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rfc:rfc1356

Network Working Group A. Malis Request for Comments: 1356 BBN Communications Obsoletes: RFC 877 D. Robinson

                                    Computervision Systems Integration
                                                            R. Ullmann
                                          Process Software Corporation
                                                           August 1992
                     Multiprotocol Interconnect
                on X.25 and ISDN in the Packet Mode

Status of this Memo

 This RFC specifies an IAB standards track protocol for the Internet
 community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.
 Please refer to the current edition of the "IAB Official Protocol
 Standards" for the standardization state and status of this protocol.
 Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Abstract

 This document specifies the encapsulation of IP and other network
 layer protocols over X.25 networks, in accordance and alignment with
 ISO/IEC and CCITT standards.  It is a replacement for RFC 877, "A
 Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams Over Public Data
 Networks" [1].
 It was written to correct several ambiguities in the Internet
 Standard for IP/X.25 (RFC 877), to align it with ISO/IEC standards
 that have been written following RFC 877, to allow interoperable
 multiprotocol operation between routers and bridges over X.25, and to
 add some additional remarks based upon practical experience with the
 specification over the 8 years since that RFC.
 The substantive change to the IP encapsulation is an increase in the
 allowed IP datagram Maximum Transmission Unit from 576 to 1600, to
 reflect existing practice.
 This document also specifies the Internet encapsulation for
 protocols, including IP, on the packet mode of the ISDN.  It applies
 to the use of Internet protocols on the ISDN in the circuit mode only
 when the circuit is established as an end-to-end X.25 connection.

Malis, Robinson, & Ullmann [Page 1] RFC 1356 Multiprotocol Interconnect on X.25 August 1992

Acknowledgements

 RFC 877 was written by J. T. Korb of Purdue University, and this
 document follows that RFC's format and builds upon its text as
 appropriate.  This document was produced under the auspices of the IP
 over Large Public Data Networks Working Group of the IETF.

1. Conventions

 The following language conventions are used in the items of
 specification in this document:
 o MUST -- the item is an absolute requirement of the specification.
   MUST is only used where it is actually required for interoperation,
   not to try to impose a particular method on implementors where not
   required for interoperability.
 o SHOULD -- the item should be followed for all but exceptional
   circumstances.
 o MAY or optional -- the item is truly optional and may be followed
   or ignored according to the needs of the implementor.
 The words "should" and "may" are also used, in lower case, in their
 more ordinary senses.

2. Introduction

 RFC 877 was written to document the method CSNET and the VAN Gateway
 had adopted to transmit IP datagrams over X.25 networks.  Its success
 is evident in its current wide use and the inclusion of its IP
 protocol identifier in ISO/IEC TR 9577, "Protocol Identification in
 the Network Layer" [2], which is administered by ISO/IEC and CCITT.
 However, due to changes in the scope of X.25 and the protocols that
 it can carry, several inadequacies have become evident in the RFC,
 especially in the areas of IP datagram Maximum Transmission Unit
 (MTU) size, X.25 maximum data packet size, virtual circuit
 management, and the interoperable encapsulation, over X.25, of
 protocols other than IP between multiprotocol routers and bridges.
 As with RFC 877, one or more X.25 virtual circuits are opened on
 demand when datagrams arrive at the network interface for
 transmission.  A virtual circuit is closed after some period of
 inactivity (the length of the period depends on the cost associated
 with an open virtual circuit).  A virtual circuit may also be closed
 if the interface runs out of virtual circuits.

Malis, Robinson, & Ullmann [Page 2] RFC 1356 Multiprotocol Interconnect on X.25 August 1992

3. Standards

3.1 Protocol Data Units (PDUs) are sent as X.25 "complete packet

  sequences".  That is, PDUs begin on X.25 data packet boundaries and
  the M bit ("more data") is used to fragment PDUs that are larger
  than one X.25 data packet in length.
  In the IP encapsulation the PDU is the IP datagram.

