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rfc:rfc2414

Network Working Group M. Allman Request for Comments: 2414 NASA Lewis/Sterling Software Category: Experimental S. Floyd

                                                                  LBNL
                                                          C. Partridge
                                                      BBN Technologies
                                                        September 1998
                  Increasing TCP's Initial Window

Status of this Memo

 This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
 community.  It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind.
 Discussion and suggestions for improvement are requested.
 Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998).  All Rights Reserved.

Abstract

 This document specifies an increase in the permitted initial window
 for TCP from one segment to roughly 4K bytes.  This document
 discusses the advantages and disadvantages of such a change,
 outlining experimental results that indicate the costs and benefits
 of such a change to TCP.

Terminology

 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
 document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

1. TCP Modification

 This document specifies an increase in the permitted upper bound for
 TCP's initial window from one segment to between two and four
 segments.  In most cases, this change results in an upper bound on
 the initial window of roughly 4K bytes (although given a large
 segment size, the permitted initial window of two segments could be
 significantly larger than 4K bytes).  The upper bound for the initial
 window is given more precisely in (1):
        min (4*MSS, max (2*MSS, 4380 bytes))               (1)

Allman, et. al. Experimental [Page 1] RFC 2414 Increasing TCP's Initial Window September 1998

 Equivalently, the upper bound for the initial window size is based on
 the maximum segment size (MSS), as follows:
      If (MSS <= 1095 bytes)
          then win <= 4 * MSS;
      If (1095 bytes < MSS < 2190 bytes)
          then win <= 4380;
      If (2190 bytes <= MSS)
          then win <= 2 * MSS;
 This increased initial window is optional: that a TCP MAY start with
 a larger initial window, not that it SHOULD.
 This upper bound for the initial window size represents a change from
 RFC 2001 [S97], which specifies that the congestion window be
 initialized to one segment.  If implementation experience proves
 successful, then the intent is for this change to be incorporated
 into a revision to RFC 2001.
 This change applies to the initial window of the connection in the
 first round trip time (RTT) of transmission following the TCP three-
 way handshake.  Neither the SYN/ACK nor its acknowledgment (ACK) in
 the three-way handshake should increase the initial window size above
 that outlined in equation (1).  If the SYN or SYN/ACK is lost, the
 initial window used by a sender after a correctly transmitted SYN
 MUST be one segment.
 TCP implementations use slow start in as many as three different
 ways: (1) to start a new connection (the initial window); (2) to
 restart a transmission after a long idle period (the restart window);
 and (3) to restart after a retransmit timeout (the loss window).  The
 change proposed in this document affects the value of the initial
 window.  Optionally, a TCP MAY set the restart window to the minimum
 of the value used for the initial window and the current value of
 cwnd (in other words, using a larger value for the restart window
 should never increase the size of cwnd).  These changes do NOT change
 the loss window, which must remain 1 segment (to permit the lowest
 possible window size in the case of severe congestion).

2. Implementation Issues

 When larger initial windows are implemented along with Path MTU
 Discovery [MD90], and the MSS being used is found to be too large,
 the congestion window `cwnd' SHOULD be reduced to prevent large
 bursts of smaller segments.  Specifically, `cwnd' SHOULD be reduced
 by the ratio of the old segment size to the new segment size.

Allman, et. al. Experimental [Page 2] RFC 2414 Increasing TCP's Initial Window September 1998

 When larger initial windows are implemented along with Path MTU
 Discovery [MD90], alternatives are to set the "Don't Fragment" (DF)
 bit in all segments in the initial window, or to set the "Don't
 Fragment" (DF) bit in one of the segments.  It is an open question
 which of these two alternatives is best; we would hope that
 implementation experiences will shed light on this.  In the first
 case of setting the DF bit in all segments, if the initial packets
 are too large, then all of the initial packets will be dropped in the
 network.  In the second case of setting the DF bit in only one
 segment, if the initial packets are too large, then all but one of
 the initial packets will be fragmented in the network.  When the
 second case is followed, setting the DF bit in the last segment in
 the initial window provides the least chance for needless
 retransmissions when the initial segment size is found to be too
 large, because it minimizes the chances of duplicate ACKs triggering
 a Fast Retransmit.  However, more attention needs to be paid to the
 interaction between larger initial windows and Path MTU Discovery.
 The larger initial window proposed in this document is not intended
 as an encouragement for web browsers to open multiple simultaneous
 TCP connections all with large initial windows.  When web browsers
 open simultaneous TCP connections to the same destination, this works
 against TCP's congestion control mechanisms [FF98], regardless of the
 size of the initial window.  Combining this behavior with larger
 initial windows further increases the unfairness to other traffic in
 the network.

