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rfc:rfc3495

Network Working Group B. Beser Request for Comments: 3495 Juniper Networks Category: Standards Track P. Duffy, Ed.

                                                         Cisco Systems
                                                            March 2003
         Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Option
                for CableLabs Client Configuration

Status of this Memo

 This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
 Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
 improvements.  Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
 Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
 and status of this protocol.  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003).  All Rights Reserved.

Abstract

 This document defines a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
 option that will be used to configure various devices deployed within
 CableLabs architectures.  Specifically, the document describes DHCP
 option content that will be used to configure one class of CableLabs
 client device: a PacketCable Media Terminal Adapter (MTA).  The
 option content defined within this document will be extended as
 future CableLabs client devices are developed.

Beser & Duffy Standards Track [Page 1] RFC 3495 DHCP Option for CableLabs Clients March 2003

Table of Contents

 1.  Conventions used in this document............................  2
 2.  Terminology..................................................  2
 3.  Introduction.................................................  3
 4.  CableLabs Client Configuration Option Format.................  4
 5.  CableLabs Client Configuration Option: Sub-Option Definitions  5
     5.1.  TSP's DHCP Server Address Sub-Options..................  5
     5.2.  TSP's Provisioning Server Address Sub-Option...........  6
     5.3.  TSP's AS-REQ/AS-REP Backoff and Retry..................  6
     5.4.  TSP's AP-REQ/AP-REP Backoff and Retry..................  7
     5.5.  TSP's Kerberos Realm Name Sub-Option...................  8
     5.6.  TSP's Ticket Granting Server Utilization Sub-Option....  8
     5.7.  TSP's Provisioning Timer Sub-Option....................  8
 6.  Informational Description of CCC Option Usage................  9
 7.  IANA Considerations..........................................  9
 8.  Legacy Use Information.......................................  9
 9.  Procedure for Adding Additional Sub-options..................  9
 10. Security Considerations...................................... 10
 11. References................................................... 10
     11.1. Normative References................................... 10
     11.2. Informative References................................. 11
 12. Acknowledgments.............................................. 11
 13. Authors' Addresses........................................... 12
 14. Full Copyright Statement..................................... 13

1. Conventions used in this document

 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
 document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 [1].

2. Terminology

 Definitions of terms used throughout this document:
  • "Telephony Service Provider" or "TSP"
 The business entity from which a subscriber receives telephony
 service.
 See RFC 2131 [6] for additional DHCP terminology.

Beser & Duffy Standards Track [Page 2] RFC 3495 DHCP Option for CableLabs Clients March 2003

3. Introduction

 Cable Television Laboratories, Inc. (CableLabs) is a non-profit
 research and development consortium that serves the cable television
 industry via design and specification of new and emerging broadband
 service architectures.  Several CableLabs initiatives define DHCP
 clients that have specific DHCP configuration requirements.  One such
 initiative is the PacketCable project.
 The PacketCable project is aimed at architecting, qualifying, and
 supporting Internet-based multimedia services over cable-based packet
 networks.  These new multimedia services will include telephony and
 videoconferencing, delivered using the basic Internet Protocol (IP)
 technology that is used to send data via the Internet.
 PacketCable 1.0 provides Voice over IP (VoIP) service delivery.  The
 VoIP service is supported at the customer site by two key components:
 a Cable Modem (CM) and a Media Terminal Adapter (MTA).  The CM
 converts the cable RF signals to/from various IP voice protocols,
 while the MTA converts the VoIP protocols into analog telephony
 compatible with a common telephone.
 The CM and MTA may be packaged together or separately.  If packaged
 together, the unit is referred to as an Embedded-MTA (EMTA - depicted
 in Figure 1).  If packaged separately, the MTA is referred to as a
 Standalone MTA (SMTA).
           |----------------------------------------------|
           |                                              |
           |   |-----------|           |-------------|    |
           |   |           |           |             |    |
 Telephony |   |  Media    | internal  |   Cable     |    | RF Link
 ----------|---| Terminal  |===========|   Modem     |----|-------
 Link      |   | Adapter   | connection|             |    |
           |   |-----------|           |-------------|    |
           |                                              |
           |----------------------------------------------|
                Figure 1. PacketCable 1.0 Embedded-MTA
 The CM and MTA are distinct IP devices: each has its own MAC address
 and IP configuration.  The CM and MTA utilize the DHCP protocol to
 obtain IP configuration.  It is assumed that the CM and MTA may be
 administered by different business entities.  The CM communicates
 with and is configured by the Data Access Provider's (DAP's) DHCP
 servers.  Likewise, the MTA communicates with and is configured by
 the Telephony Service Provider's (TSP's) DHCP servers.

