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rfc:rfc1183

Network Working Group C. Everhart Request for Comments: 1183 Transarc Updates: RFCs 1034, 1035 L. Mamakos

                                                University of Maryland
                                                            R. Ullmann
                                                        Prime Computer
                                                P. Mockapetris, Editor
                                                                   ISI
                                                          October 1990
                       New DNS RR Definitions

Status of this Memo

 This memo defines five new DNS types for experimental purposes.  This
 RFC describes an Experimental Protocol for the Internet community,
 and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.
 Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Table of Contents

 Introduction....................................................    1
 1. AFS Data Base location.......................................    2
 2. Responsible Person...........................................    3
 2.1. Identification of the guilty party.........................    3
 2.2. The Responsible Person RR..................................    4
 3. X.25 and ISDN addresses, Route Binding.......................    6
 3.1. The X25 RR.................................................    6
 3.2. The ISDN RR................................................    7
 3.3. The Route Through RR.......................................    8
 REFERENCES and BIBLIOGRAPHY.....................................    9
 Security Considerations.........................................   10
 Authors' Addresses..............................................   11

Introduction

 This RFC defines the format of new Resource Records (RRs) for the
 Domain Name System (DNS), and reserves corresponding DNS type
 mnemonics and numerical codes.  The definitions are in three
 independent sections: (1) location of AFS database servers, (2)
 location of responsible persons, and (3) representation of X.25 and
 ISDN addresses and route binding.  All are experimental.
 This RFC assumes that the reader is familiar with the DNS [3,4].  The
 data shown is for pedagogical use and does not necessarily reflect
 the real Internet.

Everhart, Mamakos, Ullmann & Mockapetris [Page 1] RFC 1183 New DNS RR Definitions October 1990

1. AFS Data Base location

 This section defines an extension of the DNS to locate servers both
 for AFS (AFS is a registered trademark of Transarc Corporation) and
 for the Open Software Foundation's (OSF) Distributed Computing
 Environment (DCE) authenticated naming system using HP/Apollo's NCA,
 both to be components of the OSF DCE.  The discussion assumes that
 the reader is familiar with AFS [5] and NCA [6].
 The AFS (originally the Andrew File System) system uses the DNS to
 map from a domain name to the name of an AFS cell database server.
 The DCE Naming service uses the DNS for a similar function: mapping
 from the domain name of a cell to authenticated name servers for that
 cell.  The method uses a new RR type with mnemonic AFSDB and type
 code of 18 (decimal).
 AFSDB has the following format:
 <owner> <ttl> <class> AFSDB <subtype> <hostname>
 Both RDATA fields are required in all AFSDB RRs.  The <subtype> field
 is a 16 bit integer.  The <hostname> field is a domain name of a host
 that has a server for the cell named by the owner name of the RR.
 The format of the AFSDB RR is class insensitive.  AFSDB records cause
 type A additional section processing for <hostname>.  This, in fact,
 is the rationale for using a new type code, rather than trying to
 build the same functionality with TXT RRs.
 Note that the format of AFSDB in a master file is identical to MX.
 For purposes of the DNS itself, the subtype is merely an integer.
 The present subtype semantics are discussed below, but changes are
 possible and will be announced in subsequent RFCs.
 In the case of subtype 1, the host has an AFS version 3.0 Volume
 Location Server for the named AFS cell.  In the case of subtype 2,
 the host has an authenticated name server holding the cell-root
 directory node for the named DCE/NCA cell.
 The use of subtypes is motivated by two considerations.  First, the
 space of DNS RR types is limited.  Second, the services provided are
 sufficiently distinct that it would continue to be confusing for a
 client to attempt to connect to a cell's servers using the protocol
 for one service, if the cell offered only the other service.
 As an example of the use of this RR, suppose that the Toaster
 Corporation has deployed AFS 3.0 but not (yet) the OSF's DCE.  Their
 cell, named toaster.com, has three "AFS 3.0 cell database server"

Everhart, Mamakos, Ullmann & Mockapetris [Page 2] RFC 1183 New DNS RR Definitions October 1990

 machines: bigbird.toaster.com, ernie.toaster.com, and
 henson.toaster.com.  These three machines would be listed in three
 AFSDB RRs.  These might appear in a master file as:
 toaster.com.   AFSDB   1 bigbird.toaster.com.
 toaster.com.   AFSDB   1 ernie.toaster.com.
 toaster.com.   AFSDB   1 henson.toaster.com.
 As another example use of this RR, suppose that Femto College (domain
 name femto.edu) has deployed DCE, and that their DCE cell root
 directory is served by processes running on green.femto.edu and
 turquoise.femto.edu.  Furthermore, their DCE file servers also run
 AFS 3.0-compatible volume location servers, on the hosts
 turquoise.femto.edu and orange.femto.edu.  These machines would be
 listed in four AFSDB RRs, which might appear in a master file as:
 femto.edu.   AFSDB   2 green.femto.edu.
 femto.edu.   AFSDB   2 turquoise.femto.edu.
 femto.edu.   AFSDB   1 turquoise.femto.edu.
 femto.edu.   AFSDB   1 orange.femto.edu.