3. Advantages of Larger Initial Windows

 1.  When the initial window is one segment, a receiver employing
     delayed ACKs [Bra89] is forced to wait for a timeout before
     generating an ACK.  With an initial window of at least two
     segments, the receiver will generate an ACK after the second data
     segment arrives.  This eliminates the wait on the timeout (often
     up to 200 msec).
 2.  For connections transmitting only a small amount of data, a
     larger initial window reduces the transmission time (assuming at
     most moderate segment drop rates).  For many email (SMTP [Pos82])
     and web page (HTTP [BLFN96, FJGFBL97]) transfers that are less
     than 4K bytes, the larger initial window would reduce the data
     transfer time to a single RTT.
 3.  For connections that will be able to use large congestion
     windows, this modification eliminates up to three RTTs and a
     delayed ACK timeout during the initial slow-start phase.  This

Allman, et. al. Experimental [Page 3] RFC 2414 Increasing TCP's Initial Window September 1998

     would be of particular benefit for high-bandwidth large-
     propagation-delay TCP connections, such as those over satellite
     links.

4. Disadvantages of Larger Initial Windows for the Individual

  Connection
 In high-congestion environments, particularly for routers that have a
 bias against bursty traffic (as in the typical Drop Tail router
 queues), a TCP connection can sometimes be better off starting with
 an initial window of one segment.  There are scenarios where a TCP
 connection slow-starting from an initial window of one segment might
 not have segments dropped, while a TCP connection starting with an
 initial window of four segments might experience unnecessary
 retransmits due to the inability of the router to handle small
 bursts.  This could result in an unnecessary retransmit timeout.  For
 a large-window connection that is able to recover without a
 retransmit timeout, this could result in an unnecessarily-early
 transition from the slow-start to the congestion-avoidance phase of
 the window increase algorithm.  These premature segment drops are
 unlikely to occur in uncongested networks with sufficient buffering
 or in moderately-congested networks where the congested router uses
 active queue management (such as Random Early Detection [FJ93,
 RFC2309]).
 Some TCP connections will receive better performance with the higher
 initial window even if the burstiness of the initial window results
 in premature segment drops.  This will be true if (1) the TCP
 connection recovers from the segment drop without a retransmit
 timeout, and (2) the TCP connection is ultimately limited to a small
 congestion window by either network congestion or by the receiver's
 advertised window.

5. Disadvantages of Larger Initial Windows for the Network

 In terms of the potential for congestion collapse, we consider two
 separate potential dangers for the network.  The first danger would
 be a scenario where a large number of segments on congested links
 were duplicate segments that had already been received at the
 receiver.  The second danger would be a scenario where a large number
 of segments on congested links were segments that would be dropped
 later in the network before reaching their final destination.
 In terms of the negative effect on other traffic in the network, a
 potential disadvantage of larger initial windows would be that they
 increase the general packet drop rate in the network.  We discuss
 these three issues below.

Allman, et. al. Experimental [Page 4] RFC 2414 Increasing TCP's Initial Window September 1998