Beser & Duffy Standards Track [Page 3] RFC 3495 DHCP Option for CableLabs Clients March 2003

 The PacketCable architecture requires that the business entity
 controlling the configuration of the CM also determines which
 business entities control the configuration of the MTA.  This is
 similar to the example found in the PSTN system: individuals can pick
 their long distance carriers even though the ultimate control of
 their telephone remains with the local carrier.
 Due to specific needs of the MTA configuration process (described in
 [7]), a new CableLabs Client Configuration (CCC) option is needed for
 the DHCP protocol.  Both CM and MTA DHCP clients will request this
 option.  When requested, both the DAP and TSP DHCP servers will
 populate this option into DHCP responses.  See section 6 for further
 operational details.
 It should be noted that, although the CCC option will be initially
 deployed to support PacketCable VOIP applications, the CCC option
 will also be used to support various non VOIP applications.  Use of
 the CCC option does not necessarily mean that the service provider is
 a TSP.

4. CableLabs Client Configuration Option Format

 The option begins with a tag octet containing the option code (code
 122).  A length octet follows the tag octet.  The value of the length
 octet does not include itself or the tag octet.  The length octet is
 followed by "length" octets of sub-option content (total length, not
 sub-option count).  The option layout is depicted below:
    +------+--------+--------------+--------------+---+--------------+
    | 122  | Length | Sub-option 1 | Sub-option 2 |...| Sub-option n |
    +------+--------+--------------+--------------+---+--------------+
 When the total length of a CCC option exceeds 255 octets, the
 procedure outlined in [4] MUST be employed to split the option into
 multiple, smaller options.
 A sub-option begins with a tag octet containing the sub-option code.
 A length octet follows the tag octet.  The value of the length octet
 does not include itself or the tag octet.  The length octet is
 followed by "length" octets of sub-option information.  The sub-
 option layout is depicted below:
    +-------------------+--------+------------------------+
    | Sub-option Code   | Length | Sub-option information |
    +-------------------+--------+------------------------+

Beser & Duffy Standards Track [Page 4] RFC 3495 DHCP Option for CableLabs Clients March 2003

 The sub-option codes are summarized below.
    +---------+---------+--------------------------------------------+
    |  Sub-   | Sent to | Description                                |
    | option  |         |                                            |
    |  Code   |         |                                            |
    +===================+============================================+
    |    1    |  CM     | TSP's Primary DHCP Server Address          |
    +---------+---------+--------------------------------------------+
    |    2    |  CM     | TSP's Secondary DHCP Server Address        |
    +---------+---------+--------------------------------------------+
    |    3    |  MTA    | TSP's Provisioning Server Address          |
    +---------+---------+--------------------------------------------+
    |    4    |  MTA    | TSP's AS-REQ/AS-REP Backoff and Retry      |
    +---------+---------+--------------------------------------------+
    |    5    |  MTA    | TSP's AP-REQ/AP-REP Backoff and Retry      |
    +---------+---------+--------------------------------------------+
    |    6    |  MTA    | TSP's Kerberos Realm Name                  |
    +---------+---------+--------------------------------------------+
    |    7    |  MTA    | TSP's Ticket Granting Server Utilization   |
    +---------+---------+--------------------------------------------+
    |    8    |  MTA    | TSP's Provisioning Timer Value             |
    +---------+---------+--------------------------------------------+
    | 9 - 255 |         | Reserved for future extensions             |
    +---------+---------+--------------------------------------------+

5. CableLabs Client Configuration Option: Sub-Option Definitions

 The following sections provide detailed descriptions of each sub-
 option.  There are a few general formatting rules:
  1. Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDNs) MUST be encoded per RFC 1035

[3] section 3.1. Note that a terminating 0 is required. Also

    note that compression, as described in RFC 1035 [3] section 4.1.4,
    MUST NOT be applied.
  1. IPv4 addresses MUST be encoded as 4 binary octets in network

byte-order (high order byte first).

  1. All multi-octet quantities MUST be encoded per network byte-

ordering.

