employs in its operations and
 in support of issuance of a certificate . . . ."  This form of CPS is
 the most common type, and can vary in length and level of detail.
 Some PKIs may not have the need to create a thorough and detailed
 statement of practices.  For example, the CA may itself be the
 relying party and would already be aware of the nature and
 trustworthiness of its services.  In other cases, a PKI may provide
 certificates providing only a very low level of assurances where the
 applications being secured may pose only marginal risks if
 compromised.  In these cases, an organization establishing a PKI may
 only want to write or have CAs use a subscriber agreement, relying
 party agreement, or agreement combining subscriber and relying party
 terms, depending on the role of the different PKI participants.  In
 such a PKI, that agreement may serve as the only "statement of
 practices" used by one or more CAs within that PKI.  Consequently,
 that agreement may also be considered a CPS and can be entitled or
 subtitled as such.
 Likewise, since a detailed CPS may contain sensitive details of its
 system, a CA may elect not to publish its entire CPS.  It may instead
 opt to publish a CPS Summary (or CPS Abstract).  The CPS Summary
 would contain only those provisions from the CPS that the CA
 considers to be relevant to the participants in the PKI (such as the
 responsibilities of the parties or the stages of the certificate
 lifecycle).  A CPS Summary, however, would not contain those
 sensitive provisions of the full CPS that might provide an attacker
 with useful information about the CA's operations.  Throughout this
 document, the use of "CPS" includes both a detailed CPS and a CPS
 Summary (unless otherwise specified).
 CPSs do not automatically constitute contracts and do not
 automatically bind PKI participants as a contract would.  Where a
 document serves the dual purpose of being a subscriber or relying
 party agreement and CPS, the document is intended to be a contract
 and constitutes a binding contract to the extent that a subscriber or

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 relying party agreement would ordinarily be considered as such.  Most
 CPSs, however, do not serve such a dual purpose.  Therefore, in most
 cases, a CPS's terms have a binding effect as contract terms only if
 a separate document creates a contractual relationship between the
 parties and that document incorporates part or all of the CPS by
 reference.  Further, if a particular PKI employs a CPS Summary (as
 opposed to the entire CPS), the CPS Summary could be incorporated
 into any applicable subscriber or relying party agreement.
 In the future, a court or applicable statutory or regulatory law may
 declare that a certificate itself is a document that is capable of
 creating a contractual relationship, to the extent its mechanisms
 designed for incorporation by reference (such as the Certificate
 Policies extension and its qualifiers) indicate that terms of its use
 appear in certain documents.  In the meantime, however, some
 subscriber agreements and relying party agreements may incorporate a
 CPS by reference and therefore make its terms binding on the parties
 to such agreements.

3.5. Relationship Between Certificate Policy and Certification

    Practice Statement
 The CP and CPS address the same set of topics that are of interest to
 the relying party in terms of the degree to and purpose for which a
 public key certificate should be trusted.  Their primary difference
 is in the focus of their provisions.  A CP sets forth the
 requirements and standards imposed by the PKI with respect to the
 various topics.  In other words, the purpose of the CP is to
 establish what participants must do.  A CPS, by contrast, states how
 a CA and other participants in a given domain implement procedures
 and controls to meet the requirements stated in the CP.  In other
 words, the purpose of the CPS is to disclose how the participants
 perform their functions and implement controls.
 An additional difference between a CP and CPS relates the scope of
 coverage of the two kinds of documents.  Since a CP is a statement of
 requirements, it best serves as the vehicle for communicating minimum
 operating guidelines that must be met by interoperating PKIs.  Thus,
 a CP generally applies to multiple CAs, multiple organizations, or
 multiple domains.  By contrast, a CPS applies only to a single CA or
 single organization and is not generally a vehicle to facilitate
 interoperation.
 A CA with a single CPS may support multiple CPs (used for different
 application purposes and/or by different relying party communities).
 Also, multiple CAs, with non-identical CPSs, may support the same CP.

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 For example, the Federal Government might define a government-wide CP
 for handling confidential human resources information.  The CP will
 be a broad statement of the general requirements for participants
 within the Government's PKI, and an indication of the types of
 applications for which it is suitable for use.  Each department or
 agency wishing to operate a certification authority in this PKI may
 be required to write its own certification practice statement to
 support this CP by explaining how it meets the requirements of the
 CP.  At the same time, a department's or agency's CPS may support
 other certificate policies.
 An additional difference between a CP and CPS concerns the level of
 detail of the provisions in each.  Although the level of detail may
 vary among CPSs, a CPS will generally be more detailed than a CP.  A
 CPS provides a detailed description of procedures and controls in
 place to meet the CP requirements, while a CP is more general.
 The main differences between CPs and CPSs can therefore be summarized
 as follows:
 (a) A PKI uses a CP to establish requirements that state what
     participants within it must do.  A single CA or organization can
     use a CPS to disclose how it meets the requirements of a CP or
     how it implements its practices and controls.
 (b) A CP facilitates interoperation through cross-certification,
     unilateral certification, or other means.  Therefore, it is
     intended to cover multiple CAs.  By contrast, a CPS is a
     statement of a single CA or organization.  Its purpose is not to
     facilitate interoperation (since doing so is the function of a
     CP).
 (c) A CPS is generally more detailed than a CP and specifies how the
     CA meets the requirements specified in the one or more CPs under
     which it issues certificates.
 In addition to populating the certificate policies extension with the
 applicable CP object identifier, a certification authority may
 include, in certificates it issues, a reference to its certification
 practice statement.  A standard way to do this, using a CP qualifier,
 is described in Section 3.4.

3.6. Relationship Among CPs, CPSs, Agreements, and Other Documents

 CPs and CPSs play a central role in documenting the requirements and
 practices of a PKI.  Nonetheless, they are not the only documents
 relevant to a PKI.  For instance, subscriber agreements and relying
 party agreements play a critical role in allocating responsibilities

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 to subscribers and relying parties relating to the use of
 certificates and key pairs.  They establish the terms and conditions
 under which certificates are issued, managed, and used.  The term
 subscriber agreement is defined by the PAG as:  "An agreement between
 a CA and a subscriber that establishes the right and obligations of
 the parties regarding the issuance and management of certificates."
 [ABA2]  The PAG defines a relying party agreement as: "An agreement
 between a certification authority and relying party that typically
 establishes the rights and obligations between those parties
 regarding the verification of digital signatures or other uses of
 certificates." [ABA2]
 As mentioned in Section 3.5, a subscriber agreement, relying party
 agreement, or an agreement that combines subscriber and relying party
 terms may also serve as a CPS.  In other PKIs, however, a subscriber
 or relying party agreement may incorporate some or all of the terms
 of a CP or CPS by reference.  Yet other PKIs may distill from a CP
 and/or CPS the terms that are applicable to a subscriber and place
 such terms in a self-contained subscriber agreement, without
 incorporating a CP or CPS by reference.  They may use the same method
 to distill relying party terms from a CP and/or CPS and place such
 terms in a self-contained relying party agreement.  Creating such
 self-contained agreements has the advantage of creating documents
 that are easier for consumers to review.  In some cases, subscribers
 or relying parties may be deemed to be "consumers" under applicable
 law, who are subject to certain statutory or regulatory protections.
 Under the legal systems of civil law countries, incorporating a CP or
 CPS by reference may not be effective to bind consumers to the terms
 of an incorporated CP or CPS.
 CPs and CPSs may be incorporated by reference in other documents,
 including:
  • Interoperability agreements (including agreements between CAs for

cross-certification, unilateral certification, or other forms of

    interoperation),
  • Vendor agreements (under which a PKI vendor agrees to meet

standards set forth in a CP or CPS), or

  • A PDS. See [ABA2]
 A PDS serves a similar function to a CPS Summary.  It is a relatively
 short document containing only a subset of critical details about a
 PKI or CA.  It may differ from a CPS Summary, however, in that its
 purpose is to act as a summary of information about the overall
 nature of the PKI, as opposed to simply a condensed form of the CPS.

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 Moreover, its purpose is to distill information about the PKI, as
 opposed to protecting security sensitive information contained in an
 unpublished CPS, although a PDS could also serve that function.
 Just as writers may wish to refer to a CP or CPS or incorporate it by
 reference in an agreement or PDS, a CP or CPS may refer to other
 documents when establishing requirements or making disclosures.  For
 instance, a CP may set requirements for certificate content by
 referring to an external document setting forth a standard
 certificate profile.  Referencing external documents permits a CP or
 CPS to impose detailed requirements or make detailed disclosures
 without having to reprint lengthy provisions from other documents
 within the CP or CPS.  Moreover, referencing a document in a CP or
 CPS is another useful way of dividing disclosures between public
 information and security sensitive confidential information (in
 addition to or as an alternative to publishing a CPS Summary).  For
 example, a PKI may want to publish a CP or CPS, but maintain site
 construction parameters for CA high security zones as confidential
 information.  In that case, the CP or CPS could reference an external
 manual or document containing the detailed site construction
 parameters.
 Documents that a PKI may wish to refer to in a CP or CPS include:
  • A security policy,
  • Training, operational, installation, and user manuals (which may

contain operational requirements),

  • Standards documents that apply to particular aspects of the PKI

(such as standards specifying the level of protection offered by

    any hardware tokens used in the PKI or standards applicable to the
    site construction),
  • Key management plans,
  • Human resource guides and employment manuals (which may describe

some aspects of personnel security practices), and

  • E-mail policies (which may discuss subscriber and relying party

responsibilities, as well as the implications of key management,

    if applicable).  See [ABA2]

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3.7. Set of Provisions

 A set of provisions is a collection of practice and/or policy
 statements, spanning a range of standard topics for use in expressing
 a CP or CPS employing the approach described in this framework by
 covering the topic appearing in Section 5 below.  They are also
 described in detail in Section 4 below.
 A CP can be expressed as a single set of provisions.
 A CPS can be expressed as a single set of provisions with each
 component addressing the requirements of one or more certificate
 policies, or, alternatively, as an organized collection of sets of
 provisions.  For example, a CPS could be expressed as a combination
 of the following:
 (a) a list of certificate policies supported by the CPS;
 (b) for each CP in (a), a set of provisions that contains statements
     responding to that CP by filling in details not stipulated in
     that policy or expressly left to the discretion of the CA (in its
     CPS) ; such statements serve to state how this particular CPS
     implements the requirements of the particular CP; or
 (c) a set of provisions that contains statements regarding the
     certification practices on the CA, regardless of CP.
 The statements provided in (b) and (c) may augment or refine the
 stipulations of the applicable CP, but generally must not conflict
 with any of the stipulations of such CP.  In certain cases, however,
 a policy authority may permit exceptions to the requirements in a CP,
 because certain compensating controls of the CA are disclosed in its
 CPS that allow the CA to provide assurances that are equivalent to
 the assurances provided by CAs that are in full compliance with the
 CP.
 This framework outlines the contents of a set of provisions, in terms
 of nine primary components, as follows:
 1.  Introduction
 2.  Publication and Repository
 3.  Identification and Authentication
 4.  Certificate Life-Cycle Operational Requirements
 5.  Facilities, Management, and Operational Controls
 6.  Technical Security Controls
 7.  Certificate, CRL, and OCSP Profile
 8.  Compliance audit
 9.  Other Business and Legal Matters

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 PKIs can use this simple framework of nine primary components to
 write a simple CP or CPS.  Moreover, a CA can use this same framework
 to write a subscriber agreement, relying party agreement, or
 agreement containing subscriber and relying party terms.  If a CA
 uses this simple framework to construct an agreement, it can use
 paragraph 1 as an introduction or recitals, it can set forth the
 responsibilities of the parties in paragraphs 2-8, and it can use
 paragraph 9 to cover the business and legal issues described in more
 detail, using the ordering of Section 4.9 below (such as
 representations and warranties, disclaimers, and liability
 limitations).  The ordering of topics in this simple framework and
 the business and legal matters Section 4.9 is the same as (or similar
 to) the ordering of topics in a typical software or other technology
 agreement.  Therefore, a PKI can establish a set of core documents
 (with a CP, CPS, subscriber agreement, and relying party agreement)
 all having the same structure and ordering of topics, thereby
 facilitating comparisons and mappings among these documents and among
 the corresponding documents of other PKIs.
 This simple framework may also be useful for agreements other than
 subscriber agreements and relying party agreements.  For instance, a
 CA wishing to outsource certain services to an RA or certificate
 manufacturing authority (CMA) may find it useful to use this
 framework as a checklist to write a registration authority agreement
 or outsourcing agreement.  Similarly, two CAs may wish to use this
 simple framework for the purpose of drafting a cross-certification,
 unilateral certification, or other interoperability agreement.
 In short, the primary components of the simple framework (specified
 above) may meet the needs of drafters of short CPs, CPSs, subscriber
 agreements, and relying party agreements.  Nonetheless, this
 framework is extensible, and its coverage of the nine components is
 flexible enough to meet the needs of drafters of comprehensive CPs
 and CPSs.  Specifically, components appearing above can be further
 divided into subcomponents, and a subcomponent may comprise multiple
 elements.  Section 4 provides a more detailed description of the
 contents of the above components, and their subcomponents.  Drafters
 of CPs and CPSs are permitted to add additional levels of
 subcomponents below the subcomponents described in Section 4 for the
 purpose of meeting the needs of the drafter's particular PKI.

4. Contents of a Set of Provisions

 This section expands upon the contents of the simple framework of
 provisions, as introduced in Section 3.7.  The topics identified in
 this section are, consequently, candidate topics for inclusion in a
 detailed CP or CPS.

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 While many topics are identified, it is not necessary for a CP or a
 CPS to include a concrete statement for every such topic.  Rather, a
 particular CP or CPS may state "no stipulation" for a component,
 subcomponent, or element on which the particular CP or CPS imposes no
 requirements or makes no disclosure.  In this sense, the list of
 topics can be considered a checklist of topics for consideration by
 the CP or CPS writer.
 It is recommended that each and every component and subcomponent be
 included in a CP or CPS, even if there is "no stipulation"; this will
 indicate to the reader that a conscious decision was made to include
 or exclude a provision concerning that topic.  This drafting style
 protects against inadvertent omission of a topic, while facilitating
 comparison of different certificate policies or CPSs, e.g., when
 making policy mapping decisions.
 In a CP, it is possible to leave certain components, subcomponents,
 and/or elements unspecified, and to stipulate that the required
 information will be indicated in a policy qualifier, or the document
 to which a policy qualifier points.  Such CPs can be considered
 parameterized definitions.  The set of provisions should reference or
 define the required policy qualifier types and should specify any
 applicable default values.

4.1. Introductions

 This component identifies and introduces the set of provisions, and
 indicates the types of entities and applications for which the
 document (either the CP or the CPS being written) is targeted.

4.1.1. Overview

 This subcomponent provides a general introduction to the document
 being written.  This subcomponent can also be used to provide a
 synopsis of the PKI to which the CP or CPS applies.  For example, it
 may set out different levels of assurance provided by certificates
 within the PKI.  Depending on the complexity and scope of the
 particular PKI, a diagrammatic representation of the PKI might be
 useful here.

