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rfc:rfc3379

Network Working Group D. Pinkas Request for Comments: 3379 Bull Category: Informational R. Housley

                                                      RSA Laboratories
                                                        September 2002
      Delegated Path Validation and Delegated Path Discovery
                       Protocol Requirements

Status of this Memo

 This memo provides information for the Internet community.  It does
 not specify an Internet standard of any kind.  Distribution of this
 memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002).  All Rights Reserved.

Abstract

 This document specifies the requirements for Delegated Path
 Validation (DPV) and Delegated Path Discovery (DPD) for Public Key
 Certificates. It also specifies the requirements for DPV and DPD
 policy management.

1. Introduction

 This document specifies the requirements for Delegated Path
 Validation (DPV) and Delegated Path Discovery (DPD) for Public Key
 Certificates, using two main request/response pairs.
 Delegated processing provides two primary services: DPV and DPD.
 Some clients require a server to perform certification path
 validation and have no need for data acquisition, while some other
 clients require only path discovery in support of local path
 validation.
 The DPV request/response pair, can be used to fully delegate path
 validation processing to an DPV server, according to a set of rules,
 called a validation policy.
 The DPD request/response pair can be used to obtain from a DPD server
 all the information needed (e.g., the end-entity certificate, the CA
 certificates, full CRLs, delta-CRLs, OCSP responses) to locally
 validate a certificate.  The DPD server uses a set of rules, called a
 path discovery policy, to determine which information to return.

Pinkas & Housley Informational [Page 1] RFC 3379 DPV and DPD Protocol Requirements September 2002

 A third request/response pair allows clients to obtain references for
 the policies supported by a DPV or DPD server.

1.1. Terminology

 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
 document (in uppercase, as shown) are to be interpreted as described
 in [RFC2119].

2. Rationale and Benefits for DPV (Delegated Path Validation)

 DPV allows a server to perform a real time certificate validation for
 a validation time T, where T may be the current time or a time in the
 recent past.
 In order to validate a certificate, a chain of multiple certificates,
 called a certification path, may be needed, comprising a certificate
 of the public key owner (the end entity) signed by one CA, and zero
 or more additional certificates of CAs signed by other CAs.
 Offloading path validation to a server may be required by a client
 that lacks the processing, and/or communication capabilities to fetch
 the necessary certificates and revocation information, perform
 certification path construction, and perform local path validation.
 In constrained execution environments, such as telephones and PDAs,
 memory and processing limitations may preclude local implementation
 of complete, PKIX-compliant certification path validation [PKIX-1].
 In applications where minimum latency is critical, delegating
 validation to a trusted server can offer significant advantages. The
 time required to send the target certificate to the validation
 server, receive the response, and authenticate the response, can be
 considerably less than the time required for the client to perform
 certification path discovery and validation.  Even if a certification
 path were readily available to the client, the processing time
 associated with signature verification for each certificate in the
 path might (especially when validating very long paths or using a
 limited processor) be greater than the delay associated with use of a
 validation server.

Pinkas & Housley Informational [Page 2] RFC 3379 DPV and DPD Protocol Requirements September 2002

 Another motivation for offloading path validation is that it allows
 validation against management-defined validation policies in a
 consistent fashion across an enterprise.  Clients that are able to do
 their own path validation may rely on a trusted server to do path
 validation if centralized management of validation policies is
 needed, or the clients rely on a trusted server to maintain
 centralized records of such activities.
 When a client uses this service, it inherently trusts the server as
 much as it would its own path validation software (if it contained
 such software).  Clients can direct the server to perform path
 validation in accordance with a particular validation policy.