2. Responsible Person

 The purpose of this section is to provide a standard method for
 associating responsible person identification to any name in the DNS.
 The domain name system functions as a distributed database which
 contains many different form of information.  For a particular name
 or host, you can discover it's Internet address, mail forwarding
 information, hardware type and operating system among others.
 A key aspect of the DNS is that the tree-structured namespace can be
 divided into pieces, called zones, for purposes of distributing
 control and responsibility.  The responsible person for zone database
 purposes is named in the SOA RR for that zone.  This section
 describes an extension which allows different responsible persons to
 be specified for different names in a zone.

2.1. Identification of the guilty party

 Often it is desirable to be able to identify the responsible entity
 for a particular host.  When that host is down or malfunctioning, it
 is difficult to contact those parties which might resolve or repair
 the host.  Mail sent to POSTMASTER may not reach the person in a
 timely fashion.  If the host is one of a multitude of workstations,
 there may be no responsible person which can be contacted on that
 host.

Everhart, Mamakos, Ullmann & Mockapetris [Page 3] RFC 1183 New DNS RR Definitions October 1990

 The POSTMASTER mailbox on that host continues to be a good contact
 point for mail problems, and the zone contact in the SOA record for
 database problem, but the RP record allows us to associate a mailbox
 to entities that don't receive mail or are not directly connected
 (namespace-wise) to the problem (e.g., GATEWAY.ISI.EDU might want to
 point at HOTLINE@BBN.COM, and GATEWAY doesn't get mail, nor does the
 ISI zone administrator have a clue about fixing gateways).

2.2. The Responsible Person RR

 The method uses a new RR type with mnemonic RP and type code of 17
 (decimal).
 RP has the following format:
 <owner> <ttl> <class> RP <mbox-dname> <txt-dname>
 Both RDATA fields are required in all RP RRs.
 The first field, <mbox-dname>, is a domain name that specifies the
 mailbox for the responsible person.  Its format in master files uses
 the DNS convention for mailbox encoding, identical to that used for
 the RNAME mailbox field in the SOA RR.  The root domain name (just
 ".") may be specified for <mbox-dname> to indicate that no mailbox is
 available.
 The second field, <txt-dname>, is a domain name for which TXT RR's
 exist.  A subsequent query can be performed to retrieve the
 associated TXT resource records at <txt-dname>.  This provides a
 level of indirection so that the entity can be referred to from
 multiple places in the DNS.  The root domain name (just ".") may be
 specified for <txt-dname> to indicate that the TXT_DNAME is absent,
 and no associated TXT RR exists.
 The format of the RP RR is class insensitive.  RP records cause no
 additional section processing.  (TXT additional section processing
 for <txt-dname> is allowed as an option, but only if it is disabled
 for the root, i.e., ".").
 The Responsible Person RR can be associated with any node in the
 Domain Name System hierarchy, not just at the leaves of the tree.
 The TXT RR associated with the TXT_DNAME contain free format text
 suitable for humans.  Refer to [4] for more details on the TXT RR.
 Multiple RP records at a single name may be present in the database.
 They should have identical TTLs.

Everhart, Mamakos, Ullmann & Mockapetris [Page 4] RFC 1183 New DNS RR Definitions October 1990