4.1.2. Document Name and Identification

 This subcomponent provides any applicable names or other identifiers,
 including ASN.1 object identifiers, for the document.  An example of
 such a document name would be the US Federal Government Policy for
 Secure E-mail.

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4.1.3. PKI Participants

 This subcomponent describes the identity or types of entities that
 fill the roles of participants within a PKI, namely:
  • Certification authorities, i.e., the entities that issue

certificates. A CA is the issuing CA with respect to the

    certificates it issues and is the subject CA with respect to the
    CA certificate issued to it.  CAs may be organized in a hierarchy
    in which an organization's CA issues certificates to CAs operated
    by subordinate organizations, such as a branch, division, or
    department within a larger organization.
  • Registration authorities, i.e., the entities that establish

enrollment procedures for end-user certificate applicants, perform

    identification and authentication of certificate applicants,
    initiate or pass along revocation requests for certificates, and
    approve applications for renewal or re-keying certificates on
    behalf of a CA.  Subordinate organizations within a larger
    organization can act as RAs for the CA serving the entire
    organization, but RAs may also be external to the CA.
  • Subscribers. Examples of subscribers who receive certificates

from a CA include employees of an organization with its own CA,

    banking or brokerage customers, organizations hosting e-commerce
    sites, organizations participating in a business-to-business
    exchange, and members of the public receiving certificates from a
    CA issuing certificates to the public at large.
  • Relying parties. Examples of relying parties include employees of

an organization having its own CA who receive digitally signed e-

    mails from other employees, persons buying goods and services from
    e-commerce sites, organizations participating in a business-to-
    business exchange who receive bids or orders from other
    participating organizations, and individuals and organizations
    doing business with subscribers who have received their
    certificates from a CA issuing certificates to the public.
    Relying parties may or may not also be subscribers within a given
    PKI.
  • Other participants, such as certificate manufacturing authorities,

providers of repository services, and other entities providing

    PKI-related services.

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4.1.4. Certificate Usage

 This subcomponent contains:
  • A list or the types of applications for which the issued

certificates are suitable, such as electronic mail, retail

    transactions, contracts, and a travel order, and/or
  • A list or the types of applications for which use of the issued

certificates is prohibited.

 In the case of a CP or CPS describing different levels of assurance,
 this subcomponent can describe applications or types of applications
 that are appropriate or inappropriate for the different levels of
 assurance.

4.1.5. Policy Administration

 This subcomponent includes the name and mailing address of the
 organization that is responsible for the drafting, registering,
 maintaining, and updating of this CP or CPS.  It also includes the
 name, electronic mail address, telephone number, and fax number of a
 contact person.  As an alternative to naming an actual person, the
 document may name a title or role, an e-mail alias, and other
 generalized contact information.  In some cases, the organization may
 state that its contact person, alone or in combination with others,
 is available to answer questions about the document.
 Moreover, when a formal or informal policy authority is responsible
 for determining whether a CA should be allowed to operate within or
 interoperate with a PKI, it may wish to approve the CPS of the CA as
 being suitable for the policy authority's CP.  If so, this
 subcomponent can include the name or title, electronic mail address
 (or alias), telephone number, fax number, and other generalized
 information of the entity in charge of making such a determination.
 Finally, in this case, this subcomponent also includes the procedures
 by which this determination is made.

4.1.6. Definitions and Acronyms

 This subcomponent contains a list of definitions for defined terms
 used within the document, as well as a list of acronyms in the
 document and their meanings.

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4.2. Publication and Repository Responsibilities

 This component contains any applicable provisions regarding:
  • An identification of the entity or entities that operate

repositories within the PKI, such as a CA, certificate

    manufacturing authority, or independent repository service
    provider;
  • The responsibility of a PKI participant to publish information

regarding its practices, certificates, and the current status of

    such certificates, which may include the responsibilities of
    making the CP or CPS publicly available using various mechanisms
    and of identifying components, subcomponents, and elements of such
    documents that exist but are not made publicly available, for
    instance, security controls, clearance procedures, or trade secret
    information due to their sensitivity;
  • When information must be published and the frequency of

publication; and

  • Access control on published information objects including CPs,

CPS, certificates, certificate status, and CRLs.

4.3. Identification and Authentication

 This component describes the procedures used to authenticate the
 identity and/or other attributes of an end-user certificate applicant
 to a CA or RA prior to certificate issuance.  In addition, the
 component sets forth the procedures for authenticating the identity
 and the criteria for accepting applicants of entities seeking to
 become CAs, RAs, or other entities operating in or interoperating
 with a PKI.  It also describes how parties requesting re-key or
 revocation are authenticated.  This component also addresses naming
 practices, including the recognition of trademark rights in certain
 names.

4.3.1. Naming

 This subcomponent includes the following elements regarding naming
 and identification of the subscribers:
  • Types of names assigned to the subject, such as X.500

distinguished names; RFC-822 names; and X.400 names;

  • Whether names have to be meaningful or not;(3)

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  • Whether or not subscribers can be anonymous or pseudonymous, and

if they can, what names are assigned to or can be used by

    anonymous subscribers;
  • Rules for interpreting various name forms, such as the X.500

standard and RFC-822;

  • Whether names have to be unique; and
  • Recognition, authentication, and the role of trademarks.

4.3.2. Initial Identity Validation

 This subcomponent contains the following elements for the
 identification and authentication procedures for the initial
 registration for each subject type (CA, RA, subscriber, or other
 participant):
  • If and how the subject must prove possession of the companion

private key for the public key being registered, for example, a

    digital signature in the certificate request message;(4)
  • Identification and authentication requirements for organizational

identity of subscriber or participant (CA; RA; subscriber (in the

    case of certificates issued to organizations or devices controlled
    by an organization), or other participant), for example,
    consulting the database of a service that identifies organizations
    or inspecting an organization's articles of incorporation;
  • Identification and authentication requirements for an individual

subscriber or a person acting on behalf of an organizational

    subscriber or participant (CA, RA, in the case of certificates
    issued to organizations or devices controlled by an organization,
    the subscriber, or other participant),(5) including:
  • Type of documentation and/or number of identification

credentials required;

  • How a CA or RA authenticates the identity of the organization

or individual based on the documentation or credentials

       provided;
  • If the individual must personally present to the authenticating

CA or RA;

  • How an individual as an organizational person is authenticated,

such as by reference to duly signed authorization documents or

       a corporate identification badge.

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  • List of subscriber information that is not verified (called "non-

verified subscriber information") during the initial registration;

  • Validation of authority involves a determination of whether a

person has specific rights, entitlements, or permissions,

    including the permission to act on behalf of an organization to
    obtain a certificate; and
  • In the case of applications by a CA wishing to operate within, or

interoperate with, a PKI, this subcomponent contains the criteria

    by which a PKI, CA, or policy authority determines whether or not
    the CA is suitable for such operations or interoperation.  Such
    interoperation may include cross-certification, unilateral
    certification, or other forms of interoperation.

4.3.3. Identification and Authentication for Re-key Requests

 This subcomponent addresses the following elements for the
 identification and authentication procedures for re-key for each
 subject type (CA, RA, subscriber, and other participants):
  • Identification and authentication requirements for routine re-key,

such as a re-key request that contains the new key and is signed

    using the current valid key; and
  • Identification and authentication requirements for re-key after

certificate revocation. One example is the use of the same

    process as the initial identity validation.

4.3.4. Identification and Authentication for Revocation Requests

 This subcomponent describes the identification and authentication
 procedures for a revocation request by each subject type (CA, RA,
 subscriber, and other participant).  Examples include a revocation
 request digitally signed with the private key whose companion public
 key needs to be revoked, and a digitally signed request by the RA.

4.4. Certificate Life-Cycle Operational Requirements

 This component is used to specify requirements imposed upon issuing
 CA, subject CAs, RAs, subscribers, or other participants with respect
 to the life-cycle of a certificate.
 Within each subcomponent, separate consideration may need to be given
 to subject CAs, RAs, subscribers, and other participants.

Chokhani, et al. Informational [Page 27] RFC 3647 Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure November 2003

4.4.1. Certificate Application

 This subcomponent is used to address the following requirements
 regarding subject certificate application:
  • Who can submit a certificate application, such as a certificate

subject or the RA; and

  • Enrollment process used by subjects to submit certificate

applications and responsibilities in connection with this process.

    An example of this process is where the subject generates the key
    pair and sends a certificate request to the RA.  The RA validates
    and signs the request and sends it to the CA.  A CA or RA may have
    the responsibility of establishing an enrollment process in order
    to receive certificate applications.  Likewise, certificate
    applicants may have the responsibility of providing accurate
    information on their certificate applications.

4.4.2. Certificate Application Processing

 This subcomponent is used to describe the procedure for processing
 certificate applications.  For example, the issuing CA and RA may
 perform identification and authentication procedures to validate the
 certificate application.  Following such steps, the CA or RA will
 either approve or reject the certificate application, perhaps upon
 the application of certain criteria.  Finally, this subcomponent sets
 a time limit during which a CA and/or RA must act on and process a
 certificate application.

4.4.3. Certificate Issuance

 This subcomponent is used to describe the following certificate
 issuance related elements:
  • Actions performed by the CA during the issuance of the

certificate, for example a procedure whereby the CA validates the

    RA signature and RA authority and generates a certificate; and
  • Notification mechanisms, if any, used by the CA to notify the

subscriber of the issuance of the certificate; an example is a

    procedure under which the CA e-mails the certificate to the
    subscriber or the RA or e-mails information permitting the
    subscriber to download the certificate from a web site.

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4.4.4. Certificate Acceptance

 This subcomponent addresses the following:
  • The conduct of an applicant that will be deemed to constitute

acceptance of the certificate. Such conduct may include

    affirmative steps to indicate acceptance, actions implying
    acceptance, or a failure to object to the certificate or its
    content.  For instance, acceptance may be deemed to occur if the
    CA does not receive any notice from the subscriber within a
    certain time period; a subscriber may send a signed message
    accepting the certificate; or a subscriber may send a signed
    message rejecting the certificate where the message includes the
    reason for rejection and identifies the fields in the certificate
    that are incorrect or incomplete.
  • Publication of the certificate by the CA. For example, the CA may

post the certificate to an X.500 or LDAP repository.

  • Notification of certificate issuance by the CA to other entities.

As an example, the CA may send the certificate to the RA.

4.4.5. Key Pair and Certificate Usage

 This subcomponent is used to describe the responsibilities relating
 to the use of keys and certificates, including:
  • Subscriber responsibilities relating to use of the subscriber's

private key and certificate. For example, the subscriber may be

    required to use a private key and certificate only for appropriate
    applications as set forth in the CP and in consistency with
    applicable certificate content (e.g., key usage field).  Use of a
    private key and certificate are subject to the terms of the
    subscriber agreement, the use of a private key is permitted only
    after the subscriber has accepted the corresponding certificate,
    or the subscriber must discontinue use of the private key
    following the expiration or revocation of the certificate.
  • Relying party responsibilities relating to the use of a

subscriber's public key and certificate. For instance, a relying

    party may be obligated to rely on certificates only for
    appropriate applications as set forth in the CP and in consistency
    with applicable certificate content (e.g., key usage field),
    successfully perform public key operations as a condition of
    relying on a certificate, assume responsibility to check the
    status of a certificate using one of the required or permitted

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    mechanisms set forth in the CP/CPS (see Section 4.4.9 below), and
    assent to the terms of the applicable relying party agreement as a
    condition of relying on the certificate.

4.4.6. Certificate Renewal

 This subcomponent is used to describe the following elements related
 to certificate renewal.  Certificate renewal means the issuance of a
 new certificate to the subscriber without changing the subscriber or
 other participant's public key or any other information in the
 certificate:
  • Circumstances under which certificate renewal takes place, such as

where the certificate life has expired, but the policy permits the

    same key pair to be reused;
  • Who may request certificate renewal, for instance, the subscriber,

RA, or the CA may automatically renew an end-user subscriber

    certificate;
  • A CA or RA's procedures to process renewal requests to issue the

new certificate, for example, the use of a token, such as a

    password, to re-authenticate the subscriber, or procedures that
    are the same as the initial certificate issuance;
  • Notification of the new certificate to the subscriber;
  • Conduct constituting acceptance of the certificate;
  • Publication of the certificate by the CA; and
  • Notification of certificate issuance by the CA to other entities.

4.4.7. Certificate Re-key

 This subcomponent is used to describe the following elements related
 to a subscriber or other participant generating a new key pair and
 applying for the issuance of a new certificate that certifies the new
 public key:
  • Circumstances under which certificate re-key can or must take

place, such as after a certificate is revoked for reasons of key

    compromise or after a certificate has expired and the usage period
    of the key pair has also expired;
  • Who may request certificate re-key, for example, the subscriber;

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  • A CA or RA's procedures to process re-keying requests to issue the

new certificate, such as procedures that are the same as the

    initial certificate issuance;
  • Notification of the new certificate to the subscriber;
  • Conduct constituting acceptance of the certificate;
  • Publication of the certificate by the CA; and
  • Notification of certificate issuance by the CA to other entities.

4.4.8. Certificate Modification

 This subcomponent is used to describe the following elements related
 to the issuance of a new certificate (6) due to changes in the
 information in the certificate other than the subscriber public key:
  • Circumstances under which certificate modification can take place,

such as name change, role change, reorganization resulting in a

    change in the DN;
  • Who may request certificate modification, for instance,

subscribers, human resources personnel, or the RA;

  • A CA or RA's procedures to process modification requests to issue

the new certificate, such as procedures that are the same as the

    initial certificate issuance;
  • Notification of the new certificate to the subscriber;
  • Conduct constituting acceptance of the certificate;
  • Publication of the certificate by the CA; and
  • Notification of certificate issuance by the CA to other entities.

4.4.9. Certificate Revocation and Suspension

 This subcomponent addresses the following:
  • Circumstances under which a certificate may be suspended and

circumstances under which it must be revoked, for instance, in

    cases of subscriber employment termination, loss of cryptographic
    token, or suspected compromise of the private key;

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  • Who can request the revocation of the participant's certificate,

for example, the subscriber, RA, or CA in the case of an end-user

    subscriber certificate.
  • Procedures used for certificate revocation request, such as a

digitally signed message from the RA, a digitally signed message

    from the subscriber, or a phone call from the RA;
  • The grace period available to the subscriber, within which the

subscriber must make a revocation request;

  • The time within which CA must process the revocation request;
  • The mechanisms, if any, that a relying party may use or must use

in order to check the status of certificates on which they wish to

    rely;
  • If a CRL mechanism is used, the issuance frequency;
  • If a CRL mechanism is used, maximum latency between the generation

of CRLs and posting of the CRLs to the repository (in other words,

    the maximum amount of processing- and communication-related delays
    in posting CRLs to the repository after the CRLs are generated);
  • On-line revocation/status checking availability, for instance,

OCSP and a web site to which status inquiries can be submitted;

  • Requirements on relying parties to perform on-line

revocation/status checks;

  • Other forms of revocation advertisements available;
  • Any variations of the above stipulations for which suspension or

revocation is the result of private key compromise (as opposed to

    other reasons for suspension or revocation).
  • Circumstances under which a certificate may be suspended;
  • Who can request the suspension of a certificate, for example, the

subscriber, human resources personnel, a supervisor of the

    subscriber, or the RA in the case of an end-user subscriber
    certificate;
  • Procedures to request certificate suspension, such as a digitally

signed message from the subscriber or RA, or a phone call from the

    RA; and
  • How long the suspension may last.