3.2 The first octet in the Call User Data (CUD) Field (the first data

  octet in the Call Request packet) is used for protocol
  demultiplexing, in accordance with the Subsequent Protocol
  Identifier (SPI) in ISO/IEC TR 9577.  This field contains a one-
  octet Network Layer Protocol Identifier (NLPID), which identifies
  the network layer protocol encapsulated over the X.25 virtual
  circuit.  The CUD field MAY contain more than one octet of
  information, and receivers MUST ignore all extraneous octets in the
  field.
  In the following discussion, the most significant digit of the
  binary numbers is left-most.
  For the Internet community, the NLPID has four relevant values:
  The value hex CC (binary 11001100, decimal 204) is IP [6].
  Conformance with this specification requires that IP be supported.
  See section 5.1 for a diagram of the packet formats.
  The value hex 81 (binary 10000001, decimal 129) identifies ISO/IEC
  8473 (CLNP) [4].  ISO/IEC TR 9577 specifically allows other ISO/IEC
  connectionless-protocol packets, such as ES-IS and IS-IS, to also be
  carried on the same virtual circuit as CLNP.  Conformance with this
  specification does not require that CLNP be supported.  See section
  5.2 for a diagram of the packet formats.
  The value hex 82 (binary 10000010, decimal 130) is used specifically
  for ISO/IEC 9542 (ES-IS) [5].  If there is already a circuit open to
  carry CLNP, then it is not necessary to open a second circuit to
  carry ES-IS.  Conformance with this specification does not require
  that ES-IS be supported.
  The value hex 80 (binary 10000000, decimal 128) identifies the use
  of IEEE Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP) [3] to further encapsulate
  and identify a single network-layer protocol.  The SNAP-encapsulated
  protocol is identified by including a five-octet SNAP header in the
  Call Request CUD field immediately following the hex 80 octet.  SNAP
  headers are not included in the subsequent X.25 data packets.  Only
  one SNAP-encapsulated protocol may be carried over a virtual circuit

Malis, Robinson, & Ullmann [Page 3] RFC 1356 Multiprotocol Interconnect on X.25 August 1992

  opened using this encoding.  The receiver SHOULD accept the incoming
  call only if it can support the particular SNAP-identified protocol.
  Conformance with this specification does not require that this SNAP
  encoding be supported.  See section 5.3 for a diagram of the packet
  formats.
  The value hex 00 (binary 00000000, decimal 0) identifies the Null
  encapsulation, used to multiplex multiple network layer protocols
  over the same circuit.  This encoding is further discussed in
  section 3.3 below.
  The "Assigned Numbers" RFC [7] contains one other non-CCITT and
  non-ISO/IEC value that has been in active use for Internet X.25
  encapsulation identification, namely hex C5 (binary 11000101,
  decimal 197) for Blacker X.25.  This value MAY continue to be used,
  but only by prior preconfiguration of the sending and receiving X.25
  interfaces to support this value.  The value hex CD (binary
  11001101, decimal 205), listed in "Assigned Numbers" for "ISO-IP",
  is also used by Blacker and also can only be used by prior
  preconfiguration of the sending and receiving X.25 interfaces.
  Each system MUST only accept calls for protocols it can process;
  every Internet system MUST be able to accept the CC encapsulation
  for IP datagrams.  A system MUST NOT accept calls, and then
  immediately clear them.  Accepting the call indicates to the calling
  system that the protocol encapsulation is supported; on some
  networks, a call accepted and cleared is charged, while a call
  cleared in the request state is not charged.
  Systems that support NLPIDs other than hex CC (for IP) SHOULD allow
  their use to be configured on a per-peer address basis.  The use of
  hex CC (for IP) MUST always be allowed between peers and cannot be
  configured.

