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rfc:rfc3134

Network Working Group J. Dunn Request for Comments: 3134 C. Martin Category: Informational ANC, Inc.

                                                             June 2001
                Terminology for ATM ABR Benchmarking

Status of this Memo

 This memo provides information for the Internet community.  It does
 not specify an Internet standard of any kind.  Distribution of this
 memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2001).  All Rights Reserved.

Abstract

 This memo discusses and defines terms associated with performance
 benchmarking tests and the results of these tests in the context of
 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) based switching devices supporting
 ABR (Available Bit Rate).  The terms defined in this memo will be
 used in addition to terms defined in RFCs 1242, 2285, and 2544 and
 2761.  This memo is a product of the Benchmarking Methodology Working
 Group (BMWG) of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).

1. Introduction

 This document provides terminology for benchmarking ATM based
 switching devices supporting ABR.  It extends terminology already
 defined for benchmarking network interconnect devices in RFC's 1242,
 2285, and 2544 and 2761.  Although some of the definitions in this
 memo may be applicable to a broader group of network interconnect
 devices, the primary focus of the terminology in this memo is on ATM
 ABR.
 This memo contains two major sections: Background and Definitions.
 The background section provides the reader with an overview of the
 technology and IETF formalisms.  The definitions section is split
 into two sub-sections.  The formal definitions sub-section is
 provided as a courtesy to the reader.  The measurement definitions
 sub-section contains performance metrics with inherent units.
 This document assumes that necessary services are available and
 active.  For example, IP connectivity requires SSCOP connectivity
 between signaling entities.  Further, it is assumed that the SUT has

Dunn & Martin Informational [Page 1] RFC 3134 Terminology for ATM ABR Benchmarking June 2001

 the ability to configure ATM addresses (via hard coded addresses,
 ILMI or PNNI neighbor discovery), has the ability to run SSCOP, and
 has the ability to perform signaled call setups (via UNI or PNNI
 signaling).  Finally, this document presents only the terminology
 associated with benchmarking IP performance over ATM; therefore, it
 does not represent a total compilation of ATM test terminology.
 The BMWG produces two major classes of documents: Benchmarking
 Terminology documents and Benchmarking Methodology documents.  The
 Terminology documents present the benchmarks and other related terms.
 The Methodology documents define the procedures required to collect
 the benchmarks cited in the corresponding Terminology documents.

2. Existing Definitions.

 RFC 1242, "Benchmarking Terminology for Network Interconnect
 Devices", should be consulted before attempting to make use of this
 document.  RFC 2544, "Benchmarking Methodology for Network
 Interconnect Devices", contains discussions of a number of terms
 relevant to the benchmarking of switching devices and should be
 consulted.  RFC 2285, "Benchmarking Terminology for LAN Switching
 Devices", contains a number of terms pertaining to traffic
 distributions and datagram interarrival.  RFC 2761, "Terminology for
 ATM Benchmarking", contains a number terms pertaining to traffic
 management [TM4.0, TM4.1].  Many of the metrics defined in RFC 2761
 (e.g., CDV, CER, CLR, CMR, and CTD) also apply to ABR performance
 benchmarking.  These metrics will not be redefined in this document.
 For the sake of clarity and continuity, this RFC adopts the template
 for definitions set out in Section 2 of RFC 1242.

II. Definitions

 The definitions presented in this section have been divided into two
 groups.  The first group is formal definitions, which are required in
 the definitions of the performance metrics but are not themselves
 strictly metrics.  These definitions are subsumed from other work
 done in other working groups both inside and outside the IETF.  They
 are provided as a courtesy to the reader.

1. Formal Definitions

1.1. Definition Format (from RFC 1242)

 Term to be defined.
 Definition: The specific definition for the term.

Dunn & Martin Informational [Page 2] RFC 3134 Terminology for ATM ABR Benchmarking June 2001

 Discussion: A brief discussion of the term, its application and any
 restrictions on measurement procedures.
 Specification: The working group and document in which the terms are
 specified and are listed in the references section.