3. Rationale and Benefits for DPD (Delegated Path Discovery)

 DPD is valuable for clients that do much of the PKI processing
 themselves and simply want a server to collect information for them.
 The server is trusted to return the most current information that is
 available to it (which may not be the most current information that
 has been issued).  The client will ultimately perform certification
 path validation.
 A client that performs path validation for itself may get benefit in
 several ways from using a server to acquire certificates, CRLs, and
 OCSP responses [OCSP] as inputs to the validation process.  In this
 context, the client is relying on the server to interact with
 repositories to acquire the data that the client would otherwise have
 to acquire using LDAP, HTTP, FTP [LDAP, FTP&HTTP] or another
 repository access protocol.  Since these data items are digitally
 signed, the client need not trust the server any more than the client
 would trust the repositories.
 DPD provides several benefits.  For example, a single query to a
 server can replace multiple repository queries, and caching by the
 server can reduce latency.  Another benefit to the client system is
 that it need not incorporate a diverse set of software to interact
 with various forms of repositories, perhaps via different protocols,
 nor to perform the graph processing necessary to discover
 certification paths, separate from making the queries to acquire path
 validation data.

4. Delegated Path Validation Protocol Requirements

4.1. Basic Protocol

 The Delegated Path Validation (DPV) protocol allows a server to
 validate one or more public key certificates on behalf of a client
 according to a validation policy.

Pinkas & Housley Informational [Page 3] RFC 3379 DPV and DPD Protocol Requirements September 2002

 If the DPV server does not support the client requested validation
 policy, then the DPV server MUST return an error.
 If the DPV request does not specify a validation policy, the server
 response MUST indicate the validation policy that was used.
 Policy definitions can be quite long and complex, and some policies
 may allow for the setting of a few parameters (such as root self-
 signed certificates).  The protocol MUST allow the client to include
 these policy dependent parameters in the DPV request; however, it is
 expected that most clients will simply reference a validation policy
 for a given application or accept the DPV server's default validation
 policy.
 The client can request that the server determines the certificate
 validity at a time other than the current time.  The DPV server MUST
 obtain revocation status information for the validation time in the
 client request.
 In order to obtain the revocation status information of any
 certificate from the certification path, the DPV server might use, in
 accordance with the validation policy, different sources of
 revocation information.  For example, a combination of OCSP
 responses, CRLs, and delta CRLs could be used.  Alternatively, a
 response from another DPV server could be used.
 If the revocation status information for the requested validation
 time is unavailable, then the DPV server MUST return a status
 indicating that the certificate is invalid.  Additional information
 about the reason for invalidity MAY also be provided.
 The certificate to be validated MUST either be directly provided in
 the request or unambiguously referenced, such as the CA distinguished
 name, certificate serial number, and the hash of the certificate,
 like ESSCertID as defined in [ESS] or OtherSigningCertificate as
 defined in [ES-F].
 The DPV client MUST be able to provide to the validation server,
 associated with each certificate to be validated, useful
 certificates, as well as useful revocation information.  Revocation
 information includes OCSP responses, CRLs, and delta CRLs.  As an
 example, an S/MIME message might include such information, and the
 client can simply copy that information into the DPV request.

Pinkas & Housley Informational [Page 4] RFC 3379 DPV and DPD Protocol Requirements September 2002

 The DPV server MUST have the certificate to be validated.  When the
 certificate is not provided in the request, the server MUST obtain
 the certificate and then verify that the certificate is indeed the
 one being unambiguous referenced by the client.  The DPV server MUST
 include either the certificate or an unambiguous reference to the
 certificate (in case of a CA key compromise) in the DPV response.
 The DPV response MUST indicate one of the following status
 alternatives:
 1) the certificate is valid according to the validation policy.
 2) the certificate is not valid according to the validation policy.
 3) the validity of the certificate is unknown according to the
    validation policy.
 4) the validity could not be determined due to an error.
 When the certificate is not valid according to the validation policy,
 then the reason MUST also be indicated.  Invalidity reasons include:
 a) the DPV server cannot determine the validity of the certificate
    because a certification path cannot be constructed.
 b) the DPV server successfully constructed a certification path, but
    it was not valid according to the validation algorithm in
    [PKIX-1].
 c) the certificate is not valid at this time.  If another request
    could be made later on, the certificate could possibly be
    determined as valid.  This condition may occur before a
    certificate validity period has begun or while a certificate is
    suspended.
 The protocol MUST prevent replay attacks, and the replay prevention
 mechanism employed by the protocol MUST NOT rely on synchronized
 clocks.
 The DPV request MUST allow the client to request that the server
 include in its response additional information which will allow
 relying parties not trusting the DPV server to be confident that the
 certificate validation has correctly been performed.  Such
 information may (not necessarily exclusively) consist of a
 certification path, revocation status information from authorized CRL
 issuers or authorized OCSP responders, revocation status information
 from CRL issuers or OCSP responders trusted under the validation