 EXAMPLES
 Some examples of how the RP record might be used.
 sayshell.umd.edu. A     128.8.1.14
                   MX    10 sayshell.umd.edu.
                   HINFO NeXT UNIX
                   WKS   128.8.1.14 tcp ftp telnet smtp
                   RP    louie.trantor.umd.edu.  LAM1.people.umd.edu.
 LAM1.people.umd.edu. TXT (
       "Louis A. Mamakos, (301) 454-2946, don't call me at home!" )
 In this example, the responsible person's mailbox for the host
 SAYSHELL.UMD.EDU is louie@trantor.umd.edu.  The TXT RR at
 LAM1.people.umd.edu provides additional information and advice.
 TERP.UMD.EDU.    A     128.8.10.90
                  MX    10 128.8.10.90
                  HINFO MICROVAX-II UNIX
                  WKS   128.8.10.90 udp domain
                  WKS   128.8.10.90 tcp ftp telnet smtp domain
                  RP    louie.trantor.umd.edu. LAM1.people.umd.edu.
                  RP    root.terp.umd.edu. ops.CS.UMD.EDU.
 TRANTOR.UMD.EDU. A     128.8.10.14
                  MX    10 trantor.umd.edu.
                  HINFO MICROVAX-II UNIX
                  WKS   128.8.10.14 udp domain
                  WKS   128.8.10.14 tcp ftp telnet smtp domain
                  RP    louie.trantor.umd.edu. LAM1.people.umd.edu.
                  RP    petry.netwolf.umd.edu. petry.people.UMD.EDU.
                  RP    root.trantor.umd.edu. ops.CS.UMD.EDU.
                  RP    gregh.sunset.umd.edu.  .
 LAM1.people.umd.edu.  TXT   "Louis A. Mamakos (301) 454-2946"
 petry.people.umd.edu. TXT   "Michael G. Petry (301) 454-2946"
 ops.CS.UMD.EDU.       TXT   "CS Operations Staff (301) 454-2943"
 This set of resource records has two hosts, TRANTOR.UMD.EDU and
 TERP.UMD.EDU, as well as a number of TXT RRs.  Note that TERP.UMD.EDU
 and TRANTOR.UMD.EDU both reference the same pair of TXT resource
 records, although the mail box names (root.terp.umd.edu and
 root.trantor.umd.edu) differ.
 Here, we obviously care much more if the machine flakes out, as we've
 specified four persons which might want to be notified of problems or
 other events involving TRANTOR.UMD.EDU.  In this example, the last RP

Everhart, Mamakos, Ullmann & Mockapetris [Page 5] RFC 1183 New DNS RR Definitions October 1990

 RR for TRANTOR.UMD.EDU specifies a mailbox (gregh.sunset.umd.edu),
 but no associated TXT RR.

3. X.25 and ISDN addresses, Route Binding

 This section describes an experimental representation of X.25 and
 ISDN addresses in the DNS, as well as a route binding method,
 analogous to the MX for mail routing, for very large scale networks.
 There are several possible uses, all experimental at this time.
 First, the RRs provide simple documentation of the correct addresses
 to use in static configurations of IP/X.25 [11] and SMTP/X.25 [12].
 The RRs could also be used automatically by an internet network-layer
 router, typically IP.  The procedure would be to map IP address to
 domain name, then name to canonical name if needed, then following RT
 records, and finally attempting an IP/X.25 call to the address found.
 Alternately, configured domain names could be resolved to identify IP
 to X.25/ISDN bindings for a static but periodically refreshed routing
 table.
 This provides a function similar to ARP for wide area non-broadcast
 networks that will scale well to a network with hundreds of millions
 of hosts.
 Also, a standard address binding reference will facilitate other
 experiments in the use of X.25 and ISDN, especially in serious
 inter-operability testing.  The majority of work in such a test is
 establishing the n-squared entries in static tables.
 Finally, the RRs are intended for use in a proposal [13] by one of
 the authors for a possible next-generation internet.

3.1. The X25 RR

 The X25 RR is defined with mnemonic X25 and type code 19 (decimal).
 X25 has the following format:
 <owner> <ttl> <class> X25 <PSDN-address>
 <PSDN-address> is required in all X25 RRs.
 <PSDN-address> identifies the PSDN (Public Switched Data Network)
 address in the X.121 [10] numbering plan associated with <owner>.
 Its format in master files is a <character-string> syntactically
 identical to that used in TXT and HINFO.

Everhart, Mamakos, Ullmann & Mockapetris [Page 6] RFC 1183 New DNS RR Definitions October 1990

 The format of X25 is class insensitive.  X25 RRs cause no additional
 section processing.
 The <PSDN-address> is a string of decimal digits, beginning with the
 4 digit DNIC (Data Network Identification Code), as specified in
 X.121. National prefixes (such as a 0) MUST NOT be used.
 For example:
 Relay.Prime.COM.  X25       311061700956