3.3 The NLPID encodings discussed in section 3.2 only allow a single

  network layer protocol to be sent over a circuit.  The Null
  encapsulation, identified by a NLPID encoding of hex 00, is used in
  order to multiplex multiple network layer protocols over one
  circuit.
  When the Null encapsulation is used, each X.25 complete packet
  sequence sent on the circuit begins with a one-octet NLPID, which
  identifies the network layer protocol data unit contained only in
  that particular complete packet sequence.  Further, if the SNAP
  NLPID (hex 80) is used, then the NLPID octet is immediately followed
  by the five-octet SNAP header, which is then immediately followed by
  the encapsulated PDU.  The encapsulated network layer protocol MAY
  differ from one complete packet sequence to the next over the same

Malis, Robinson, & Ullmann [Page 4] RFC 1356 Multiprotocol Interconnect on X.25 August 1992

  circuit.
  When a receiver is presented with an Incoming Call identifying the
  Null encapsulation, the receiver MUST accept the call if it supports
  the Null encapsulation for any network layer protocol.  The receiver
  MAY then silently discard a multiplexed PDU if it cannot support
  that particular encapsulated protocol.  See section 5.4 for a
  diagram of the packet formats.
  Use of the single network layer protocol circuits described in
  section 3.2 is more efficient in terms of bandwidth if only a
  limited number of protocols are supported by a system.  It also
  allows each system to determine exactly which protocols are
  supported by its communicating partner.  Other advantages include
  being able to use X.25 accounting to detail each protocol and
  different quality of service or flow control windows for different
  protocols.
  The Null encapsulation, for multiplexing, is useful when a system,
  for any reason (such as implementation restrictions or network cost
  considerations), may only open a limited number of virtual circuits
  simultaneously.  This is the method most likely to be used by a
  multiprotocol router, to avoid using an unreasonable number of
  virtual circuits.
  If performing IEEE 802.1d bridging across X.25 is desired, then the
  Null encapsulation MUST be used.  See section 4.2 for a further
  discussion.
  Conformance with this specification does not require that the Null
  encapsulation be supported.
  Systems that support the Null encapsulation SHOULD allow its use to
  be configured on a per-peer address basis.

3.4 For compatibility with existing practice, and RFC 877 systems, IP

  datagrams MUST, by default, be encapsulated on a virtual circuit
  opened with the CC CUD.
  Implementations MAY also support up to three other possible
  encapsulations of IP:
 o IP may be contained in multiplexed data packets on a circuit using
   the Null (multiplexed) encapsulation.  Such data packets are
   identified by a NLPID of hex CC.
 o IP may be encapsulated within the SNAP encapsulation on a circuit.
   This encapsulation is identified by containing, in the 5-octet SNAP

Malis, Robinson, & Ullmann [Page 5] RFC 1356 Multiprotocol Interconnect on X.25 August 1992

   header, an Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI) of hex 00-00-00
   and Protocol Identifier (PID) of hex 08-00.
 o On a circuit using the Null encapsulation, IP may be contained
   within the SNAP encapsulation of IP in multiplexed data packets.
  If an implementation supports the SNAP, multiplexed, and/or
  multiplexed SNAP encapsulations, then it MUST accept the encoding of
  IP within the supported encapsulation(s), MAY send IP using those
  encapsulation(s), and MUST allow the IP encapsulation to send to be
  configured on a per-peer address basis.

3.5 The negotiable facilities of X.25 MAY be used (e.g., packet and

  window size negotiation).  Since PDUs are sent as complete packet
  sequences, any maximum X.25 data packet size MAY be configured or
  negotiated between systems and their network service providers.  See
  section 4.5 for a discussion of maximum X.25 data packet size and
  network performance.
  There is no implied relationship between PDU size and X.25 packet
  size (i.e., the method of setting IP MTU based on X.25 packet size
  in RFC 877 is not used).