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4.4.10. Certificate Status Services

 This subcomponent addresses the certificate status checking services
 available to the relying parties, including:
  • The operational characteristics of certificate status checking

services;

  • The availability of such services, and any applicable policies on

unavailability; and

  • Any optional features of such services.

4.4.11. End of Subscription

 This subcomponent addresses procedures used by the subscriber to end
 subscription to the CA services, including:
  • The revocation of certificates at the end of subscription (which

may differ, depending on whether the end of subscription was due

    to the expiration of the certificate or termination of the
    service).

4.4.12. Key Escrow and Recovery

 This subcomponent contains the following elements to identify the
 policies and practices relating to the escrowing, and/or recovery of
 private keys where private key escrow services are available (through
 the CA or other trusted third parties):
  • Identification of the document containing private key escrow and

recovery policies and practices or a listing of such policies and

    practices; and
  • Identification of the document containing session key

encapsulation and recovery policies and practices or a listing of

    such policies and practices.

4.5. Management, Operational, and Physical Controls

 This component describes non-technical security controls (that is,
 physical, procedural, and personnel controls) used by the issuing CA
 to securely perform the functions of key generation, subject
 authentication, certificate issuance, certificate revocation,
 auditing, and archiving.

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 This component can also be used to define non-technical security
 controls on repositories, subject CAs, RAs, subscribers, and other
 participants.  The non-technical security controls for the subject
 CAs, RAs, subscribers, and other participants could be the same,
 similar, or very different.
 These non-technical security controls are critical to trusting the
 certificates since lack of security may compromise CA operations
 resulting for example, in the creation of certificates or CRLs with
 erroneous information or compromising the CA private key.
 Within each subcomponent, separate consideration will, in general,
 need to be given to each entity type, that is, the issuing CA,
 repository, subject CAs, RAs, subscribers, and other participants.

4.5.1. Physical Security Controls

 In this subcomponent, the physical controls on the facility housing
 the entity systems are described.  Topics addressed may include:
  • Site location and construction, such as the construction

requirements for high-security zones and the use of locked rooms,

    cages, safes, and cabinets;
  • Physical access, i.e., mechanisms to control access from one area

of the facility to another or access into high-security zones,

    such as locating CA operations in a secure computer room monitored
    by guards or security alarms and requiring movement from zone to
    zone to be accomplished using a token, biometric readers, and/or
    access control lists;
  • Power and air conditioning;
  • Water exposures;
  • Fire prevention and protection;
  • Media storage, for example, requiring the storage of backup media

in a separate location that is physically secure and protected

    from fire and water damage;
  • Waste disposal; and
  • Off-site backup.

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4.5.2. Procedural Controls

 In this subcomponent, requirements for recognizing trusted roles are
 described, together with the responsibilities for each role.
 Examples of trusted roles include system administrators, security
 officers, and system auditors.
 For each task identified, the number of individuals required to
 perform the task (n out m rule) should be stated for each role.
 Identification and authentication requirements for each role may also
 be defined.
 This component also includes the separation of duties in terms of the
 roles that cannot be performed by the same individuals.

4.5.3. Personnel Security Controls

 This subcomponent addresses the following:
  • Qualifications, experience, and clearances that personnel must

have as a condition of filling trusted roles or other important

    roles.  Examples include credentials, job experiences, and
    official government clearances that candidates for these positions
    must have before being hired;
  • Background checks and clearance procedures that are required in

connection with the hiring of personnel filling trusted roles or

    perhaps other important roles; such roles may require a check of
    their criminal records, references, and additional clearances that
    a participant undertakes after a decision has been made to hire a
    particular person;
  • Training requirements and training procedures for each role

following the hiring of personnel;

  • Any retraining period and retraining procedures for each role

after completion of initial training;

  • Frequency and sequence for job rotation among various roles;
  • Sanctions against personnel for unauthorized actions, unauthorized

use of authority, and unauthorized use of entity systems for the

    purpose of imposing accountability on a participant's personnel;
  • Controls on personnel that are independent contractors rather than

employees of the entity; examples include:

  1. Bonding requirements on contract personnel;

Chokhani, et al. Informational [Page 35] RFC 3647 Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure November 2003

  1. Contractual requirements including indemnification for damages

due to the actions of the contractor personnel;

  1. Auditing and monitoring of contractor personnel; and
  1. Other controls on contracting personnel.
  • Documentation to be supplied to personnel during initial training,

retraining, or otherwise.

4.5.4. Audit Logging Procedures

 This subcomponent is used to describe event logging and audit
 systems, implemented for the purpose of maintaining a secure
 environment.  Elements include the following:
  • Types of events recorded, such as certificate lifecycle

operations, attempts to access the system, and requests made to

    the system;
  • Frequency with which audit logs are processed or archived, for

example, weekly, following an alarm or anomalous event, or when

    ever the audit log is n% full;
  • Period for which audit logs are kept;
  • Protection of audit logs:
  1. Who can view audit logs, for example only the audit

administrator;

  1. Protection against modification of audit logs, for instance a

requirement that no one may modify or delete the audit records

       or that only an audit administrator may delete an audit file as
       part of rotating the audit file; and
  1. Protection against deletion of audit logs.
  • Audit log back up procedures;
  • Whether the audit log accumulation system is internal or external

to the entity;

  • Whether the subject who caused an audit event to occur is notified

of the audit action; and

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  • Vulnerability assessments, for example, where audit data is run

through a tool that identifies potential attempts to breach the

    security of the system.

4.5.5. Records Archival

 This subcomponent is used to describe general records archival (or
 records retention) policies, including the following:
  • Types of records that are archived, for example, all audit data,

certificate application information, and documentation supporting

    certificate applications;
  • Retention period for an archive;
  • Protection of an archive:
  1. Who can view the archive, for example, a requirement that only

the audit administrator may view the archive;

  1. Protection against modification of the archive, such as

securely storing the data on a write once medium;

  1. Protection against deletion of the archive;
  1. Protection against the deterioration of the media on which the

archive is stored, such as a requirement for data to be

       migrated periodically to fresh media; and
  1. Protection against obsolescence of hardware, operating systems,

and other software, by, for example, retaining as part of the

       archive the hardware, operating systems, and/or other software
       in order to permit access to and use of archived records over
       time.
  • Archive backup procedures;
  • Requirements for time-stamping of records;
  • Whether the archive collection system is internal or external; and
  • Procedures to obtain and verify archive information, such as a

requirement that two separate copies of the archive data be kept

    under the control of two persons, and that the two copies be
    compared in order to ensure that the archive information is
    accurate.

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4.5.6. Key Changeover

 This subcomponent describes the procedures to provide a new public
 key to a CA's users following a re-key by the CA.  These procedures
 may be the same as the procedure for providing the current key.
 Also, the new key may be certified in a certificate signed using the
 old key.

4.5.7. Compromise and Disaster Recovery

 This subcomponent describes requirements relating to notification and
 recovery procedures in the event of compromise or disaster.  Each of
 the following may need to be addressed separately:
  • Identification or listing of the applicable incident and

compromise reporting and handling procedures.

  • The recovery procedures used if computing resources, software,

and/or data are corrupted or suspected to be corrupted. These

    procedures describe how a secure environment is re-established,
    which certificates are revoked, whether the entity key is revoked,
    how the new entity public key is provided to the users, and how
    the subjects are re-certified.
  • The recovery procedures used if the entity key is compromised.

These procedures describe how a secure environment is re-

    established, how the new entity public key is provided to the
    users, and how the subjects are re-certified.
  • The entity's capabilities to ensure business continuity following

a natural or other disaster. Such capabilities may include the

    availability of a remote hot-site at which operations may be
    recovered.  They may also include procedures for securing its
    facility during the period of time following a natural or other
    disaster and before a secure environment is re-established, either
    at the original site or at a remote site.  For example, procedures
    to protect against theft of sensitive materials from an
    earthquake-damaged site.

4.5.8. CA or RA Termination

 This subcomponent describes requirements relating to procedures for
 termination and termination notification of a CA or RA, including the
 identity of the custodian of CA and RA archival records.

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4.6. Technical Security Controls

 This component is used to define the security measures taken by the
 issuing CA to protect its cryptographic keys and activation data
 (e.g., PINs, passwords, or manually-held key shares).  This component
 may also be used to impose constraints on repositories, subject CAs,
 subscribers, and other participants to protect their private keys,
 activation data for their private keys, and critical security
 parameters.  Secure key management is critical to ensure that all
 secret and private keys and activation data are protected and used
 only by authorized personnel.
 This component also describes other technical security controls used
 by the issuing CA to perform securely the functions of key
 generation, user authentication, certificate registration,
 certificate revocation, auditing, and archiving.  Technical controls
 include life-cycle security controls (including software development
 environment security, trusted software development methodology) and
 operational security controls.
 This component can also be used to define other technical security
 controls on repositories, subject CAs, RAs, subscribers, and other
 participants.

4.6.1. Key Pair Generation and Installation

 Key pair generation and installation need to be considered for the
 issuing CA, repositories, subject CAs, RAs, and subscribers.  For
 each of these types of entities, the following questions potentially
 need to be answered:
 1. Who generates the entity public, private key pair?  Possibilities
    include the subscriber, RA, or CA.  Also, how is the key
    generation performed?  Is the key generation performed by hardware
    or software?
 2. How is the private key provided securely to the entity?
    Possibilities include a situation where the entity has generated
    it and therefore already has it, handing the entity the private
    key physically, mailing a token containing the private key
    securely, or delivering it in an SSL session.
 3. How is the entity's public key provided securely to the
    certification authority?  Some possibilities are in an online SSL
    session or in a message signed by the RA.

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 4. In the case of issuing CAs, how is the CA's public key provided
    securely to potential relying parties?  Possibilities include
    handing the public key to the relying party securely in person,
    physically mailing a copy securely to the relying party, or
    delivering it in a SSL session.
 5. What are the key sizes?  Examples include a 1,024 bit RSA modulus
    and a 1,024 bit DSA large prime.
 6. Who generates the public key parameters, and is the quality of the
    parameters checked during key generation?
 7. For what purposes may the key be used, or for what purposes should
    usage of the key be restricted?  For X.509 certificates, these
    purposes should map to the key usage flags in X.509 Version 3
    certificates.

4.6.2. Private Key Protection and Cryptographic Module Engineering

      Controls
 Requirements for private key protection and cryptographic modules
 need to be considered for the issuing CA, repositories, subject CAs,
 RAs, and subscribers.  For each of these types of entities, the
 following questions potentially need to be answered:
 1.  What standards, if any, are required for the cryptographic module
     used to generate the keys?  A cryptographic module can be
     composed of hardware, software, firmware, or any combination of
     them.  For example, are the keys certified by the infrastructure
     required to be generated using modules compliant with the US FIPS
     140-1?  If so, what is the required FIPS 140-1 level of the
     module?  Are there any other engineering or other controls
     relating to a cryptographic module, such as the identification of
     the cryptographic module boundary, input/output, roles and
     services, finite state machine, physical security, software
     security, operating system security, algorithm compliance,
     electromagnetic compatibility, and self tests.
 2.  Is the private key under n out of m multi-person control?(7)  If
     yes, provide n and m (two person control is a special case of n
     out of m, where n = m = 2)?
 3.  Is the private key escrowed?(8)  If so, who is the escrow agent,
     what form is the key escrowed in (examples include plaintext,
     encrypted, split key), and what are the security controls on the
     escrow system?

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 4.  Is the private key backed up?  If so, who is the backup agent,
     what form is the key backed up in (examples include plaintext,
     encrypted, split key), and what are the security controls on the
     backup system?
 5.  Is the private key archived?  If so, who is the archival agent,
     what form is the key archived in (examples include plaintext,
     encrypted, split key), and what are the security controls on the
     archival system?
 6.  Under what circumstances, if any, can a private key be
     transferred into or from a cryptographic module?  Who is
     permitted to perform such a transfer operation?  In what form is
     the private key during the transfer (i.e., plaintext, encrypted,
     or split key)?
 7.  How is the private key stored in the module (i.e., plaintext,
     encrypted, or split key)?
 8.  Who can activate (use) the private key?  What actions must be
     performed to activate the private key (e.g., login, power on,
     supply PIN, insert token/key, automatic, etc.)?  Once the key is
     activated, is the key active for an indefinite period, active for
     one time, or active for a defined time period?
 9.  Who can deactivate the private key and how?  Examples of methods
     of deactivating private keys include logging out, turning the
     power off, removing the token/key, automatic deactivation, and
     time expiration.
 10. Who can destroy the private key and how?  Examples of methods of
     destroying private keys include token surrender, token
     destruction, and overwriting the key.
 11. Provide the capabilities of the cryptographic module in the
     following areas: identification of the cryptographic module
     boundary, input/output, roles and services, finite state machine,
     physical security, software security, operating system security,
     algorithm compliance, electromagnetic compatibility, and self
     tests.  Capability may be expressed through reference to
     compliance with a standard such as U.S. FIPS 140-1, associated
     level, and rating.

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4.6.3. Other Aspects of Key Pair Management

 Other aspects of key management need to be considered for the issuing
 CA, repositories, subject CAs, RAs, subscribers, and other
 participants.  For each of these types of entities, the following
 questions potentially need to be answered:
 1.  Is the public key archived?  If so, who is the archival agent and
     what are the security controls on the archival system?  Also,
     what software and hardware need to be preserved as part of the
     archive to permit use of the public key over time?  Note: this
     subcomponent is not limited to requiring or describing the use of
     digital signatures with archival data, but rather can address
     integrity controls other than digital signatures when an archive
     requires tamper protection.  Digital signatures do not provide
     tamper protection or protect the integrity of data; they merely
     verify data integrity.  Moreover, the archival period may be
     greater than the cryptanalysis period for the public key needed
     to verify any digital signature applied to archival data.
 2.  What is the operational period of the certificates issued to the
     subscriber.  What are the usage periods, or active lifetimes, for
     the subscriber's key pair?

4.6.4. Activation Data

 Activation data refers to data values other than whole private keys
 that are required to operate private keys or cryptographic modules
 containing private keys, such as a PIN, passphrase, or portions of a
 private key used in a key-splitting scheme.  Protection of activation
 data prevents unauthorized use of the private key, and potentially
 needs to be considered for the issuing CA, subject CAs, RAs, and
 subscribers.  Such consideration potentially needs to address the
 entire life-cycle of the activation data from generation through
 archival and destruction.  For each of the entity types (issuing CA,
 repository, subject CA, RA, subscriber, and other participants), all
 of the questions listed in 4.6.1 through 4.6.3 potentially need to be
 answered with respect to activation data rather than with respect to
 keys.

4.6.5. Computer Security Controls

 This subcomponent is used to describe computer security controls such
 as: use of the trusted computing base concept, discretionary access
 control, labels, mandatory access controls, object re-use, audit,
 identification and authentication, trusted path, security testing,
 and penetration testing.  Product assurance may also be addressed.