5.1. TSP's DHCP Server Address Sub-Options

 The TSP DHCP Server Address sub-options identify the DHCP servers
 from which an MTA is permitted to accept a DHCP OFFER.  Sub-option 1
 is the address of the TSP's primary DHCP server.  Sub-option 2 is the
 address of the TSP's secondary DHCP server.

Beser & Duffy Standards Track [Page 5] RFC 3495 DHCP Option for CableLabs Clients March 2003

 The sub-option length MUST be 4 and the sub-option MUST include the
 DHCP server's IPv4 address as follows:
      Code  Len          Address
    +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
    | 1/2 |  4  |  a1 |  a2 |  a3 |  a4 |
    +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

5.2. TSP's Provisioning Server Address Sub-Option

 This option contains the address of the TSP's Provisioning server.
 MTAs communicate with the Provisioning server at various stages in
 their provisioning process.
 The address can be configured as either an IPv4 address or as an
 FQDN.  The encoding of sub-option 3 will adhere to one of 2 formats.
 1. IPv4 address.  The sub-option length MUST be 5.  The length octet
    MUST be followed by a single octet that indicates the specific
    address type that follows.  This type octet MUST be set to 1 to
    indicate an IPv4 address.  The type octet MUST be followed by 4
    octets of IPv4 address:
     Code   Len   Type        Address
    +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
    |  3  |  5  |  1  |  a1 |  a2 |  a3 |  a4 |
    +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
 2. FQDN.  The length octet MUST be followed by a single octet that
    indicates the specific address type that follows.  This type octet
    MUST be set to 0 to indicate an FQDN.  The type octet MUST be
    followed by the encoded FQDN:
     Code   Len   Type            FQDN
    +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+   +-----+
    |  3  | n+1 |  0  |  f1 |  f2 |...|  fn |
    +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+   +-----+
 It is not anticipated that additional type codes, beyond IPv4 (1) and
 FQDN (0), will be required.  Thus, IANA will not be required to
 maintain a registry of type codes.

5.3. TSP's AS-REQ/AS-REP Backoff and Retry

 This sub-option configures an MTA's Kerberos AS-REQ/AS-REP timeout,
 backoff, and retry mechanism.

Beser & Duffy Standards Track [Page 6] RFC 3495 DHCP Option for CableLabs Clients March 2003

 RFC 1510 [5] does not define a backoff/retry mechanism to be employed
 when an AS-REQ/AS-REP message exchange fails.  This sub-option
 contains parameters required by the backoff/retry mechanism outlined
 in [8].
 The encoding of this sub-option is depicted below:
    Code Len   Nom Timeout     Max Timeout     Max Retries
    +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
    | 4 |12 |n1 |n2 |n3 |n4 |m1 |m2 |m3 |m4 |r1 |r2 |r3 |r4 |
    +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
 The length octet of this sub-option MUST contain the value 12.
 The length octet MUST be followed by 4 octets containing the AS-
 REQ/AS-REP nominal (initial) timeout value.  This value is a 32 bit
 unsigned quantity in units of milliseconds.
 The next 4 octets MUST contain the AS-REQ/AS-REP maximum timeout
 value.  This value is a 32 bit unsigned quantity in units of seconds.
 The final 4 octets MUST contain the AS-REQ/AS-REP maximum retry
 count.  This value is a 32 bit unsigned quantity.

5.4. TSP's AP-REQ/AP-REP Backoff and Retry

 This sub-option configures an MTA's Kerberos AP-REQ/AP-REP timeout,
 backoff, and retry mechanism.
 RFC 1510 [5] does not define a backoff/retry mechanism to be employed
 when an AP-REQ/AP-REP message exchange fails.  This sub-option
 contains parameters required by the backoff/retry mechanism outlined
 in [8].
 The encoding of this sub-option is depicted below:
    Code Len   Nom Timeout     Max Timeout     Max Retries
    +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
    | 5 |12 |n1 |n2 |n3 |n4 |m1 |m2 |m3 |m4 |r1 |r2 |r3 |r4 |
    +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
 The length octet of this sub-option MUST contain the value 12.
 The length octet MUST be followed by 4 octets containing the AP-
 REQ/AP-REP nominal (initial) timeout value.  This value is a 32 bit
 unsigned quantity in units of seconds.

