GENWiki

Premier IT Outsourcing and Support Services within the UK

User Tools

Site Tools


rfc:rfc2409

Network Working Group D. Harkins Request for Comments: 2409 D. Carrel Category: Standards Track cisco Systems

                                                         November 1998
                  The Internet Key Exchange (IKE)

Status of this Memo

 This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
 Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
 improvements.  Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
 Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
 and status of this protocol.  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998).  All Rights Reserved.

Table Of Contents

 1 Abstract........................................................  2
 2 Discussion......................................................  2
 3 Terms and Definitions...........................................  3
 3.1 Requirements Terminology......................................  3
 3.2 Notation......................................................  3
 3.3 Perfect Forward Secrecty......................................  5
 3.4 Security Association..........................................  5
 4 Introduction....................................................  5
 5 Exchanges.......................................................  8
 5.1 Authentication with Digital Signatures........................ 10
 5.2 Authentication with Public Key Encryption..................... 12
 5.3 A Revised method of Authentication with Public Key Encryption. 13
 5.4 Authentication with a Pre-Shared Key.......................... 16
 5.5 Quick Mode.................................................... 16
 5.6 New Group Mode................................................ 20
 5.7 ISAKMP Informational Exchanges................................ 20
 6 Oakley Groups................................................... 21
 6.1 First Oakley Group............................................ 21
 6.2 Second Oakley Group........................................... 22
 6.3 Third Oakley Group............................................ 22
 6.4 Fourth Oakley Group........................................... 23
 7 Payload Explosion of Complete Exchange.......................... 23
 7.1 Phase 1 with Main Mode........................................ 23
 7.2 Phase 2 with Quick Mode....................................... 25
 8 Perfect Forward Secrecy Example................................. 27
 9 Implementation Hints............................................ 27

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 1] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

 10 Security Considerations........................................ 28
 11 IANA Considerations............................................ 30
 12 Acknowledgments................................................ 31
 13 References..................................................... 31
 Appendix A........................................................ 33
 Appendix B........................................................ 37
 Authors' Addresses................................................ 40
 Authors' Note..................................................... 40
 Full Copyright Statement.......................................... 41

1. Abstract

 ISAKMP ([MSST98]) provides a framework for authentication and key
 exchange but does not define them.  ISAKMP is designed to be key
 exchange independant; that is, it is designed to support many
 different key exchanges.
 Oakley ([Orm96]) describes a series of key exchanges-- called
 "modes"-- and details the services provided by each (e.g. perfect
 forward secrecy for keys, identity protection, and authentication).
 SKEME ([SKEME]) describes a versatile key exchange technique which
 provides anonymity, repudiability, and quick key refreshment.
 This document describes a protocol using part of Oakley and part of
 SKEME in conjunction with ISAKMP to obtain authenticated keying
 material for use with ISAKMP, and for other security associations
 such as AH and ESP for the IETF IPsec DOI.

2. Discussion

 This memo describes a hybrid protocol. The purpose is to negotiate,
 and provide authenticated keying material for, security associations
 in a protected manner.
 Processes which implement this memo can be used for negotiating
 virtual private networks (VPNs) and also for providing a remote user
 from a remote site (whose IP address need not be known beforehand)
 access to a secure host or network.
 Client negotiation is supported.  Client mode is where the
 negotiating parties are not the endpoints for which security
 association negotiation is taking place.  When used in client mode,
 the identities of the end parties remain hidden.

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 2] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

 This does not implement the entire Oakley protocol, but only a subset
 necessary to satisfy its goals. It does not claim conformance or
 compliance with the entire Oakley protocol nor is it dependant in any
 way on the Oakley protocol.
 Likewise, this does not implement the entire SKEME protocol, but only
 the method of public key encryption for authentication and its
 concept of fast re-keying using an exchange of nonces. This protocol
 is not dependant in any way on the SKEME protocol.

3. Terms and Definitions

3.1 Requirements Terminology

 Keywords "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT" and
 "MAY" that appear in this document are to be interpreted as described
 in [Bra97].

3.2 Notation

 The following notation is used throughout this memo.
   HDR is an ISAKMP header whose exchange type is the mode.  When
   writen as HDR* it indicates payload encryption.
   SA is an SA negotiation payload with one or more proposals. An
   initiator MAY provide multiple proposals for negotiation; a
   responder MUST reply with only one.
   <P>_b indicates the body of payload <P>-- the ISAKMP generic
   vpayload is not included.
   SAi_b is the entire body of the SA payload (minus the ISAKMP
   generic header)-- i.e. the DOI, situation, all proposals and all
   transforms offered by the Initiator.
   CKY-I and CKY-R are the Initiator's cookie and the Responder's
   cookie, respectively, from the ISAKMP header.
   g^xi and g^xr are the Diffie-Hellman ([DH]) public values of the
   initiator and responder respectively.
   g^xy is the Diffie-Hellman shared secret.
   KE is the key exchange payload which contains the public
   information exchanged in a Diffie-Hellman exchange. There is no
   particular encoding (e.g. a TLV) used for the data of a KE payload.

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 3] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

   Nx is the nonce payload; x can be: i or r for the ISAKMP initiator
   and responder respectively.
   IDx is the identification payload for "x".  x can be: "ii" or "ir"
   for the ISAKMP initiator and responder respectively during phase
   one negotiation; or "ui" or "ur" for the user initiator and
   responder respectively during phase two.  The ID payload format for
   the Internet DOI is defined in [Pip97].
   SIG is the signature payload. The data to sign is exchange-
   specific.
   CERT is the certificate payload.
   HASH (and any derivitive such as HASH(2) or HASH_I) is the hash
   payload. The contents of the hash are specific to the
   authentication method.
   prf(key, msg) is the keyed pseudo-random function-- often a keyed
   hash function-- used to generate a deterministic output that
   appears pseudo-random.  prf's are used both for key derivations and
   for authentication (i.e. as a keyed MAC). (See [KBC96]).
   SKEYID is a string derived from secret material known only to the
   active players in the exchange.
   SKEYID_e is the keying material used by the ISAKMP SA to protect
   the confidentiality of its messages.
   SKEYID_a is the keying material used by the ISAKMP SA to
   authenticate its messages.
   SKEYID_d is the keying material used to derive keys for non-ISAKMP
   security associations.
   <x>y indicates that "x" is encrypted with the key "y".
  1. → signifies "initiator to responder" communication (requests).
   <-- signifies "responder to initiator" communication (replies).
    |  signifies concatenation of information-- e.g. X | Y is the
   concatentation of X with Y.
   [x] indicates that x is optional.

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 4] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

 Message encryption (when noted by a '*' after the ISAKMP header) MUST
 begin immediately after the ISAKMP header. When communication is
 protected, all payloads following the ISAKMP header MUST be
 encrypted.  Encryption keys are generated from SKEYID_e in a manner
 that is defined for each algorithm.

3.3 Perfect Forward Secrecy

 When used in the memo Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS) refers to the
 notion that compromise of a single key will permit access to only
 data protected by a single key. For PFS to exist the key used to
 protect transmission of data MUST NOT be used to derive any
 additional keys, and if the key used to protect transmission of data
 was derived from some other keying material, that material MUST NOT
 be used to derive any more keys.
 Perfect Forward Secrecy for both keys and identities is provided in
 this protocol. (Sections 5.5 and 8).

3.4 Security Association

 A security association (SA) is a set of policy and key(s) used to
 protect information. The ISAKMP SA is the shared policy and key(s)
 used by the negotiating peers in this protocol to protect their
 communication.

4. Introduction

 Oakley and SKEME each define a method to establish an authenticated
 key exchange. This includes payloads construction, the information
 payloads carry, the order in which they are processed and how they
 are used.
 While Oakley defines "modes", ISAKMP defines "phases".  The
 relationship between the two is very straightforward and IKE presents
 different exchanges as modes which operate in one of two phases.
 Phase 1 is where the two ISAKMP peers establish a secure,
 authenticated channel with which to communicate.  This is called the
 ISAKMP Security Association (SA). "Main Mode" and "Aggressive Mode"
 each accomplish a phase 1 exchange. "Main Mode" and "Aggressive Mode"
 MUST ONLY be used in phase 1.
 Phase 2 is where Security Associations are negotiated on behalf of
 services such as IPsec or any other service which needs key material
 and/or parameter negotiation. "Quick Mode" accomplishes a phase 2
 exchange. "Quick Mode" MUST ONLY be used in phase 2.