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 A computer security rating for computer systems may be required.  The
 rating could be based, for example, on the Trusted System Evaluation
 Criteria (TCSEC), Canadian Trusted Products Evaluation Criteria,
 European Information Technology Security Evaluation Criteria (ITSEC),
 or the Common Criteria for Information Technology Security
 Evaluation, ISO/IEC 15408:1999.  This subcomponent can also address
 requirements for product evaluation analysis, testing, profiling,
 product certification, and/or product accreditation related activity
 undertaken.

4.6.6. Life Cycle Security Controls

 This subcomponent addresses system development controls and security
 management controls.
 System development controls include development environment security,
 development personnel security, configuration management security
 during product maintenance, software engineering practices, software
 development methodology, modularity, layering, use of failsafe design
 and implementation techniques (e.g., defensive programming) and
 development facility security.
 Security management controls include execution of tools and
 procedures to ensure that the operational systems and networks adhere
 to configured security.  These tools and procedures include checking
 the integrity of the security software, firmware, and hardware to
 ensure their correct operation.
 This subcomponent can also address life-cycle security ratings based,
 for example, on the Trusted Software Development Methodology (TSDM)
 level IV and V, independent life-cycle security controls audit, and
 the Software Engineering Institute's Capability Maturity Model (SEI-
 CMM).

4.6.7. Network Security Controls

 This subcomponent addresses network security related controls,
 including firewalls.

4.6.8. Time-stamping

 This subcomponent addresses requirements or practices relating to the
 use of timestamps on various data.  It may also discuss whether or
 not the time-stamping application must use a trusted time source.

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4.7. Certificate and CRL Profiles

 This component is used to specify the certificate format and, if CRLs
 and/or OCSP are used, the CRL and/or OCSP format.  This includes
 information on profiles, versions, and extensions used.

4.7.1. Certificate Profile

 This subcomponent addresses such topics as the following (potentially
 by reference to a separate profile definition, such as the one
 defined in IETF PKIX RFC 3280):
  • Version number(s) supported;
  • Certificate extensions populated and their criticality;
  • Cryptographic algorithm object identifiers;
  • Name forms used for the CA, RA, and subscriber names;
  • Name constraints used and the name forms used in the name

constraints;

  • Applicable CP OID(s);
  • Usage of the policy constraints extension;
  • Policy qualifiers syntax and semantics; and
  • Processing semantics for the critical CP extension.

4.7.2. CRL Profile

 This subcomponent addresses such topics as the following (potentially
 by reference to a separate profile definition, such as the one
 defined in IETF PKIX RFC 3280):
  • Version numbers supported for CRLs; and
  • CRL and CRL entry extensions populated and their criticality.

4.7.3. OCSP Profile

 This subcomponent addresses such topics as the following (potentially
 by reference to a separate profile definition, such as the IETF RFC
 2560 profile):

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  • Version of OCSP that is being used as the basis for establishing

an OCSP system; and

  • OCSP extensions populated and their criticality.

4.8. Compliance Audit and Other Assessment

 This component addresses the following:
  • The list of topics covered by the assessment and/or the assessment

methodology used to perform the assessment; examples include

    WebTrust for CAs (9) and SAS 70 (10).
  • Frequency of compliance audit or other assessment for each entity

that must be assessed pursuant to a CP or CPS, or the

    circumstances that will trigger an assessment; possibilities
    include an annual audit, pre-operational assessment as a condition
    of allowing an entity to be operational, or investigation
    following a possible or actual compromise of security.
  • The identity and/or qualifications of the personnel performing the

audit or other assessment.

  • The relationship between the assessor and the entity being

assessed, including the degree of independence of the assessor.

  • Actions taken as a result of deficiencies found during the

assessment; examples include a temporary suspension of operations

    until deficiencies are corrected, revocation of certificates
    issued to the assessed entity, changes in personnel, triggering
    special investigations or more frequent subsequent compliance
    assessments, and claims for damages against the assessed entity.
  • Who is entitled to see results of an assessment (e.g., assessed

entity, other participants, the general public), who provides them

    (e.g., the assessor or the assessed entity), and how they are
    communicated.

4.9. Other Business and Legal Matters

 This component covers general business and legal matters.  Sections
 9.1 and 9.2 of the framework discuss the business issues of fees to
 be charged for various services and the financial responsibility of
 participants to maintain resources for ongoing operations and for
 paying judgments or settlements in response to claims asserted
 against them.  The remaining sections are generally concerned with
 legal topics.

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 Starting with Section 9.3 of the framework, the ordering of topics is
 the same as or similar to the ordering of topics in a typical
 software licensing agreement or other technology agreement.
 Consequently, this framework may not only be used for CPs and CPSs,
 but also associated PKI-related agreements, especially subscriber
 agreements, and relying party agreements.  This ordering is intended
 help lawyers review CPs, CPSs, and other documents adhering to this
 framework.
 With respect to many of the legal subcomponents within this
 component, a CP or CPS drafter may choose to include in the document
 terms and conditions that apply directly to subscribers or relying
 parties.  For instance, a CP or CPS may set forth limitations of
 liability that apply to subscribers and relying parties.  The
 inclusion of terms and conditions is likely to be appropriate where
 the CP or CPS is itself a contract or part of a contract.
 In other cases, however, the CP or CPS is not a contract or part of a
 contract; instead, it is configured so that its terms and conditions
 are applied to the parties by separate documents, which may include
 associated agreements, such as subscriber or relying party
 agreements.  In that event, a CP drafter may write a CP so as to
 require that certain legal terms and conditions appear (or not
 appear) in such associated agreements.  For example, a CP might
 include a subcomponent stating that a certain limitation of liability
 term must appear in a CA's subscriber and relying party agreements.
 Another example is a CP that contains a subcomponent prohibiting the
 use of a subscriber or relying party agreement containing a
 limitation upon CA liability inconsistent with the provisions of the
 CP.  A CPS drafter may use legal subcomponents to disclose that
 certain terms and conditions appear in associated subscriber, relying
 party, or other agreements in use by the CA.  A CPS might explain,
 for instance, that the CA writing it uses an associated subscriber or
 relying party agreement that applies a particular provision for
 limiting liability.

4.9.1. Fees

 This subcomponent contains any applicable provisions regarding fees
 charged by CAs, repositories, or RAs, such as:
  • Certificate issuance or renewal fees;
  • Certificate access fees;
  • Revocation or status information access fees;

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  • Fees for other services such as providing access to the relevant

CP or CPS; and

  • Refund policy.

4.9.2. Financial Responsibility

 This subcomponent contains requirements or disclosures relating to
 the resources available to CAs, RAs, and other participants providing
 certification services to support performance of their operational
 PKI responsibilities, and to remain solvent and pay damages in the
 event they are liable to pay a judgment or settlement in connection
 with a claim arising out of such operations.  Such provisions
 include:
  • A statement that the participant maintains a certain amount of

insurance coverage for its liabilities to other participants;

  • A statement that a participant has access to other resources to

support operations and pay damages for potential liability, which

    may be couched in terms of a minimum level of assets necessary to
    operate and cover contingencies that might occur within a PKI,
    where examples include assets on the balance sheet of an
    organization, a surety bond, a letter of credit, and a right under
    an agreement to an indemnity under certain circumstances; and
  • A statement that a participant has a program that offers first-

party insurance or warranty protection to other participants in

    connection with their use of the PKI.

4.9.3. Confidentiality of Business Information

 This subcomponent contains provisions relating to the treatment of
 confidential business information that participants may communicate
 to each other, such as business plans, sales information, trade
 secrets, and information received from a third party under a
 nondisclosure agreement.  Specifically, this subcomponent addresses:
  • The scope of what is considered confidential information,
  • The types of information that are considered to be outside the

scope of confidential information, and

  • The responsibilities of participants that receive confidential

information to secure it from compromise, and refrain from using

    it or disclosing it to third parties.

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4.9.4. Privacy of Personal Information

 This subcomponent relates to the protection that participants,
 particularly CAs, RAs, and repositories, may be required to afford to
 personally identifiable private information of certificate
 applicants, subscribers, and other participants.  Specifically, this
 subcomponent addresses the following, to the extent pertinent under
 applicable law:
  • The designation and disclosure of the applicable privacy plan that

applies to a participant's activities, if required by applicable

    law or policy;
  • Information that is or is not considered private within the PKI;
  • Any responsibility of participants that receive private

information to secure it, and refrain from using it and from

    disclosing it to third parties;
  • Any requirements as to notices to, or consent from individuals

regarding use or disclosure of private information; and

  • Any circumstances under which a participant is entitled or

required to disclose private information pursuant to judicial,

    administrative process in a private or governmental proceeding, or
    in any legal proceeding.

4.9.5. Intellectual Property Rights

 This subcomponent addresses the intellectual property rights, such as
 copyright, patent, trademarks, or trade secrets, that certain
 participants may have or claim in a CP, CPS, certificates, names, and
 keys, or are the subject of a license to or from participants.

4.9.6. Representations and Warranties

 This subcomponent can include representations and warranties of
 various entities that are being made pursuant to the CP or CPS.  For
 example, a CPS that serves as a contract might contain a CA's
 warranty that information contained in the certificate is accurate.
 Alternatively, a CPS might contain a less extensive warranty to the
 effect that the information in the certificate is true to the best of
 the CA's knowledge after performing certain identity authentication
 procedures with due diligence.  This subcomponent can also include
 requirements that representations and warranties appear in certain
 agreements, such as subscriber or relying party agreements.  For
 instance, a CP may contain a requirement that all CAs utilize a
 subscriber agreement, and that a subscriber agreement must contain a

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 warranty by the CA that information in the certificate is accurate.
 Participants that may make representations and warranties include
 CAs, RAs, subscribers, relying parties, and other participants.

4.9.7. Disclaimers of Warranties

 This subcomponent can include disclaimers of express warranties that
 may otherwise be deemed to exist in an agreement, and disclaimers of
 implied warranties that may otherwise be imposed by applicable law,
 such as warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular
 purpose.  The CP or CPS may directly impose such disclaimers, or the
 CP or CPS may contain a requirement that disclaimers appear in
 associated agreements, such as subscriber or relying party
 agreements.

4.9.8. Limitations of Liability

 This subcomponent can include limitations of liability in a CP or CPS
 or limitations that appear or must appear in an agreement associated
 with the CP or CPS, such as a subscriber or relying party agreement.
 These limitations may fall into one of two categories:  limitations
 on the elements of damages recoverable and limitations on the amount
 of damages recoverable, also known as liability caps.  Often,
 contracts contain clauses preventing the recovery of elements of
 damages such as incidental and consequential damages, and sometimes
 punitive damages.  Frequently, contracts contain clauses that limit
 the possible recovery of one party or the other to an amount certain
 or to an amount corresponding to a benchmark, such as the amount a
 vendor was paid under the contract.

4.9.9. Indemnities

 This subcomponent includes provisions by which one party makes a
 second party whole for losses or damage incurred by the second party,
 typically arising out of the first party's conduct.  They may appear
 in a CP, CPS, or agreement.  For example, a CP may require that
 subscriber agreements contain a term under which a subscriber is
 responsible for indemnifying a CA for losses the CA sustains arising
 out of a subscriber's fraudulent misrepresentations on the
 certificate application under which the CA issued the subscriber an
 inaccurate certificate.   Similarly, a CPS may say that a CA uses a
 relying party agreement, under which relying parties are responsible
 for indemnifying a CA for losses the CA sustains arising out of use
 of a certificate without properly checking revocation information or
 use of a certificate for purposes beyond what the CA permits.

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4.9.10. Term and Termination

 This subcomponent can include the time period in which a CP or a CPS
 remains in force and the circumstances under which the document,
 portions of the document, or its applicability to a particular
 participant can be terminated.  In addition or alternatively, the CP
 or CPS may include requirements that certain term and termination
 clauses appear in agreements, such as subscriber or relying party
 agreements.  In particular, such terms can include:
  • The term of a document or agreement, that is, when the document

becomes effective and when it expires if it is not terminated

    earlier.
  • Termination provisions stating circumstances under which the

document, certain portions of it, or its application to a

    particular participant ceases to remain in effect.
  • Any consequences of termination of the document. For example,

certain provisions of an agreement may survive its termination and

    remain in force.  Examples include acknowledgements of
    intellectual property rights and confidentiality provisions.
    Also, termination may trigger a responsibility of parties to
    return confidential information to the party that disclosed it.

4.9.11. Individual notices and communications with participants

 This subcomponent discusses the way in which one participant can or
 must communicate with another participant on a one-to-one basis in
 order for such communications to be legally effective.  For example,
 an RA may wish to inform the CA that it wishes to terminate its
 agreement with the CA.  This subcomponent is different from
 publication and repository functions, because unlike individual
 communications described in this subcomponent, publication and
 posting to a repository are for the purpose of communicating to a
 wide audience of recipients, such as all relying parties.  This
 subcomponent may establish mechanisms for communication and indicate
 the contact information to be used to route such communications, such
 as digitally signed e-mail notices to a specified address, followed
 by a signed e-mail acknowledgement of receipt.

4.9.12. Amendments

 It will occasionally be necessary to amend a CP or CPS.  Some of
 these changes will not materially reduce the assurance that a CP or
 its implementation provides, and will be judged by the policy
 administrator to have an insignificant effect on the acceptability of
 certificates.  Such changes to a CP or CPS need not require a change

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 in the CP OID or the CPS pointer (URL).  On the other hand, some
 changes to a specification will materially change the acceptability
 of certificates for specific purposes, and these changes may require
 corresponding changes to the CP OID or CPS pointer qualifier (URL).
 This subcomponent may also contain the following information:
  • The procedures by which the CP or CPS and/or other documents must,

may be, or are amended. In the case of CP or CPS amendments,

    change procedures may include a notification mechanism to provide
    notice of proposed amendments to affected parties, such as
    subscribers and relying parties, a comment period, a mechanism by
    which comments are received, reviewed and incorporated into the
    document, and a mechanism by which amendments become final and
    effective.
  • The circumstances under which amendments to the CP or CPS would

require a change in CP OID or CPS pointer (URL).

4.9.13. Dispute Resolution Procedures

 This subcomponent discusses procedures utilized to resolve disputes
 arising out of the CP, CPS, and/or agreements.  Examples of such
 procedures include requirements that disputes be resolved in a
 certain forum or by alternative dispute resolution mechanisms.

4.9.14. Governing Law

 This subcomponent sets forth a statement that the law of a certain
 jurisdiction governs the interpretation and enforcement of the
 subject CP or CPS or agreements.

4.9.15. Compliance with Applicable Law

 This subcomponent relates to stated requirements that participants
 comply with applicable law, for example, laws relating to
 cryptographic hardware and software that may be subject to the export
 control laws of a given jurisdiction.  The CP or CPS could purport to
 impose such requirements or may require that such provisions appear
 in other agreements.