3.6 Every system MUST be able to receive and transmit PDUs up to at

  least 1600 octets in length.
  For compatibility with existing practice, as well as
  interoperability with RFC 877 systems, the default transmit MTU for
  IP datagrams SHOULD default to 1500, and MUST be configurable in at
  least the range 576 to 1600.
  This is done with a view toward a standard default IP MTU of 1500,
  used on both local and wide area networks with no fragmentation at
  routers. Actually redefining the IP default MTU is, of course,
  outside the scope of this specification.
  The PDU size (e.g., IP MTU) MUST be configurable, on at least a
  per-interface basis.  The maximum transmitted PDU length SHOULD be
  configurable on a per-peer basis, and MAY be configurable on a per-
  encapsulation basis as well.  Note that the ability to configure to
  send IP datagrams with an MTU of 576 octets and to receive IP
  datagrams of 1600 octets is essential to interoperate with existing
  implementations of RFC 877 and implementations of this
  specification.
  Note that on circuits using the Null (multiplexed) encapsulation,
  when IP packets are encapsulated using the NLPID of hex CC, then the
  default IP MTU of 1500 implies a PDU size of 1501; a PDU size of

Malis, Robinson, & Ullmann [Page 6] RFC 1356 Multiprotocol Interconnect on X.25 August 1992

  1600 implies an IP MTU of 1599.  When IP packets are encapsulated
  using the NLPID of hex 80 followed by the SNAP header for IP, then
  the default IP MTU of 1500 implies a PDU size of 1506; a PDU size of
  1600 implies an IP MTU of 1594.
  Of course, an implementation MAY support a maximum PDU size larger
  than 1600 octets.  In particular, there is no limit to the size that
  may be used when explicitly configured by communicating peers.

3.7 Each ISO/IEC TR 9577 encapsulation (e.g., IP, CLNP, and SNAP)

  requires a separate virtual circuit between systems.  In addition,
  multiple virtual circuits for a single encapsulation MAY be used
  between systems, to, for example, increase throughput (see notes in
  section 4.5).
  Receivers SHOULD accept multiple incoming calls with the same
  encapsulation from a single system.  Having done so, receivers MUST
  then accept incoming PDUs on the additional circuit(s), and SHOULD
  transmit on the additional circuits.
  Shedding load by refusing additional calls for the same
  encapsulation with a X.25 diagnostic of 0 (DTE clearing) is correct
  practice, as is shortening inactivity timers to try to clear
  circuits.
  Receivers MUST NOT accept the incoming call, only to close the
  circuit or ignore PDUs from the circuit.
  Because opening multiple virtual circuits specifying the same
  encapsulation is specifically allowed, algorithms to prevent virtual
  circuit call collision, such as the one found in section 8.4.3.5 of
  ISO/IEC 8473 [4], MUST NOT be implemented.
  While allowing multiple virtual circuits for a single protocol is
  specifically desired and allowed, implementations MAY choose (by
  configuration) to permit only a single circuit for some protocols to
  some destinations.  Only in such a case, if a colliding incoming
  call is received while a call request is pending, the incoming call
  shall be rejected.  Note that this may result in a failure to
  establish a connection.  In such a case, each system shall wait at
  least a configurable collision retry time before retrying.  Adding a
  random increment, with exponential backoff if necessary, is
  recommended.

3.8 Either system MAY close a virtual circuit. If the virtual circuit

  is closed or reset while a datagram is being transmitted, the
  datagram is lost.  Systems SHOULD be able to configure a minimum
  holding time for circuits to remain open as long as the endpoints

Malis, Robinson, & Ullmann [Page 7] RFC 1356 Multiprotocol Interconnect on X.25 August 1992

  are up. (Note that holding time, the time the circuit has been open,
  differs from idle time.)

3.9 Each system MUST use an inactivity timer to clear virtual circuits

  that are idle for some period of time.  Some X.25 networks,
  including the ISDN under present tariffs in most areas, charge for
  virtual circuit holding time.  Even where they do not, the resource
  SHOULD be released when idle.  The timer SHOULD be configurable; a
  timer value of "infinite" is acceptable when explicitly configured.
  The default SHOULD be a small number of minutes.  For IP, a
  reasonable default is 90 seconds.