Beser & Duffy Standards Track [Page 7] RFC 3495 DHCP Option for CableLabs Clients March 2003

 The next 4 octets MUST contain the AP-REQ/AP-REP maximum timeout
 value.  This value is a 32 bit unsigned quantity in units of seconds.
 The final 4 octets MUST contain the AP-REQ/AP-REP maximum retry
 count.  This value is a 32 bit unsigned quantity.

5.5. TSP's Kerberos Realm Name Sub-Option

 The PacketCable architecture requires an MTA to authenticate itself
 to the TSP's network via the Kerberos protocol.  A Kerberos Realm
 name is required at the MTA to permit a DNS lookup for the address of
 the TSP's Kerberos Key Distribution Center (KDC) entity.
 The Kerberos Realm name MUST be encoded per the domain style realm
 name described in RFC 1510 [5].  This realm name MUST be all capital
 letters and conform to the syntax described in RFC 1035 [3] section
 3.1.  The sub-option is encoded as follows:
     Code   Len   Kerberos Realm Name
    +-----+-----+-----+-----+   +-----+
    |  6  |  n  |  k1 |  k2 |...|  kn |
    +-----+-----+-----+-----+   +-----+

5.6. TSP's Ticket Granting Server Utilization Sub-Option

 This sub-option encodes a boolean value which indicates whether an
 MTA should or should not utilize a TGT (Ticket Granting Ticket) when
 obtaining a service ticket for one of the PacketCable application
 servers.  The encoding is as follows:
     Code   Len   Value
    +-----+-----+-----+
    |  7  |  1  | 1/0 |
    +-----+-----+-----+
 The length MUST be 1.  The last octet contains a Boolean value which
 MUST be either 0 or 1.  A value of 1 MUST be interpreted as true.  A
 value of 0 MUST be interpreted as false.

5.7. TSP's Provisioning Timer Sub-Option

 The provisioning timer defines the maximum time allowed for the MTA
 provisioning process to complete.  If this timer expires before the
 MTA has completed the provisioning process, the MTA should reset the
 timer and re-start its provisioning process from the beginning.

Beser & Duffy Standards Track [Page 8] RFC 3495 DHCP Option for CableLabs Clients March 2003

 The sub-option length MUST be 1.  The value octet specifies 0 to 255
 minutes.  A value of 0 means the timer MUST be disabled.
     Code   Len    Value
    +-----+-----+---------+
    |  8  |  1  | (0..255)|
    +-----+-----+---------+

6. Informational Description of CCC Option Usage.

 Cablelabs client devices issue DHCP requests that include DHCP
 options 55 (Parameter Request List) and 60 (Vendor Class Identifier).
 Option 55 will request the CCC option from the DHCP server.  Option
 60 will indicate the specific Cablelabs client device type, thus
 directing the DHCP server to populate specific CCC sub-option content
 in its responses.  The details of which CCC sub-options are populated
 for each specific client type are specified in various Cablelabs
 project specifications.  For example, specific usage of the CCC
 option for the PacketCable project is described in [7].
 Note that client devices never populate the CCC option in their DHCP
 requests.

7. IANA Considerations

 IANA has assigned a value of 122 for the DHCP option code described
 in this document.

8. Legacy Use Information

 The CableLabs Client Configuration option initially used the site-
 specific option value of 177 (0xB1).  The use of the site-specific
 option is to be deprecated now that IANA has issued an official
 option number.

9. Procedure for Adding Additional Sub-options

 IANA is requested to maintain a new number space of "CableLabs Client
 Configuration Sub-options", located in the BOOTP-DHCP Parameters
 Registry (http://www.iana.org/assignments/bootp-dhcp-parameters).
 The initial sub-option codes are described in section 4 of this
 document.
 IANA is requested to register codes for future CableLabs Client
 Configuration Sub-options via an "IETF Consensus" approval policy as
 described in RFC 2434 [2].