 Duplicate segments:
     As described in the previous section, the larger initial window
     could occasionally result in a segment dropped from the initial
     window, when that segment might not have been dropped if the
     sender had slow-started from an initial window of one segment.
     However, Appendix A shows that even in this case, the larger
     initial window would not result in the transmission of a large
     number of duplicate segments.
 Segments dropped later in the network:
     How much would the larger initial window for TCP increase the
     number of segments on congested links that would be dropped
     before reaching their final destination?  This is a problem that
     can only occur for connections with multiple congested links,
     where some segments might use scarce bandwidth on the first
     congested link along the path, only to be dropped later along the
     path.
     First, many of the TCP connections will have only one congested
     link along the path.  Segments dropped from these connections do
     not "waste" scarce bandwidth, and do not contribute to congestion
     collapse.
     However, some network paths will have multiple congested links,
     and segments dropped from the initial window could use scarce
     bandwidth along the earlier congested links before ultimately
     being dropped on subsequent congested links.  To the extent that
     the drop rate is independent of the initial window used by TCP
     segments, the problem of congested links carrying segments that
     will be dropped before reaching their destination will be similar
     for TCP connections that start by sending four segments or one
     segment.
 An increased packet drop rate:
     For a network with a high segment drop rate, increasing the TCP
     initial window could increase the segment drop rate even further.
     This is in part because routers with Drop Tail queue management
     have difficulties with bursty traffic in times of congestion.
     However, given uncorrelated arrivals for TCP connections, the
     larger TCP initial window should not significantly increase the
     segment drop rate.  Simulation-based explorations of these issues
     are discussed in Section 7.2.

Allman, et. al. Experimental [Page 5] RFC 2414 Increasing TCP's Initial Window September 1998

 These potential dangers for the network are explored in simulations
 and experiments described in the section below.  Our judgement would
 be, while there are dangers of congestion collapse in the current
 Internet (see [FF98] for a discussion of the dangers of congestion
 collapse from an increased deployment of UDP connections without
 end-to-end congestion control), there is no such danger to the
 network from increasing the TCP initial window to 4K bytes.

6. Typical Levels of Burstiness for TCP Traffic.

 Larger TCP initial windows would not dramatically increase the
 burstiness of TCP traffic in the Internet today, because such traffic
 is already fairly bursty.  Bursts of two and three segments are
 already typical of TCP [Flo97]; A delayed ACK (covering two
 previously unacknowledged segments) received during congestion
 avoidance causes the congestion window to slide and two segments to
 be sent.  The same delayed ACK received during slow start causes the
 window to slide by two segments and then be incremented by one
 segment, resulting in a three-segment burst.  While not necessarily
 typical, bursts of four and five segments for TCP are not rare.
 Assuming delayed ACKs, a single dropped ACK causes the subsequent ACK
 to cover four previously unacknowledged segments.  During congestion
 avoidance this leads to a four-segment burst and during slow start a
 five-segment burst is generated.
 There are also changes in progress that reduce the performance
 problems posed by moderate traffic bursts.  One such change is the
 deployment of higher-speed links in some parts of the network, where
 a burst of 4K bytes can represent a small quantity of data.  A second
 change, for routers with sufficient buffering, is the deployment of
 queue management mechanisms such as RED, which is designed to be
 tolerant of transient traffic bursts.

7. Simulations and Experimental Results

7.1 Studies of TCP Connections using that Larger Initial Window

 This section surveys simulations and experiments that have been used
 to explore the effect of larger initial windows on the TCP connection
 using that larger window.  The first set of experiments explores
 performance over satellite links.  Larger initial windows have been
 shown to improve performance of TCP connections over satellite
 channels [All97b].  In this study, an initial window of four segments
 (512 byte MSS) resulted in throughput improvements of up to 30%
 (depending upon transfer size).  [KAGT98] shows that the use of
 larger initial windows results in a decrease in transfer time in HTTP
 tests over the ACTS satellite system.  A study involving simulations

Allman, et. al. Experimental [Page 6] RFC 2414 Increasing TCP's Initial Window September 1998

 of a large number of HTTP transactions over hybrid fiber coax (HFC)
 indicates that the use of larger initial windows decreases the time
 required to load WWW pages [Nic97].
 A second set of experiments has explored TCP performance over dialup
 modem links.  In experiments over a 28.8 bps dialup channel [All97a,
 AHO98], a four-segment initial window decreased the transfer time of
 a 16KB file by roughly 10%, with no accompanying increase in the drop
 rate.  A particular area of concern has been TCP performance over low
 speed tail circuits (e.g., dialup modem links) with routers with
 small buffers.  A simulation study [SP97] investigated the effects of
 using a larger initial window on a host connected by a slow modem
 link and a router with a 3 packet buffer.  The study concluded that
 for the scenario investigated, the use of larger initial windows was
 not harmful to TCP performance.  Questions have been raised
 concerning the effects of larger initial windows on the transfer time
 for short transfers in this environment, but these effects have not
 been quantified.  A question has also been raised concerning the
 possible effect on existing TCP connections sharing the link.