1.2. Related Definitions.

1.2.1. Allowed Cell Rate (ACR)

 Definition: An ABR service parameter, ACR is the current rate
 (cells/second) at which a source is allowed to send.
 Discussion: For ABR traffic, ACR constitutes the actual data
 throughput for a particular VC.  The time change of this value
 effects TCP round trip time calculations, which in turn effects TCP
 throughput.
 Specification: AF-TM4.0

1.2.2. ACR Decrease Time Factor (ADTF)

 Definition: This is the time permitted between sending RM-cells
 before the rate is decreased to ICR (Initial Cell Rate). The time
 units are .01 to 10.23 seconds with a granularity of 10 ms.
 Discussion: For ABR traffic, ADTF constitutes the time rate of the
 ACR.  This value effects TCP round trip time calculations, which in
 turn effects TCP throughput.
 Specification: AF-TM4.0

1.2.3. Additive Increase Rate (AIR)

 Definition: An ABR service parameter, AIR controls the rate at which
 the cell transmission rate increases.  It is signaled as AIRF, where
     AIRF = AIR*Nrm/PCR.
 Discussion: For ABR traffic, AIR effects the time rate of change of
 the ACR.  This value effects TCP round trip time calculations, which
 in turn effects TCP throughput.
 Specification: AF-TM4.0

1.2.4. Additive Increase Rate Factor (AIRF)

 Definition: Refer to AIR.

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 Discussion: Refer to AIR.
 Specification: AF-TM4.0

1.2.5. Available Bit Rate (ABR)

 Definition: ABR is an ATM layer service category for which the
 limiting ATM layer transfer characteristics provided by the network
 may change subsequent to connection establishment.  A flow control
 mechanism is specified which supports several types of feedback to
 control the source rate in response to changing ATM layer transfer
 characteristics.
 Discussion: It is expected that an end-system that adapts its traffic
 in accordance with the feedback will experience a low cell loss ratio
 and obtain a fair share of the available bandwidth according to a
 network specific allocation policy.  Cell delay variation is not
 controlled in this service, although admitted cells are not delayed
 unnecessarily.
 Specification: AF-TM4.1

1.2.6. Available Bit Rate (ABR) Compliance (Conformance)

 Definition: ABR connection conformance refers to the behavior
 specified for ABR destination and switches, but allows for delays
 between the source and the UNI [UNI3.1, UNI4.0], which may perturb
 the traffic flow.
 Discussion: The cells on an ABR connection applies to CLP=0 cells,
 which are tested upon arrival.  At the arrival point, each cell is
 identified as conforming or non-conforming.  The minimal conformance
 definition for ABR is GCRA((1/PCR),t1), where PCR is defined for
 CLP=0 flow.
 Specification: AF-TM4.1

1.2.7. BN

 Definition: The BN bit in the RM-cell indicated whether the RM-cell
 is a BECN cell or not.
 Discussion: If BN=0, the RM cells were generated by the source.  If
 BN=1, the RM cells were generated by the destination or a switch.
 Specification: AF-TM4.1

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1.2.8. CCR

 Definition: The CCR field in the RM-cell is set by the source to its
 current ACR.  CCR is formatted as a rate.
 Discussion: For BECN cells, CCR=0.
 Specification: AF-TM4.1

1.2.9. Cell Blocks (CB)

 Definition: Cell blocks are a sequence of N cells transmitted
 consecutively on a given connection.
 Discussion: A cell block will normally correspond to the number of
 information cells transmitted between successive OAM cells.
 Specification: AF-TM4.1

1.2.10. Congestion Indication (CI)

 Definition: The CI bit in the RM-cell allows a network element to
 indicate that there is congestion in the network.
 Discussion: When the source receives a backward RM-cell with CI=1,
 ACR is decreased.  When the destination turns around a forward RM-
 cell, the CI is set to 1 to indicate that the previously received
 data cell had the EFCI state set.
 Specification: AF-TM4.1

1.2.11. Cutoff Decrease Factor (CDF)

 Definition: CDF controls the decrease in ACR (Allowed Cell Rate)
 associated with CRM (missing RM cell count).
 Discussion: For ABR traffic, CDF effects the time rate of change of
 the ACR.  This value effects TCP round trip time calculations, which
 in turn effects TCP throughput.
 Specification: AF-TM4.0

