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rfc:rfc3536

Network Working Group P. Hoffman Request for Comments: 3536 IMC & VPNC Category: Informational May 2003

        Terminology Used in Internationalization in the IETF

Status of this Memo

 This memo provides information for the Internet community.  It does
 not specify an Internet standard of any kind.  Distribution of this
 memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003).  All Rights Reserved.

Abstract

 This document provides a glossary of terms used in the IETF when
 discussing internationalization.  The purpose is to help frame
 discussions of internationalization in the various areas of the IETF
 and to help introduce the main concepts to IETF participants.

Table of Contents

 1. Introduction...................................................  2
   1.1 Purpose of this document....................................  2
   1.2 Format of the definitions in this document..................  3
 2. Fundamental Terms..............................................  3
 3. Standards Bodies and Standards.................................  8
   3.1 Standards bodies............................................  8
   3.2 Encodings and transformation formats of ISO/IEC 10646....... 10
   3.3 Native CCSs and charsets.................................... 11
 4. Character Issues............................................... 12
   4.1 Types of characters......................................... 15
 5. User interface for text........................................ 17
 6. Text in current IETF protocols................................. 19
 7. Other Common Terms In Internationalization..................... 22
 8. Security Considerations........................................ 25
 9. References..................................................... 25
   9.1 Normative References........................................ 25
   9.2 Informative References...................................... 26
 10. Additional Interesting Reading................................ 27
 11. Index......................................................... 27
 A. Acknowledgements............................................... 29
 B. Author's Address............................................... 29
 Full Copyright Statement.......................................... 30

Hoffman Informational [Page 1] RFC 3536 Terminology Used in Internationalization in the IETF May 2003

1. Introduction

 As [RFC2277] summarizes: "Internationalization is for humans.  This
 means that protocols are not subject to internationalization; text
 strings are." Many protocols throughout the IETF use text strings
 that are entered by, or are visible to, humans.  It should be
 possible for anyone to enter or read these text strings, which means
 that Internet users must be able to be enter text in typical input
 methods and displayed in any human language.  Further, text
 containing any character should be able to be passed between Internet
 applications easily.  This is the challenge of internationalization.

1.1 Purpose of this document

 This document provides a glossary of terms used in the IETF when
 discussing internationalization.  The purpose is to help frame
 discussions of internationalization in the various areas of the IETF
 and to help introduce the main concepts to IETF participants.
 Internationalization is discussed in many working groups of the IETF.
 However, few working groups have internationalization experts.  When
 designing or updating protocols, the question often comes up "should
 we internationalize this" (or, more likely, "do we have to
 internationalize this").
 This document gives an overview of internationalization as it applies
 to IETF standards work by lightly covering the many aspects of
 internationalization and the vocabulary associated with those topics.
 It is not meant to be a complete description of internationalization.
 The definitions in this document are not normative for IETF
 standards; however, they are useful and standards may make
 informative reference to this document after it becomes an RFC.  Some
 of the definitions in this document come from many earlier IETF
 documents and books.
 As in many fields, there is disagreement in the internationalization
 community on definitions for many words.  The topic of language
 brings up particularly passionate opinions for experts and non-
 experts alike.  This document attempts to define terms in a way that
 will be most useful to the IETF audience.
 This document uses definitions from many documents that have been
 developed outside the IETF.  The primary documents used are:
  1. ISO/IEC 10646 [ISOIEC10646]
  1. The Unicode Standard [UNICODE]

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  1. W3C Character Model [CHARMOD]
  1. IETF RFCs, including [RFC2277]

1.2 Format of the definitions in this document

 In the body of this document, the source for the definition is shown
 in angle brackets, such as "<ISOIEC10646>".  Many definitions are
 shown as "<NONE>", which means that the definitions were crafted
 originally for this document.  The angle bracket notation for the
 source of definitions is different than the square bracket notation
 used for references to documents, such as in the paragraph above;
 these references are given in Section 9.
 For some terms, there are commentary and examples after the
 definitions.  In those cases, the part before the angle brackets is
 the definition that comes from the original source, and the part
 after the angle brackets is commentary that is not a definition (such
 as examples or further exposition).
 Examples in this document use the notation for code points and names
 from the Unicode Standard [UNICODE] and ISO/IEC 10646 [ISOIEC10646].
 For example, the letter "a" may be represented as either "U+0061" or
 "LATIN SMALL LETTER A".

2. Fundamental Terms

 This section covers basic topics that are needed for almost anyone
 who is involved with making IETF protocols more friendly to non-ASCII
 text and with other aspects of internationalization.
 language
    A language is a way that humans interact.  The use of language
    occurs in many forms, the most common of which are speech,
    writing, and signing.  <NONE>
    Some languages have a close relationship between the written and
    spoken forms, while others have a looser relationship.  [RFC3066]
    discusses languages in more detail and provides identifiers for
    languages for use in Internet protocols.  Note that computer
    languages are explicitly excluded from this definition.
 script
    A set of graphic characters used for the written form of one or
    more languages.  <ISOIEC10646>

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    Examples of scripts are Latin, Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, and Han
    (the ideographs used in writing Chinese, Japanese, and Korean).
    [RFC2277] discusses scripts in detail.
    It is common for internationalization novices to mix up the terms
    "language" and "script".  This can be a problem in protocols that
    differentiate the two.  Almost all protocols that are designed (or
    were re-designed) to handle non-ASCII text deal with scripts (the
    written systems) or characters, while fewer actually deal with
    languages.
    A single name can mean either a language or a script; for example,
    "Arabic" is both the name of a language and the name of a script.
    In fact, many scripts borrow their names from the names of
    languages.  Further, many scripts are used for many languages; for
    example, the Russian and Bulgarian languages are written in the
    Cyrillic script.  Some languages can be expressed using different
    scripts; the Mongolian language can be written in either the
    Mongolian and Cyrillic scripts, and the Serbo-Croatian language is
    written using both the Latin and Cyrillic scripts.  Further, some
    languages are normally expressed with more than one script at the
    same time; for example, the Japanese language is normally
    expressed in the Kanji (Han), Katakana, and Hiragana scripts in a
    single string of text.
 character
    A member of a set of elements used for the organization, control,
    or representation of data.  <ISOIEC10646>
    There are at least three common definitions of the word
    "character":
  1. a general description of a text entity
  1. a unit of a writing system, often synonymous with "letter" or

similar terms

  1. the encoded entity itself
    When people talk about characters, they are mostly using one of
    the first two definitions.
    A particular character is identified by its name, not by its
    shape.  A name may suggest a meaning, but the character may be
    used for representing other meanings as well.  A name may suggest