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 5] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

 "New Group Mode" is not really a phase 1 or phase 2.  It follows
 phase 1, but serves to establish a new group which can be used in
 future negotiations. "New Group Mode" MUST ONLY be used after phase
 1.
 The ISAKMP SA is bi-directional. That is, once established, either
 party may initiate Quick Mode, Informational, and New Group Mode
 Exchanges.  Per the base ISAKMP document, the ISAKMP SA is identified
 by the Initiator's cookie followed by the Responder's cookie-- the
 role of each party in the phase 1 exchange dictates which cookie is
 the Initiator's. The cookie order established by the phase 1 exchange
 continues to identify the ISAKMP SA regardless of the direction the
 Quick Mode, Informational, or New Group exchange. In other words, the
 cookies MUST NOT swap places when the direction of the ISAKMP SA
 changes.
 With the use of ISAKMP phases, an implementation can accomplish very
 fast keying when necessary.  A single phase 1 negotiation may be used
 for more than one phase 2 negotiation.  Additionally a single phase 2
 negotiation can request multiple Security Associations.  With these
 optimizations, an implementation can see less than one round trip per
 SA as well as less than one DH exponentiation per SA.  "Main Mode"
 for phase 1 provides identity protection.  When identity protection
 is not needed, "Aggressive Mode" can be used to reduce round trips
 even further.  Developer hints for doing these optimizations are
 included below. It should also be noted that using public key
 encryption to authenticate an Aggressive Mode exchange will still
 provide identity protection.
 This protocol does not define its own DOI per se. The ISAKMP SA,
 established in phase 1, MAY use the DOI and situation from a non-
 ISAKMP service (such as the IETF IPSec DOI [Pip97]). In this case an
 implementation MAY choose to restrict use of the ISAKMP SA for
 establishment of SAs for services of the same DOI. Alternately, an
 ISAKMP SA MAY be established with the value zero in both the DOI and
 situation (see [MSST98] for a description of these fields) and in
 this case implementations will be free to establish security services
 for any defined DOI using this ISAKMP SA. If a DOI of zero is used
 for establishment of a phase 1 SA, the syntax of the identity
 payloads used in phase 1 is that defined in [MSST98] and not from any
 DOI-- e.g. [Pip97]-- which may further expand the syntax and
 semantics of identities.
 The following attributes are used by IKE and are negotiated as part
 of the ISAKMP Security Association.  (These attributes pertain only
 to the ISAKMP Security Association and not to any Security
 Associations that ISAKMP may be negotiating on behalf of other
 services.)

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 6] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

  1. encryption algorithm
  1. hash algorithm
  1. authentication method
  1. information about a group over which to do Diffie-Hellman.
 All of these attributes are mandatory and MUST be negotiated. In
 addition, it is possible to optionally negotiate a psuedo-random
 function ("prf").  (There are currently no negotiable pseudo-random
 functions defined in this document. Private use attribute values can
 be used for prf negotiation between consenting parties). If a "prf"
 is not negotiation, the HMAC (see [KBC96]) version of the negotiated
 hash algorithm is used as a pseudo-random function. Other non-
 mandatory attributes are described in Appendix A. The selected hash
 algorithm MUST support both native and HMAC modes.
 The Diffie-Hellman group MUST be either specified using a defined
 group description (section 6) or by defining all attributes of a
 group (section 5.6). Group attributes (such as group type or prime--
 see Appendix A) MUST NOT be offered in conjunction with a previously
 defined group (either a reserved group description or a private use
 description that is established after conclusion of a New Group Mode
 exchange).
 IKE implementations MUST support the following attribute values:
  1. DES [DES] in CBC mode with a weak, and semi-weak, key check

(weak and semi-weak keys are referenced in [Sch96] and listed in

    Appendix A). The key is derived according to Appendix B.
  1. MD5 [MD5] and SHA [SHA}.
  1. Authentication via pre-shared keys.
  1. MODP over default group number one (see below).
 In addition, IKE implementations SHOULD support: 3DES for encryption;
 Tiger ([TIGER]) for hash; the Digital Signature Standard, RSA [RSA]
 signatures and authentication with RSA public key encryption; and
 MODP group number 2.  IKE implementations MAY support any additional
 encryption algorithms defined in Appendix A and MAY support ECP and
 EC2N groups.
 The IKE modes described here MUST be implemented whenever the IETF
 IPsec DOI [Pip97] is implemented. Other DOIs MAY use the modes
 described here.

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 7] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

5. Exchanges

 There are two basic methods used to establish an authenticated key
 exchange: Main Mode and Aggressive Mode. Each generates authenticated
 keying material from an ephemeral Diffie-Hellman exchange. Main Mode
 MUST be implemented; Aggressive Mode SHOULD be implemented. In
 addition, Quick Mode MUST be implemented as a mechanism to generate
 fresh keying material and negotiate non-ISAKMP security services. In
 addition, New Group Mode SHOULD be implemented as a mechanism to
 define private groups for Diffie-Hellman exchanges. Implementations
 MUST NOT switch exchange types in the middle of an exchange.
 Exchanges conform to standard ISAKMP payload syntax, attribute
 encoding, timeouts and retransmits of messages, and informational
 messages-- e.g a notify response is sent when, for example, a
 proposal is unacceptable, or a signature verification or decryption
 was unsuccessful, etc.
 The SA payload MUST precede all other payloads in a phase 1 exchange.
 Except where otherwise noted, there are no requirements for ISAKMP
 payloads in any message to be in any particular order.
 The Diffie-Hellman public value passed in a KE payload, in either a
 phase 1 or phase 2 exchange, MUST be the length of the negotiated
 Diffie-Hellman group enforced, if necessary, by pre-pending the value
 with zeros.
 The length of nonce payload MUST be between 8 and 256 bytes
 inclusive.
 Main Mode is an instantiation of the ISAKMP Identity Protect
 Exchange: The first two messages negotiate policy; the next two
 exchange Diffie-Hellman public values and ancillary data (e.g.
 nonces) necessary for the exchange; and the last two messages
 authenticate the Diffie-Hellman Exchange. The authentication method
 negotiated as part of the initial ISAKMP exchange influences the
 composition of the payloads but not their purpose. The XCHG for Main
 Mode is ISAKMP Identity Protect.
 Similarly, Aggressive Mode is an instantiation of the ISAKMP
 Aggressive Exchange. The first two messages negotiate policy,
 exchange Diffie-Hellman public values and ancillary data necessary
 for the exchange, and identities.  In addition the second message
 authenticates the responder. The third message authenticates the
 initiator and provides a proof of participation in the exchange. The
 XCHG for Aggressive Mode is ISAKMP Aggressive.  The final message MAY
 NOT be sent under protection of the ISAKMP SA allowing each party to

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 8] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

 postpone exponentiation, if desired, until negotiation of this
 exchange is complete. The graphic depictions of Aggressive Mode show
 the final payload in the clear; it need not be.
 Exchanges in IKE are not open ended and have a fixed number of
 messages.  Receipt of a Certificate Request payload MUST NOT extend
 the number of messages transmitted or expected.
 Security Association negotiation is limited with Aggressive Mode. Due
 to message construction requirements the group in which the Diffie-
 Hellman exchange is performed cannot be negotiated. In addition,
 different authentication methods may further constrain attribute
 negotiation. For example, authentication with public key encryption
 cannot be negotiated and when using the revised method of public key
 encryption for authentication the cipher and hash cannot be
 negotiated. For situations where the rich attribute negotiation
 capabilities of IKE are required Main Mode may be required.
 Quick Mode and New Group Mode have no analog in ISAKMP. The XCHG
 values for Quick Mode and New Group Mode are defined in Appendix A.
 Main Mode, Aggressive Mode, and Quick Mode do security association
 negotiation. Security Association offers take the form of Tranform
 Payload(s) encapsulated in Proposal Payload(s) encapsulated in
 Security Association (SA) payload(s). If multiple offers are being
 made for phase 1 exchanges (Main Mode and Aggressive Mode) they MUST
 take the form of multiple Transform Payloads for a single Proposal
 Payload in a single SA payload. To put it another way, for phase 1
 exchanges there MUST NOT be multiple Proposal Payloads for a single
 SA payload and there MUST NOT be multiple SA payloads. This document
 does not proscribe such behavior on offers in phase 2 exchanges.
 There is no limit on the number of offers the initiator may send to
 the responder but conformant implementations MAY choose to limit the
 number of offers it will inspect for performance reasons.
 During security association negotiation, initiators present offers
 for potential security associations to responders. Responders MUST
 NOT modify attributes of any offer, attribute encoding excepted (see
 Appendix A).  If the initiator of an exchange notices that attribute
 values have changed or attributes have been added or deleted from an
 offer made, that response MUST be rejected.
 Four different authentication methods are allowed with either Main
 Mode or Aggressive Mode-- digital signature, two forms of
 authentication with public key encryption, or pre-shared key. The
 value SKEYID is computed seperately for each authentication method.

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 9] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

   For signatures:            SKEYID = prf(Ni_b | Nr_b, g^xy)
   For public key encryption: SKEYID = prf(hash(Ni_b | Nr_b), CKY-I |
 CKY-R)
   For pre-shared keys:       SKEYID = prf(pre-shared-key, Ni_b |
 Nr_b)
 The result of either Main Mode or Aggressive Mode is three groups of
 authenticated keying material:
    SKEYID_d = prf(SKEYID, g^xy | CKY-I | CKY-R | 0)
    SKEYID_a = prf(SKEYID, SKEYID_d | g^xy | CKY-I | CKY-R | 1)
    SKEYID_e = prf(SKEYID, SKEYID_a | g^xy | CKY-I | CKY-R | 2)
 and agreed upon policy to protect further communications. The values
 of 0, 1, and 2 above are represented by a single octet. The key used
 for encryption is derived from SKEYID_e in an algorithm-specific
 manner (see appendix B).
 To authenticate either exchange the initiator of the protocol
 generates HASH_I and the responder generates HASH_R where:
  HASH_I = prf(SKEYID, g^xi | g^xr | CKY-I | CKY-R | SAi_b | IDii_b )
  HASH_R = prf(SKEYID, g^xr | g^xi | CKY-R | CKY-I | SAi_b | IDir_b )
 For authentication with digital signatures, HASH_I and HASH_R are
 signed and verified; for authentication with either public key
 encryption or pre-shared keys, HASH_I and HASH_R directly
 authenticate the exchange.  The entire ID payload (including ID type,
 port, and protocol but excluding the generic header) is hashed into
 both HASH_I and HASH_R.
 As mentioned above, the negotiated authentication method influences
 the content and use of messages for Phase 1 Modes, but not their
 intent.  When using public keys for authentication, the Phase 1
 exchange can be accomplished either by using signatures or by using
 public key encryption (if the algorithm supports it). Following are
 Phase 1 exchanges with different authentication options.