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1.2.12. DIR

 Definition: The DIR bit in the RM-cell indicates which direction of
 data flow is associated with the RM-cell.  DIR is changed from 0 to 1
 when an RM-cell is turned around at the destination.
 Discussion: A forward RM-cell is indicated by DIR=0 and is associated
 with data cells flowing in the same direction.  A backward RM-cell is
 indicated by DIR=1 and is associated with data cells flowing in the
 opposite direction.
 Specification: AF-TM4.1

1.2.13. Explicit Rate (ER)

 Definition: The ER field in the RM-cell is used to limit the source
 ACR to a specific value.  For each RM-cell, ER is set by the source
 to a requested rate (e.g., PCR).  It may be reduced by any network
 element in the path to a value that the element can sustain.  ER is
 formatted as a rate.
 Discussion: None.
 Specification: AF-TM4.1

1.2.14. Feedback

 Definition: Information carried in the backward RM-cells provided by
 the network elements and/or the destination back to the source.
 Discussion: Feedback may include information in the ER field, or the
 CI or NI bits of each backward RM-cell.
 Specification: AF-TM4.1

1.2.15. Ideal Transmission Time (ITT)

 Definition: The transmission time for ABR CLP=0 cells, if the
 difference between itself and the transmission time for the previous
 CLP=0 cell on the connection is greater than or equal to the minimum:
 a) the inverse of the ACR in effect immediately after the
 transmission time of the first of the two cells b) the inverse of the
 ACR in effect immediately before the transmission time of the second
 of the two cells.
 Discussion: The transmission time for the first cell on the
 connection is automatically an ITT.

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 Specification: AF-TM4.1

1.2.16. Initial Cell Rate (ICR)

 Definition: An ABR service parameter, in cells/sec, that is the rate
 at which a source should send initially and after an idle period.
 Discussion: none.
 Specification: AF-TM4.0

1.2.17. In-Rate Cells

 Definition: In-Rate ABR cells are sent with CLP=0.
 Discussion: ABR RM-cells shall be sent with CLP=0 except in certain
 circumstances, See Out-of-Rate Cells.  All other ABR cells shall be
 sent with CLP=0.
 Specification: AF-TM4.1

1.2.18. Minimum Cell Rate (MCR)

 Definition: An ABR service traffic descriptor, in cells/sec, that is
 the rate at which the source is always allowed to send.
 Discussion: MCR may be set to zero.  The bandwidth available from the
 network may vary, but shall not become less than MCR.
 Specification: AF-TM4.1

1.2.19. Mrm

 Definition: An ABR service parameter that controls allocation of
 bandwidth between forward W-cells, backward RM-cells, and data cells.
 Discussion: none.
 Specification: AF-TM4.0

1.2.20. No Increase (NI)

 Definition: The NI bit in the RM-cell is used to prevent a source
 from increasing its ACR.  NI does not require any decrease in value.
 Discussion: None.
 Specification: AF-TM4.0

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1.2.21. Nrm

 Definition: An ABR service parameter, Nrm is the maximum number of
 cells a source may send for each forward RM-cell.
 Discussion: none.
 Specification: AF-TM4.0

1.2.22. Out-of-Rate Cells

 Definition: Out-of-Rate ABR cells are sent with CLP=1.
 Discussion: This may be used to enable a rate increase for a
 connection that has an ACR=0.  The source would generate out-of-rate
 cells to probe the network to learn when it may increase its rate.
 Specification: AF-TM4.1

1.2.23. Rate Decrease Factor (RDF)

 Definition: An ABR service parameter, RDF controls the decrease in
 the cell transmission rate.  RDF is a power of 2 from 1/32,768 to 1.
 Discussion: For ABR traffic, RDF effects the time rate of change of
 the ACR.  This value effects TCP round trip time calculations, which
 in turn effects TCP throughput.
 Specification: AF-TM4.0

1.2.24. Rate Increase Factor (RIF)

 Definition: This controls the amount by which the cell transmission
 rate may increase upon receipt of a RM-cell.  The additive increase
 rate AIR=PCR*RIF.  RIF is a power of 2, ranging from 1/32,768 to 1.
 Discussion: For ABR traffic, RIF effects the time rate of change of
 the ACR.  This value effects TCP round trip time calculations, which
 in turn effects TCP throughput.
 Specification: AF-TM4.0