4.9.16. Miscellaneous Provisions

 This subcomponent contains miscellaneous provisions, sometimes called
 "boilerplate provisions," in contracts. The clauses covered in this
 subcomponent may appear in a CP, CPS, or agreements and include:

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  • An entire agreement clause, which typically identifies the

document or documents comprising the entire agreement between the

    parties and states that such agreements supersede all prior and
    contemporaneous written or oral understandings relating to the
    same subject matter;
  • An assignment clause, which may act to limit the ability of a

party in an agreement, assigning its rights under the agreement to

    another party (such as the right to receive a stream of payments
    in the future) or limiting the ability of a party to delegate its
    obligations under the agreement;
  • A severability clause, which sets forth the intentions of the

parties in the event that a court or other tribunal determines

    that a clause within an agreement is, for some reason, invalid or
    unenforceable, and whose purpose is frequently to prevent the
    unenforceability of one clause from causing the whole agreement to
    be unenforceable; and
  • An enforcement clause, which may state that a party prevailing in

any dispute arising out of an agreement is entitled to attorneys'

    fees as part of its recovery, or may state that a party's waiver
    of one breach of contract does not constitute a continuing waiver
    or a future waiver of other breaches of contract.
  • A force majeure clause, commonly used to excuse the performance of

one or more parties to an agreement due to an event outside the

    reasonable control of the affected party or parties.  Typically,
    the duration of the excused performance is commensurate with the
    duration of the delay caused by the event.  The clause may also
    provide for the termination of the agreement under specified
    circumstances and conditions.  Events considered to constitute a
    "force majeure" may include so-called "Acts of God," wars,
    terrorism, strikes, natural disasters, failures of suppliers or
    vendors to perform, or failures of the Internet or other
    infrastructure.  Force majeure clauses should be drafted so as to
    be consistent with other portions of the framework and applicable
    service level agreements.  For instance, responsibilities and
    capabilities for business continuity and disaster recovery may
    place some events within the reasonable control of the parties,
    such as an obligation to maintain backup electrical power in the
    face of power outages.

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4.9.17. Other Provisions

 This subcomponent is a "catchall" location where additional
 responsibilities and terms can be imposed on PKI participants that do
 not neatly fit within one of the other components or subcomponents of
 the framework.  CP and CPS writers can place any provision within
 this subcomponent that is not covered by another subcomponent.

5. Security Considerations

 According to X.509, a certificate policy (CP) is "a named set of
 rules that indicates the applicability of a certificate to a
 particular community and/or class of applications with common
 security requirements."  A CP may be used by a relying party to help
 in deciding whether a certificate, and the binding therein, are
 sufficiently trustworthy and otherwise appropriate for a particular
 application.
 The degree to which a relying party can trust the binding embodied in
 a certificate depends on several factors.  These factors can include
 the practices followed by the certification authority (CA) in
 authenticating the subject; the CA's operating policy, procedures,
 and technical security controls, including the scope of the
 subscriber's responsibilities (for example, in protecting the private
 key), and the stated responsibilities and liability terms and
 conditions of the CA (for example, warranties, disclaimers of
 warranties, and limitations of liability).
 This document provides a framework to address technical, procedural,
 personnel, and physical security aspects of Certification
 Authorities, Registration Authorities, repositories, subscribers, and
 relying party cryptographic modules, in order to ensure that the
 certificate generation, publication, renewal, re-key, usage, and
 revocation is done in a secure manner.  Specifically, Section 4.3
 Identification and Authentication (I&A); Section 4.4 Certificate
 Life-Cycle Operational Requirements; Section 4.5 Facility Management,
 and Operational Controls; Section 4.6 Technical Security Controls;
 Section 4.7 Certificate CRL, and OCSP Profiles; and Section 4.8
 Compliance Audit and Other Assessment, are oriented towards ensuring
 secure operation of the PKI entities such as CA, RA, repository,
 subscriber systems, and relying party systems.

6. Outline of a Set of Provisions

 This section contains a recommended outline for a set of provisions,
 intended to serve as a checklist or (with some further development) a
 standard template for use by CP or CPS writers.  Such a common
 outline will facilitate:

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 (a) Comparison of two certificate policies during cross-
     certification or other forms of interoperation (for the purpose
     of equivalency mapping).
 (b) Comparison of a CPS with a CP to ensure that the CPS faithfully
     implements the policy.
 (c) Comparison of two CPSs.
 In order to comply with the RFC, the drafters of a compliant CP or
 CPS are strongly advised to adhere to this outline.  While use of an
 alternate outline is discouraged, it may be accepted if a proper
 justification is provided for the deviation and a mapping table is
 provided to readily discern where each of the items described in this
 outline is provided.
 1.      INTRODUCTION
 1.1  Overview
 1.2  Document name and identification
 1.3  PKI participants
 1.3.1  Certification authorities
 1.3.2  Registration authorities
 1.3.3  Subscribers
 1.3.4 Relying parties
 1.3.5  Other participants
 1.4  Certificate usage
 1.4.1.  Appropriate certificate uses
 1.4.2   Prohibited certificate uses
 1.5  Policy administration
 1.5.1  Organization administering the document
 1.5.2  Contact person
 1.5.3  Person determining CPS suitability for the policy
 1.5.4  CPS approval procedures
 1.6  Definitions and acronyms
 2.      PUBLICATION AND REPOSITORY RESPONSIBILITIES
 2.1  Repositories
 2.2  Publication of certification information
 2.3  Time or frequency of publication
 2.4  Access controls on repositories
 3.      IDENTIFICATION AND AUTHENTICATION (11)
 3.1  Naming
 3.1.1  Types of names
 3.1.2  Need for names to be meaningful
 3.1.3  Anonymity or pseudonymity of subscribers
 3.1.4  Rules for interpreting various name forms
 3.1.5  Uniqueness of names
 3.1.6  Recognition, authentication, and role of trademarks
 3.2  Initial identity validation

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 3.2.1  Method to prove possession of private key
 3.2.2  Authentication of organization identity
 3.2.3  Authentication of individual identity
 3.2.4  Non-verified subscriber information
 3.2.5 Validation of authority
 3.2.6  Criteria for interoperation
 3.3  Identification and authentication for re-key requests
 3.3.1  Identification and authentication for routine re-key
 3.3.2  Identification and authentication for re-key after revocation
 3.4 Identification and authentication for revocation request
 4.  CERTIFICATE LIFE-CYCLE OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS (11)
 4.1  Certificate Application
 4.1.1  Who can submit a certificate application
 4.1.2  Enrollment process and responsibilities
 4.2 Certificate application processing
 4.2.1 Performing identification and authentication functions
 4.2.2 Approval or rejection of certificate applications
 4.2.3  Time to process certificate applications
 4.3  Certificate issuance
 4.3.1  CA actions during certificate issuance
 4.3.2  Notification to subscriber by the CA of issuance of
 certificate
 4.4  Certificate acceptance
 4.4.1  Conduct constituting certificate acceptance
 4.4.2  Publication of the certificate by the CA
 4.4.3  Notification of certificate issuance by the CA to other
 entities
 4.5 Key pair and certificate usage
 4.5.1  Subscriber private key and certificate usage
 4.5.2  Relying party public key and certificate usage
 4.6  Certificate renewal
 4.6.1  Circumstance for certificate renewal
 4.6.2  Who may request renewal
 4.6.3  Processing certificate renewal requests
 4.6.4  Notification of new certificate issuance to subscriber
 4.6.5  Conduct constituting acceptance of a renewal certificate
 4.6.6  Publication of the renewal certificate by the CA
 4.6.7  Notification of certificate issuance by the CA to other
 entities
 4.7  Certificate re-key
 4.7.1  Circumstance for certificate re-key
 4.7.2  Who may request certification of a new public key
 4.7.3  Processing certificate re-keying requests
 4.7.4  Notification of new certificate issuance to subscriber
 4.7.5  Conduct constituting acceptance of a re-keyed certificate
 4.7.6  Publication of the re-keyed certificate by the CA
 4.7.7  Notification of certificate issuance by the CA to other
 entities

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 4.8  Certificate modification
 4.8.1  Circumstance for certificate modification
 4.8.2  Who may request certificate modification
 4.8.3  Processing certificate modification requests
 4.8.4  Notification of new certificate issuance to subscriber
 4.8.5  Conduct constituting acceptance of modified certificate
 4.8.6  Publication of the modified certificate by the CA
 4.8.7  Notification of certificate issuance by the CA to other
 entities
 4.9  Certificate revocation and suspension
 4.9.1  Circumstances for revocation
 4.9.2  Who can request revocation
 4.9.3  Procedure for revocation request
 4.9.4  Revocation request grace period
 4.9.5  Time within which CA must process the revocation request
 4.9.6  Revocation checking requirement for relying parties
 4.9.7 CRL issuance frequency (if applicable)
 4.9.8 Maximum latency for CRLs (if applicable)
 4.9.9  On-line revocation/status checking availability
 4.9.10 On-line revocation checking requirements
 4.9.11 Other forms of revocation advertisements available
 4.9.12 Special requirements re key compromise
 4.9.13 Circumstances for suspension
 4.9.14 Who can request suspension
 4.9.15 Procedure for suspension request
 4.9.16 Limits on suspension period
 4.10  Certificate status services
 4.10.1 Operational characteristics
 4.10.2 Service availability
 4.10.3 Optional features
 4.11  End of subscription
 4.12  Key escrow and recovery
 4.12.1 Key escrow and recovery policy and practices
 4.12.2 Session key encapsulation and recovery policy and practices
 5.  FACILITY, MANAGEMENT, AND OPERATIONAL CONTROLS (11)
 5.1  Physical controls
 5.1.1  Site location and construction
 5.1.2  Physical access
 5.1.3  Power and air conditioning
 5.1.4  Water exposures
 5.1.5  Fire prevention and protection
 5.1.6  Media storage
 5.1.7  Waste disposal
 5.1.8  Off-site backup
 5.2  Procedural controls
 5.2.1  Trusted roles
 5.2.2  Number of persons required per task
 5.2.3  Identification and authentication for each role

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 5.2.4  Roles requiring separation of duties
 5.3  Personnel controls
 5.3.1  Qualifications, experience, and clearance requirements
 5.3.2  Background check procedures
 5.3.3  Training requirements
 5.3.4  Retraining frequency and requirements
 5.3.5  Job rotation frequency and sequence
 5.3.6  Sanctions for unauthorized actions
 5.3.7  Independent contractor requirements
 5.3.8  Documentation supplied to personnel
 5.4  Audit logging procedures
 5.4.1  Types of events recorded
 5.4.2  Frequency of processing log
 5.4.3  Retention period for audit log
 5.4.4  Protection of audit log
 5.4.5  Audit log backup procedures
 5.4.6  Audit collection system (internal vs. external)
 5.4.7  Notification to event-causing subject
 5.4.8  Vulnerability assessments
 5.5  Records archival
 5.5.1  Types of records archived
 5.5.2  Retention period for archive
 5.5.3  Protection of archive
 5.5.4  Archive backup procedures
 5.5.5  Requirements for time-stamping of records
 5.5.6  Archive collection system (internal or external)
 5.5.7  Procedures to obtain and verify archive information
 5.6  Key changeover
 5.7  Compromise and disaster recovery
 5.7.1  Incident and compromise handling procedures
 5.7.2  Computing resources, software, and/or data are corrupted
 5.7.3  Entity private key compromise procedures
 5.7.4  Business continuity capabilities after a disaster
 5.8  CA or RA termination
 6.  TECHNICAL SECURITY CONTROLS (11)
 6.1  Key pair generation and installation
 6.1.1  Key pair generation
 6.1.2  Private key delivery to subscriber
 6.1.3  Public key delivery to certificate issuer
 6.1.4  CA public key delivery to relying parties
 6.1.5  Key sizes
 6.1.6  Public key parameters generation and quality checking
 6.1.7  Key usage purposes (as per X.509 v3 key usage field)
 6.2  Private Key Protection and Cryptographic Module Engineering
 Controls
 6.2.1  Cryptographic module standards and controls
 6.2.2  Private key (n out of m) multi-person control
 6.2.3  Private key escrow

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 6.2.4  Private key backup
 6.2.5  Private key archival
 6.2.6  Private key transfer into or from a cryptographic module
 6.2.7  Private key storage on cryptographic module
 6.2.8  Method of activating private key
 6.2.9  Method of deactivating private key
 6.2.10 Method of destroying private key
 6.2.11 Cryptographic Module Rating
 6.3  Other aspects of key pair management
 6.3.1  Public key archival
 6.3.2  Certificate operational periods and key pair usage periods
 6.4  Activation data
 6.4.1  Activation data generation and installation
 6.4.2  Activation data protection
 6.4.3  Other aspects of activation data
 6.5  Computer security controls
 6.5.1  Specific computer security technical requirements
 6.5.2  Computer security rating
 6.6  Life cycle technical controls
 6.6.1  System development controls
 6.6.2  Security management controls
 6.6.3  Life cycle security controls
 6.7  Network security controls
 6.8  Time-stamping
 7.  CERTIFICATE, CRL, AND OCSP PROFILES
 7.1  Certificate profile
 7.1.1  Version number(s)
 7.1.2  Certificate extensions
 7.1.3  Algorithm object identifiers
 7.1.4  Name forms
 7.1.5  Name constraints
 7.1.6  Certificate policy object identifier
 7.1.7  Usage of Policy Constraints extension
 7.1.8  Policy qualifiers syntax and semantics
 7.1.9 Processing semantics for the critical Certificate Policies
 extension
 7.2  CRL profile
 7.2.1  Version number(s)
 7.2.2  CRL and CRL entry extensions
 7.3  OCSP profile
 7.3.1  Version number(s)
 7.3.2  OCSP extensions
 8.  COMPLIANCE AUDIT AND OTHER ASSESSMENTS
 8.1  Frequency or circumstances of assessment
 8.2  Identity/qualifications of assessor
 8.3  Assessor's relationship to assessed entity
 8.4  Topics covered by assessment
 8.5  Actions taken as a result of deficiency

Chokhani, et al. Informational [Page 58] RFC 3647 Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure November 2003

 8.6  Communication of results
 9.  OTHER BUSINESS AND LEGAL MATTERS
 9.1  Fees
 9.1.1  Certificate issuance or renewal fees
 9.1.2  Certificate access fees
 9.1.3  Revocation or status information access fees
 9.1.4  Fees for other services
 9.1.5  Refund policy
 9.2  Financial responsibility
 9.2.1  Insurance coverage
 9.2.2  Other assets
 9.2.3  Insurance or warranty coverage for end-entities
 9.3  Confidentiality of business information
 9.3.1  Scope of confidential information
 9.3.2  Information not within the scope of confidential information
 9.3.3  Responsibility to protect confidential information
 9.4  Privacy of personal information
 9.4.1  Privacy plan
 9.4.2  Information treated as private
 9.4.3  Information not deemed private
 9.4.4  Responsibility to protect private information
 9.4.5  Notice and consent to use private information
 9.4.6   Disclosure pursuant to judicial or administrative process
 9.4.7  Other information disclosure circumstances
 9.5  Intellectual property rights
 9.6  Representations and warranties
 9.6.1  CA representations and warranties
 9.6.2  RA representations and warranties
 9.6.3  Subscriber representations and warranties
 9.6.4  Relying party representations and warranties
 9.6.5  Representations and warranties of other participants
 9.7  Disclaimers of warranties
 9.8  Limitations of liability
 9.9  Indemnities
 9.10  Term and termination
 9.10.1  Term
 9.10.2  Termination
 9.10.3  Effect of termination and survival
 9.11  Individual notices and communications with participants
 9.12  Amendments
 9.12.1  Procedure for amendment
 9.12.2  Notification mechanism and period
 9.12.3  Circumstances under which OID must be changed
 9.13  Dispute resolution provisions
 9.14  Governing law
 9.15  Compliance with applicable law
 9.16  Miscellaneous provisions
 9.16.1  Entire agreement