5.1 IKE Phase 1 Authenticated With Signatures

 Using signatures, the ancillary information exchanged during the
 second roundtrip are nonces; the exchange is authenticated by signing
 a mutually obtainable hash. Main Mode with signature authentication
 is described as follows:

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 10] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

      Initiator                          Responder
     -----------                        -----------
      HDR, SA                     -->
                                  <--    HDR, SA
      HDR, KE, Ni                 -->
                                  <--    HDR, KE, Nr
      HDR*, IDii, [ CERT, ] SIG_I -->
                                  <--    HDR*, IDir, [ CERT, ] SIG_R
 Aggressive mode with signatures in conjunction with ISAKMP is
 described as follows:
      Initiator                          Responder
     -----------                        -----------
      HDR, SA, KE, Ni, IDii       -->
                                  <--    HDR, SA, KE, Nr, IDir,
                                              [ CERT, ] SIG_R
      HDR, [ CERT, ] SIG_I        -->
 In both modes, the signed data, SIG_I or SIG_R, is the result of the
 negotiated digital signature algorithm applied to HASH_I or HASH_R
 respectively.
 In general the signature will be over HASH_I and HASH_R as above
 using the negotiated prf, or the HMAC version of the negotiated hash
 function (if no prf is negotiated). However, this can be overridden
 for construction of the signature if the signature algorithm is tied
 to a particular hash algorithm (e.g. DSS is only defined with SHA's
 160 bit output). In this case, the signature will be over HASH_I and
 HASH_R as above, except using the HMAC version of the hash algorithm
 associated with the signature method.  The negotiated prf and hash
 function would continue to be used for all other prescribed pseudo-
 random functions.
 Since the hash algorithm used is already known there is no need to
 encode its OID into the signature. In addition, there is no binding
 between the OIDs used for RSA signatures in PKCS #1 and those used in
 this document. Therefore, RSA signatures MUST be encoded as a private
 key encryption in PKCS #1 format and not as a signature in PKCS #1
 format (which includes the OID of the hash algorithm). DSS signatures
 MUST be encoded as r followed by s.
 One or more certificate payloads MAY be optionally passed.

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 11] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

5.2 Phase 1 Authenticated With Public Key Encryption

 Using public key encryption to authenticate the exchange, the
 ancillary information exchanged is encrypted nonces. Each party's
 ability to reconstruct a hash (proving that the other party decrypted
 the nonce) authenticates the exchange.
 In order to perform the public key encryption, the initiator must
 already have the responder's public key. In the case where the
 responder has multiple public keys, a hash of the certificate the
 initiator is using to encrypt the ancillary information is passed as
 part of the third message. In this way the responder can determine
 which corresponding private key to use to decrypt the encrypted
 payloads and identity protection is retained.
 In addition to the nonce, the identities of the parties (IDii and
 IDir) are also encrypted with the other party's public key. If the
 authentication method is public key encryption, the nonce and
 identity payloads MUST be encrypted with the public key of the other
 party. Only the body of the payloads are encrypted, the payload
 headers are left in the clear.
 When using encryption for authentication, Main Mode is defined as
 follows.
      Initiator                        Responder
     -----------                      -----------
      HDR, SA                   -->
                                <--    HDR, SA
      HDR, KE, [ HASH(1), ]
        <IDii_b>PubKey_r,
          <Ni_b>PubKey_r        -->
                                       HDR, KE, <IDir_b>PubKey_i,
                                <--            <Nr_b>PubKey_i
      HDR*, HASH_I              -->
                                <--    HDR*, HASH_R
 Aggressive Mode authenticated with encryption is described as
 follows:
      Initiator                        Responder
     -----------                      -----------
      HDR, SA, [ HASH(1),] KE,
        <IDii_b>Pubkey_r,
         <Ni_b>Pubkey_r         -->
                                       HDR, SA, KE, <IDir_b>PubKey_i,
                                <--         <Nr_b>PubKey_i, HASH_R
      HDR, HASH_I               -->

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 12] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

 Where HASH(1) is a hash (using the negotiated hash function) of the
 certificate which the initiator is using to encrypt the nonce and
 identity.
 RSA encryption MUST be encoded in PKCS #1 format. While only the body
 of the ID and nonce payloads is encrypted, the encrypted data must be
 preceded by a valid ISAKMP generic header. The payload length is the
 length of the entire encrypted payload plus header. The PKCS #1
 encoding allows for determination of the actual length of the
 cleartext payload upon decryption.
 Using encryption for authentication provides for a plausably deniable
 exchange. There is no proof (as with a digital signature) that the
 conversation ever took place since each party can completely
 reconstruct both sides of the exchange. In addition, security is
 added to secret generation since an attacker would have to
 successfully break not only the Diffie-Hellman exchange but also both
 RSA encryptions. This exchange was motivated by [SKEME].
 Note that, unlike other authentication methods, authentication with
 public key encryption allows for identity protection with Aggressive
 Mode.

5.3 Phase 1 Authenticated With a Revised Mode of Public Key Encryption

 Authentication with Public Key Encryption has significant advantages
 over authentication with signatures (see section 5.2 above).
 Unfortunately, this is at the cost of 4 public key operations-- two
 public key encryptions and two private key decryptions. This
 authentication mode retains the advantages of authentication using
 public key encryption but does so with half the public key
 operations.
 In this mode, the nonce is still encrypted using the public key of
 the peer, however the peer's identity (and the certificate if it is
 sent) is encrypted using the negotiated symmetric encryption
 algorithm (from the SA payload) with a key derived from the nonce.
 This solution adds minimal complexity and state yet saves two costly
 public key operations on each side. In addition, the Key Exchange
 payload is also encrypted using the same derived key. This provides
 additional protection against cryptanalysis of the Diffie-Hellman
 exchange.
 As with the public key encryption method of authentication (section
 5.2), a HASH payload may be sent to identify a certificate if the
 responder has multiple certificates which contain useable public keys
 (e.g. if the certificate is not for signatures only, either due to
 certificate restrictions or algorithmic restrictions). If the HASH

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 13] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

 payload is sent it MUST be the first payload of the second message
 exchange and MUST be followed by the encrypted nonce. If the HASH
 payload is not sent, the first payload of the second message exchange
 MUST be the encrypted nonce. In addition, the initiator my optionally
 send a certificate payload to provide the responder with a public key
 with which to respond.
 When using the revised encryption mode for authentication, Main Mode
 is defined as follows.
      Initiator                        Responder
     -----------                      -----------
      HDR, SA                   -->
                                <--    HDR, SA
      HDR, [ HASH(1), ]
        <Ni_b>Pubkey_r,
        <KE_b>Ke_i,
        <IDii_b>Ke_i,
        [<<Cert-I_b>Ke_i]       -->
                                       HDR, <Nr_b>PubKey_i,
                                            <KE_b>Ke_r,
                                <--         <IDir_b>Ke_r,
      HDR*, HASH_I              -->
                                <--    HDR*, HASH_R
 Aggressive Mode authenticated with the revised encryption method is
 described as follows:
      Initiator                        Responder
     -----------                      -----------
      HDR, SA, [ HASH(1),]
        <Ni_b>Pubkey_r,
        <KE_b>Ke_i, <IDii_b>Ke_i
        [, <Cert-I_b>Ke_i ]     -->
                                       HDR, SA, <Nr_b>PubKey_i,
                                            <KE_b>Ke_r, <IDir_b>Ke_r,
                                <--         HASH_R
      HDR, HASH_I               -->
 where HASH(1) is identical to section 5.2. Ke_i and Ke_r are keys to
 the symmetric encryption algorithm negotiated in the SA payload
 exchange. Only the body of the payloads are encrypted (in both public
 key and symmetric operations), the generic payload headers are left
 in the clear. The payload length includes that added to perform
 encryption.
 The symmetric cipher keys are derived from the decrypted nonces as
 follows.  First the values Ne_i and Ne_r are computed:

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 14] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