3.10 Systems SHOULD allow calls from unconfigured calling addresses

   (presumably not collect calls, however); this SHOULD be a
   configuration option.  A system accepting such a call will, of
   course, not transmit on that virtual circuit if it cannot determine
   the protocol (e.g., IP) address of the caller.  As an example, on
   the DDN this is not a restriction because IP addresses can be
   determined algorithmically based upon the caller's X.121 address
   [7,9].
   Allowing such calls helps work around various "helpful" address
   translations done by the network(s), as well as allowing
   experimentation with various address resolution protocols.

3.11 Systems SHOULD use a configurable hold-down timer to prevent calls

   to failed destinations from being immediately retried.

3.12 X.25 implementations MUST minimally support the following features

   in order to conform with this specification: call setup and
   clearing and complete packet sequences.  For better performance
   and/or interoperability, X.25 implementations SHOULD also support:
   extended frame and/or packet sequence numbering, flow control
   parameter negotiation, and reverse charging.

3.13 The following X.25 features MUST NOT be used: interrupt packets and

   the Q bit (indicating qualified data).  Other X.25 features not
   explicitly discussed in this document, such as fast select and the
   D bit (indicating end-to-end significance) SHOULD NOT be used.
   Use of the D bit will interfere with use of the M bit (more data
   sequences) required for identification of PDUs.  In particular, as
   subscription to the D bit modification facility (X.25-1988, section
   3.3) will prevent proper operation, this user facility MUST NOT be
   subscribed.

3.14 ISO/IEC 8208 [11] defines the clearing diagnostic code 249 to

   signify that a requested protocol is not supported.  Systems MAY

Malis, Robinson, & Ullmann [Page 8] RFC 1356 Multiprotocol Interconnect on X.25 August 1992

   use this diagnostic code when clearing an incoming call because the
   identified protocol is not supported.  Non-8208 systems more
   typically use a diagnostic code of 0 for this function.  Supplying
   a diagnostic code is not mandatory, but when it is supplied for
   this reason, it MUST be either of these two values.

4. General Remarks

 The following remarks are not specifications or requirements for
 implementations, but provide developers and users with guidelines and
 the results of operational experience with RFC 877.

4.1 Protocols above the network layer, such as TCP or TP4, do not

  affect this standard.  In particular, no attempt is made to open
  X.25 virtual circuits corresponding to TCP or TP4 connections.

4.2 Both the circuit and multiplexed encapsulations of SNAP may be used

  to contain any SNAP encapsulated protocol.  In particular, this
  includes using an OUI of 00-00-00 and the two octets of PID
  containing an Ethertype [7], or using IEEE 802.1's OUI of hex 00-
  80-C2 with the bridging PIDs listed in RFC 1294, "Multiprotocol
  Interconnect over Frame Relay" [8].  Note that IEEE 802.1d bridging
  can only be performed over a circuit using the Null (multiplexed)
  encapsulation of SNAP, because of the necessity of preserving the
  order of PDUs (including 802.1d Bridged PDUs) using different SNAP
  headers.

4.3 Experience has shown that there are X.25 implementations that will

  assign calls with CC CUD to the X.29 PAD (remote login) facility
  when the IP layer is not installed, not configured properly, or not
  operating (indeed, they assume that ALL calls for unconfigured or
  unbound X.25 protocol IDs are for X.29 PAD sessions).  Call
  originators can detect that this has occurred at the receiver if the
  originator receives any X.25 data packets with the Q bit set,
  especially if the first octet of these packets is hex 02, 04, or 06
  (X.29 PAD parameter commands).  In this case, the originator should
  clear the call, and log the occurrence so that the misconfigured
  X.25 address can be corrected.  It may be useful to also use the
  hold-down timer (see section 3.11) to prevent further attempts for
  some period of time.