Hoffman Informational [Page 4] RFC 3536 Terminology Used in Internationalization in the IETF May 2003

    a shape, but that does not imply that only that shape is commonly
    used in print, nor that the particular shape is associated only
    with that name.
 coded character
    A character together with its coded representation.  <ISOIEC10646>
 coded character set
    A coded character set (CCS) is a set of unambiguous rules that
    establishes a character set and the relationship between the
    characters of the set and their coded representation.
    <ISOIEC10646>
 character encoding form
    A character encoding form is a mapping from a character set
    definition to the actual code units used to represent the data.
    <UNICODE>
 repertoire
    The collection of characters included in a character set.  Also
    called a character repertoire.  <UNICODE>
 glyph
    A glyph is an abstract form that represents one or more glyph
    images.  The term "glyph" is often a synonym for glyph image,
    which is the actual, concrete image of a glyph representation
    having been rasterized or otherwise imaged onto some display
    surface.  In displaying character data, one or more glyphs may be
    selected to depict a particular character.  These glyphs are
    selected by a rendering engine during composition and layout
    processing. <UNICODE>
 glyph code
    A glyph code is a numeric code that refers to a glyph.  Usually,
    the glyphs contained in a font are referenced by their glyph code.
    Glyph codes are local to a particular font; that is, a different
    font containing the same glyphs may use different codes.
    <UNICODE>

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 transcoding
    Transcoding is the process of converting text data from one
    character encoding form to another.  Transcoders work only at the
    level of character encoding and do not parse the text.  Note:
    Transcoding may involve one-to-one, many-to-one, one-to-many or
    many-to-many mappings.  Because some legacy mappings are glyphic,
    they may not only be many-to-many, but also discontinuous: thus
    XYZ may map to yxz.  <CHARMOD>
    In this definition, "many-to-one" means a sequence of characters
    mapped to a single character.  The "many" does not mean
    alternative characters that map to the single character.
 character encoding scheme
    A character encoding scheme (CES) is a character encoding form
    plus byte serialization.  There are many character encoding
    schemes in Unicode, such as UTF-8 and UTF-16.  <UNICODE>
    Some CESs are associated with a single CCS; for example, UTF-8
    [RFC2279] applies only to ISO/IEC 10646.  Other CESs, such as ISO
    2022, are associated with many CCSs.
 charset
    A charset is a method of mapping a sequence of octets to a
    sequence of abstract characters.  A charset is, in effect, a
    combination of one or more CCSs with a CES.  Charset names are
    registered by the IANA according to procedures documented in
    [RFC2278].  <NONE>
    Many protocol definitions use the term "character set" in their
    descriptions.  The terms "charset" or "character encoding scheme"
    are strongly preferred over the term "character set" because
    "character set" has other definitions in other contexts and this
    can be confusing.
 internationalization
    In the IETF, "internationalization" means to add or improve the
    handling of non-ASCII text in a protocol.  <NONE>
    Many protocols that handle text only handle one script (often, the
    one that contains the letters used in English text), or leave the
    question of what character set is used up to local guesswork

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    (which leads, of course, to interoperability problems).  Adding
    non-ASCII text to such a protocol allows the protocol to handle
    more scripts, hopefully all of the ones useful in the world.
 localization
    The process of adapting an internationalized application platform
    or application to a specific cultural environment.  In
    localization, the same semantics are preserved while the syntax
    may be changed.  [FRAMEWORK]
    Localization is the act of tailoring an application for a
    different language or script or culture.  Some internationalized
    applications can handle a wide variety of languages.  Typical
    users only understand a small number of languages, so the program
    must be tailored to interact with users in just the languages they
    know.
    The major work of localization is translating the user interface
    and documentation.  Localization involves not only changing the
    language interaction, but also other relevant changes such as
    display of numbers, dates, currency, and so on.  The better
    internationalized an application is, the easier it is to localize
    it for a particular language and character encoding scheme.
    Localization is rarely an IETF matter, and protocols that are
    merely localized, even if they are serially localized for several
    locations, are generally considered unsatisfactory for the global
    Internet.
    Do not confuse "localization" with "locale", which is described in
    Section 7 of this document.
 i18n, l10n
    These are abbreviations for "internationalization" and
    "localization".  <NONE>
    "18" is the number of characters between the "i" and the "n" in
    "internationalization", and "10" is the number of characters
    between the "l" and the "n" in "localization".
 multilingual
    The term "multilingual" has many widely-varying definitions and
    thus is not recommended for use in standards.  Some of the
    definitions relate to the ability to handle international

Hoffman Informational [Page 7] RFC 3536 Terminology Used in Internationalization in the IETF May 2003

    characters; other definitions relate to the ability to handle
    multiple charsets; and still others relate to the ability to
    handle multiple languages.  <NONE>
 displaying and rendering text
    To display text, a system puts characters on a visual display
    device such as a screen or a printer.  To render text, a system
    analyzes the character input to determine how to display the text.
    The terms "display" and "render" are sometimes used
    interchangeably.  Note, however,  that text might be rendered as
    audio and/or tactile output, such as in systems that have been
    designed for people with visual disabilities.  <NONE>
    Combining characters modify the display of the character (or, in
    some cases, characters) that precede them.  When rendering such
    text, the display engine must either find the glyph in the font
    that represents the base character and all of the combining
    characters, or it must render the combination itself.  Such
    rendering can be straight-forward, but it is sometimes complicated
    when the combining marks interact with each other, such as when
    there are two combining marks that would appear above the same
    character.  Formatting characters can also change the way that a
    renderer would display text.  Rendering can also be difficult for
    some scripts that have complex display rules for base characters,
    such as Arabic and Indic scripts.