    Ne_i = prf(Ni_b, CKY-I)
    Ne_r = prf(Nr_b, CKY-R)
 The keys Ke_i and Ke_r are then taken from Ne_i and Ne_r respectively
 in the manner described in Appendix B used to derive symmetric keys
 for use with the negotiated encryption algorithm. If the length of
 the output of the negotiated prf is greater than or equal to the key
 length requirements of the cipher, Ke_i and Ke_r are derived from the
 most significant bits of Ne_i and Ne_r respectively. If the desired
 length of Ke_i and Ke_r exceed the length of the output of the prf
 the necessary number of bits is obtained by repeatedly feeding the
 results of the prf back into itself and concatenating the result
 until the necessary number has been achieved. For example, if the
 negotiated encryption algorithm requires 320 bits of key and the
 output of the prf is only 128 bits, Ke_i is the most significant 320
 bits of K, where
    K = K1 | K2 | K3 and
    K1 = prf(Ne_i, 0)
    K2 = prf(Ne_i, K1)
    K3 = prf(Ne_i, K2)
 For brevity, only derivation of Ke_i is shown; Ke_r is identical. The
 length of the value 0 in the computation of K1 is a single octet.
 Note that Ne_i, Ne_r, Ke_i, and Ke_r are all ephemeral and MUST be
 discarded after use.
 Save the requirements on the location of the optional HASH payload
 and the mandatory nonce payload there are no further payload
 requirements. All payloads-- in whatever order-- following the
 encrypted nonce MUST be encrypted with Ke_i or Ke_r depending on the
 direction.
 If CBC mode is used for the symmetric encryption then the
 initialization vectors (IVs) are set as follows. The IV for
 encrypting the first payload following the nonce is set to 0 (zero).
 The IV for subsequent payloads encrypted with the ephemeral symmetric
 cipher key, Ke_i, is the last ciphertext block of the previous
 payload. Encrypted payloads are padded up to the nearest block size.
 All padding bytes, except for the last one, contain 0x00. The last
 byte of the padding contains the number of the padding bytes used,
 excluding the last one. Note that this means there will always be
 padding.

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 15] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

5.4 Phase 1 Authenticated With a Pre-Shared Key

 A key derived by some out-of-band mechanism may also be used to
 authenticate the exchange. The actual establishment of this key is
 out of the scope of this document.
 When doing a pre-shared key authentication, Main Mode is defined as
 follows:
            Initiator                        Responder
           ----------                       -----------
            HDR, SA             -->
                                <--    HDR, SA
            HDR, KE, Ni         -->
                                <--    HDR, KE, Nr
            HDR*, IDii, HASH_I  -->
                                <--    HDR*, IDir, HASH_R
 Aggressive mode with a pre-shared key is described as follows:
          Initiator                        Responder
         -----------                      -----------
          HDR, SA, KE, Ni, IDii -->
                                <--    HDR, SA, KE, Nr, IDir, HASH_R
          HDR, HASH_I           -->
 When using pre-shared key authentication with Main Mode the key can
 only be identified by the IP address of the peers since HASH_I must
 be computed before the initiator has processed IDir. Aggressive Mode
 allows for a wider range of identifiers of the pre-shared secret to
 be used. In addition, Aggressive Mode allows two parties to maintain
 multiple, different pre-shared keys and identify the correct one for
 a particular exchange.

5.5 Phase 2 - Quick Mode

 Quick Mode is not a complete exchange itself (in that it is bound to
 a phase 1 exchange), but is used as part of the SA negotiation
 process (phase 2) to derive keying material and negotiate shared
 policy for non-ISAKMP SAs. The information exchanged along with Quick
 Mode MUST be protected by the ISAKMP SA-- i.e. all payloads except
 the ISAKMP header are encrypted. In Quick Mode, a HASH payload MUST
 immediately follow the ISAKMP header and a SA payload MUST
 immediately follow the HASH. This HASH authenticates the message and
 also provides liveliness proofs.

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 16] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

 The message ID in the ISAKMP header identifies a Quick Mode in
 progress for a particular ISAKMP SA which itself is identified by the
 cookies in the ISAKMP header. Since each instance of a Quick Mode
 uses a unique initialization vector (see Appendix B) it is possible
 to have multiple simultaneous Quick Modes, based off a single ISAKMP
 SA, in progress at any one time.
 Quick Mode is essentially a SA negotiation and an exchange of nonces
 that provides replay protection. The nonces are used to generate
 fresh key material and prevent replay attacks from generating bogus
 security associations.  An optional Key Exchange payload can be
 exchanged to allow for an additional Diffie-Hellman exchange and
 exponentiation per Quick Mode. While use of the key exchange payload
 with Quick Mode is optional it MUST be supported.
 Base Quick Mode (without the KE payload) refreshes the keying
 material derived from the exponentiation in phase 1. This does not
 provide PFS.  Using the optional KE payload, an additional
 exponentiation is performed and PFS is provided for the keying
 material.
 The identities of the SAs negotiated in Quick Mode are implicitly
 assumed to be the IP addresses of the ISAKMP peers, without any
 implied constraints on the protocol or port numbers allowed, unless
 client identifiers are specified in Quick Mode.  If ISAKMP is acting
 as a client negotiator on behalf of another party, the identities of
 the parties MUST be passed as IDci and then IDcr.  Local policy will
 dictate whether the proposals are acceptable for the identities
 specified.  If the client identities are not acceptable to the Quick
 Mode responder (due to policy or other reasons), a Notify payload
 with Notify Message Type INVALID-ID-INFORMATION (18) SHOULD be sent.
 The client identities are used to identify and direct traffic to the
 appropriate tunnel in cases where multiple tunnels exist between two
 peers and also to allow for unique and shared SAs with different
 granularities.
 All offers made during a Quick Mode are logically related and must be
 consistant. For example, if a KE payload is sent, the attribute
 describing the Diffie-Hellman group (see section 6.1 and [Pip97])
 MUST be included in every transform of every proposal of every SA
 being negotiated. Similarly, if client identities are used, they MUST
 apply to every SA in the negotiation.
 Quick Mode is defined as follows:

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 17] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

      Initiator                        Responder
     -----------                      -----------
      HDR*, HASH(1), SA, Ni
        [, KE ] [, IDci, IDcr ] -->
                                <--    HDR*, HASH(2), SA, Nr
                                             [, KE ] [, IDci, IDcr ]
      HDR*, HASH(3)             -->
 Where:
 HASH(1) is the prf over the message id (M-ID) from the ISAKMP header
 concatenated with the entire message that follows the hash including
 all payload headers, but excluding any padding added for encryption.
 HASH(2) is identical to HASH(1) except the initiator's nonce-- Ni,
 minus the payload header-- is added after M-ID but before the
 complete message.  The addition of the nonce to HASH(2) is for a
 liveliness proof. HASH(3)-- for liveliness-- is the prf over the
 value zero represented as a single octet, followed by a concatenation
 of the message id and the two nonces-- the initiator's followed by
 the responder's-- minus the payload header. In other words, the
 hashes for the above exchange are:
 HASH(1) = prf(SKEYID_a, M-ID | SA | Ni [ | KE ] [ | IDci | IDcr )
 HASH(2) = prf(SKEYID_a, M-ID | Ni_b | SA | Nr [ | KE ] [ | IDci |
 IDcr )
 HASH(3) = prf(SKEYID_a, 0 | M-ID | Ni_b | Nr_b)
 With the exception of the HASH, SA, and the optional ID payloads,
 there are no payload ordering restrictions on Quick Mode. HASH(1) and
 HASH(2) may differ from the illustration above if the order of
 payloads in the message differs from the illustrative example or if
 any optional payloads, for example a notify payload, have been
 chained to the message.
 If PFS is not needed, and KE payloads are not exchanged, the new
 keying material is defined as
     KEYMAT = prf(SKEYID_d, protocol | SPI | Ni_b | Nr_b).
 If PFS is desired and KE payloads were exchanged, the new keying
 material is defined as
     KEYMAT = prf(SKEYID_d, g(qm)^xy | protocol | SPI | Ni_b | Nr_b)
 where g(qm)^xy is the shared secret from the ephemeral Diffie-Hellman
 exchange of this Quick Mode.
 In either case, "protocol" and "SPI" are from the ISAKMP Proposal
 Payload that contained the negotiated Transform.

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 18] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

 A single SA negotiation results in two security assocations-- one
 inbound and one outbound. Different SPIs for each SA (one chosen by
 the initiator, the other by the responder) guarantee a different key
 for each direction.  The SPI chosen by the destination of the SA is
 used to derive KEYMAT for that SA.
 For situations where the amount of keying material desired is greater
 than that supplied by the prf, KEYMAT is expanded by feeding the
 results of the prf back into itself and concatenating results until
 the required keying material has been reached. In other words,
    KEYMAT = K1 | K2 | K3 | ...
    where
      K1 = prf(SKEYID_d, [ g(qm)^xy | ] protocol | SPI | Ni_b | Nr_b)
      K2 = prf(SKEYID_d, K1 | [ g(qm)^xy | ] protocol | SPI | Ni_b |
      Nr_b)
      K3 = prf(SKEYID_d, K2 | [ g(qm)^xy | ] protocol | SPI | Ni_b |
      Nr_b)
      etc.
 This keying material (whether with PFS or without, and whether
 derived directly or through concatenation) MUST be used with the
 negotiated SA. It is up to the service to define how keys are derived
 from the keying material.
 In the case of an ephemeral Diffie-Hellman exchange in Quick Mode,
 the exponential (g(qm)^xy) is irretreivably removed from the current
 state and SKEYID_e and SKEYID_a (derived from phase 1 negotiation)
 continue to protect and authenticate the ISAKMP SA and SKEYID_d
 continues to be used to derive keys.
 Using Quick Mode, multiple SA's and keys can be negotiated with one
 exchange as follows:
      Initiator                        Responder
     -----------                      -----------
      HDR*, HASH(1), SA0, SA1, Ni,
        [, KE ] [, IDci, IDcr ] -->
                                <--    HDR*, HASH(2), SA0, SA1, Nr,
                                          [, KE ] [, IDci, IDcr ]
      HDR*, HASH(3)             -->
 The keying material is derived identically as in the case of a single
 SA. In this case (negotiation of two SA payloads) the result would be
 four security associations-- two each way for both SAs.