4.4 It is often assumed that a larger X.25 data packet size will result

  in increased performance.  This is not necessarily true: in typical
  X.25 networks it will actually decrease performance.
  Many, if not most, X.25 networks completely store X.25 data packets
  in each switch before forwarding them.  If the X.25 network requires
  a path through a number of switches, and low-speed trunks are used,

Malis, Robinson, & Ullmann [Page 9] RFC 1356 Multiprotocol Interconnect on X.25 August 1992

  then negotiating and using large X.25 data packets could result in
  large transit delays through the X.25 network as a result of the
  time required to clock the data packets over each low-speed trunk.
  If a small end-to-end window size is also used, this may also
  adversely affect the end-to-end throughput of the X.25 circuit.  For
  this reason, segmenting large IP datagrams in the X.25 layer into
  complete packet sequences of smaller X.25 data packets allows a
  greater amount of pipelining through the X.25 switches, with
  subsequent improvements in end-to-end throughput.
  Large X.25 data packet size combined with slow (e.g., 9.6Kbps)
  physical circuits will also increase individual packet latency for
  other virtual circuits on the same path; this may cause unacceptable
  effects on, for example, X.29 connections.
  This discussion is further complicated by the fact that X.25
  networks are free to internally combine or split X.25 data packets
  as long as the complete packet sequence is preserved.
  The optimum X.25 data packet size is, therefore, dependent on the
  network, and is not necessarily the largest size offered by that
  network.

4.5 Another method of increasing performance is to open multiple virtual

  circuits to the same destination, specifying the same CUD.  Like
  packet size, this is not always the best method.
  When the throughput limitation is due to X.25 window size, opening
  multiple circuits effectively multiplies the window, and may
  increase performance.
  However, opening multiple circuits also competes more effectively
  for the physical path, by taking more shares of the available
  bandwidth.  While this may be desirable to the user of the
  encapsulation, it may be somewhat less desirable to the other users
  of the path.
  Opening multiple circuits may also cause datagram sequencing and
  reordering problems in end systems with limited buffering (e.g., at
  the TCP level, receiving segments out of order, when a single
  circuit would have delivered them in order). This will only affect
  performance, not correctness of operation.
  Opening multiple circuits may also increase the cost of delivering
  datagrams across a public data network.

Malis, Robinson, & Ullmann [Page 10] RFC 1356 Multiprotocol Interconnect on X.25 August 1992

4.6 This document does not specify any method of dynamic IP to X.25 (or

  X.121) address resolution.  The problem is left for further study.
  Typical present-day implementations use static tables of varying
  kinds, or an algorithmic transformation between IP and X.121
  addresses [7,9].  There are proposals for other methods.  In
  particular, RFC 1183 [10] describes Domain Name System (DNS)
  resource records that may be useful either for automatic resolution
  or for maintenance of static tables.  Use of these method(s) is
  entirely experimental at this time.

5. Packet Formats

 For each protocol encoding, the diagrams outline the call request and
 the data packet format. The data packet shown is the first of a
 complete packet (M bit) sequence.

5.1 IP Encapsulation

  Call Request:
  +----------------+-----------+------------+----+
  | GFI, LCN, type | addresses | facilities | CC |
  +----------------+-----------+------------+----+
  X.25 data packets:
  +----------------+------------------------+
  | GFI, LCN, I    | IP datagram            |
  +----------------+------------------------+

5.2 CLNP, ES-IS, IS-IS Encapsulation

  Call Request:
  +----------------+-----------+------------+----+
  | GFI, LCN, type | addresses | facilities | 81 |
  +----------------+-----------+------------+----+
  X.25 data packets:
  +----------------+--------------------------------+
  | GFI, LCN, I    | CLNP, ES-IS, or IS-IS datagram |
  +----------------+--------------------------------+
  (Note that these datagrams are self-identifying in their
  first octet).