1.2.25. Resource Management (RM) Cells

 Definition: RM cells are used to convey network status  (available
 bandwidth, congestion levels) and request peak cell rates for ATM
 blocks.  The RM cell has the following format:

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 Header: 5 bytes, same as the ATM cell header Protocol ID: 3 bytes,
 protocol ID value is 1 for ABR service Function specific field: 45
 bytes, data required for the specific protocol (See DIR, BN, CI, NI,
 ER, CCR, and MCR for field information.)  Rsvd: 6 bytes, reserved for
 future specification EDC: 10 bytes, CRC-10 error detection code
 computed over the cell payload .ti6 (except the CRC-10 field) and
 used to check for data corruption
 Discussion: RM information can exist at the VP and/or VC level.  VP
 level cells are identified with a VCI value of 6.  VC level cells are
 identified with a PT of 6.  See DIR, BN, CI, NI, ER, CCR, and MCR for
 additional protocol field information.
 Specification: AF-TM4.0

1.2.26. Severely Errored Cell Block (SECB)

 Definition: A severely cell block outcome occurs when more than M
 errored cells, lost cells, or misinserted cell outcomes are observed
 in a received cell block.
 Discussion: none.
 Specification: AF-TM4.1

1.2.27. Tagged Cell Rate (TCR)

 Definition: An ABR service parameter, TCR limits the rate at which a
 source may send out-of-rate forward RM-cells.  TCR is a constant
 fixed at 10 cells/second.
 Discussion: none.
 Specification: AF-TM4.0

1.2.28. TDF

 Definition: An ABR service parameter, TDF controls the decrease in
 ACR associated with TOF.  TDF is signaled as TDFF, where TDF=TDFF/RDF
 times the smallest power of 2 greater or equal to PCR.  TDF is in
 units of 1/seconds.
 Discussion: For ABR traffic, TDF effects the time rate of change of
 the ACR.  This value effects TCP round trip time calculations, which
 in turn effects TCP throughput.
 Specification: AF-TM4.0

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1.2.29. TDFF

 Definition: Refer to TDF.  TDFF is either zero or a power of two in
 the range 1/64 to 1 in units of 1 /cells.
 Discussion: Refer to TDF.
 Specification: AF-TM4.0
 1.2.30. Time Out Factor (TOF)
 Definition: An ABR service parameter, TOF controls the maximum time
 permitted between sending forward RM-cells before a rate decrease is
 required.  It is signaled as TOFF where TOF=TOFF+1.  TOFF is a power
 of 2 in the range: 1/8 to 4,096.
 Discussion: For ABR traffic, TOF effects the time rate of change of
 the ACR.  This value effects TCP round trip time calculations, which
 in turn effects TCP throughput.
 Specification: AF-TM4.0

1.2.31. Time Out Factor (TOFF)

 Definition: Refer to TOF.
 Discussion: none.
 Specification: AF-TM4.0

1.2.32. Trm

 Definition: An ABR service parameter that provides an upper bound on
 the time between forward RM-cells for an active source.  It is 100
 times a power of two with a range of 100*2-7 to 100*20
 Discussion: For ABR traffic, Trm effects the time rate of change of
 the ACR.  This value effects TCP round trip time calculations, which
 in turn effects TCP throughput.
 Specification: AF-TM4.0

1.2.33. Virtual Source/Virtual Destination (VSND)

 Definition: An ABR connection may be divided into two or more
 separately controlled ABR segments.  Each ABR control segment, except
 the first, is sourced by a virtual source.  A virtual source
 implements the behavior of an ABR source endpoint.  Backward RM-cells

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 received by a virtual source are removed from the connection.  Each
 ABR control segment, except the last, is terminated by a virtual
 destination.  A virtual destination assumes the behavior of an ABR
 destination endpoint.  Forward RM-cells received by a virtual
 destination are turned around and not forwarded to the next segment
 of the connection.
 Discussion: none.
 Specification: AF-TM4.0

1.2.34. Xrm Decrease Factor (XDM)

 Definition: An ABR service parameter, XDF controls the decrease in
 ACR associated with Xrm.  It is a power of two in range: [0, 1].
 Discussion: For ABR traffic, XDM effects the time rate of change of
 the ACR.  This value effects TCP round trip time calculations, which
 in turn effects TCP throughput.
 Specification: AF-TM4.0