Pinkas & Housley Informational [Page 5] RFC 3379 DPV and DPD Protocol Requirements September 2002

 policy, time-stamp tokens from TSAs responders trusted under the
 validation policy, or a DPV response from a DPV server that is
 trusted under the validation policy.  When the certificate is valid
 according to the validation policy, the server MUST, upon request,
 include that information in the response.  However, the server MAY
 omit that information when the certificate is invalid or when it
 cannot determine the validity.
 The DPV server MUST be able, upon request, copy a text field provided
 by the client into the DPV response.  As an example, this field may
 relate to the nature or reason for the DPV query.
 The DPV response MUST be bound to the DPV request so that the client
 can be sure that all the parameters from the request have been taken
 into consideration by the DPV server to build the response.  This can
 be accomplished by including a one-way hash of the request in the
 response.
 In some environments it may be necessary to present only a DPV
 response to another relying party without the corresponding request.
 In this case the response MUST be self contained.  This can be
 accomplished by repeating only the important components from the
 request in the response.
 For the client to be confident that the certificate validation was
 handled by the expected DPV server, the DPV response MUST be
 authenticated, unless an error is reported (such as a badly formatted
 request or unknown validation policy).
 For the client to be able prove to a third party that trusts the same
 DPV server that the certificate validation was handled correctly, the
 DPV response MUST be digitally signed, unless an error is reported.
 The DPV server's certificate MUST authenticate the DPV server.
 The DPV server MAY require client authentication, therefore, the DPV
 request MUST be able to be authenticated.
 When the DPV request is authenticated, the client SHOULD be able to
 include a client identifier in the request for the DPV server to copy
 into the response.  Mechanisms for matching this identifier with the
 authenticated identity depends on local DPV server conditions and/or
 the validation policy.  The DPV server MAY choose to blindly copy the
 identifier, omit the identifier, or return an error response.
 There are no specific confidentiality requirements within this
 application layer protocol.  However, when confidentiality is needed,
 it can be achieved with a lower-layer security protocol.

Pinkas & Housley Informational [Page 6] RFC 3379 DPV and DPD Protocol Requirements September 2002

4.2. Relaying, Re-direction and Multicasting

 In some network environments, especially ones that include firewalls,
 a DPV server might not be able to obtain all of the information that
 it needs to process a request.  However, the DPV server might be
 configured to use the services of one or more other DPV servers to
 fulfill all requests.  In such cases, the client is unaware that the
 queried DPV server is using the services of other DPV servers, and
 the client-queried DPV server acts as a DPV client to another DPV
 server.  Unlike the original client, the DPV server is expected to
 have moderate computing and memory resources, enabling the use of
 relay, re-direct or multicasting mechanisms.  The requirements in
 this section support DPV server-to-DPV server exchanges without
 imposing them on DPV client-to-DPV server exchanges.
 Protocols designed to satisfy these requirements MAY include optional
 fields and/or extensions to support relaying, re-direction or
 multicasting.  However, DPV clients are not expected to support
 relay, re-direct or multicast.  If the protocol supports such
 features, the protocol MUST include provisions for DPV clients and
 DPV servers that do not support such features, allowing them to
 conform to the basic set of requirements.
  1. When a server supports a relay mechanism, a mechanism to detect

loops or repetition MUST be provided.