Malis, Robinson, & Ullmann [Page 11] RFC 1356 Multiprotocol Interconnect on X.25 August 1992

5.3 SNAP Encapsulation

  Call Request:
  +----------------+-----------+------------+----+-----------------+
  | GFI, LCN, type | addresses | facilities | 80 | SNAP (5 octets) |
  +----------------+-----------+------------+----+-----------------+
  X.25 data packets:
  +----------------+-------------------------------------+
  | GFI, LCN, I    | Protocol Data Unit (no SNAP header) |
  +----------------+-------------------------------------+

5.4 Null (Multiplexed) Encapsulation

  Call Request:
  +----------------+-----------+------------+----+
  | GFI, LCN, type | addresses | facilities | 00 |
  +----------------+-----------+------------+----+
  X.25 data packets:
  +----------------+-----------------+---------------------+
  | GFI, LCN, I    | NLPID (1 octet) | Protocol Data Unit  |
  +----------------+-----------------+---------------------+
  Examples of data packets:
  Multiplexed IP datagram:
  +----------------+----+-----------------------+
  | GFI, LCN, I    | CC | IP datagram           |
  +----------------+----+-----------------------+
  Multiplexed CLNP datagram:
  +----------------+----+-------------------------+
  | GFI, LCN, I    | 81 | CLNP datagram           |
  +----------------+----+-------------------------+
  Multiplexed SNAP PDU:
  +----------------+----+-----------------+--------------------+
  | GFI, LCN, I    | 80 | SNAP (5 octets) | Protocol Data Unit |
  +----------------+----+-----------------+--------------------+

Malis, Robinson, & Ullmann [Page 12] RFC 1356 Multiprotocol Interconnect on X.25 August 1992

6. Security Considerations

 Security issues are not discussed in this memo.

7. References

 [1]  Korb, J., "A Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams Over
      Public Data Networks", RFC 877, Purdue University, September
      1983.
 [2]  ISO/IEC TR 9577, Information technology - Telecommunications and
      Information exchange between systems - Protocol Identification
      in the network layer, 1990 (E) 1990-10-15.
 [3]  IEEE, "IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks:
      Overview and Architecture", IEEE Standards 802-1990.
 [4]  ISO/IEC 8473, Information processing systems - Data
      communications - Protocol for providing the connectionless- mode
      network service, 1988.
 [5]  ISO/IEC 9542, Information processing systems -
      Telecommunications and information exchange between systems -
      End system to intermediate system routeing protocol for use in
      conjunction with the protocol for providing the connectionless-
      mode network service (ISO/IEC 8473), 1988.
 [6]  Postel, J., Editor., "Internet Protocol - DARPA Internet Program
      Protocol Specification", RFC 791, USC/Information Sciences
      Institute, September 1981.
 [7]  Reynolds, J. and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", RFC 1340,
      USC/Information Sciences Institute, July 1992.
 [8]  Bradley, T., Brown, C., and A. Malis, "Multiprotocol
      Interconnect over Frame Relay", RFC 1294, Wellfleet
      Communications and BBN Communications, January 1992.
 [9]  "Defense Data Network X.25 Host Interface Specification",
      contained in "DDN Protocol Handbook", Volume 1, DDN Network
      Information Center 50004, December 1985.
[10]  Everhart, C., Mamakos, L., Ullmann, R, and P. Mockapetris,
      Editors, "New DNS RR Definitions", RFC 1183, Transarc,
      University of Maryland, Prime Computer, USC/Information Sciences
      Institute, October 1990.
[11]  ISO/IEC 8208, Information processing systems - Data

Malis, Robinson, & Ullmann [Page 13] RFC 1356 Multiprotocol Interconnect on X.25 August 1992

      communications - X.25 Packet Level Protocol for Data Terminal
      Equipment, 1987.

8. Authors' Addresses

 Andrew G. Malis
 BBN Communications
 150 CambridgePark Drive
 Cambridge, MA 02140
 USA
 Phone: +1 617 873 3419
 Email: malis@bbn.com
 David Robinson
 Computervision Systems Integration
 201 Burlington Road
 Bedford, MA 01730
 USA
 Phone: +1 617 275 1800 x2774
 Email: drb@relay.prime.com
 Robert L. Ullmann
 Process Software Corporation
 959 Concord Street
 Framingham, MA 01701
 USA
 Phone: +1 508 879 6994
 Email: ariel@process.com

Malis, Robinson, & Ullmann [Page 14]

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