7.2 Studies of Networks using Larger Initial Windows

 This section surveys simulations and experiments investigating the
 impact of the larger window on other TCP connections sharing the
 path.  Experiments in [All97a, AHO98] show that for 16 KB transfers
 to 100 Internet hosts, four-segment initial windows resulted in a
 small increase in the drop rate of 0.04 segments/transfer.  While the
 drop rate increased slightly, the transfer time was reduced by
 roughly 25% for transfers using the four-segment (512 byte MSS)
 initial window when compared to an initial window of one segment.
 One scenario of concern is heavily loaded links.  For instance, a
 couple of years ago, one of the trans-Atlantic links was so heavily
 loaded that the correct congestion window size for a connection was
 about one segment.  In this environment, new connections using larger
 initial windows would be starting with windows that were four times
 too big.  What would the effects be?  Do connections thrash?
 A simulation study in [PN98] explores the impact of a larger initial
 window on competing network traffic.  In this investigation, HTTP and
 FTP flows share a single congested gateway (where the number of HTTP
 and FTP flows varies from one simulation set to another).  For each
 simulation set, the paper examines aggregate link utilization and
 packet drop rates, median web page delay, and network power for the
 FTP transfers.  The larger initial window generally resulted in
 increased throughput, slightly-increased packet drop rates, and an
 increase in overall network power.  With the exception of one
 scenario, the larger initial window resulted in an increase in the

Allman, et. al. Experimental [Page 7] RFC 2414 Increasing TCP's Initial Window September 1998

 drop rate of less than 1% above the loss rate experienced when using
 a one-segment initial window; in this scenario, the drop rate
 increased from 3.5% with one-segment initial windows, to 4.5% with
 four-segment initial windows.  The overall conclusions were that
 increasing the TCP initial window to three packets (or 4380 bytes)
 helps to improve perceived performance.
 Morris [Mor97] investigated larger initial windows in a very
 congested network with transfers of size 20K.  The loss rate in
 networks where all TCP connections use an initial window of four
 segments is shown to be 1-2% greater than in a network where all
 connections use an initial window of one segment.  This relationship
 held in scenarios where the loss rates with one-segment initial
 windows ranged from 1% to 11%.  In addition, in networks where
 connections used an initial window of four segments, TCP connections
 spent more time waiting for the retransmit timer (RTO) to expire to
 resend a segment than was spent when using an initial window of one
 segment.  The time spent waiting for the RTO timer to expire
 represents idle time when no useful work was being accomplished for
 that connection.  These results show that in a very congested
 environment, where each connection's share of the bottleneck
 bandwidth is close to one segment, using a larger initial window can
 cause a perceptible increase in both loss rates and retransmit
 timeouts.

8. Security Considerations

 This document discusses the initial congestion window permitted for
 TCP connections.  Changing this value does not raise any known new
 security issues with TCP.

9. Conclusion

 This document proposes a small change to TCP that may be beneficial
 to short-lived TCP connections and those over links with long RTTs
 (saving several RTTs during the initial slow-start phase).

10. Acknowledgments

 We would like to acknowledge Vern Paxson, Tim Shepard, members of the
 End-to-End-Interest Mailing List, and members of the IETF TCP
 Implementation Working Group for continuing discussions of these
 issues for discussions and feedback on this document.

Allman, et. al. Experimental [Page 8] RFC 2414 Increasing TCP's Initial Window September 1998