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 19] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

5.6 New Group Mode

 New Group Mode MUST NOT be used prior to establishment of an ISAKMP
 SA. The description of a new group MUST only follow phase 1
 negotiation.  (It is not a phase 2 exchange, though).
      Initiator                        Responder
     -----------                      -----------
      HDR*, HASH(1), SA        -->
                               <--     HDR*, HASH(2), SA
 where HASH(1) is the prf output, using SKEYID_a as the key, and the
 message-ID from the ISAKMP header concatenated with the entire SA
 proposal, body and header, as the data; HASH(2) is the prf output,
 using SKEYID_a as the key, and the message-ID from the ISAKMP header
 concatenated with the reply as the data. In other words the hashes
 for the above exchange are:
    HASH(1) = prf(SKEYID_a, M-ID | SA)
    HASH(2) = prf(SKEYID_a, M-ID | SA)
 The proposal will specify the characteristics of the group (see
 appendix A, "Attribute Assigned Numbers"). Group descriptions for
 private Groups MUST be greater than or equal to 2^15.  If the group
 is not acceptable, the responder MUST reply with a Notify payload
 with the message type set to ATTRIBUTES-NOT-SUPPORTED (13).
 ISAKMP implementations MAY require private groups to expire with the
 SA under which they were established.
 Groups may be directly negotiated in the SA proposal with Main Mode.
 To do this the component parts-- for a MODP group, the type, prime
 and generator; for a EC2N group the type, the Irreducible Polynomial,
 Group Generator One, Group Generator Two, Group Curve A, Group Curve
 B and Group Order-- are passed as SA attributes (see Appendix A).
 Alternately, the nature of the group can be hidden using New Group
 Mode and only the group identifier is passed in the clear during
 phase 1 negotiation.

5.7 ISAKMP Informational Exchanges

 This protocol protects ISAKMP Informational Exchanges when possible.
 Once the ISAKMP security association has been established (and
 SKEYID_e and SKEYID_a have been generated) ISAKMP Information
 Exchanges, when used with this protocol, are as follows:

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 20] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

      Initiator                        Responder
     -----------                      -----------
      HDR*, HASH(1), N/D      -->
 where N/D is either an ISAKMP Notify Payload or an ISAKMP Delete
 Payload and HASH(1) is the prf output, using SKEYID_a as the key, and
 a M-ID unique to this exchange concatenated with the entire
 informational payload (either a Notify or Delete) as the data. In
 other words, the hash for the above exchange is:
    HASH(1) = prf(SKEYID_a, M-ID | N/D)
 As noted the message ID in the ISAKMP header-- and used in the prf
 computation-- is unique to this exchange and MUST NOT be the same as
 the message ID of another phase 2 exchange which generated this
 informational exchange. The derivation of the initialization vector,
 used with SKEYID_e to encrypt this message, is described in Appendix
 B.
 If the ISAKMP security association has not yet been established at
 the time of the Informational Exchange, the exchange is done in the
 clear without an accompanying HASH payload.

6 Oakley Groups

 With IKE, the group in which to do the Diffie-Hellman exchange is
 negotiated. Four groups-- values 1 through 4-- are defined below.
 These groups originated with the Oakley protocol and are therefore
 called "Oakley Groups". The attribute class for "Group" is defined in
 Appendix A. All values 2^15 and higher are used for private group
 identifiers. For a discussion on the strength of the default Oakley
 groups please see the Security Considerations section below.
 These groups were all generated by Richard Schroeppel at the
 University of Arizona. Properties of these groups are described in
 [Orm96].

6.1 First Oakley Default Group

 Oakley implementations MUST support a MODP group with the following
 prime and generator. This group is assigned id 1 (one).
    The prime is: 2^768 - 2 ^704 - 1 + 2^64 * { [2^638 pi] + 149686 }
    Its hexadecimal value is

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 21] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

       FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF C90FDAA2 2168C234 C4C6628B 80DC1CD1
       29024E08 8A67CC74 020BBEA6 3B139B22 514A0879 8E3404DD
       EF9519B3 CD3A431B 302B0A6D F25F1437 4FE1356D 6D51C245
       E485B576 625E7EC6 F44C42E9 A63A3620 FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF
    The generator is: 2.

6.2 Second Oakley Group

 IKE implementations SHOULD support a MODP group with the following
 prime and generator. This group is assigned id 2 (two).
 The prime is 2^1024 - 2^960 - 1 + 2^64 * { [2^894 pi] + 129093 }.
 Its hexadecimal value is
       FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF C90FDAA2 2168C234 C4C6628B 80DC1CD1
       29024E08 8A67CC74 020BBEA6 3B139B22 514A0879 8E3404DD
       EF9519B3 CD3A431B 302B0A6D F25F1437 4FE1356D 6D51C245
       E485B576 625E7EC6 F44C42E9 A637ED6B 0BFF5CB6 F406B7ED
       EE386BFB 5A899FA5 AE9F2411 7C4B1FE6 49286651 ECE65381
       FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF
 The generator is 2 (decimal)

6.3 Third Oakley Group

 IKE implementations SHOULD support a EC2N group with the following
 characteristics. This group is assigned id 3 (three). The curve is
 based on the Galois Field GF[2^155]. The field size is 155. The
 irreducible polynomial for the field is:
        u^155 + u^62 + 1.
 The equation for the elliptic curve is:
         y^2 + xy = x^3 + ax^2 + b.
 Field Size:                         155
 Group Prime/Irreducible Polynomial:
                  0x0800000000000000000000004000000000000001
 Group Generator One:                0x7b
 Group Curve A:                      0x0
 Group Curve B:                      0x07338f
 Group Order: 0X0800000000000000000057db5698537193aef944
 The data in the KE payload when using this group is the value x from
 the solution (x,y), the point on the curve chosen by taking the
 randomly chosen secret Ka and computing Ka*P, where * is the
 repetition of the group addition and double operations, P is the
 curve point with x coordinate equal to generator 1 and the y

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 22] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

 coordinate determined from the defining equation. The equation of
 curve is implicitly known by the Group Type and the A and B
 coefficients. There are two possible values for the y coordinate;
 either one can be used successfully (the two parties need not agree
 on the selection).

6.4 Fourth Oakley Group

 IKE implementations SHOULD support a EC2N group with the following
 characteristics. This group is assigned id 4 (four). The curve is
 based on the Galois Field GF[2^185]. The field size is 185. The
 irreducible polynomial for the field is:
         u^185 + u^69 + 1. The
 equation for the elliptic curve is:
         y^2 + xy = x^3 + ax^2 + b.
 Field Size:                         185
 Group Prime/Irreducible Polynomial:
                  0x020000000000000000000000000000200000000000000001
 Group Generator One:                0x18
 Group Curve A:                      0x0
 Group Curve B:                      0x1ee9
 Group Order: 0X01ffffffffffffffffffffffdbf2f889b73e484175f94ebc
 The data in the KE payload when using this group will be identical to
 that as when using Oakley Group 3 (three).
 Other groups can be defined using New Group Mode. These default
 groups were generated by Richard Schroeppel at the University of
 Arizona.  Properties of these primes are described in [Orm96].

7. Payload Explosion for a Complete IKE Exchange

 This section illustrates how the IKE protocol is used to:
  1. establish a secure and authenticated channel between ISAKMP

processes (phase 1); and

  1. generate key material for, and negotiate, an IPsec SA (phase 2).

7.1 Phase 1 using Main Mode

 The following diagram illustrates the payloads exchanged between the
 two parties in the first round trip exchange. The initiator MAY
 propose several proposals; the responder MUST reply with one.