  1. When a protocol provides the capability for a DPV server to re-

direct a request to another DPV server (that is, the protocol

   chooses to provide a referral mechanism), a mechanism to provide
   information to be used for the re-direction SHOULD be supported.
   If such re-direction information is sent back to clients, then the
   protocol MUST allow conforming clients to ignore it.
  1. Optional parameters in the protocol request and/or response MAY be

provide support for relaying, re-direction or multicasting. DPV

   clients that ignore any such optional parameters MUST be able to
   use the DPV service.  DPV servers that ignore any such optional
   parameters MUST still be able to offer the DPV service, although
   they might not be able to overcome the limitations imposed by the
   network topology.  In this way, protocol implementers do not need
   to understand the syntax or semantics of any such optional
   parameters.

5. Delegated Path Discovery Protocol Requirements

 The Delegated Path Discovery (DPD) protocol allows the client to use
 a single request to collect at one time from a single server the data
 elements available at the current time that might be collected using

Pinkas & Housley Informational [Page 7] RFC 3379 DPV and DPD Protocol Requirements September 2002

 different protocols (such as LDAP, HTTP, FTP, or OCSP) or by querying
 multiple servers, to locally validate a public key certificate
 according to a single path discovery policy.  The returned
 information can be used to locally validate one or more certificates
 for the current time.
 Clients MUST be able to specify whether they want, in addition to the
 certification path, the revocation information associated with the
 path, for the end-entity certificate, for the CA certificates, or for
 both.
 If the DPD server does not support the client requested path
 discovery policy, the DPD server MUST return an error.  Some forms of
 path discovery policy can be simple.  In that case it is acceptable
 to pass the parameters from the path discovery policy with each
 individual request.  For example, the client might provide a set of
 trust anchors and separate revocation status conditions for the end-
 entity certificate and for the other certificates.  The DPD request
 MUST allow more elaborated path discovery policies to be referenced.
 However, it is expected that most of the time clients will only be
 aware of the referenced path discovery policy for a given
 application.
 The DPD server response includes zero, one, or several certification
 paths.  Each path consists of a sequence of certificates, starting
 with the certificate to be validated and ending with a trust anchor.
 If the trust anchor is a self-signed certificate, that self-signed
 certificate MUST NOT be included.  In addition, if requested, the
 revocation information associated with each certificate in the path
 MUST also be returned.
 By default, the DPD server MUST return a single certification path
 for each end-entity certificate in the DPD request.  However, the
 returned path may need to match some additional local criteria known
 only to the client.  For example, the client might require the
 presence of a particular certificate extension or a particular name
 form.  Therefore, the DPD client MUST have a means of obtaining more
 than one certification path for each end-entity certificate in the
 DPD request.  At the same time, the mechanism for obtaining
 additional certification paths MUST NOT impose protocol state on the
 DPD server.  Avoiding the maintenance of state information associated
 with previous requests minimizes potential denial of service attacks
 and other problems associated with server crashes.
 Path discovery MUST be performed according to the path discovery
 policy.  The DPD response MUST indicate one of the following status
 alternatives:

Pinkas & Housley Informational [Page 8] RFC 3379 DPV and DPD Protocol Requirements September 2002

 1) one or more certification paths was found according to the path
    discovery policy, with all of the requested revocation information
    present.
 2) one or more certification paths was found according to the path
    discovery policy, with a subset of the requested revocation
    information present.
 3) one or more certification paths was found according to the path
    discovery policy, with none of the requested revocation
    information present.
 4) no certification path was found according to the path discovery
    policy.
 5) path construction could not be performed due to an error.
 When no errors are detected, the information that is returned
 consists of one or more certification paths and, if requested, its
 associated revocation status information for each certificate in the
 path.
 For the client to be confident that all of the elements from the
 response originate from the expected DPD server, an authenticated
 response MAY be required.  For example, the server might sign the
 response or data authentication might also be achieved using a
 lower-layer security protocol.
 The DPD server MAY require client authentication, allowing the DPD
 request MUST to be authenticated.
 There are no specific confidentiality requirement within the
 application layer protocol.  However, when confidentiality is needed,
 it can be achieved with a lower-layer security protocol.