11. References

 [All97a]    Mark Allman.  An Evaluation of TCP with Larger Initial
             Windows.  40th IETF Meeting -- TCP Implementations WG.
             December, 1997.  Washington, DC.
 [AHO98]     Mark Allman, Chris Hayes, and Shawn Ostermann, An
             Evaluation of TCP with Larger Initial Windows, March
             1998.  Submitted to ACM Computer Communication Review.
             URL: "http://gigahertz.lerc.nasa.gov/~mallman/papers/
             initwin.ps".
 [All97b]    Mark Allman.  Improving TCP Performance Over Satellite
             Channels.  Master's thesis, Ohio University, June 1997.
 [BLFN96]    Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and H. Nielsen, "Hypertext
             Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.0", RFC 1945, May 1996.
 [Bra89]     Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts --
             Communication Layers", STD 3, RFC 1122, October 1989.
 [FF96]      Fall, K., and Floyd, S., Simulation-based Comparisons of
             Tahoe, Reno, and SACK TCP.  Computer Communication
             Review, 26(3), July 1996.
 [FF98]      Sally Floyd, Kevin Fall.  Promoting the Use of End-to-End
             Congestion Control in the Internet.  Submitted to IEEE
             Transactions on Networking.  URL "http://www-
             nrg.ee.lbl.gov/floyd/end2end-paper.html".
 [FJGFBL97]  Fielding, R., Mogul, J., Gettys, J., Frystyk, H., and T.
             Berners-Lee, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1",
             RFC 2068, January 1997.
 [FJ93]      Floyd, S., and Jacobson, V., Random Early Detection
             gateways for Congestion Avoidance. IEEE/ACM Transactions
             on Networking, V.1 N.4, August 1993, p. 397-413.
 [Flo94]     Floyd, S., TCP and Explicit Congestion Notification.
             Computer Communication Review, 24(5):10-23, October 1994.
 [Flo96]     Floyd, S., Issues of TCP with SACK. Technical report,
             January 1996.  Available from http://www-
             nrg.ee.lbl.gov/floyd/.
 [Flo97]     Floyd, S., Increasing TCP's Initial Window.  Viewgraphs,
             40th IETF Meeting - TCP Implementations WG. December,
             1997.  URL "ftp://ftp.ee.lbl.gov/talks/sf-tcp-ietf97.ps".

Allman, et. al. Experimental [Page 9] RFC 2414 Increasing TCP's Initial Window September 1998

 [KAGT98]    Hans Kruse, Mark Allman, Jim Griner, Diepchi Tran.  HTTP
             Page Transfer Rates Over Geo-Stationary Satellite Links.
             March 1998.  Proceedings of the Sixth International
             Conference on Telecommunication Systems.  URL
             "http://gigahertz.lerc.nasa.gov/~mallman/papers/nash98.ps".
 [MD90]      Mogul, J., and S. Deering, "Path MTU Discovery", RFC
             1191, November 1990.
 [MMFR96]    Mathis, M., Mahdavi, J., Floyd, S., and A. Romanow, "TCP
             Selective Acknowledgment Options", RFC 2018, October
             1996.
 [Mor97]     Robert Morris.  Private communication, 1997.  Cited for
             acknowledgement purposes only.
 [Nic97]     Kathleen Nichols.  Improving Network Simulation with
             Feedback.  Com21, Inc. Technical Report.  Available from
             http://www.com21.com/pages/papers/068.pdf.
 [PN98]      Poduri, K., and K. Nichols, "Simulation Studies of
             Increased Initial TCP Window Size", RFC 2415, September
             1998.
 [Pos82]     Postel, J., "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", STD 10, RFC
             821, August 1982.
 [RF97]      Ramakrishnan, K., and S. Floyd, "A Proposal to Add
             Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IPv6 and to
             TCP", Work in Progress.
 [RFC2119]   Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
             Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
 [RFC2309]   Braden, B., Clark, D., Crowcroft, J., Davie, B., Deering,
             S., Estrin, D., Floyd, S., Jacobson, V., Minshall, G.,
             Partridge, C., Peterson, L., Ramakrishnan, K., Shenker,
             S., Wroclawski, J., and L.  Zhang, "Recommendations on
             Queue Management and Congestion Avoidance in the
             Internet", RFC 2309, April 1998.
 [S97]       Stevens, W., "TCP Slow Start, Congestion Avoidance, Fast
             Retransmit, and Fast Recovery Algorithms", RFC 2001,
             January 1997.
 [SP97]      Shepard, T., and C. Partridge, "When TCP Starts Up With
             Four Packets Into Only Three Buffers", RFC 2416,
             September 1998.