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 23] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    ~             ISAKMP Header with XCHG of Main Mode,             ~
    ~                  and Next Payload of ISA_SA                   ~
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !       0       !    RESERVED   !        Payload Length         !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !                  Domain of Interpretation                     !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !                          Situation                            !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !       0       !    RESERVED   !        Payload Length         !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !  Proposal #1  ! PROTO_ISAKMP  ! SPI size = 0  | # Transforms  !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !    ISA_TRANS  !    RESERVED   !        Payload Length         !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !  Transform #1 !  KEY_OAKLEY   |          RESERVED2            !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    ~                   prefered SA attributes                      ~
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !       0       !    RESERVED   !        Payload Length         !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !  Transform #2 !  KEY_OAKLEY   |          RESERVED2            !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    ~                   alternate SA attributes                     ~
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 The responder replies in kind but selects, and returns, one transform
 proposal (the ISAKMP SA attributes).
 The second exchange consists of the following payloads:
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    ~             ISAKMP Header with XCHG of Main Mode,             ~
    ~                  and Next Payload of ISA_KE                   ~
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !    ISA_NONCE  !    RESERVED   !        Payload Length         !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    ~   D-H Public Value  (g^xi from initiator g^xr from responder) ~
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !       0       !    RESERVED   !        Payload Length         !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    ~         Ni (from initiator) or  Nr (from responder)           ~
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 24] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

 The shared keys, SKEYID_e and SKEYID_a, are now used to protect and
 authenticate all further communication. Note that both SKEYID_e and
 SKEYID_a are unauthenticated.
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    ~            ISAKMP Header with XCHG of Main Mode,              ~
    ~     and Next Payload of ISA_ID and the encryption bit set     ~
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !    ISA_SIG    !    RESERVED   !        Payload Length         !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    ~        Identification Data of the ISAKMP negotiator           ~
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !       0       !    RESERVED   !        Payload Length         !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    ~       signature verified by the public key of the ID above    ~
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 The key exchange is authenticated over a signed hash as described in
 section 5.1. Once the signature has been verified using the
 authentication algorithm negotiated as part of the ISAKMP SA, the
 shared keys, SKEYID_e and SKEYID_a can be marked as authenticated.
 (For brevity, certificate payloads were not exchanged).

7.2 Phase 2 using Quick Mode

 The following payloads are exchanged in the first round of Quick Mode
 with ISAKMP SA negotiation. In this hypothetical exchange, the ISAKMP
 negotiators are proxies for other parties which have requested
 authentication.
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    ~            ISAKMP Header with XCHG of Quick Mode,             ~
    ~   Next Payload of ISA_HASH and the encryption bit set         ~
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !     ISA_SA    !    RESERVED   !        Payload Length         !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    ~                 keyed hash of message                         ~
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !   ISA_NONCE   !    RESERVED   !         Payload Length        !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !                 Domain Of Interpretation                      !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !                          Situation                            !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !       0       !    RESERVED   !        Payload Length         !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 25] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

    !  Proposal #1  ! PROTO_IPSEC_AH! SPI size = 4  | # Transforms  !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    ~                        SPI (4 octets)                         ~
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !    ISA_TRANS  !    RESERVED   !        Payload Length         !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !  Transform #1 !     AH_SHA    |          RESERVED2            !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !                       other SA attributes                     !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !       0       !    RESERVED   !        Payload Length         !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !  Transform #2 !     AH_MD5    |          RESERVED2            !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !                       other SA attributes                     !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !    ISA_ID     !    RESERVED   !        Payload Length         !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    ~                            nonce                              ~
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !    ISA_ID     !    RESERVED   !        Payload Length         !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    ~              ID of source for which ISAKMP is a client        ~
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !      0        !    RESERVED   !        Payload Length         !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    ~           ID of destination for which ISAKMP is a client      ~
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 where the contents of the hash are described in 5.5 above. The
 responder replies with a similar message which only contains one
 transform-- the selected AH transform. Upon receipt, the initiator
 can provide the key engine with the negotiated security association
 and the keying material.  As a check against replay attacks, the
 responder waits until receipt of the next message.
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    ~          ISAKMP Header with XCHG of Quick Mode,               ~
    ~   Next Payload of ISA_HASH and the encryption bit set         ~
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    !       0       !    RESERVED   !        Payload Length         !
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    ~                         hash data                             ~
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 where the contents of the hash are described in 5.5 above.

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 26] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

8. Perfect Forward Secrecy Example

 This protocol can provide PFS of both keys and identities. The
 identies of both the ISAKMP negotiating peer and, if applicable, the
 identities for whom the peers are negotiating can be protected with
 PFS.
 To provide Perfect Forward Secrecy of both keys and all identities,
 two parties would perform the following:
    o A Main Mode Exchange to protect the identities of the ISAKMP
      peers.
      This establishes an ISAKMP SA.
    o A Quick Mode Exchange to negotiate other security protocol
      protection.
      This establishes a SA on each end for this protocol.
    o Delete the ISAKMP SA and its associated state.
 Since the key for use in the non-ISAKMP SA was derived from the
 single ephemeral Diffie-Hellman exchange PFS is preserved.
 To provide Perfect Forward Secrecy of merely the keys of a non-ISAKMP
 security association, it in not necessary to do a phase 1 exchange if
 an ISAKMP SA exists between the two peers. A single Quick Mode in
 which the optional KE payload is passed, and an additional Diffie-
 Hellman exchange is performed, is all that is required. At this point
 the state derived from this Quick Mode must be deleted from the
 ISAKMP SA as described in section 5.5.

9. Implementation Hints

 Using a single ISAKMP Phase 1 negotiation makes subsequent Phase 2
 negotiations extremely quick.  As long as the Phase 1 state remains
 cached, and PFS is not needed, Phase 2 can proceed without any
 exponentiation. How many Phase 2 negotiations can be performed for a
 single Phase 1 is a local policy issue. The decision will depend on
 the strength of the algorithms being used and level of trust in the
 peer system.
 An implementation may wish to negotiate a range of SAs when
 performing Quick Mode.  By doing this they can speed up the "re-
 keying". Quick Mode defines how KEYMAT is defined for a range of SAs.
 When one peer feels it is time to change SAs they simply use the next
 one within the stated range. A range of SAs can be established by
 negotiating multiple SAs (identical attributes, different SPIs) with
 one Quick Mode.

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 27] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

 An optimization that is often useful is to establish Security
 Associations with peers before they are needed so that when they
 become needed they are already in place. This ensures there would be
 no delays due to key management before initial data transmission.
 This optimization is easily implemented by setting up more than one
 Security Association with a peer for each requested Security
 Association and caching those not immediately used.
 Also, if an ISAKMP implementation is alerted that a SA will soon be
 needed (e.g. to replace an existing SA that will expire in the near
 future), then it can establish the new SA before that new SA is
 needed.
 The base ISAKMP specification describes conditions in which one party
 of the protocol may inform the other party of some activity-- either
 deletion of a security association or in response to some error in
 the protocol such as a signature verification failed or a payload
 failed to decrypt. It is strongly suggested that these Informational
 exchanges not be responded to under any circumstances. Such a
 condition may result in a "notify war" in which failure to understand
 a message results in a notify to the peer who cannot understand it
 and sends his own notify back which is also not understood.

10. Security Considerations

 This entire memo discusses a hybrid protocol, combining parts of
 Oakley and parts of SKEME with ISAKMP, to negotiate, and derive
 keying material for, security associations in a secure and
 authenticated manner.
 Confidentiality is assured by the use of a negotiated encryption
 algorithm.  Authentication is assured by the use of a negotiated
 method: a digital signature algorithm; a public key algorithm which
 supports encryption; or, a pre-shared key. The confidentiality and
 authentication of this exchange is only as good as the attributes
 negotiated as part of the ISAKMP security association.
 Repeated re-keying using Quick Mode can consume the entropy of the
 Diffie-Hellman shared secret. Implementors should take note of this
 fact and set a limit on Quick Mode Exchanges between exponentiations.
 This memo does not prescribe such a limit.
 Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS) of both keying material and identities
 is possible with this protocol. By specifying a Diffie-Hellman group,
 and passing public values in KE payloads, ISAKMP peers can establish
 PFS of keys-- the identities would be protected by SKEYID_e from the
 ISAKMP SA and would therefore not be protected by PFS. If PFS of both
 keying material and identities is desired, an ISAKMP peer MUST

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 28] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

 establish only one non-ISAKMP security association (e.g. IPsec
 Security Association) per ISAKMP SA. PFS for keys and identities is
 accomplished by deleting the ISAKMP SA (and optionally issuing a
 DELETE message) upon establishment of the single non-ISAKMP SA. In
 this way a phase one negotiation is uniquely tied to a single phase
 two negotiation, and the ISAKMP SA established during phase one
 negotiation is never used again.
 The strength of a key derived from a Diffie-Hellman exchange using
 any of the groups defined here depends on the inherent strength of
 the group, the size of the exponent used, and the entropy provided by
 the random number generator used. Due to these inputs it is difficult
 to determine the strength of a key for any of the defined groups. The
 default Diffie-Hellman group (number one) when used with a strong
 random number generator and an exponent no less than 160 bits is
 sufficient to use for DES.  Groups two through four provide greater
 security. Implementations should make note of these conservative
 estimates when establishing policy and negotiating security
 parameters.
 Note that these limitations are on the Diffie-Hellman groups
 themselves.  There is nothing in IKE which prohibits using stronger
 groups nor is there anything which will dilute the strength obtained
 from stronger groups. In fact, the extensible framework of IKE
 encourages the definition of more groups; use of elliptical curve
 groups will greatly increase strength using much smaller numbers.
 For situations where defined groups provide insufficient strength New
 Group Mode can be used to exchange a Diffie-Hellman group which
 provides the necessary strength. In is incumbent upon implementations
 to check the primality in groups being offered and independently
 arrive at strength estimates.
 It is assumed that the Diffie-Hellman exponents in this exchange are
 erased from memory after use. In particular, these exponents must not
 be derived from long-lived secrets like the seed to a pseudo-random
 generator.
 IKE exchanges maintain running initialization vectors (IV) where the
 last ciphertext block of the last message is the IV for the next
 message. To prevent retransmissions (or forged messages with valid
 cookies) from causing exchanges to get out of sync IKE
 implementations SHOULD NOT update their running IV until the
 decrypted message has passed a basic sanity check and has been
 determined to actually advance the IKE state machine-- i.e. it is not
 a retransmission.