Chokhani, et al. Informational [Page 59] RFC 3647 Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure November 2003

 9.16.2  Assignment
 9.16.3  Severability
 9.16.4  Enforcement (attorneys' fees and waiver of rights)
 9.16.5  Force Majeure
 9.17  Other provisions

7. Comparison to RFC 2527

 This framework represents an incremental improvement over RFC 2527.
 The new framework benefits from the experience gained in the course
 of deploying CP and CPS documents under RFC 2527.  Further, this new
 framework is based on coordination with the American Bar Association
 Information Security Committee within the Section of Science and
 Technology Law.  The ISC wrote the PKI Assessment Guidelines [ABA2],
 which embodies a great deal of technical, business, and legal
 experience in PKI operations.  In particular, representatives of the
 ISC made changes to the framework to better suite it to the legal
 environment and make it more accessible to lawyers.
 >From a technical perspective, the changes to the RFC 2527 framework
 were minimal and incremental, rather than revolutionary.  Sections
 3-7 have largely been preserved, with modest reorganization and new
 topics.  For example, the new framework includes a revision of
 Section 4 of the framework to include a full treatment of the
 certificate life-cycle, the addition of key escrow, key
 encapsulation, and key recovery policies and practices, and OCSP.
 Section 2 audit functions now appear alone in Section 8, and Section
 2 focuses exclusively on repository functions.  The business and
 legal matters in RFC 2527's Section 2 now appear in a new Section 9.
 From a legal perspective, the new Section 9 is useful because it
 places topics in the framework in an ordering that is similar to
 software licensing and other technology agreements and thus is
 familiar to technology lawyers.  Moreover, the framework as a whole
 can double as a framework for a subscriber, relying party, or other
 PKI-related agreement.  The changes are intended to make legal review
 of, and input into, CP and CPS documents more efficient.  Section 9
 also adds new legal topics, such as the privacy of personal
 information, liability terms, and duration of the effectiveness of
 the document.
 Section 1 of the new framework is largely the same as RFC 2527,
 although it increases coverage of PKI participants by breaking out
 subscribers from relying parties and adding a section for other
 participants.  It changes the "applicability" section to one covering
 appropriate and prohibited uses of certificates.  Also, it moves CPS

Chokhani, et al. Informational [Page 60] RFC 3647 Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure November 2003

 approval procedures from RFC 2527's Section 8.3 into a collected
 policy administration section.  Finally, Section 1.6 adds a place to
 list definitions and acronyms.
 Section 2 of the new framework is a reorganization of Section 2.6 of
 the old framework.  Section 3 of the new framework is based on a
 division of the old Section 3.1 into two parts for naming and
 identification and authentication issues.  It adds new issues, such
 as the permissibility of pseudonyms and anonymity.  Old Section 4
 topics on audit logging, record archives, key changeover, compromise
 and disaster recovery, and CA termination have moved to Section 5.
 The remaining Section 4 topics have been expanded and reorganized to
 cover a complete certificate lifecycle.  New topics include items
 implicit in the RFC 2527 Section 4, but now explicit, such as
 certificate application processing, certificate modification, and the
 end of subscription.
 New Sections 5.1 through 5.3 are almost identical to their
 counterparts in RFC 2527.  The remainder of the new Section 5 is the
 topics moved from RFC 2527's Section 4, in the order that they
 appeared in Section 4.  Section 6 of the new framework is almost the
 same as the old Section 6, with some exceptions, such as the
 consolidation of old Section 6.8 (cryptographic module engineering
 controls) into Section 6.2.1 (now called "cryptographic module
 standards and controls") and the addition of time-stamping in a new
 Section 6.8.  Section 7 is almost identical to the old Section 7, the
 major change being the addition of a section covering OCSP profile.
 Section 8 is almost identical to RFC 2527's Section 2.7.
 New Section 9 contains business and legal topics that were covered in
 RFC 2527's Section 2, including fees, financial responsibility,
 confidentiality, and intellectual property.  It adds a section on the
 privacy of personal information, which has become a significant
 policy issue.  The "liability" Section 2.2 in RFC 2527 now appears in
 Sections 9.6 through 9.9, covering representations and warranties,
 disclaimers, limitations of liability, and indemnities.  Section 9.10
 adds a section concerning the duration of the effectiveness of
 documentation.  Section 9.12 collects terms concerning the way in
 which a document (CP, CPS, agreement, or other document) may be
 amended, formerly appearing in Section 8.1.  Section 9 includes
 "legal boilerplate" topics, some of which were in the old Section 2.
 Finally, Section 9.17 is a catch-all "other provisions" section where
 drafters can place information that does not fit well into any other
 section of the framework.
 The following matrix shows the sections in the old RFC 2527 framework
 and their successor sections in the new framework.

Chokhani, et al. Informational [Page 61] RFC 3647 Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure November 2003

 ORIGINAL RFC 2527                     NEW RFC SECTION
      SECTION
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1. Introduction                             1.
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1.1 Overview                                1.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1.2 Identification                          1.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1.3 Community and
     Applicability                           1.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1.3.1 Certification
       Authorities                           1.3.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1.3.2 Registration Authorities              1.3.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1.3.3 End entities                          1.3.3,
                                             1.3.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1.3.4 Applicability                         1.4, 4.5
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1.4 Contact Details                         1.5
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1.4.1 Specification Administration
       Organization                          1.5.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1.4.2 Contact Person                        1.5.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1.4.3 Person Determining CPS
       Suitability for the Policy            1.5.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2. General Provisions                       2, 8, 9
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.1 Obligations                             2.6.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.1.1 1A Obligations                  Integrated
                                       throughout
                                       portions of the
                                       framework that
                                       apply to CAs
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.1.2 RA Obligations                  Integrated
                                       throughout
                                       portions of the
                                       framework that
                                       apply to RAs

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  1. —————————————————–

2.1.3 Subscriber Obligations 4.1.2, 4.4, 4.5,

                                       4.5.1, 4.6.5,
                                       4.7.5, 4.8.1,
                                       4.8.5, 4.9.1,
                                       4.9.2, 4.9.13,
                                       4.9.15, 5., 6.,
                                       9.6.3, 9.9
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.1.4 Relying Party Obligations     4.5, 4.5.2, 4.9.6,
                                     5., 6., 9.6.4, 9.9
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.1.5 Repository Obligations        2., 4.4.2, 4.4.3,
                                     4.6.6, 4.6.7,
                                     4.7.6, 4.7.7,
                                     4.8.6, 4.8.7
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.2 Liability                       9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.2.1 CA Liability                  9.6.1, 9.7., 9.8,
                                     9.9
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.2.2 RA Liability                  9.6.2, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.3 Financial Responsibility                9.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.3.1 Indemnification by Relying
       Parties                               9.9
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.3.2 Fiduciary Relationships               9.7
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.4 Interpretation and Enforcement          9.16
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.4.1 Governing Law                         9.14, 9.15
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.4.2 Severability, Survival,
       Merger, Notice                9.10.3, 9.11,
                                     9.16.1,9.16.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.4.3 Dispute Resolution
       Procedures                    9.13, 9.16.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.5 Fees                                    9.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.5.1 Certificate Issuance
       or Renewal Fees                       9.1.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.5.2 Certificate Access Fees               9.1.2

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  1. —————————————————–

2.5.3 Revocation or Status

       Information Access Fees               9.1.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.5.4 Fees for Other Services Such
       as Policy Information                 9.1.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.5.5 Refund Policy                         9.1.5
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.6 Publication and Repository              2.
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.6.1 Publication of CA
       Information                    2.2, 4.4.2,
                                      4.4.3, 4.6.6,
                                      4.6.7, 4.7.6,
                                      4.7.7, 4.8.6,
                                      4.8.7
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.6.2 Frequency of Publication              2.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.6.3 Access Controls                       2.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.6.4 Repositories                          2.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.7 Compliance Audit                        8.
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.7.1 Frequency of Entity Compliance
       Audit                                 8.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.7.2 Identity/Qualifications of
       Auditor                               8.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.7.3 Auditor's Relationship to Audited
       Party                                 8.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.7.4 Topics Covered by Audit               8.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.7.5 Actions Taken as a Result of
       Deficiency                            8.5
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.7.6 Communications of Results             8.6
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.8 Confidentiality                         9.3, 9.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.8.1 Types of Information to be
       Kept Confidential              9.3.1, 9.4.2

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  1. —————————————————–

2.8.2 Types of Information Not

       Considered Confidential        9.3.2, 9.4.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.8.3 Disclosure of Certificate
       Revocation/Suspension
       Information                    9.3.1, 9.3.2,
                                      9.3.3, 9.4.2,
                                      9.4.3, 9.4.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.8.4 Release to Law Enforcement
       Officials                      9.3.3, 9.4.6
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.8.5 Release as Part of Civil
 Discovery                            9.3.3, 9.4.6
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.8.6 Disclosure Upon Owner's
       Request                        9.3.3, 9.4.7
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.8.7 Other Information Release
       Circumstances                  9.3.3, 9.4.7
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.9 Intellectual Property Rights            9.5
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3. Identification and Authentication        3.
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3.1 Initial Registration                    3.1, 3.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3.1.1 Type of Names                         3.1.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3.1.2 Need for Names to be
       Meaningful                     3.1.2, 3.1.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3.1.3 Rules for Interpreting
       Various Name Forms                    3.1.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3.1.4 Uniqueness of Names                   3.1.5
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3.1.5 Name Claim Dispute
       Resolution Procedure                  3.1.6
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3.1.6 Recognition, Authentication,
       and Role of Trademarks                3.1.6
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3.1.7 Method to Prove Possession
       of Private Key                        3.2.1

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  1. —————————————————–

3.1.8 Authentication of

       Organization Identity                 3.2.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3.1.9 Authentication of
       Individual Identity                   3.2.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3.2 Routine Rekey                    3.3.1, 4.6, 4.7
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3.3 Rekey After Revocation                  3.3.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3.4 Revocation Request                      3.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.  Operational Requirements                4., 5.
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.1 Certificate Application          4.1, 4.2, 4.6,
                                      4.7
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.2 Certificate Issuance             4.2, 4.3, 4.4.3,
                                      4.6, 4.7, 4.8.4,
                                      4.8.6, 4.8.7
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.3 Certificate Acceptance           4.3.2, 4.4, 4.6,
                                      4.7, 4.8.4-4.8.7
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.4 Certificate Suspension
     and Revocation                          4.8, 4.9
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.4.1 Circumstances for Revocation   4.8.1, 4.9.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.4.2 Who Can Request Revocation     4.8.2, 4.9.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.4.3 Procedure for Revocation
       Request                        4.8.3-4.8.7,
                                      4.9.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.4.4 Revocation Request
       Grace Period                          4.9.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.4.5 Circumstances for Suspension          4.9.13
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.4.6 Who Can Request Suspension            4.9.14
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.4.7 Procedure for Suspension
       Request                               4.9.15
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.4.8 Limits on Suspension Period           4.9.16

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  1. —————————————————–

4.4.9 CRL Issuance Frequency

       (If Applicable)                  4.9.7, 4.9.8,
                                        4.10
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.4.10 CRL Checking Requirements       4.9.6, 4.10
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.4.11 On-Line Revocation/
        Status Checking
        Availability                    4.9.9, 4.10
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.4.12 On-Line Revocation
        Checking Requirements           4.9.6, 4.9.10,
                                        4.10
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.4.13 Other Forms
        of Revocation
        Advertisements                  4.9.11, 4.10
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.4.14 Checking Requirements
        for Other Forms of
        Revocation
        Advertisements                  4.9.6, 4.9.11,
                                        4.10
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.4.15 Special Requirements re
        Key Compromise                        4.9.12
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.5 Security Audit Procedures                5.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.5.1 Types of Events Recorded               5.4.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.5.2 Frequency of Processing Log            5.4.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.5.3 Retention Period for Audit
       Log                                    5.4.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.5.4 Protection of Audit Log                5.4.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.5.5 Audit Log Backup Procedures            5.4.5
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.5.6 Audit Collection System
       (Internal vs. External)                5.4.6
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.5.7 Notification to Event-Causing
       Subject                                5.4.7
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.5.8 Vulnerability Assessments              5.4.8

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  1. —————————————————–

4.6 Records Archival 5.5

  1. —————————————————–

4.6.1 Types of Records Archived 5.5.1

  1. —————————————————–

4.6.2 Retention Period for Archive 5.5.2

  1. —————————————————–

4.6.3 Protection of Archive 5.5.3

  1. —————————————————–

4.6.4 Archive Backup Procedures 5.5.4

  1. —————————————————–

4.6.5 Requirements for

       Time-Stamping of Records               5.5.5
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.6.6 Archive Collection System
       (Internal or External)                 5.5.6
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.6.6 Procedures to Obtain and
       Verify Archive Information             5.5.7
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.7 Key Changeover                           5.6
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.8 Compromise and Disaster
     Recovery                           5.7, 5.7.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.8.1 Computing Resources, Software,
       and/or Data Are Corrupted              5.7.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.8.2 Entity Public
       Key is Revoked                   4.9.7, 4.9.9,
                                        4.9.11
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.8.3 Entity Key is Compromised             5.7.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.8.4 Secure Facility After a Natural
       or Other Type of Disaster             5.7.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.9 CA Termination                          5.8
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5. Physical, Procedural, and
    Personnel Security Controls              5.
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.1 Physical Controls                       5.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.1.1 Site Location and Construction        5.1.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.1.2 Physical Access                       5.1.2

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  1. —————————————————–

5.1.3 Power and Air Conditioning 5.1.3

  1. —————————————————–
 5.1.4 Water Exposures                       5.1.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.1.5 Fire Prevention and Protection        5.1.5
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.1.6 Media Storage                         5.1.6
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.1.7 Waste Disposal                        5.1.7
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.1.8 Off-Site Backup                       5.1.8
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.2 Procedural Controls                     5.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.2.1 Trusted Roles                    5.2.1, 5.2.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.2.2 Number of Persons
       Required per Task                5.2.2, 5.2.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.2.3 Identification and
       Authentication for Each Role          5.2.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.3 Personnel Controls                      5.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.3.1 Background, Qualifications,
       Experience, and Clearance
       Requirements                          5.3.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.3.2 Background Check Procedures           5.3.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.3.3 Training Requirements                 5.3.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.3.4 Retraining Frequency
       and Requirements                      5.3.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.3.5 Job Rotation Frequency
       and Sequence                          5.3.5
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.3.6 Sanctions for
       Unauthorized Actions                  5.3.6
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.3.7 Contracting Personnel
       Requirements                          5.3.7
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.3.8 Documentation Supplied to
       Personnel                             5.3.8