3. Standards Bodies and Standards

 This section describes some of the standards bodies and standards
 that appear in discussions of internationalization in the IETF.  This
 is an incomplete and possibly over-full list; listing too few bodies
 or standards can be just as politically dangerous as listing too
 many.  Note that there are many other bodies that deal with
 internationalization; however, few if any of them appear commonly in
 IETF standards work.

3.1 Standards bodies

 ISO
    The International Organization for Standardization has been
    involved with standards for characters since before the IETF was
    started. ISO is a non-governmental group made up of national
    bodies.  ISO has many diverse standards in the international
    characters area; the one that is most used in the IETF is commonly
    referred to as "ISO/IEC 10646", although its official name has

Hoffman Informational [Page 8] RFC 3536 Terminology Used in Internationalization in the IETF May 2003

    more qualifications.  (The IEC is International Electrotechnical
    Commission).  ISO/IEC 10646 describes a CCS that covers almost all
    known written characters in use today.
    ISO/IEC 10646 is controlled by the group known as "ISO/IEC JTC
    1/SC 2 WG2", often called "WG2" for short.  ISO standards go
    through many steps before being finished, and years often go by
    between changes to ISO/IEC 10646.  Information on WG2, and its
    work products, can be found at
    <http://www.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/>.
    The standard, which comes in multiple parts, can be purchased in
    both print and CD-ROM versions.  One example of how to cite the
    standard is given in [RFC2279].  Any standard that cites ISO/IEC
    10646 needs to evaluate how to handle the versioning problem that
    is relevant to the protocol's needs.
    ISO is responsible for other standards that might be of interest
    to protocol developers.  [ISO 639] specifies the names of
    languages, and [ISO 3166] specifies the abbreviations of
    countries.  Character work is done in the group known as ISO/IEC
    JTC1/SC22 and ISO TC46, as well as other ISO groups.
    Another relevant ISO group is JTC 1/SC22/WG20, which is
    responsible for internationalization in JTC1, such as for
    international string ordering.  Information on WG20, and its work
    products, can be found at <http://www.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc22/wg20/>
 Unicode Consortium
    The second important group for international character standards
    is the Unicode Consortium.  The Unicode Consortium is a trade
    association of companies, governments, and other groups interested
    in promoting the Unicode Standard [UNICODE].  The Unicode Standard
    is a CCS whose repertoire and code points are identical to ISO/IEC
    10646.  The Unicode Consortium has added features to the base CCS
    which make it more useful in protocols, such as defining
    attributes for each character.  Examples of these attributes
    include case conversion and numeric properties.
    The Unicode Consortium publishes addenda to the Unicode Standard
    as Unicode Technical Reports.  There are many types of technical
    reports at various stages of maturity.  The Unicode Standard and
    affiliated technical reports can be found at
    <http://www.unicode.org/>.

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 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
    This group created and maintains the standard for XML, the markup
    language for text that has become very popular.  XML has always
    been fully internationalized so that there is no need for a new
    version to handle international text.
 local and regional standards organizations
    Just as there are many native CCSs and charsets, there are many
    local and regional standards organizations to create and support
    them.  Common examples of these are ANSI (United States), and
    CEN/ISSS (Europe).

3.2 Encodings and transformation formats of ISO/IEC 10646

 Characters in the ISO/IEC 10646 CCS can be expressed in many ways.
 Encoding forms are direct addressing methods, while transformation
 formats are methods for expressing encoding forms as bits on the
 wire.
 Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP)
    The BMP is composed of the first 2^16 code points in ISO/IEC
    10646.  The BMP is also called "plane 0".
 UCS-2 and UCS-4
    UCS-2 and UCS-4 are the two encoding forms defined for ISO/IEC
    10646.  UCS-2 addresses only the BMP.  Because many useful
    characters (such as many Han characters) have been defined outside
    of the BMP, many people would consider UCS-2 to be dead.
    Theoretically, UCS-4 addresses the entire range of 2^31 code
    points from ISO/IEC 10646 as 32-bit values.  However, for
    interoperability with UTF-16, ISO 10646 restricts the range of
    characters that will actually be allocated to the values
    0..0x10FFFF.
 UTF-8
    UTF-8, a transformation format specified in [RFC2279], is the
    preferred encoding for IETF protocols.  Characters in the BMP are
    encoded as one, two, or three octets.  Characters outside the BMP
    are encoded as four octets.  Characters from the US-ASCII
    repertoire have the same on-the-wire representation in UTF-8 as
    they do in US-ASCII.

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 UTF-16, UTF-16BE, and UTF-16LE
    UTF-16, UTF-16BE, and UTF-16LE, three transformation formats
    defined in [RFC2781], are not required by any IETF standards, and
    are thus used much less often than UTF-8.  Characters in the BMP
    are always encoded as two octets, and characters outside the BMP
    are encoded as four octets.  The three formats differ based on the
    order of the octets and the presence of a special lead-in mark
    called the "byte order mark" or "BOM".
 UTF-32
    The Unicode Consortium has defined UTF-32 as a transformation
    format for UCS-4 in [UTR19].
 SCSU and BOCU-1
    The Unicode Consortium has defined an encoding, SCSU, which is
    designed to offer good compression for typical text.  SCSU is
    described in [UTR6].  A different encoding that is meant to be
    MIME-friendly, BOCU-1, is described in [UTN6].  Although
    compression is attractive, as opposed to UTF-8 , neither of these
    (at the time of this writing) has attracted much interest in the
    IETF.