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 29] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

 While the last roundtrip of Main Mode (and optionally the last
 message of Aggressive Mode) is encrypted it is not, strictly
 speaking, authenticated.  An active substitution attack on the
 ciphertext could result in payload corruption. If such an attack
 corrupts mandatory payloads it would be detected by an authentication
 failure, but if it corrupts any optional payloads (e.g. notify
 payloads chained onto the last message of a Main Mode exchange) it
 might not be detectable.

11. IANA Considerations

 This document contains many "magic numbers" to be maintained by the
 IANA.  This section explains the criteria to be used by the IANA to
 assign additional numbers in each of these lists.

11.1 Attribute Classes

 Attributes negotiated in this protocol are identified by their class.
 Requests for assignment of new classes must be accompanied by a
 standards-track RFC which describes the use of this attribute.

11.2 Encryption Algorithm Class

 Values of the Encryption Algorithm Class define an encryption
 algorithm to use when called for in this document. Requests for
 assignment of new encryption algorithm values must be accompanied by
 a reference to a standards-track or Informational RFC or a reference
 to published cryptographic literature which describes this algorithm.

11.3 Hash Algorithm

 Values of the Hash Algorithm Class define a hash algorithm to use
 when called for in this document. Requests for assignment of new hash
 algorithm values must be accompanied by a reference to a standards-
 track or Informational RFC or a reference to published cryptographic
 literature which describes this algorithm. Due to the key derivation
 and key expansion uses of HMAC forms of hash algorithms in IKE,
 requests for assignment of new hash algorithm values must take into
 account the cryptographic properties-- e.g it's resistance to
 collision-- of the hash algorithm itself.

11.4 Group Description and Group Type

 Values of the Group Description Class identify a group to use in a
 Diffie-Hellman exchange. Values of the Group Type Class define the
 type of group. Requests for assignment of new groups must be
 accompanied by a reference to a standards-track or Informational RFC
 which describes this group. Requests for assignment of new group

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 30] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

 types must be accompanied by a reference to a standards-track or
 Informational RFC or by a reference to published cryptographic or
 mathmatical literature which describes the new type.

11.5 Life Type

 Values of the Life Type Class define a type of lifetime to which the
 ISAKMP Security Association applies. Requests for assignment of new
 life types must be accompanied by a detailed description of the units
 of this type and its expiry.

12. Acknowledgements

 This document is the result of close consultation with Hugo Krawczyk,
 Douglas Maughan, Hilarie Orman, Mark Schertler, Mark Schneider, and
 Jeff Turner. It relies on protocols which were written by them.
 Without their interest and dedication, this would not have been
 written.
 Special thanks Rob Adams, Cheryl Madson, Derrell Piper, Harry Varnis,
 and Elfed Weaver for technical input, encouragement, and various
 sanity checks along the way.
 We would also like to thank the many members of the IPSec working
 group that contributed to the development of this protocol over the
 past year.

13. References

 [CAST]   Adams, C., "The CAST-128 Encryption Algorithm", RFC 2144,
          May 1997.
 [BLOW]   Schneier, B., "The Blowfish Encryption Algorithm", Dr.
          Dobb's Journal, v. 19, n. 4, April 1994.
 [Bra97]  Bradner, S., "Key Words for use in RFCs to indicate
          Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
 [DES]    ANSI X3.106, "American National Standard for Information
          Systems-Data Link Encryption", American National Standards
          Institute, 1983.
 [DH]     Diffie, W., and Hellman M., "New Directions in
          Cryptography", IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, V.
          IT-22, n. 6, June 1977.

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 31] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

 [DSS]    NIST, "Digital Signature Standard", FIPS 186, National
          Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of
          Commerce, May, 1994.
 [IDEA]   Lai, X., "On the Design and Security of Block Ciphers," ETH
          Series in Information Processing, v. 1, Konstanz: Hartung-
          Gorre Verlag, 1992
 [KBC96]  Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
          Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104, February
          1997.
 [SKEME]  Krawczyk, H., "SKEME: A Versatile Secure Key Exchange
          Mechanism for Internet", from IEEE Proceedings of the 1996
          Symposium on Network and Distributed Systems Security.
 [MD5]    Rivest, R., "The MD5 Message Digest Algorithm", RFC 1321,
          April 1992.
 [MSST98] Maughhan, D., Schertler, M., Schneider, M., and J. Turner,
          "Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol
          (ISAKMP)", RFC 2408, November 1998.
 [Orm96]  Orman, H., "The Oakley Key Determination Protocol", RFC
          2412, November 1998.
 [PKCS1]  RSA Laboratories, "PKCS #1: RSA Encryption Standard",
          November 1993.
 [Pip98]  Piper, D., "The Internet IP Security Domain Of
          Interpretation for ISAKMP", RFC 2407, November 1998.
 [RC5]    Rivest, R., "The RC5 Encryption Algorithm", Dr. Dobb's
          Journal, v. 20, n. 1, January 1995.
 [RSA]    Rivest, R., Shamir, A., and Adleman, L., "A Method for
          Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public-Key Cryptosystems",
          Communications of the ACM, v. 21, n. 2, February 1978.
 [Sch96]  Schneier, B., "Applied Cryptography, Protocols, Algorithms,
          and Source Code in C", 2nd edition.
 [SHA]    NIST, "Secure Hash Standard", FIPS 180-1, National Institue
          of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce,
          May 1994.
 [TIGER]  Anderson, R., and Biham, E., "Fast Software Encryption",
          Springer LNCS v. 1039, 1996.

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 32] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

Appendix A

 This is a list of DES Weak and Semi-Weak keys.  The keys come from
 [Sch96].  All keys are listed in hexidecimal.
     DES Weak Keys
     0101 0101 0101 0101
     1F1F 1F1F E0E0 E0E0
     E0E0 E0E0 1F1F 1F1F
     FEFE FEFE FEFE FEFE
     DES Semi-Weak Keys
     01FE 01FE 01FE 01FE
     1FE0 1FE0 0EF1 0EF1
     01E0 01E0 01F1 01F1
     1FFE 1FFE 0EFE 0EFE
     011F 011F 010E 010E
     E0FE E0FE F1FE F1FE
     FE01 FE01 FE01 FE01
     E01F E01F F10E F10E
     E001 E001 F101 F101
     FE1F FE1F FE0E FE0E
     1F01 1F01 0E01 0E01
     FEE0 FEE0 FEF1 FEF1
 Attribute Assigned Numbers
 Attributes negotiated during phase one use the following definitions.
 Phase two attributes are defined in the applicable DOI specification
 (for example, IPsec attributes are defined in the IPsec DOI), with
 the exception of a group description when Quick Mode includes an
 ephemeral Diffie-Hellman exchange.  Attribute types can be either
 Basic (B) or Variable-length (V). Encoding of these attributes is
 defined in the base ISAKMP specification as Type/Value (Basic) and
 Type/Length/Value (Variable).
 Attributes described as basic MUST NOT be encoded as variable.
 Variable length  attributes MAY be encoded as basic attributes if
 their value can fit into two octets. If this is the case, an
 attribute offered as variable (or basic) by the initiator of this
 protocol MAY be returned to the initiator as a basic (or variable).

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 33] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

 Attribute Classes
        class                         value              type
   -------------------------------------------------------------------
    Encryption Algorithm                1                 B
    Hash Algorithm                      2                 B
    Authentication Method               3                 B
    Group Description                   4                 B
    Group Type                          5                 B
    Group Prime/Irreducible Polynomial  6                 V
    Group Generator One                 7                 V
    Group Generator Two                 8                 V
    Group Curve A                       9                 V
    Group Curve B                      10                 V
    Life Type                          11                 B
    Life Duration                      12                 V
    PRF                                13                 B
    Key Length                         14                 B
    Field Size                         15                 B
    Group Order                        16                 V
 values 17-16383 are reserved to IANA. Values 16384-32767 are for
 private use among mutually consenting parties.
 Class Values
  1. Encryption Algorithm Defined In

DES-CBC 1 RFC 2405

    IDEA-CBC                            2
    Blowfish-CBC                        3
    RC5-R16-B64-CBC                     4
    3DES-CBC                            5
    CAST-CBC                            6
   values 7-65000 are reserved to IANA. Values 65001-65535 are for
   private use among mutually consenting parties.
  1. Hash Algorithm Defined In

MD5 1 RFC 1321

    SHA                                 2     FIPS 180-1
    Tiger                               3     See Reference [TIGER]
   values 4-65000 are reserved to IANA. Values 65001-65535 are for
   private use among mutually consenting parties.