1.2.35. Xrm

 Definition: An ABR service parameter, Xrm limits the number of
 forward RM-cells which may be sent in the absence of received
 backward PM-cells.  The range is 0-255.
 Discussion: For ABR traffic, Xrm effects the time rate of change of
 the ACR.  This value effects TCP round trip time calculations, which
 in turn effects TCP throughput.
 Specification: AF-TM4.0

2. Performance Metrics

2.1. Definition Format (from RFC 1242)

 Metric to be defined.
 Definition: The specific definition for the metric.
 Discussion: A brief discussion of the metric, its application and any
 restrictions on measurement procedures.
 Measurement units: Intrinsic units used to quantify this metric.
 This includes subsidiary units; e.g., microseconds are acceptable if
 the intrinsic unit is seconds.

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2.2. Definitions

2.2.1. ABR Rate Decrease Response Time (ARDRT)

 Definition: The amount of time required by the SUT to adjust its
 transmission rate based on an ABR rate decrease request.
 Discussion:  During the ARDRT, cells transmitted by the SUT may be
 dropped by the network due to traffic policing.  These dropped cells
 may contain a portion of an IP datagram.  This may cause IP and TCP
 packet loss.
 Measurement Units: seconds

2.2.2. ABR Rate Increase Response Time (ARIRT)

 Definition: The amount of time required by the SUT to adjust its
 transmission rate based on an ABR rate increase request.
 Discussion: During the ARIRT, the SUT will not fully utilize the
 available bandwidth.  This will negatively impact IP and TCP
 throughput.
 Measurement Units: seconds

2.2.3. RM-Cell Delay Variation (RM-CDV)

 Definition: The variation in RM-cell transfer delay (RM-CTD) of RM-
 cells associated with a given traffic load, orientation and
 distribution, as well as an integration period.  RM-CDV = max (RM-
 CTD) - min (RM-CTD) where max and min indicate the maximum and
 minimum over the integration period, respectively.
 Discussion:  RM-CDV is a component of RM-cell transfer delay, induced
 by buffering and RM-cell scheduling.
 RM-CDV effects the time required to notify the source of a change in
 the condition of the network.  This in turn effects TCP round trip
 time calculations. Large values of RM-CDV will adversely effect TCP
 throughput and cause SAR timeout.
 Measurement Units: seconds

2.2.4. RM-Cell Error Ratio (RM-CER)

 Definition: The ratio of RM-cells with payload errors in a
 transmission in relation to the total number of RM-cells sent in a
 transmission associated with a given traffic load, orientation and

Dunn & Martin Informational [Page 12] RFC 3134 Terminology for ATM ABR Benchmarking June 2001

 distribution, as well as an integration period. Note that errors
 occurring in the RM-cell header will cause RM-cell loss at the ATM
 layer. Note further that multiple errors in a payload will only be
 counted as one cell payload error.
   RM-CER = RM-Cells with payload errors / Total RM-Cells Transmitted.
 Discussion: The measurement is taken over a time interval and is
 desirable to be measured on an in-service circuit. RM-CER effects the
 time required to notify the source of a change in the condition of
 the network. This in turn effects TCP round trip time calculations.
 Large values of RM-CER will adversely effect TCP throughput and cause
 SAR timeout.
 Measurement Units: dimensionless.

2.2.5. RM-Cell Loss Ratio (RM-CLR)

 Definition: The ratio of lost RM-cells in a transmission in relation
 to the total RM-cells sent in a transmission associated with a given
 traffic load, orientation and distribution, as well as an integration
 period.
    RM-CLR = Lost RM-Cells / Total RM-Cells Transmitted.
 Discussion: The objective is to minimize RM-CLR.  It is expressed as
 an order of magnitude, having a range of 10^-1 to 10^-15 and
 unspecified.
 RM-CLR effects the time required to notify the source of a change in
 the condition of the network.  This in turn effects TCP round trip
 time calculations.  Large values of RM-CLR will adversely effect TCP
 throughput and cause SAR timeout.
 Measurement Units: dimensionless.