3.3 Native CCSs and charsets

 Before ISO/IEC 10646 was developed, many countries developed their
 own CCSs and charsets.  Many dozen of these are in common use on the
 Internet today.  Examples include ISO 8859-5 for Cyrillic and Shift-
 JIS for Japanese scripts.
 The official list of the registered charset names for use with IETF
 protocols is maintained by IANA and can be found at
 <http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets>.  The list contains
 preferred names and aliases.  Note that this list has historically
 contained many errors, such as names that are in fact not charsets or
 references that do not give enough detail to reliably map names to
 charsets.
 Probably the most well-known native CCS is ASCII [US-ASCII].  This
 CCS is used as the basis for keywords and parameter names in many
 IETF protocols, and as the sole CCS in numerous IETF protocols that
 have not yet been internationalized.
 [UTR22] describes issues involved in mapping character data between
 charsets, and an XML format for mapping table data.

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4. Character Issues

 This section contains terms and topics that are commonly used in
 character handling and therefore are of concern to people adding
 non-ASCII text handling to protocols.  These topics are standardized
 outside the IETF.
 combining character
    A member of an identified subset of the coded character set of
    ISO/IEC 10646 intended for combination with the preceding non-
    combining graphic character, or with a sequence of combining
    characters preceded by a non-combining character.  <ISOIEC10646>
 composite sequence
    A sequence of graphic characters consisting of a non-combining
    character followed by one or more combining characters.  A graphic
    symbol for a composite sequence generally consists of the
    combination of the graphic symbols of each character in the
    sequence.  A composite sequence is not a character and therefore
    is not a member of the repertoire of ISO/IEC 10646.  <ISOIEC10646>
    In some CCSs, some characters consist of combinations of other
    characters.  For example, the letter "a with acute" might be a
    combination of the two characters "a" and "combining acute", or it
    might be a combination of the three characters "a", a non-
    destructive backspace, and an acute.  The rules for combining two
    or more characters are called "composition rules", and the rules
    for taking apart a character into other characters is called
    "decomposition rules".  The results of composition is called a
    "precomposed character"; the results of decomposition is called a
    "decomposed character".
 normalization
    Normalization is the transformation of data to a normal form, for
    example, to unify spelling.  <UNICODE>
    Note that the phrase "unify spelling" in the definition above does
    not mean unifying different words with the same meaning (such as
    "color" and "colour").  Instead, it means unifying different
    character sequences that are intended to form the same composite
    characters (such as "<a><n><combining tilde><o>" and "<a><n with
    tilde><o>").

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    The purpose of normalization is to allow two strings to be
    compared for equivalence.  The strings "<a><n><combining
    tilde><o>" and "<a><n with tilde><o>" would be shown identically
    on a text display device.  If a protocol designer wants those two
    strings to be considered equivalent during comparison, the
    protocol must define where normalization occurs.
    The terms "normalization" and "canonicalization" are often used
    interchangeably.  Generally, they both mean to convert a string of
    one or more characters into another string based on standardized
    rules.  Some CCSs allow multiple equivalent representations for a
    written string; normalization selects one among multiple
    equivalent representations as a base for reference purposes in
    comparing strings.  In strings of text, these rules are usually
    based on decomposing combined characters or composing characters
    with combining characters.  [UTR15] describes the process and many
    forms of normalization in detail.  Normalization is important when
    comparing strings to see if they are the same.
 case
    Case is the feature of certain alphabets where the letters have
    two distinct forms.  These variants, which may differ markedly in
    shape and size, are called the uppercase letter (also known as
    capital or majuscule) and the lowercase letter (also known as
    small or minuscule).  Case mapping is the association of the
    uppercase and lowercase forms of a letter.  <UNICODE>
    There is usually (but not always) a one-to-one mapping between the
    same letter in the two cases.  However, there are many examples of
    characters which exist in one case but for which there is no
    corresponding character in the other case or for which there is a
    special mapping rule, such as the Turkish dotless "i" and some
    Greek characters with modifiers.  Case mapping can even be
    dependent on locale.  Converting text to have only one case is
    called "case folding".
 sorting and collation
    Collating is the process of ordering units of textual information.
    Collation is usually specific to a particular language.  It is
    sometimes known as alphabetizing, although alphabetization is just
    a special case of sorting and collation.  <UNICODE>

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    Collation is concerned with the determination of the relative
    order of any particular pair of strings, and algorithms concerned
    with collation focus on the problem of providing appropriate
    weighted keys for string values, to enable binary comparison of
    the key values to determine the relative ordering of the strings.
    Sorting is the process of actually putting data records into
    specified orders, according to criteria for comparison between the
    records.  Sorting can apply to any kind of data (including textual
    data) for which an ordering criterion can be defined.  Algorithms
    concerned with sorting focus on the problem of performance (in
    terms of time, memory, or other resources) in actually putting the
    data records into a specified order.
    A sorting algorithm for string data can be internationalized by
    providing it with the appropriate collation-weighted keys
    corresponding to the strings to be ordered.
    Many processes have a need to order strings in a consistent
    sequence (sorted).  For only a few CCS/CES combinations, there is
    an obvious sort order that can be done without reference to the
    linguistic meaning of the characters: the codepoint order is
    sufficient for sorting.  That is, the codepoint order is also the
    order that a person would use in sorting the characters.  For many
    CCS/CES combinations, the codepoint order would make no sense to a
    person and therefore is not useful for sorting if the results will
    be displayed to a person.
    Codepoint order is usually not how any human educated by a local
    school system expects to see strings ordered; if one orders to the
    expectations of a human, one has a language-specific sort.
    Sorting to codepoint order will seem inconsistent if the strings
    are not normalized before sorting because different
    representations of the same character will sort differently.  This
    problem may be smaller with a language-specific sort.
 code table
    A code table is a table showing the characters allocated to the
    octets in a code.  <ISOIEC10646>
    Code tables are also commonly called "code charts".