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 34] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

  1. Authentication Method

pre-shared key 1

    DSS signatures                      2
    RSA signatures                      3
    Encryption with RSA                 4
    Revised encryption with RSA         5
   values 6-65000 are reserved to IANA. Values 65001-65535 are for
   private use among mutually consenting parties.
  1. Group Description

default 768-bit MODP group (section 6.1) 1

    alternate 1024-bit MODP group (section 6.2)   2
    EC2N group on GP[2^155] (section 6.3)         3
    EC2N group on GP[2^185] (section 6.4)         4
   values 5-32767 are reserved to IANA. Values 32768-65535 are for
   private use among mutually consenting parties.
  1. Group Type

MODP (modular exponentiation group) 1

    ECP  (elliptic curve group over GF[P])         2
    EC2N (elliptic curve group over GF[2^N])       3
   values 4-65000 are reserved to IANA. Values 65001-65535 are for
   private use among mutually consenting parties.
  1. Life Type

seconds 1

    kilobytes                           2
   values 3-65000 are reserved to IANA. Values 65001-65535 are for
   private use among mutually consenting parties. For a given "Life
   Type" the value of the "Life Duration" attribute defines the actual
   length of the SA life-- either a number of seconds, or a number of
   kbytes protected.
  1. PRF

There are currently no pseudo-random functions defined.

   values 1-65000 are reserved to IANA. Values 65001-65535 are for
   private use among mutually consenting parties.

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 35] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

  1. Key Length
   When using an Encryption Algorithm that has a variable length key,
   this attribute specifies the key length in bits. (MUST use network
   byte order). This attribute MUST NOT be used when the specified
   Encryption Algorithm uses a fixed length key.
  1. Field Size
   The field size, in bits, of a Diffie-Hellman group.
  1. Group Order
   The group order of an elliptical curve group. Note the length of
   this attribute depends on the field size.
 Additional Exchanges Defined-- XCHG values
   Quick Mode                         32
   New Group Mode                     33

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 36] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

Appendix B

 This appendix describes encryption details to be used ONLY when
 encrypting ISAKMP messages.  When a service (such as an IPSEC
 transform) utilizes ISAKMP to generate keying material, all
 encryption algorithm specific details (such as key and IV generation,
 padding, etc...) MUST be defined by that service.  ISAKMP does not
 purport to ever produce keys that are suitable for any encryption
 algorithm.  ISAKMP produces the requested amount of keying material
 from which the service MUST generate a suitable key.  Details, such
 as weak key checks, are the responsibility of the service.
 Use of negotiated PRFs may require the PRF output to be expanded due
 to the PRF feedback mechanism employed by this document. For example,
 if the (ficticious) DOORAK-MAC requires 24 bytes of key but produces
 only 8 bytes of output, the output must be expanded three times
 before being used as the key for another instance of itself. The
 output of a PRF is expanded by feeding back the results of the PRF
 into itself to generate successive blocks. These blocks are
 concatenated until the requisite number of bytes has been acheived.
 For example, for pre-shared key authentication with DOORAK-MAC as the
 negotiated PRF:
   BLOCK1-8 = prf(pre-shared-key, Ni_b | Nr_b)
   BLOCK9-16 = prf(pre-shared-key, BLOCK1-8 | Ni_b | Nr_b)
   BLOCK17-24 = prf(pre-shared-key, BLOCK9-16 | Ni_b | Nr_b)
 and
   SKEYID = BLOCK1-8 | BLOCK9-16 | BLOCK17-24
 so therefore to derive SKEYID_d:
   BLOCK1-8 = prf(SKEYID, g^xy | CKY-I | CKY-R | 0)
   BLOCK9-16 = prf(SKEYID, BLOCK1-8 | g^xy | CKY-I | CKY-R | 0)
   BLOCK17-24 = prf(SKEYID, BLOCK9-16 | g^xy | CKY-I | CKY-R | 0)
 and
   SKEYID_d = BLOCK1-8 | BLOCK9-16 | BLOCK17-24
 Subsequent PRF derivations are done similarly.
 Encryption keys used to protect the ISAKMP SA are derived from
 SKEYID_e in an algorithm-specific manner. When SKEYID_e is not long
 enough to supply all the necessary keying material an algorithm
 requires, the key is derived from feeding the results of a pseudo-
 random function into itself, concatenating the results, and taking
 the highest necessary bits.

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 37] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

 For example, if (ficticious) algorithm AKULA requires 320-bits of key
 (and has no weak key check) and the prf used to generate SKEYID_e
 only generates 120 bits of material, the key for AKULA, would be the
 first 320-bits of Ka, where:
     Ka = K1 | K2 | K3
 and
     K1 = prf(SKEYID_e, 0)
     K2 = prf(SKEYID_e, K1)
     K3 = prf(SKEYID_e, K2)
 where prf is the negotiated prf or the HMAC version of the negotiated
 hash function (if no prf was negotiated) and 0 is represented by a
 single octet. Each result of the prf provides 120 bits of material
 for a total of 360 bits. AKULA would use the first 320 bits of that
 360 bit string.
 In phase 1, material for the initialization vector (IV material) for
 CBC mode encryption algorithms is derived from a hash of a
 concatenation of the initiator's public Diffie-Hellman value and the
 responder's public Diffie-Hellman value using the negotiated hash
 algorithm. This is used for the first message only. Each message
 should be padded up to the nearest block size using bytes containing
 0x00. The message length in the header MUST include the length of the
 pad since this reflects the size of the ciphertext. Subsequent
 messages MUST use the last CBC encryption block from the previous
 message as their initialization vector.
 In phase 2, material for the initialization vector for CBC mode
 encryption of the first message of a Quick Mode exchange is derived
 from a hash of a concatenation of the last phase 1 CBC output block
 and the phase 2 message id using the negotiated hash algorithm. The
 IV for subsequent messages within a Quick Mode exchange is the CBC
 output block from the previous message. Padding and IVs for
 subsequent messages are done as in phase 1.
 After the ISAKMP SA has been authenticated all Informational
 Exchanges are encrypted using SKEYID_e. The initiaization vector for
 these exchanges is derived in exactly the same fashion as that for a
 Quick Mode-- i.e. it is derived from a hash of a concatenation of the
 last phase 1 CBC output block and the message id from the ISAKMP
 header of the Informational Exchange (not the message id from the
 message that may have prompted the Informational Exchange).
 Note that the final phase 1 CBC output block, the result of
 encryption/decryption of the last phase 1 message, must be retained
 in the ISAKMP SA state to allow for generation of unique IVs for each
 Quick Mode. Each post- phase 1 exchange (Quick Modes and

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 38] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

 Informational Exchanges) generates IVs independantly to prevent IVs
 from getting out of sync when two different exchanges are started
 simultaneously.
 In all cases, there is a single bidirectional cipher/IV context.
 Having each Quick Mode and Informational Exchange maintain a unique
 context prevents IVs from getting out of sync.
 The key for DES-CBC is derived from the first eight (8) non-weak and
 non-semi-weak (see Appendix A) bytes of SKEYID_e. The IV is the first
 8 bytes of the IV material derived above.
 The key for IDEA-CBC is derived from the first sixteen (16) bytes of
 SKEYID_e.  The IV is the first eight (8) bytes of the IV material
 derived above.
 The key for Blowfish-CBC is either the negotiated key size, or the
 first fifty-six (56) bytes of a key (if no key size is negotiated)
 derived in the aforementioned pseudo-random function feedback method.
 The IV is the first eight (8) bytes of the IV material derived above.
 The key for RC5-R16-B64-CBC is the negotiated key size, or the first
 sixteen (16) bytes of a key (if no key size is negotiated) derived
 from the aforementioned pseudo-random function feedback method if
 necessary. The IV is the first eight (8) bytes of the IV material
 derived above. The number of rounds MUST be 16 and the block size
 MUST be 64.
 The key for 3DES-CBC is the first twenty-four (24) bytes of a key
 derived in the aforementioned pseudo-random function feedback method.
 3DES-CBC is an encrypt-decrypt-encrypt operation using the first,
 middle, and last eight (8) bytes of the entire 3DES-CBC key.  The IV
 is the first eight (8) bytes of the IV material derived above.
 The key for CAST-CBC is either the negotiated key size, or the first
 sixteen (16) bytes of a key derived in the aforementioned pseudo-
 random function feedback method.  The IV is the first eight (8) bytes
 of the IV material derived above.
 Support for algorithms other than DES-CBC is purely optional. Some
 optional algorithms may be subject to intellectual property claims.

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 39] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

Authors' Addresses

 Dan Harkins
 cisco Systems
 170 W. Tasman Dr.
 San Jose, California, 95134-1706
 United States of America
 Phone: +1 408 526 4000
 EMail: dharkins@cisco.com
 Dave Carrel
 76 Lippard Ave.
 San Francisco, CA 94131-2947
 United States of America
 Phone: +1 415 337 8469
 EMail: carrel@ipsec.org

Authors' Note

 The authors encourage independent implementation, and
 interoperability testing, of this hybrid protocol.

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 40] RFC 2409 IKE November 1998

Full Copyright Statement

 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998).  All Rights Reserved.
 This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
 others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
 or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
 and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
 kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
 included on all such copies and derivative works.  However, this
 document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
 the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
 Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
 developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
 copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
 followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
 English.
 The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
 revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
 This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
 "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
 TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
 BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
 HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
 MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Harkins & Carrel Standards Track [Page 41]

/data/webs/external/dokuwiki/data/pages/rfc/rfc2409.txt · Last modified: 1998/11/24 20:39 by 127.0.0.1

Donate Powered by PHP Valid HTML5 Valid CSS Driven by DokuWiki