6. DPV and DPD Policy Query

 Using a separate request/response pair, the DPV or DPD client MUST be
 able to obtain references for the default policy or for all of the
 policies supported by the server.  The response can include
 references to previously defined policies or to a priori known
 policies.

7. Validation Policy

 A validation policy is a set of rules against which the validation of
 the certificate is performed.

Pinkas & Housley Informational [Page 9] RFC 3379 DPV and DPD Protocol Requirements September 2002

 A validation policy MAY include several trust anchors.  A trust
 anchor is defined as one public key, a CA name, and a validity time
 interval; a trust anchor optionally includes additional constraints.
 The use of a self-signed certificate is one way to specify the public
 key to be used, the issuer name, and the validity period of the
 public key.
 Additional constraints for each trust anchor MAY be defined.  These
 constraints might include a set of certification policy constraints
 or a set of naming constraints.  These constraints MAY also be
 included in self-signed certificates.
 Additional conditions that apply to the certificates in the path MAY
 also be specified in the validation policy.  For example, specific
 values could be provided for the inputs to the certification path
 validation algorithm in [PKIX-1], such as user-initial-policy-set,
 initial-policy-mapping-inhibit, initial-explicit-policy, or initial-
 any-policy-inhibit.
 Additional conditions that apply to the end-entity certificate MAY
 also be specified in the validation policy.  For example, a specific
 name form might be required.
 In order to succeed, one valid certification path (none of the
 certificates in the path are expired or revoked) MUST be found
 between an end-entity certificate and a trust anchor and all
 constraints that apply to the certification path MUST be verified.

7.1. Components for a Validation Policy

 A validation policy is built from three components:
 1. Certification path requirements,
 2. Revocation requirements, and
 3. End-entity certificate specific requirements.
 Note:  [ES-P] defines ASN.1 data elements that may be useful while
 defining the components of a validation policy.

7.2. Certificate Path Requirements

 The path requirements identify a sequence of trust anchors used to
 start certification path processing and initial conditions for
 certification path validation as defined in [PKIX-1].

Pinkas & Housley Informational [Page 10] RFC 3379 DPV and DPD Protocol Requirements September 2002

7.3. Revocation Requirements

 Revocation information might be obtained through CRLs, delta CRLs or
 OCSP responses.  Certificate revocation requirements are specified in
 terms of checks required on the end-entity certificate and CA
 certificates.
 Revocation requirements for the end-entity certificate may not be the
 same as the requirements for the CA certificates.  For example, an
 OCSP response may be needed for the end-entity certificate while CRLs
 may be sufficient for the CA certificates.
 The validation policy MUST specify the source of revocation
 information:
  1. full CRLs (or full Authority Revocation Lists) have to be

collected.

  1. OCSP responses, using [OCSP], have to be collected.
  1. delta CRLs and the relevant associated full CRLs (or full Authority

Revocation Lists) are to be collected.

  1. any available revocation information has to be collected.
  1. no revocation information need be collected.

7.4. End-entity Certificate Specific Requirements

 The validation policy might require the end-entity certificate to
 contain specific extensions with specific types or values (it does
 not matter whether they are critical or non-critical).  For example,
 the validation policy might require an end-entity certificate that
 contains an electronic mail address (either in the rfc822 subject alt
 name or in the emailAddress naming attribute in the subject name).

8. Path Discovery Policy

 A path discovery policy is a set of rules against which the discovery
 of a certification path is performed.  A path discovery policy is a
 subset of a validation policy.  A path discovery policy MAY either be
 a reference to a validation policy or contain only some major
 elements from a validation policy, such as the trust anchors.
 Since the DPD client is "PKI aware", it can locally apply additional
 selection criteria to the certification paths returned by the server.
 Thus, a simpler policy can be defined and used for path discovery.

Pinkas & Housley Informational [Page 11] RFC 3379 DPV and DPD Protocol Requirements September 2002

8.1. Components for a Path Discovery Policy

 The path discovery policy includes certification path requirements,
 revocation requirements, and end-entity certificate specific
 requirements.  These requirements are the same as those specified in
 sections 7.2, 7.3, and 7.4, respectively.