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4.1 Types of characters

 The following definitions of types of characters do not clearly
 delineate each character into one type, nor do they allow someone to
 accurately predict what types would apply to a particular character.
 The definitions are intended for application designers to help them
 think about the many (sometimes confusing) properties of text.
 alphabetic
    An informative Unicode property.  Characters that are the primary
    units of alphabets and/or syllabaries, whether combining or
    noncombining.  This includes composite characters that are
    canonical equivalents to a combining character sequence of an
    alphabetic base character plus one or more combining characters:
    letter digraphs; contextual variant of alphabetic characters;
    ligatures of alphabetic characters; contextual variants of
    ligatures; modifier letters; letterlike symbols that are
    compatibility equivalents of single alphabetic letters; and
    miscellaneous letter elements.  <UNICODE>
 ideographic
    Any symbol that primarily denotes an idea (or meaning) in contrast
    to a sound (or pronunciation), for example, a symbol showing a
    telephone or the Han characters used in Chinese, Japanese, and
    Korean.  <UNICODE>
 punctuation
    Characters that separate units of text, such as sentences and
    phrases, thus clarifying the meaning of the text.  The use of
    punctuation marks is not limited to prose; they are also used in
    mathematical and scientific formulae, for example.  <UNICODE>
 symbol
    One of a set of characters other than those used for letters,
    digits, or punctuation, and representing various concepts
    generally not connected to written language use per se.  Examples
    include symbols for mathematical operators, symbols for OCR,
    symbols for box-drawing or graphics, and symbols for dingbats.
    <NONE>
    Examples of symbols include characters for arrows, faces, and
    geometric shapes.  [UNICODE] has a property that defines
    characters as symbols.

Hoffman Informational [Page 15] RFC 3536 Terminology Used in Internationalization in the IETF May 2003

 nonspacing character
    A combining character whose positioning in presentation is
    dependent on its base character.  It generally does not consume
    space along the visual baseline in and of itself.  <UNICODE>
    A combining acute accent (U+0301) is an example of a nonspacing
    character.
 diacritic
    A mark applied or attached to a symbol to create a new symbol that
    represents a modified or new value.  They can also be marks
    applied to a symbol irrespective of whether it changes the value
    of that symbol.  In the latter case, the diacritic usually
    represents an independent value (for example, an accent, tone, or
    some other linguistic information).  Also called diacritical mark
    or diacritical.  <UNICODE>
 control character
    The 65 characters in the ranges U+0000..U+001F and U+007F..U+009F.
    They are also known as control codes.  <UNICODE>
 formatting character
    Characters that are inherently invisible but that have an effect
    on the surrounding characters.  <UNICODE>
    Examples of formatting characters include characters for
    specifying the direction of text and characters that specify how
    to join multiple characters.
 compatibility character
    A graphic character included as a coded character of ISO/IEC 10646
    primarily for compatibility with existing coded character sets.
    <ISOIEC10646>
    For example, U+FF01 (FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK) was included for
    compatibility with Asian character sets that include full-width
    and half-width ASCII characters.

Hoffman Informational [Page 16] RFC 3536 Terminology Used in Internationalization in the IETF May 2003

5. User interface for text

 Although the IETF does not standardize user interfaces, many
 protocols make assumptions about how a user will enter or see text
 that is used in the protocol.  Internationalization challenges
 assumptions about the type and limitations of the input and output
 devices that may be used with applications that use various
 protocols.  It is therefore useful to consider how users typically
 interact with text that might contain one or more non-ASCII
 characters.
 input methods
    An input method is a mechanism for a person to enter text into an
    application.  <NONE>
    Text can be entered into a computer in many ways.  Keyboards are
    by far the most common device used, but many characters cannot be
    entered on typical computer keyboards in a single stroke.  Many
    operating systems come with system software that lets users input
    characters outside the range of what is allowed by keyboards.
    For example, there are dozens of different input methods for Han
    characters in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean.  Some start with
    phonetic input through the keyboard, while others use the number
    of strokes in the character.  Input methods are also needed for
    scripts that have many diacritics, such as European characters
    that have two or three diacritics on a single alphabetic
    character.
 rendering rules
    A rendering rule is an algorithm that a system uses to decide how
    to display a string of text.  <NONE>
    Some scripts can be directly displayed with fonts, where each
    character from an input stream can simply be copied from a glyph
    system and put on the screen or printed page.  Other scripts need
    rules that are based on the context of the characters in order to
    render text for display.
    Some examples of these rendering rules include:
  1. Scripts such as Arabic (and many others), where the form of

the letter changes depending on the adjacent letters, whether

         the letter is standing alone, at the beginning of a word, in
         the middle of a word, or at the end of a word.  The rendering
         rules must choose between two or more glyphs.

Hoffman Informational [Page 17] RFC 3536 Terminology Used in Internationalization in the IETF May 2003

  1. Scripts such as the Indic scripts, where consonants may

change their form if they are adjacent to certain other

         consonants or may be displayed in an order different from
         the way they are stored and pronounced.  The rendering rules
         must choose between two or more glyphs.
  1. Arabic and Hebrew scripts, where the order of the characters

displayed are changed by the bidirectional properties of the

         alphabetic characters and with right-to-left and
         left-to-right ordering marks.  The rendering rules must
         choose the order that characters are displayed.
 graphic symbol
    A graphic symbol is the visual representation of a graphic
    character or of a composite sequence.  <ISOIEC10646>
 font
    A font is a collection of glyphs used for the visual depiction of
    character data.  A font is often associated with a set of
    parameters (for example, size, posture, weight, and serifness),
    which, when set to particular values, generate a collection of
    imagable glyphs.  <UNICODE>
 bidirectional display
    The process or result of mixing left-to-right oriented text and
    right-to-left oriented text in a single line is called
    bidirectional display.  <UNICODE>
    Most of the world's written languages are displayed left-to-right.
    However, many widely-used written languages such as ones based on
    the Hebrew or Arabic scripts are displayed right-to-left.  Right-
    to-left text often confuses protocol writers because they have to
    keep thinking in terms of the order of characters in a string in
    memory, and that order might be different than what they see on
    the screen.  (Note that some languages are written both
    horizontally and vertically.)
    Further, bidirectional text can cause confusion because there are
    formatting characters in ISO/IEC 10646 which cause the order of
    display of text to change.  These explicit formatting characters
    change the display regardless of the implicit left-to-right or
    right-to-left properties of characters.