2.2.6. RM-Cell Misinsertion Ratio (RM-CMR)

 Definition: The ratio of RM-cells received at an endpoint that were
 not originally transmitted by the source end in relation to the total
 number of RM-cells properly transmitted associated with a given
 traffic load, orientation and distribution, as well as an integration
 period.
    RM-CMR = Misinserted RM-Cells / Total RM-Cells Transmitted.

Dunn & Martin Informational [Page 13] RFC 3134 Terminology for ATM ABR Benchmarking June 2001

 Discussion: The measurement is taken over a time interval and is
 desirable to be measured on an in-service circuit.
 RM-CMR effects the time required to notify the source of a change in
 the condition of the network.  This in turn effects TCP round trip
 time calculations.  Large values of RM-CMR will adversely effect TCP
 throughput and cause SAR timeout.
 Measurement Units: dimensionless.

2.2.7. RM-CRC Error Ratio

 Definition: The ratio of RM-cells received at an endpoint which
 contain an invalid CRC in relation to the total number of RM-cells
 properly transmitted associated with a given traffic load,
 orientation and distribution, as well as an integration period.
 Discussion: RM-CRC errors cause ATM RM-cells to be lost.
 RM-CRC effects the time required to notify the source of a change in
 the condition of the network.  This in turn effects TCP round trip
 time calculations.  Large values of RM-CRC will adversely effect TCP
 throughput and cause SAR timeout.
 Measurement Units: dimensionless

2.2.8. RM-Cell Transfer Delay (RM-CTD)

 Definition: The elapsed time between a RM-cell exit event at the
 measurement point 1 (e.g., at the source UNI) and the corresponding
 RM-cell entry event at a measurement point 2 (e.g., the destination
 UNI) for a particular connection.
 Discussion: The RM-cell transfer delay between two measurement points
 is the sum of the total inter-ATM node transmission delay and the
 total ATM node processing delay.  This number is a constant and
 should not adversely effect performance.
 Measurement units: seconds

2.2.9. Severely Errored Cell Block Ratio (SECBR)

 Definition: The ratio of severely errored cell blocks in a
 transmission in relation to the total cell blocks sent in a
 transmission associated with a given traffic load, orientation and
 distribution, as well as an integration period.
    SECBR = Severely Errored Cell Blocks/Total Transmitted Cell Blocks

Dunn & Martin Informational [Page 14] RFC 3134 Terminology for ATM ABR Benchmarking June 2001

 Discussion: SECBR may cause the SUT to drop cells that may contain a
 portion of an IP datagram.  This may cause IP and TCP packet loss.
 Measurement Units: dimensionless.

3. Security Considerations

 As this document is solely for providing terminology and describes
 neither a protocol nor an implementation, there are no security
 considerations associated with this document.

4. References

 [AF-TM4.0]  ATM Forum, Traffic Management Specification Version 4.0,
             af-tm-0056.00, April 1996.
 [AF-TM4.1]  ATM Forum, Traffic Management Specification Version 4.1,
             af-tm-0121.000, March 1999.
 [AF-UNI3.1] ATM Forum, User Network Interface Specification Version
             3.1, September 1994.
 [AF-UNI4.0] ATM Forum, User Network Interface Specification Version
             4.0, July 1996.

5. Editors' Addresses

 Jeffrey Dunn
 Advanced Network Consultants, Inc.
 4214 Crest Place
 Ellicott City, MD 21043 USA
 Phone: +1 (410) 750-1700
 EMail: Jeffrey.Dunn@worldnet.att.net
 Cynthia Martin
 Advanced Network Consultants, Inc.
 4214 Crest Place
 Ellicott City, MD 21043 USA
 Phone: +1 (410) 750-1700
 EMail: Cynthia.E.Martin@worldnet.att.net

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Full Copyright Statement

 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2001).  All Rights Reserved.
 This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
 others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
 or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
 and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
 kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
 included on all such copies and derivative works.  However, this
 document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
 the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
 Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
 developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
 copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
 followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
 English.
 The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
 revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
 This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
 "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
 TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
 BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
 HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
 MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Acknowledgement

 Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
 Internet Society.

Dunn & Martin Informational [Page 16]

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