Beser & Duffy Standards Track [Page 9] RFC 3495 DHCP Option for CableLabs Clients March 2003

10. Security Considerations

 Potential exposures to attack in the DHCP protocol are discussed in
 section 7 of the DHCP protocol specification [6] and in
 Authentication for DHCP Messages [9].
 The CCC option can be used to misdirect network traffic by providing
 incorrect DHCP server addresses, incorrect provisioning server
 addresses, and incorrect Kerberos realm names to a Cablelabs client
 device.  This misdirection can lead to several threat scenarios.  A
 Denial of Service (DoS) attack can result from address information
 being simply invalid.  A man-in-the-middle attack can be mounted by
 providing addresses to a potential snooper.  A malicious TSP can
 steal customers from the customer selected TSP, by altering the
 Kerberos realm designation.
 These threats are mitigated by several factors.
 Within the cable delivery architecture required by PacketCable, the
 DHCP client is connected to a network through a cable modem and the
 CMTS (head-end).  The CMTS is explicitly configured with a set of
 DHCP servers to which DHCP requests are forwarded.  Further, a
 correctly configured CMTS will only allow downstream traffic from
 specific IP addresses/ranges.
 Assuming that server addresses and Kerberos realm name were
 successfully spoofed to the point that a malicious client device was
 able to contact a KDC, the client device must still present valid
 certificates to the KDC before being service enabled.  Given the
 computational overhead of the certificate validation process, this
 situation could present a DoS opportunity.
 Finally, it is possible for a malicious (although certified) TSP to
 redirect a customer from the customer's selected TSP.  It is assumed
 that all TSP's permitted onto an access providers network are trusted
 entities that will cooperate to insure peaceful coexistence.  If a
 TSP is found to be redirecting customers, this should be handled as
 an administrative matter between the access provider and the TSP.

11. References

11.1. Normative References

 [1] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
     Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
 [2] Narten, N. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA
     Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 2434, October 1998.

Beser & Duffy Standards Track [Page 10] RFC 3495 DHCP Option for CableLabs Clients March 2003

 [3] Mockapetris, P., "Domain Names - Implementation and
     Specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987.
 [4] Lemon, T. and S. Cheshire, "Encoding Long Options in the Dynamic
     Host Configuration Protocol (DHCPv4)", RFC 3396, November 2002.
 [5] Kohl, J. and C. Neuman, "The Kerberos Network Authentication
     Service (V5)", RFC 1510, September 1993.
 [6] Droms, R., "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol", RFC 2131, March
     1997.

11.2. Informative References

 [7] "PacketCable MTA Device Provisioning Specification", PKT-SP-
     PROV-I05-021127.  http://www.packetcable.com/specifications.html
 [8] "PacketCable Security Specification", PKT-SP-SEC-I07-021127,
     http://www.packetcable.com/specifications.html
 [9] Droms, R. and W. Arbaugh, "Authentication for DHCP Messages", RFC
     3118, June 2001

12. Acknowledgments

 The authors would like to extend a heartfelt thanks to all those who
 contributed to the development of the PacketCable Provisioning
 specifications:
 Sumanth Channabasappa (Alopa Networks); Angela Lyda, Rick Morris,
 Rodney Osborne (Arris Interactive); Steven Bellovin and Chris Melle
 (AT&T); Eugene Nechamkin (Broadcom); John Berg, Maria Stachelek, Matt
 Osman (CableLabs); Klaus Hermanns, Azita Kia, Michael Thomas, Paul
 Duffy (Cisco); Deepak Patil (Com21); Jeff Ollis, Rick Vetter (General
 Instrument/Motorola); Roger Loots, David Walters (Lucent); Peter
 Bates (Telcordia); Patrick Meehan (Tellabs); Satish Kumar, Itay
 Sherman, Roy Spitzer (Telogy/TI), Aviv Goren (Terayon); Prithivraj
 Narayanan (Wipro).
 The authors would also like to extend a special "thank you" to Rich
 Woundy (Comcast) for his thoughtful inputs.

Beser & Duffy Standards Track [Page 11] RFC 3495 DHCP Option for CableLabs Clients March 2003

13. Authors' Addresses

 Burcak Beser
 Juniper Networks
 1194 North Matilda Avenue
 Sunnyvale, CA, 94089
 EMail: burcak@juniper.net
 Paul Duffy
 Cisco Systems
 300 Apollo Drive
 Chelmsford, MA, 01824
 EMail: paduffy@cisco.com

Beser & Duffy Standards Track [Page 12] RFC 3495 DHCP Option for CableLabs Clients March 2003

14. Full Copyright Statement

 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003).  All Rights Reserved.
 This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
 others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
 or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
 and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
 kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
 included on all such copies and derivative works.  However, this
 document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
 the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
 Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
 developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
 copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
 followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
 English.
 The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
 revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
 This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
 "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
 TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
 BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
 HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
 MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Acknowledgement

 Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
 Internet Society.

Beser & Duffy Standards Track [Page 13]

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