Hoffman Informational [Page 18] RFC 3536 Terminology Used in Internationalization in the IETF May 2003

    It is common to see strings with text in both directions, such as
    strings that include both text and numbers, or strings that
    contain a mixture of scripts.
    [UNICODE] has a long and incredibly detailed algorithm for
    displaying bidirectional text.
 undisplayable character
    A character that has no displayable form.  <NONE>
    For instance, the zero-width space (U+200B) cannot be displayed
    because it takes up no horizontal space.  Formatting characters
    such as those for setting the direction of text are also
    undisplayable.  Note, however, that every character in [UNICODE]
    has a glyph associated with it, and that the glyphs for
    undisplayable characters are enclosed in a dashed square as an
    indication that the actual character is undisplayable.

6. Text in current IETF protocols

 Many IETF protocols started off being fully internationalized, while
 others have been internationalized as they were revised.  In this
 process, IETF members have seen patterns in the way that many
 protocols use text.  This section describes some specific protocol
 interactions with text.
 protocol elements
    Protocol elements are uniquely-named parts of a protocol.  <NONE>
    Almost every protocol has named elements, such as "source port" in
    TCP.  In some protocols, the names of the elements (or text tokens
    for the names) are transmitted within the protocol.  For example,
    in SMTP and numerous other IETF protocols, the names of the verbs
    are part of the command stream.   The names are thus part of the
    protocol standard.  The names of protocol elements are not
    normally seen by end users.
 name spaces
    A name space is the set of valid names for a particular item, or
    the syntactic rules for generating these valid names.  <NONE>

Hoffman Informational [Page 19] RFC 3536 Terminology Used in Internationalization in the IETF May 2003

    Many items in Internet protocols use names to identify specific
    instances or values.  The names may be generated (by some
    prescribed rules),  registered centrally (e.g., such as with
    IANA), or have a distributed registration and control mechanism,
    such as the names in the DNS.
 on-the-wire encoding
    The encoding and decoding used before and after transmission over
    the network is often called the "on-the-wire" (or sometimes just
    "wire") format.  <NONE>
    Characters are identified by codepoints.  Before being transmitted
    in a protocol, they must first be encoded as bits and octets.
    Similarly, when characters are received in a transmission, they
    have been encoded, and a protocol that needs to process the
    individual characters needs to decode them before processing.
 parsed text
    Text strings that is analyzed for subparts.  <NONE>
    In some protocols, free text in text fields might be parsed.  For
    example, many mail user agents will parse the words in the text of
    the Subject: field to attempt to thread based on what appears
    after the "Re:" prefix.
 charset identification
    Specification of the charset used for a string of text.  <NONE>
    Protocols that allow more than one charset to be used in the same
    place should require that the text be identified with the
    appropriate charset.  Without this identification, a program
    looking at the text cannot definitively discern the charset of the
    text.  Charset identification is also called "charset tagging".
 language identification
    Specification of the human language used for a string of text.
    <NONE>
    Some protocols (such as MIME and HTTP) allow text that is meant
    for machine processing to be identified with the language used in
    the text.  Such identification is important for machine-processing
    of the text, such as by systems that render the text by speaking
    it.  Language identification is also called "language tagging".

Hoffman Informational [Page 20] RFC 3536 Terminology Used in Internationalization in the IETF May 2003

 MIME
    MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) is a message format
    that allows for textual message bodies and headers in character
    sets other than US-ASCII in formats that require ASCII (most
    notably, [RFC2822], the standard for Internet mail headers).  MIME
    is described in RFCs 2045 through 2049, as well as more recent
    RFCs.  <NONE>
 transfer encoding syntax
    A transfer encoding syntax (TES) (sometimes called a transfer
    encoding scheme) is a reversible transform of already-encoded data
    that is represented in one or more character encoding schemes.
    <NONE>
    TESs are useful for encoding types of character data into an
    another format, usually for allowing new types of data to be
    transmitted over legacy protocols.  The main examples of TESs used
    in the IETF include Base64 and quoted-printable.
 Base64
    Base64 is a transfer encoding syntax that allows binary data to be
    represented by the ASCII characters A through Z, a through z, 0
    through 9, +, /, and =.  It is defined in [RFC2045].  <NONE>
 quoted printable
    Quoted printable is a transfer encoding syntax that allows strings
    that have non-ASCII characters mixed in with mostly ASCII
    printable characters to be somewhat human readable.  It is
    described in [RFC2047].  <NONE>
    The quoted printable syntax is generally considered to be a
    failure at being readable.  It is jokingly referred to as "quoted
    unreadable".
 XML
    XML (which is an approximate abbreviation for Extensible Markup
    Language) is a popular method for structuring text.  XML text is
    explicitly tagged with charsets.  The specification for XML can be
    found at <http://www.w3.org/XML/>.  <NONE>

Hoffman Informational [Page 21] RFC 3536 Terminology Used in Internationalization in the IETF May 2003

 ASN.1 text formats
    The ASN.1 data description language has many formats for text
    data.  The formats allow for different repertoires and different
    encodings.  Some of the formats that appear in IETF standards
    based on ASN.1 include IA5String (all ASCII characters),
    PrintableString (most ASCII characters, but missing many
    punctuation characters), BMPString (characters from ISO/IEC 10646
    plane 0 in UTF-16BE format), UTF8String (just as the name
    implies), and TeletexString (also called T61String; the repertoire
    changes over time).
 ASCII-compatible encoding (ACE)
    Starting in 1996, many ASCII-compatible encoding schemes (which
    are actually transfer encoding syntaxes) have been proposed as
    possible solutions for internationalizing host names.  Their goal
    is to be able to encode any string of ISO/IEC 10646 characters as
    legal DNS host names (as described in STD 13).  At the time of
    this writing, no ACE has become an IETF standard.