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  1. —————————————————–

6. Technical Security Controls 6.

  1. —————————————————–

6.1 Key Pair Generation and

     Installation                            6.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.1.1 Key Pair Generation                   6.1.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.1.2 Private Key Delivery to Entity        6.1.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.1.3 Public Key Delivery to
       Certificate Issuer                    6.1.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.1.4 CA Public Key Delivery to Users       6.1.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.1.5 Key Sizes                             6.1.5
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.1.6 Public Key Parameters Generation      6.1.6
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.1.7 Parameter Quality Checking            6.1.6
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.1.8 Hardware/Software Key Generation      6.1.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.1.9 Key Usage Purposes
       (as per X.509 v3 Key Usage Field)     6.1.9
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.2 Private Key Protection                  6.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.2.1 Standards for Cryptographic
       Module                                6.2.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.2.2 Private Key (n out of m)
       Multi-Person Control                  6.2.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.2.3 Private Key Escrow                    6.2.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.2.4 Private Key Backup                    6.2.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.2.5 Private Key Archival                  6.2.5
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.2.6 Private Key Entry Into
       Cryptographic Module              6.2.6, 6.2.7
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.2.7 Method of Activating
       Private Key                           6.2.8

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  1. —————————————————–

6.2.8 Method of Deactivating

       Private Key                           6.2.9
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.2.9 Method of Destroying Private
       Key                                   6.2.10
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.3 Other Aspects of Key Pair
     Management                              6.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.3.1 Public Key Archival                   6.3.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.3.2 Usage Periods for the Public
       and Private Keys                      6.3.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.4 Activation Data                         6.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.4.1 Activation Data Generation
       and Installation                      6.4.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.4.2 Activation Data Protection            6.4.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.4.3 Other Aspects of Activation
       Data                                  6.4.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.5 Computer Security Controls              6.5
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.5.1 Specific Computer Security
       Technical Requirements                6.5.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.5.2 Computer Security Rating              6.5.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.6 Life Cycle Technical Controls           6.6
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.6.1 System Development Controls           6.6.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.6.2 Security Management Controls          6.6.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.6.3 Life Cycle Security Controls          6.6.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.7 Network Security Controls               6.7
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.8 Cryptographic Module
     Engineering Controls                 6.2.1, 6.2,
                                          6.2.1, 6.2.11
 ------------------------------------------------------
 7.Certificate and CRL Profiles              7.

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  1. —————————————————–

7.1 Certificate Profile 7.1

  1. —————————————————–

7.1.1 Version Number(s) 7.1.1

  1. —————————————————–

7.1.2 Certificate Extensions 7.1.2

  1. —————————————————–

7.1.3 Algorithm Object Identifiers 7.1.3

  1. —————————————————–

7.1.4 Name Forms 7.1.4

  1. —————————————————–

7.1.5 Name Constraints 7.1.5

  1. —————————————————–

7.1.6 Certificate Policy Object

       Identifier                            7.1.6
 ------------------------------------------------------
 7.1.7 Usage of Policy Constraints
       Extension                             7.1.7
 ------------------------------------------------------
 7.1.8 Policy Qualifiers Syntax
       and Semantics                         7.1.8
 ------------------------------------------------------
 7.1.9 Processing Semantics for
       the Critical Certificate
       Policies Extension                    7.1.9
 ------------------------------------------------------
 7.2 CRL Profile                             7.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 7.2.1 Version Number(s)                     7.2.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 7.2.2 CRL and CRL Entry Extensions          7.2.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 8. Specification Administration             N/A
 ------------------------------------------------------
 8.1 Specification Change
     Procedures                              9.12
 ------------------------------------------------------
 8.2 Publication and Notification
     Policies                                2.2, 2.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 8.3 CPS Approval Procedures                 1.5.4
 ------------------------------------------------------

Chokhani, et al. Informational [Page 72] RFC 3647 Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure November 2003

 The following matrix shows the sections in the new framework and the
 sections in RFC 2527 to which the headings in the new framework
 correspond.
 NEW RFC SECTION                      ORIGINAL RFC 2527
                                           SECTION
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1. Introduction                             1.
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1.1 Overview                                1.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1.2 Document Name and Identification        1.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1.3 PKI Participants                        1.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1.3.1 Certification Authorities             1.3.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1.3.2 Registration Authorities              1.3.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1.3.3 Subscribers                           1.3.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1.3.4 Relying Parties                       1.3.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1.3.5 Other Participants                    N/A
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1.4 Certificate Usage                       1.3.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1.4.1 Appropriate Certificate Uses          1.3.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1.4.2 Prohibited Certificate Uses           1.3.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1.5 Policy Administration                   1.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1.5.1 Organization Administering
       the Document                          1.4.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1.5.2 Contact Person                        1.4.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1.5.3 Person Determining CPS
       Suitability for the Policy            1.4.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1.5.4 CPS Approval Procedures               8.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 1.6 Definitions and Acronyms                N/A
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2. Publication and Repository
    Responsibilities                         2.1.5, 2.6

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  1. —————————————————–

2.1 Repositories 2.6.4

  1. —————————————————–

2.2 Publication of Certification

     Information                             2.6.1, 8.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.3 Time or Frequency of
     Publication                             2.6.2, 8.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 2.4 Access Controls on Repositories         2.6.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3. Identification and Authentication        3.
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3.1 Naming                                  3.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3.1.1 Type of Names                         3.1.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3.1.2 Need for Names to be Meaningful       3.1.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3.1.3. Anonymity or Pseudonymity of
        Subscribers                          3.1.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3.1.4 Rules for Interpreting Various
       Name Forms                            3.1.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3.1.5 Uniqueness of Names                   3.1.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3.1.6 Recognition, Authentication,
       and Role of Trademarks           3.1.5, 3.1.6
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3.2 Initial Identity Validation             3.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3.2.1 Method to Prove Possession
       of Private Key                        3.1.7
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3.2.2 Authentication of
       Organization Identity                 3.1.8
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3.2.3 Authentication of Individual
       Identity                              3.1.9
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3.2.4 Non-Verified Subscriber
       Information                           N/A
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3.2.5 Validation of Authority               3.1.9

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3.2.6 Criteria for Interoperation 4.1

  1. —————————————————–

3.3 Identification and Authentication

     for Re-Key Requests                     3.2, 3.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3.3.1 Identification and
       Authentication for Routine
       Re-Key                                3.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3.3.2 Identification and
       Authentication for Re-Key
       After Revocation                      3.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 3.4 Identification and Authentication
     for Revocation Request                  3.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4. Certificate Life-Cycle
    Operational Requirements                 4.
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.1 Certificate Application                 4.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.1.1 Who Can Submit a Certificate
       Application                           4.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.1.2 Enrollment Process and
       Responsibilities                      2.1.3, 4.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.2 Certificate Application
     Processing                              4.1, 4.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.2.1 Performing Identification
       and Authentication Functions          4.1, 4.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.2.2 Approval or Rejection of
       Certificate Applications              4.1, 4.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.2.3 Time to Process
       Certificate Applications              4.1, 4.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.3 Certificate Issuance                    4.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.3.1 CA Actions During
       Certificate Issuance                  4.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.3.2 Notifications to Subscriber by
       the CA of Issuance of Certificate     4.2, 4.3

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4.4 Certificate Acceptance 2.1.3, 4.3

  1. —————————————————–

4.4.1 Conduct Constituting

       Certificate Acceptance                4.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.4.2 Publication of the
       Certificate by the CA          2.1.5, 2.6.1, 4.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.4.3 Notification of
       Certificate Issuance by
       the CA to Other Entities       2.1.5, 2.6.1,
                                      4.2, 4.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.5 Key Pair and
     Certificate Usage                1.3.4, 2.1.3,
                                      2.1.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.5.1 Subscriber Private Key
       and Certificate Usage          1.3.4, 2.1.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.5.2 Relying Party Public
       Key and Certificate
       Usage                          1.3.4, 2.1.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.6 Certificate Renewal              3.2, 4.1, 4.2,
                                      4.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.6.1 Circumstances for
       Certificate Renewal            3.2, 4.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.6.2 Who May Request Renewal        3.2, 4.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.6.3 Processing Certificate
       Renewal Requests               3.2, 4.1, 4.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.6.4 Notification of New
       Certificate Issuance to
       Subscriber                     3.2, 4.2, 4.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.6.5 Conduct Constituting
       Acceptance of a Renewal
       Certificate                    2.1.3, 3.2, 4.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.6.6 Publication of the
       Renewal Certificate
       by the CA                      2.1.5, 2.6.1,
                                      3.2, 4.3

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4.6.7 Notification of

       Certificate Issuance by
       the CA to Other Entities       2.1.5, 2.6.1, 3.2,
                                      4.2, 4.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.7 Certificate Re-Key               3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.7.1 Circumstances for
       Certificate Re-Key             3.2, 4.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.7.2 Who May Request Certification
       of a New Public Key            3.2, 4.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.7.3 Processing Certificate
       Re-Keying Requests             3.2, 4.1, 4.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.7.4 Notification of New
       Certificate Issuance to
       Subscriber                     3.2, 4.2, 4.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.7.5 Conduct Constituting
       Acceptance of a
       Re-Keyed Certificate           2.1.3, 3.2, 4.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.7.6 Publication of the
       Re-Keyed Certificate
       by the CA                      2.1.5, 2.6.1,
                                      3.2, 4.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.7.7 Notification of Certificate
       Issuance by the CA
       to Other Entities              2.1.5, 2.6.1,
                                      3.2, 4.2, 4.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.8 Certificate Modification                4.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.8.1 Circumstances for
       Certificate Modification       2.1.3, 4.4.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.8.2 Who May Request Certificate
       Modification                   4.4.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.8.3 Processing Certificate
       Modification Requests          4.4.3

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4.8.4 Notification of New

       Certificate Issuance to
       Subscriber                     4.2, 4.3, 4.4.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.8.5 Conduct Constituting
       Acceptance of Modified
       Certificate                    2.1.3, 4.3, 4.4.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.8.6 Publication of the Modified
       Certificate by
       the CA                         2.1.5, 2.6.1,
                                      4.2, 4.3, 4.4.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.8.7 Notification of
       Certificate Issuance by
       the CA to Other
       Entities                       2.1.5, 2.6.1,
                                      4.2, 4.3, 4.4.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.9 Certificate Revocation
     and Suspension                          4.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.9.1 Circumstances for Revocation   2.1.3, 4.4.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.9.2 Who Can Request Revocation     4.4.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.9.3 Procedure for Revocation
       Request                        2.1.3, 4.4.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.9.4 Revocation Request Grace
       Period                                4.4.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.9.5 Time Within Which CA Must
       Process the Revocation Request    N/A
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.9.6 Revocation Checking
       Requirements for Relying
       Parties                         2.1.4, 4.4.10,
                                       4.4.12, 4.4.14
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.9.7 CRL Issuance Frequency          4.4.9, 4.8.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.9.8 Maximum Latency for CRLs        4.4.9
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.9.9 On-Line Revocation/Status
       Checking Availability           4.4.11, 4.8.3

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4.9.10 On-Line Revocation

        Checking Requirements          4.4.12
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.9.11 Other Forms of Revocation
        Advertisements Available       4.4.13, 4.4.14,
                                       4.8.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.9.12 Special Requirements re
        Key Compromise                 4.4.15
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.9.13 Circumstances for Suspension   2.1.3, 4.4.5
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.9.14 Who Can Request Suspension     4.4.6
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.9.15 Procedure for
        Suspension Request             2.1.3, 4.4.7
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.9.16 Limits on Suspension Period    4.4.8
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.10 Certificate Status Services      4.4.9-4.4.14
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.10.1 Operational
        Characteristics                4.4.9, 4.4.11,
                                       4.4.13
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.10.2 Service Availability           4.4.9, 4.4.11,
                                       4.4.13
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.10.3 Operational Features           4.4.9, 4.4.11,
                                       4.4.13
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.11 End of Subscription                       N/A
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.12 Key Escrow and Recovery                  6.2.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.12.1 Key Escrow and Recovery Policy
        and Practices                          6.2.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 4.12.2 Session Key Encapsulation
        and Recovery Policy and
        Practices                              6.2.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5. Facility, Management, and
    Operational Controls               2.1.3, 2.1.4,
                                       4., 5.
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.1 Physical Controls                         5.1

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5.1.1 Site Location and Construction 5.1.1

  1. —————————————————–

5.1.2 Physical Access 5.1.2

  1. —————————————————–

5.1.3 Power and Air Conditioning 5.1.3

  1. —————————————————–

5.1.4 Water Exposures 5.1.4

  1. —————————————————–

5.1.5 Fire Prevention and Protection 5.1.5

  1. —————————————————–

5.1.6 Media Storage 5.1.6

  1. —————————————————–

5.1.7 Waste Disposal 5.1.7

  1. —————————————————–

5.1.8 Off-Site Backup 5.1.8

  1. —————————————————–

5.2 Procedural Controls 5.2

  1. —————————————————–

5.2.1 Trusted Roles 5.2.1

  1. —————————————————–

5.2.2 Number of Persons Required

       per Task                                5.2.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.2.3 Identification and
       Authentication for Each Role            5.2.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.2.4 Roles Requiring Separation
       of Duties                          5.2.1, 5.2.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.3 Personnel Controls                        5.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.3.1 Qualifications, Experience,
       and Clearance Requirements         5.3.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.3.2 Background Check Procedures        5.3.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.3.3 Training Requirements              5.3.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.3.4 Retraining Frequency
       and Requirements                   5.3.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.3.5 Job Rotation Frequency
       and Sequence                       5.3.5
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.3.6 Sanctions for Unauthorized
       Actions                            5.3.6

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5.3.7 Independent Contractor

       Requirements                       5.3.7
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.3.8 Documentation Supplied to
       Personnel                          5.3.8
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.4 Audit Logging Procedures             4.5
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.4.1 Types of Events Recorded           4.5.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.4.2 Frequency of Processing Log        4.5.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.4.3 Retention Period for Audit
       Log                                4.5.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.4.4 Protection of Audit Log            4.5.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.4.5 Audit Log Backup Procedures        4.5.5
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.4.6 Audit Collection System
       (Internal vs. External)            4.5.6
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.4.7 Notification to Event-Causing
       Subject                            4.5.7
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.4.8 Vulnerability Assessments          4.5.8
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.5 Records Archival                     4.6
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.5.1 Types of Records Archived          4.6.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.5.2 Retention Period for Archive       4.6.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.5.3 Protection of Archive              4.6.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.5.4 Archive Backup Procedures          4.6.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.5.5 Requirements for Time-Stamping
       of Records                         4.6.5
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.5.6 Archive Collection System
       (Internal or External)             4.6.6
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.5.7 Procedures to Obtain and
       Verify Archive
       Information                        4.6.7