9. Security Considerations

 A DPV client must trust a DPV server to provide the correct answer.
 However, this does not mean that all DPV clients will trust the same
 DPV servers.  While a positive answer might be sufficient for one DPV
 client, that same positive answer will not necessarily convince
 another DPV client.
 Other clients may trust their own DPV servers, or they might perform
 certification path validation themselves.  DPV clients operating
 under an organizational validation policy must ensure that each of
 the DPV servers they trust is operating under that organizational
 validation policy.
 When no policy reference is present in the DPV request, the DPV
 client ought to verify that the policy selected by the DPV server is
 appropriate.
 The revocation status information is obtained for the validation
 time.  In case of a digital signature, it is not necessarily
 identical to the time when the private key was used.  The validation
 time ought to be adjusted by the DPV client to compensate for:
 1) time for the end-entity to realize that its private key has been
    or could possibly be compromised, and/or
 2) time for the end-entity to report the key compromise, and/or
 3) time for the revocation authority to process the revocation
    request from the end-entity, and/or
 4) time for the revocation authority to update and distribute the
    revocation status information.

10. Acknowledgments

 These requirements have been refined after some valuable inputs from
 Trevor Freeman, Paul Hoffman, Ambarish Malpani, Mike Myers, Tim Polk,
 and Peter Sylvester.

Pinkas & Housley Informational [Page 12] RFC 3379 DPV and DPD Protocol Requirements September 2002

11. References

11.1. Normative References

 [PKIX-1]   Housley, R., Ford, W., Polk, W. and D. Solo, "Internet
            X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and CRL
            Profile", RFC 3280, April 2002.
 [OCSP]     Myers, M., Ankney, R., Malpani, A., Galperin, S. and C.
            Adams, "X.509 Internet Public Key Infrastructure Online
            Certificate Status Protocol - OCSP", RFC 2560, June 1999.

11.2. Informative References

 [ES-F]     Pinkas, D., Ross, J. and N. Pope, "Electronic Signature
            Formats for long term electronic signatures", RFC 3126,
            September 2001.
 [ES-P]     Pinkas, D., Ross, J. and N. Pope, "Electronic Signature
            Policies", RFC 3125, September 2001.
 [ESS]      Hoffman, P., "Enhanced Security Services for S/MIME", RFC
            2634, June 1999.
 [ISO-X509] ISO/IEC 9594-8/ITU-T Recommendation X.509, "Information
            Technology - Open Systems Interconnection: The Directory:
            Authentication Framework," 1997 edition.
 [FTP&HTTP] Housley, R. and P. Hoffman, "Internet X.509 Public Key
            Infrastructure. Operational Protocols: FTP and HTTP", RFC
            2585, May 1999.
 [LDAP]     Boeyen, S., Howes, T. and P. Richard, "Internet X.509
            Public Key Infrastructure Operational Protocols LDAPv2",
            RFC 2559, April 1999.

Pinkas & Housley Informational [Page 13] RFC 3379 DPV and DPD Protocol Requirements September 2002

12. Authors' Addresses

 Denis Pinkas
 Bull
 Rue Jean-Jaures - BP 68
 78340 Les Clayes-sous-Bois
 FRANCE
 EMail: Denis.Pinkas@bull.net
 Russell Housley
 RSA Laboratories
 918 Spring Knoll Drive
 Herndon, VA 20170
 USA
 EMail: rhousley@rsasecurity.com

Pinkas & Housley Informational [Page 14] RFC 3379 DPV and DPD Protocol Requirements September 2002

13. Full Copyright Statement

 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002).  All Rights Reserved.
 This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
 others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
 or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
 and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
 kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
 included on all such copies and derivative works.  However, this
 document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
 the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
 Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
 developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
 copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
 followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
 English.
 The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
 revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
 This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
 "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
 TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
 BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
 HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
 MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Acknowledgement

 Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
 Internet Society.

Pinkas & Housley Informational [Page 15]

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