7. Other Common Terms In Internationalization

 This is a hodge-podge of other terms that have appeared in
 internationalization discussions in the IETF.  It is likely that
 additional terms will be added as this document matures.
 locale
    Locale is the user-specific location and cultural information
    managed by a computer.   <NONE>
    Because languages differ from country to country (and even region
    to region within a country), the locale of the user can often be
    an important factor.  Typically, the locale information for a user
    includes the language(s) used.
    Locale issues go beyond character use, and can include things such
    as the display format for currency, dates, and times.  Some
    locales (especially the popular "C" and "POSIX" locales) do not
    include language information.
    It should be noted that there are many thorny, unsolved issues
    with locale.  For example, should text be viewed using the locale
    information of the person who wrote the text or the person viewing
    it? What if the person viewing it is travelling to different
    locations? Should only some of the locale information affect
    creation and editing of text?

Hoffman Informational [Page 22] RFC 3536 Terminology Used in Internationalization in the IETF May 2003

 Latin characters
    "Latin characters" is a not-precise term for characters
    historically related to ancient Greek script and currently used
    throughout the world.  <NONE>
    The base Latin characters make up the ASCII repertoire and have
    been augmented by many single and multiple diacritics and quite a
    few other characters.  ISO/IEC 10646 encodes the Latin characters
    in the ranges U+0020..U+024F, U+1E00..U+1EFF, and other ranges.
 romanization
    The transliteration of a non-Latin script into Latin characters.
    <NONE>
    Because of the widespread use of Latin characters, people have
    tried to represent many languages that are not based on a Latin
    repertoire in Latin.  For example, there are two popular
    romanizations of Chinese: Wade-Giles and Pinyin, the latter of
    which is by far more common today.  Many romanization systems are
    inexact and do not give perfect round trip mappings between the
    native script and the Latin characters.
 CJK characters and Han characters
    The ideographic characters used in Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and
    traditional Vietnamese writing systems are often called 'CJK
    characters' after the initial letters of the language names in
    English.  They are also called "Han characters", after the term in
    Chinese that is often used for these characters.  <NONE>
    Note that CJK and Han characters do not include the phonetic
    characters used in the Japanese and Korean languages.
    In ISO/IEC 10646, the Han characters were "unified", meaning that
    each set of Han characters from Japanese, Chinese, and/or Korean
    that had the same origin was assigned a single code point.  The
    positive result of this was that many fewer code points were
    needed to represent Han; the negative result of this was that
    characters that people who write the three languages think are
    different have the same code point.  There is a great deal of
    disagreement on the nature, the origin, and the severity of the
    problems caused by Han unification.

Hoffman Informational [Page 23] RFC 3536 Terminology Used in Internationalization in the IETF May 2003

 translation
    The process of conveying the meaning of some passage of text in
    one language, so that it can be expressed equivalently in another
    language.  <NONE>
    Many language translation systems are inexact and cannot be
    applied repeatedly to go from one language to another to another.
 transliteration
    The process of representing the characters of an alphabetical or
    syllabic system of writing by the characters of a conversion
    alphabet.  <NONE>
    Many script transliterations are exact, and many have perfect
    round-trip mappings.  The notable exception to this is
    romanization, described above.  Transliteration involves
    converting text expressed in one script into another script,
    generally on a letter-by-letter basis.
 transcription
    The process of systematically writing the sounds of some passage
    of spoken language, generally with the use of a technical phonetic
    alphabet (usually Latin-based) or other systematic transcriptional
    orthography.  Transcription also sometimes refers to the
    conversion of written text into a transcribed (usually Latin-
    based) form, based on the sound of the text as if it had been
    spoken.  <NONE>
    Unlike transliterations, which are generally designed to be
    round-trip convertible, transcriptions of written material are
    almost never round-trip convertible to their original form.
 regular expressions
    Regular expressions provide a mechanism to select specific strings
    from a set of character strings.  Regular expressions are a
    language used to search for text within strings, and possibly
    modify the text found with other text.  <NONE>
    Pattern matching for text involves being able to represent one or
    more code points in an abstract notation, such as searching for
    all capital Latin letters or all punctuation.  The most common
    mechanism in IETF protocols for naming such patterns is the use of
    regular expressions.  There is no single regular expression
    language, but there are numerous very similar dialects.

Hoffman Informational [Page 24] RFC 3536 Terminology Used in Internationalization in the IETF May 2003

    The Unicode Consortium has a good discussion about how to adapt
    regular expression engines to use Unicode.  [UTR18]
 private use
    ISO/IEC 10646 code points from U+E000 to U+F8FF, U+F0000 to
    U+FFFFD, and U+100000 to U+10FFFD are available for private use.
    This refers to code points of the standard whose interpretation is
    not specified by the standard and whose use may be determined by
    private agreement among cooperating users.  <UNICODE>
    The use of these "private use" characters is defined by the
    parties who transmit and receive them, and is thus not appropriate
    for standardization.  (The IETF has a long history of private use
    names for things such as "x-" names in MIME types, charsets, and
    languages.  The experience with these has been quite negative,
    with many implementors assuming that private use names are in fact
    public and long-lived.)

8. Security Considerations

 Security is not discussed in this document.

9. References

9.1 Normative References

 [ISOIEC10646] ISO/IEC 10646-1:2000.  International Standard --
               Information technology -- Universal Multiple-Octet
               Coded Character Set (UCS) -- Part 1: Architecture and
               Basic Multilingual Plane, 2000.
 [UNICODE]     The Unicode Standard, Version 3.2.0 is defined by The
               Unicode Standard, Version 3.0 (Reading, MA, Addison-
               Wesley, 2000.  ISBN 0-201-61633-5), as amended by the
               Unicode Standard Annex #27: Unicode 3.1
               (http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr27/) and by the
               Unicode Standard Annex #28: Unicode 3.2
               (http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr28/), The Unicode
               Consortium, 2002.