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5.6 Key Changeover 4.7

  1. —————————————————–

5.7 Compromise and Disaster Recovery 4.8

  1. —————————————————–

5.7.1 Incident and Compromise

       Handling Procedures                4.8
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.7.2 Computing Resources, Software,
       and/or Data Are Corrupted          4.8.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.7.3 Entity Private Key
       Compromise Procedures              4.8.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.7.4 Business Continuity
       Capabilities After a
       Disaster                           4.8.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 5.8 CA or RA Termination                 4.9
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6. Technical Security Controls           2.1.3, 2.1.4,
                                          6.
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.1 Key Pair Generation and
     Installation                         6.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.1.1 Key Pair Generation                6.1.1, 6.1.8
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.1.2 Private Key Delivery to
       Subscriber                         6.1.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.1.3 Public Key Delivery to
       Certificate Issuer                 6.1.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.1.4 CA Public Key Delivery to
       Relying Parties                    6.1.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.1.5 Key Sizes                          6.1.5
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.1.6 Public Key Parameters Generation
       and Quality Checking               6.1.6, 6.1.7
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.1.7 Key Usage Purposes
       (as per X.509 v3
       Key Usage Field)                   6.1.9

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6.2 Private Key Protection and

       Cryptographic Module
       Engineering Controls               6.2, 6.8
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.2.1 Cryptographic Module Standards
       and Controls                       6.2.1, 6.8
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.2.2 Private Key (n out of m)
       Multi-Person Control               6.2.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.2.3 Private Key Escrow                 6.2.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.2.4 Private Key Backup                 6.2.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.2.5 Private Key Archival               6.2.5
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.2.6 Private Key Transfer Into
       or From a Cryptographic
       Module                             6.2.6
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.2.7 Private Key Storage on
       Cryptographic Module               6.2.6
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.2.8 Method of Activating Private
       Key                                6.2.7
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.2.9 Method of Deactivating
       Private Key                        6.2.8
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.2.10 Method of Destroying
        Private Key                       6.2.9
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.2.11 Cryptographic Module Rating       6.2.1, 6.8
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.3 Other Aspects of Key Pair
     Management                           6.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.3.1 Public Key Archival                6.3.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.3.2 Certificate Operational
       Periods and Key Pair Usage
       Periods                            6.3.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.4 Activation Data                      6.4

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6.4.1 Activation Data Generation

       and Installation                   6.4.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.4.2 Activation Data Protection         6.4.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.4.3 Other Aspects of Activation
       Data                               6.4.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.5 Computer Security Controls           6.5
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.5.1 Specific Computer Security
       Technical Requirements             6.5.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.5.2 Computer Security Rating           6.5.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.6 Life Cycle Technical Controls        6.6
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.6.1 System Development Controls        6.6.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.6.2 Security Management Controls       6.6.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.6.3 Life Cycle Security Controls       6.6.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.7 Network Security Controls            6.7
 ------------------------------------------------------
 6.8 Time-Stamping                        N/A
 ------------------------------------------------------
 7. Certificate, CRL, and
    OCSP Profiles                         7.
 ------------------------------------------------------
 7.1 Certificate Profile                  7.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 7.1.1 Version Number(s)                  7.1.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 7.1.2 Certificate Extensions             7.1.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 7.1.3 Algorithm Object Identifiers       7.1.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 7.1.4 Name Forms                         7.1.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 7.1.5 Name Constraints                   7.1.5
 ------------------------------------------------------
 7.1.6 Certificate Policy
       Object Identifier                  7.1.6
 ------------------------------------------------------
 7.1.7 Usage of Policy Constraints
       Extension                          7.1.7

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7.1.8 Policy Qualifiers Syntax

       and Semantics                      7.1.8
 ------------------------------------------------------
 7.1.9 Processing Semantics for the
       Critical Certificate Policies
       Extension                          7.1.9
 ------------------------------------------------------
 7.2 CRL Profile                          7.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 7.2.1 Version Number(s)                  7.2.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 7.2.2 CRL and CRL Entry Extensions       7.2.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 7.3 OCSP Profile                         N/A
 ------------------------------------------------------
 7.3.1 Version Number(s)                  N/A
 ------------------------------------------------------
 7.3.2 OCSP Extensions                    N/A
 ------------------------------------------------------
 8. Compliance Audit and Other
    Assessments                           2.7
 ------------------------------------------------------
 8.1 Frequency and Circumstances
     of Assessment                        2.7.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 8.2 Identity/Qualifications of
     Assessor                             2.7.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 8.3 Assessor's Relationship to
     Assessed Entity                      2.7.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 8.4 Topics Covered by Assessment         2.7.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 8.5 Actions Taken as a Result
     of Deficiency                        2.7.5
 ------------------------------------------------------
 8.6 Communications of Results            2.7.6
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9. Other Business and Legal
    Matters                               2.
  1. —————————————————–

9.1 Fees 2.5

  1. —————————————————–

9.1.1 Certificate Issuance or

       Renewal Fees                       2.5.1

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9.1.2 Certificate Access Fees 2.5.2

  1. —————————————————–

9.1.3 Revocation or Status

       Information Access Fees            2.5.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.1.4 Fees for Other Services            2.5.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.1.5 Refund Policy                      2.5.5
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.2 Financial Responsibility             2.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.2.1 Insurance Coverage                 2.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.2.2 Other Assets                       2.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.2.3 Insurance or Warranty Coverage
       for End-Entities                   2.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.3 Confidentiality of Business
     Information                          2.8
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.3.1 Scope of Confidential
       Information                        2.8.1, 2.8.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.3.2 Information Not Within the
       Scope of Confidential
       Information                        2.8.2, 2.8.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.3.3 Responsibility to Protect
       Confidential Information           2.8,
                                          2.8.3-2.8.7
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.4 Privacy of Personal Information      2.8
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.4.1 Privacy Plan                       N/A
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.4.2 Information Treated as Private     2.8.1, 2.8.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.4.3 Information Not Deemed Private     2.8.2, 2.8.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.4.4 Responsibility to Protect
       Private Information                2.8, 2.8.1,
                                          2.8.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.4.5 Notice and Consent to Use
       Private Information                N/A

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9.4.6 Disclosure Pursuant to

       Judicial or Administrative
       Process                            2.8.4-2.8.5
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.4.7 Other Information Disclosure
       Circumstances                      2.8.6-2.8.7
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.5 Intellectual Property rights         2.9
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.6 Representations and Warranties       2.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.6.1 CA Representations and
       Warranties                         2.2.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.6.2 RA Representations and
       Warranties                         2.2.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.6.3 Subscriber Representations
       and Warranties                     2.1.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.6.4 Relying Party Representations
       and Warranties                     2.1.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.6.5 Representations and Warranties
       of Other Participants                 N/A
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.7 Disclaimers of Warranties            2.2, 2.3.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.8 Limitations of Liability                2.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.9 Indemnities                          2.1.3, 2.1.4,
                                          2.2, 2.3.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.10 Term and Termination                   N/A
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.10.1 Term                                 N/A
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.10.2 Termination                          N/A
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.10.3 Effect of Termination and
        Survival                             N/A
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.11 Individual Notices and
      Communications with Participants       2.4.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.12 Amendments                             8.1

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  1. —————————————————–

9.12.1 Procedure for Amendment 8.1

  1. —————————————————–

9.12.2 Notification Mechanism

        and Period                           8.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.12.3 Circumstances Under Which OID
        Must be Changed                      8.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.13 Dispute Resolution Provisions          2.4.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.14 Governing Law                          2.4.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.15 Compliance with Applicable Law         2.4.1
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.16 Miscellaneous Provisions               2.4
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.16.1 Entire Agreement                     2.4.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.16.2 Assignment                           N/A
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.16.3 Severability                         2.4.2
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.16.4 Enforcement (Attorney's Fees
        and Waiver of Rights)                2.4.3
 ------------------------------------------------------
 9.17 Other Provisions                       N/A
 ------------------------------------------------------

8. Acknowledgements

 The development of the predecessor document (RFC 2527) was supported
 by the Government of Canada's Policy Management Authority (PMA)
 Committee, the National Security Agency, the National Institute of
 Standards and Technology (NIST), and the American Bar Association
 Information Security Committee Accreditation Working Group.
 This revision effort is largely a result of constant inspiration from
 Michael Baum.  Michael Power, Mike Jenkins, and Alice Sturgeon have
 also made several contributions.

9. References

 [ABA1] American Bar Association, Digital Signature Guidelines: Legal
        Infrastructure for Certification Authorities and Secure
        Electronic Commerce, 1996.

Chokhani, et al. Informational [Page 88] RFC 3647 Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure November 2003

 [ABA2] American Bar Association, PKI Assessment Guidelines, v0.30,
        Public Draft For Comment, June 2001.
 [BAU1] Michael. S. Baum, Federal Certification Authority Liability
        and Policy, NIST-GCR-94-654, June 1994, available at
        http://www.verisign.com/repository/pubs/index.html.
 [ETS]  European Telecommunications Standards Institute, "Policy
        Requirements for Certification Authorities Issuing Qualified
        Certificates," ETSI TS 101 456, Version 1.1.1, December 2000.
 [GOC]  Government of Canada PKI Policy Management Authority, "Digital
        Signature and Confidentiality Certificate Policies for the
        Government of Canada Public Key Infrastructure," v.3.02, April
        1999.
 [IDT]  Identrus, LLC, "Identrus Identity Certificate Policy" IP-IPC
        Version 1.7, March 2001.
 [ISO1] ISO/IEC 9594-8/ITU-T Recommendation X.509, "Information
        Technology - Open Systems Interconnection: The Directory:
        Authentication Framework," 1997 edition. (Pending publication
        of 2000 edition, use 1997 edition.)
 [PEM1] Kent, S., "Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail:
        Part II: Certificate-Based Key Management", RFC 1422, February
        1993.
 [PKI1] Housley, R., Polk, W. Ford, W. and D. Solo, "Internet X.509
        Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate
        Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 3280, April 2002.
 [CPF]  Chokhani, S. and W. Ford, "Internet X.509 Public Key
        Infrastructure, Certificate Policy and Certification Practices
        Statement Framework", RFC 2527, March 1999.

10. Notes

 1.  A paper copy of the ABA Digital Signature Guidelines can be
     purchased from the ABA.  See http://www.abanet.com for ordering
     details.  The DSG may also be downloaded without charge from the
     ABA website at
     http://www.abanet.org/scitech/ec/isc/digital_signature.html.
 2.  A draft of the PKI Assessment Guidelines may be downloaded
     without charge from the ABA website at
     http://www.abanet.org/scitech/ec/isc/pag/pag.html.

Chokhani, et al. Informational [Page 89] RFC 3647 Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure November 2003

 3.  The term "meaningful" means that the name form has commonly
     understood semantics to determine the identity of a person and/or
     organization.  Directory names and RFC 822 names may be more or
     less meaningful.
 4.  The subject may not need to prove to the CA that the subject has
     possession of the private key corresponding to the public key
     being registered if the CA generates the subject's key pair on
     the subject's behalf.
 5.  Examples of means to identify and authenticate individuals
     include biometric means (such as thumb print, ten finger print,
     and scan of the face, palm, or retina), a driver's license, a
     credit card, a company badge, and a government badge.
 6.  Certificate "modification" does not refer to making a change to
     an existing certificate, since this would prevent the
     verification of any digital signatures on the certificate and
     cause the certificate to be invalid.  Rather, the concept of
     "modification" refers to a situation where the information
     referred to in the certificate has changed or should be changed,
     and the CA issues a new certificate containing the modified
     information.  One example is a subscriber that changes his or her
     name, which would necessitate the issuance of a new certificate
     containing the new name.
 7.  The n out of m rule allows a private key to be split in m parts.
     The m parts may be given to m different individuals.  Any n parts
     out of the m parts may be used to fully reconstitute the private
     key, but having any n-1 parts provides one with no information
     about the private key.
 8.  A private key may be escrowed, backed up, or archived.  Each of
     these functions has a different purpose.  Thus, a private key may
     go through any subset of these functions depending on the
     requirements.  The purpose of escrow is to allow a third party
     (such as an organization or government) to obtain the private key
     without the cooperation of the subscriber.  The purpose of back
     up is to allow the subscriber to reconstitute the key in case of
     the destruction or corruption of the key for business continuity
     purposes.  The purpose of archives is to provide for reuse of the
     private key in the future, e.g., use to decrypt a document.
 9.  WebTrust refers to the "WebTrust Program for Certification
     Authorities," from the American Institute of Certified Public
     Accountants, Inc., and the Canadian Institute of Chartered
     Accountants.

Chokhani, et al. Informational [Page 90] RFC 3647 Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure November 2003

 10. See <http://www.aicpa.org>.
 11. All or some of the following items may be different for the
     various types of entities, i.e., CA, RA, and end entities.

11. List of Acronyms

 ABA - American Bar Association
 CA - Certification Authority
 CP - Certificate Policy
 CPS - Certification Practice Statement
 CRL - Certificate Revocation List
 DAM - Draft Amendment
 FIPS - Federal Information Processing Standard
 I&A - Identification and Authentication
 IEC - International Electrotechnical Commission
 IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force
 IP - Internet Protocol
 ISO - International Organization for Standardization
 ITU - International Telecommunications Union
 NIST - National Institute of Standards and Technology
 OID - Object Identifier
 PIN - Personal Identification Number
 PKI - Public Key Infrastructure
 PKIX - Public Key Infrastructure (X.509) (IETF Working Group)
 RA - Registration Authority
 RFC - Request For Comment
 URL - Uniform Resource Locator
 US - United States

Chokhani, et al. Informational [Page 91] RFC 3647 Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure November 2003

12. Authors' Addresses

 Santosh Chokhani
 Orion Security Solutions, Inc.
 3410 N. Buchanan Street
 Arlington, VA 22207
 Phone: (703) 237-4621
 Fax:   (703) 237-4920
 EMail: chokhani@orionsec.com
 Warwick Ford
 VeriSign, Inc.
 6 Ellery Square
 Cambridge, MA 02138
 Phone: (617) 642-0139
 EMail: wford@verisign.com
 Randy V. Sabett, J.D., CISSP
 Cooley Godward LLP
 One Freedom Square, Reston Town Center
 11951 Freedom Drive
 Reston, VA 20190-5656
 Phone: (703) 456-8137
 Fax:   (703) 456-8100
 EMail: rsabett@cooley.com
 Charles (Chas) R. Merrill
 McCarter & English, LLP
 Four Gateway Center
 100 Mulberry Street
 Newark, New Jersey 07101-0652
 Phone: (973) 622-4444
 Fax:   (973) 624-7070
 EMail: cmerrill@mccarter.com

Chokhani, et al. Informational [Page 92] RFC 3647 Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure November 2003

 Stephen S. Wu
 Infoliance, Inc.
 800 West El Camino Real
 Suite 180
 Mountain View, CA  94040
 Phone:  (650) 917-8045
 Fax:    (650) 618-1454
 EMail: swu@infoliance.com

Chokhani, et al. Informational [Page 93] RFC 3647 Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure November 2003

13. Full Copyright Statement

 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003).  All Rights Reserved.
 This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
 others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
 or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
 and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
 kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
 included on all such copies and derivative works.  However, this
 document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
 the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
 Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
 developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
 copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
 followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
 English.
 The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
 revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assignees.
 This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
 "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
 TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
 BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
 HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
 MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Acknowledgement

 Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
 Internet Society.

Chokhani, et al. Informational [Page 94]

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