Allman, et. al. Experimental [Page 10] RFC 2414 Increasing TCP's Initial Window September 1998

12. Author's Addresses

 Mark Allman
 NASA Lewis Research Center/Sterling Software
 21000 Brookpark Road
 MS 54-2
 Cleveland, OH 44135
 EMail: mallman@lerc.nasa.gov
 http://gigahertz.lerc.nasa.gov/~mallman/
 Sally Floyd
 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
 One Cyclotron Road
 Berkeley, CA 94720
 EMail: floyd@ee.lbl.gov
 Craig Partridge
 BBN Technologies
 10 Moulton Street
 Cambridge, MA 02138
 EMail: craig@bbn.com

Allman, et. al. Experimental [Page 11] RFC 2414 Increasing TCP's Initial Window September 1998

13. Appendix - Duplicate Segments

 In the current environment (without Explicit Congestion Notification
 [Flo94] [RF97]), all TCPs use segment drops as indications from the
 network about the limits of available bandwidth.  We argue here that
 the change to a larger initial window should not result in the sender
 retransmitting a large number of duplicate segments that have already
 been received at the receiver.
 If one segment is dropped from the initial window, there are three
 different ways for TCP to recover: (1) Slow-starting from a window of
 one segment, as is done after a retransmit timeout, or after Fast
 Retransmit in Tahoe TCP; (2) Fast Recovery without selective
 acknowledgments (SACK), as is done after three duplicate ACKs in Reno
 TCP; and (3) Fast Recovery with SACK, for TCP where both the sender
 and the receiver support the SACK option [MMFR96].  In all three
 cases, if a single segment is dropped from the initial window, no
 duplicate segments (i.e., segments that have already been received at
 the receiver) are transmitted.  Note that for a TCP sending four
 512-byte segments in the initial window, a single segment drop will
 not require a retransmit timeout, but can be recovered from using the
 Fast Retransmit algorithm (unless the retransmit timer expires
 prematurely).  In addition, a single segment dropped from an initial
 window of three segments might be repaired using the fast retransmit
 algorithm, depending on which segment is dropped and whether or not
 delayed ACKs are used.  For example, dropping the first segment of a
 three segment initial window will always require waiting for a
 timeout.  However, dropping the third segment will always allow
 recovery via the fast retransmit algorithm, as long as no ACKs are
 lost.
 Next we consider scenarios where the initial window contains two to
 four segments, and at least two of those segments are dropped.  If
 all segments in the initial window are dropped, then clearly no
 duplicate segments are retransmitted, as the receiver has not yet
 received any segments.  (It is still a possibility that these dropped
 segments used scarce bandwidth on the way to their drop point; this
 issue was discussed in Section 5.)
 When two segments are dropped from an initial window of three
 segments, the sender will only send a duplicate segment if the first
 two of the three segments were dropped, and the sender does not
 receive a packet with the SACK option acknowledging the third
 segment.
 When two segments are dropped from an initial window of four
 segments, an examination of the six possible scenarios (which we
 don't go through here) shows that, depending on the position of the

Allman, et. al. Experimental [Page 12] RFC 2414 Increasing TCP's Initial Window September 1998

 dropped packets, in the absence of SACK the sender might send one
 duplicate segment.  There are no scenarios in which the sender sends
 two duplicate segments.
 When three segments are dropped from an initial window of four
 segments, then, in the absence of SACK, it is possible that one
 duplicate segment will be sent, depending on the position of the
 dropped segments.
 The summary is that in the absence of SACK, there are some scenarios
 with multiple segment drops from the initial window where one
 duplicate segment will be transmitted.  There are no scenarios where
 more that one duplicate segment will be transmitted.  Our conclusion
 is that the number of duplicate segments transmitted as a result of a
 larger initial window should be small.

Allman, et. al. Experimental [Page 13] RFC 2414 Increasing TCP's Initial Window September 1998

14. Full Copyright Statement

 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998).  All Rights Reserved.
 This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
 others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
 or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
 and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
 kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
 included on all such copies and derivative works.  However, this
 document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
 the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
 Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
 developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
 copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
 followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
 English.
 The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
 revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
 This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
 "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
 TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
 BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
 HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
 MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Allman, et. al. Experimental [Page 14]

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