Hoffman Informational [Page 25] RFC 3536 Terminology Used in Internationalization in the IETF May 2003

9.2 Informative References

 [CHARMOD]     Character Model for the World Wide Web 1.0, W3C,
               <http://www.w3.org/TR/charmod/>.
 [FRAMEWORK]   ISO/IEC TR 11017:1997(E).  Information technology -
               Framework for internationalization, prepared by ISO/IEC
               JTC 1/SC 22/WG 20, 1997.
 [ISO 639]     ISO 639:2000 (E/F) - Code for the representation of
               names of languages, 2000.
 [ISO 3166]    ISO 3166:1988 (E/F) - Codes for the representation of
               names of countries, 2000.
 [RFC2045]     Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "MIME Part One: Format of
               Internet Message Bodies", November 1996.
 [RFC2047]     Moore, K., "MIME Part Three: Message Header Extensions
               for Non-ASCII Text", RFC 2047, November 1996.
 [RFC2277]     Alvestrand, H., "IETF Policy on Character Sets and
               Languages", BCP 18, RFC 2277, January 1998.
 [RFC2279]     Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
               10646", RFC 2279, January 1998.
 [RFC2781]     Hoffman, P. and F. Yergeau, "UTF-16, an encoding of ISO
               10646", RFC 2781, February 2000.
 [RFC2822]     Resnick, P., "Internet Message Format", RFC 2822, April
               2001.
 [RFC3066]     Alvestrand, H., "Tags for the Identification of
               Languages", BCP 47, RFC 3066, January 2001.
 [US-ASCII]    Coded Character Set -- 7-bit American Standard Code for
               Information Interchange, ANSI X3.4-1986, 1986.
 [UTN6]        "BOCU-1: MIME-Compatible Unicode Compression", M.
               Scherer & M.  Davis, Unicode Technical Note #6.
 [UTR6]        "A Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode", M. Wolf,
               et. al., Unicode Technical Report #6.
 [UTR15]       "Unicode Normalization Forms", M. Davis & M. Duerst,
               Unicode Technical Report #15.

Hoffman Informational [Page 26] RFC 3536 Terminology Used in Internationalization in the IETF May 2003

 [UTR18]       "Unicode Regular Expression Guidelines", M. Davis,
               Unicode Technical Report #18.
 [UTR19]       "UTF-32", M. Davis, Unicode Technical Report #19.
 [UTR22]       "Character Mapping Markup Language", M. Davis, Unicode
               Technical Report #22.

10. Additional Interesting Reading

 ALA-LC Romanization Tables, Randall Barry (ed.), U.S. Library of
 Congress, 1997, ISBN 0844409405
 Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems, Florian Coulmas, Blackwell
 Publishers, 1999, ISBN 063121481X
 The World's Writing Systems, Peter Daniels and William Bright, Oxford
 University Press, 1996, ISBN 0195079930
 Writing Systems of the World, Akira Nakanishi, Charles E. Tuttle
 Company, 1980, ISBN 0804816549

11. Index

 alphabetic -- 4.1
 ASCII-compatible encoding (ACE) -- 6
 ASN.1 text formats -- 6
 Base64 -- 6
 Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP) -- 3.2
 bidirectional display -- 5
 BOCU-1 -- 3.2
 case -- 4
 character -- 2
 character encoding form -- 2
 character encoding scheme -- 2
 charset -- 2
 charset identification -- 6
 CJK characters and Han characters -- 7
 code chart -- 4
 code table -- 4
 coded character -- 2
 coded character set -- 2
 combining character -- 4
 compatibility character -- 4.1
 composite sequence -- 4
 control character -- 4.1
 diacritic -- 4.1
 displaying and rendering text -- 2

Hoffman Informational [Page 27] RFC 3536 Terminology Used in Internationalization in the IETF May 2003

 font -- 5
 formatting character -- 4.1
 glyph -- 2
 glyph code -- 2
 graphic symbol -- 5
 i18n, l10n -- 2
 ideographic -- 4.1
 input methods -- 5
 internationalization -- 2
 ISO -- 3.1
 language -- 2
 language identification -- 6
 Latin characters -- 7
 local and regional standards organizations -- 3.1
 locale -- 7
 localization -- 2
 MIME -- 6
 multilingual -- 2
 name spaces -- 6
 nonspacing character -- 4.1
 normalization -- 4
 on-the-wire encoding -- 6
 parsed text -- 6
 private use -- 7
 protocol elements -- 6
 punctuation -- 4.1
 quoted printable -- 6
 regular expressions -- 7
 rendering rules -- 5
 romanization -- 7
 script -- 2
 SCSU -- 3.2
 sorting and collation -- 4
 symbol -- 4.1
 transcoding -- 2
 transcription -- 7
 transfer encoding syntax -- 6
 translation -- 7
 transliteration -- 7
 UCS-2 and UCS-4 -- 3.2
 undisplayable character -- 5
 Unicode Consortium -- 3.1
 UTF-32 -- 3.2
 UTF-16, UTF-16BE, and UTF-16LE -- 3.2
 UTF-8 -- 3.2
 World Wide Web Consortium -- 3.1
 XML -- 6

Hoffman Informational [Page 28] RFC 3536 Terminology Used in Internationalization in the IETF May 2003

A. Acknowledgements

 The definitions in this document come from many sources, including a
 wide variety of IETF documents.
 James Seng contributed to the initial outline of this document.
 Harald Alvestrand and Martin Duerst made extensive useful comments on
 early versions.  Others who contributed to the development include:
    Dan Kohn
    Jacob Palme
    Johan van Wingen
    Peter Constable
    Yuri Demchenko
    Susan Harris
    Zita Wenzel
    John Klensin
    Henning Schulzrinne
    Leslie Daigle
    Markus Scherer
    Ken Whistler

B. Author's Address

 Paul Hoffman
 Internet Mail Consortium and VPN Consortium
 127 Segre Place
 Santa Cruz, CA  95060 USA
 EMail: paul.hoffman@imc.org and paul.hoffman@vpnc.org

Hoffman Informational [Page 29] RFC 3536 Terminology Used in Internationalization in the IETF May 2003

Full Copyright Statement

 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003).  All Rights Reserved.
 This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
 others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
 or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
 and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
 kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
 included on all such copies and derivative works.  However, this
 document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
 the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
 Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
 developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
 copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
 followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
 English.
 The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
 revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
 This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
 "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
 TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
 BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
 HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
 MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Acknowledgement

 Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
 Internet Society.

Hoffman Informational [Page 30]

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