3.2. The ISDN RR

 The ISDN RR is defined with mnemonic ISDN and type code 20 (decimal).
 An ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network) number is simply a
 telephone number.  The intent of the members of the CCITT is to
 upgrade all telephone and data network service to a common service.
 The numbering plan (E.163/E.164) is the same as the familiar
 international plan for POTS (an un-official acronym, meaning Plain
 Old Telephone Service).  In E.166, CCITT says "An E.163/E.164
 telephony subscriber may become an ISDN subscriber without a number
 change."
 ISDN has the following format:
 <owner> <ttl> <class> ISDN <ISDN-address> <sa>
 The <ISDN-address> field is required; <sa> is optional.
 <ISDN-address> identifies the ISDN number of <owner> and DDI (Direct
 Dial In) if any, as defined by E.164 [8] and E.163 [7], the ISDN and
 PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) numbering plan.  E.163
 defines the country codes, and E.164 the form of the addresses.  Its
 format in master files is a <character-string> syntactically
 identical to that used in TXT and HINFO.
 <sa> specifies the subaddress (SA).  The format of <sa> in master
 files is a <character-string> syntactically identical to that used in
 TXT and HINFO.
 The format of ISDN is class insensitive.  ISDN RRs cause no
 additional section processing.
 The <ISDN-address> is a string of characters, normally decimal
 digits, beginning with the E.163 country code and ending with the DDI
 if any.  Note that ISDN, in Q.931, permits any IA5 character in the

Everhart, Mamakos, Ullmann & Mockapetris [Page 7] RFC 1183 New DNS RR Definitions October 1990

 general case.
 The <sa> is a string of hexadecimal digits.  For digits 0-9, the
 concrete encoding in the Q.931 call setup information element is
 identical to BCD.
 For example:
 Relay.Prime.COM.   IN   ISDN      150862028003217
 sh.Prime.COM.      IN   ISDN      150862028003217 004
 (Note: "1" is the country code for the North American Integrated
 Numbering Area, i.e., the system of "area codes" familiar to people
 in those countries.)
 The RR data is the ASCII representation of the digits.  It is encoded
 as one or two <character-string>s, i.e., count followed by
 characters.
 CCITT recommendation E.166 [9] defines prefix escape codes for the
 representation of ISDN (E.163/E.164) addresses in X.121, and PSDN
 (X.121) addresses in E.164.  It specifies that the exact codes are a
 "national matter", i.e., different on different networks.  A host
 connected to the ISDN may be able to use both the X25 and ISDN
 addresses, with the local prefix added.

3.3. The Route Through RR

 The Route Through RR is defined with mnemonic RT and type code 21
 (decimal).
 The RT resource record provides a route-through binding for hosts
 that do not have their own direct wide area network addresses.  It is
 used in much the same way as the MX RR.
 RT has the following format:
 <owner> <ttl> <class> RT <preference> <intermediate-host>
 Both RDATA fields are required in all RT RRs.
 The first field, <preference>, is a 16 bit integer, representing the
 preference of the route.  Smaller numbers indicate more preferred
 routes.
 <intermediate-host> is the domain name of a host which will serve as
 an intermediate in reaching the host specified by <owner>.  The DNS
 RRs associated with <intermediate-host> are expected to include at

Everhart, Mamakos, Ullmann & Mockapetris [Page 8] RFC 1183 New DNS RR Definitions October 1990

 least one A, X25, or ISDN record.
 The format of the RT RR is class insensitive.  RT records cause type
 X25, ISDN, and A additional section processing for <intermediate-
 host>.
 For example,
 sh.prime.com.      IN   RT   2    Relay.Prime.COM.
                    IN   RT   10   NET.Prime.COM.
 *.prime.com.       IN   RT   90   Relay.Prime.COM.
 When a host is looking up DNS records to attempt to route a datagram,
 it first looks for RT records for the destination host, which point
 to hosts with address records (A, X25, ISDN) compatible with the wide
 area networks available to the host.  If it is itself in the set of
 RT records, it discards any RTs with preferences higher or equal to
 its own.  If there are no (remaining) RTs, it can then use address
 records of the destination itself.
 Wild-card RTs are used exactly as are wild-card MXs.  RT's do not
 "chain"; that is, it is not valid to use the RT RRs found for a host
 referred to by an RT.
 The concrete encoding is identical to the MX RR.

REFERENCES and BIBLIOGRAPHY

 [1] Stahl, M., "Domain Administrators Guide", RFC 1032, Network
     Information Center, SRI International, November 1987.
 [2] Lottor, M., "Domain Administrators Operations Guide", RFC 1033,
     Network Information Center, SRI International, November, 1987.
 [3] Mockapetris, P., "Domain Names - Concepts and Facilities", RFC
     1034, USC/Information Sciences Institute, November 1987.
 [4] Mockapetris, P., "Domain Names - Implementation and
     Specification", RFC 1035, USC/Information Sciences Institute,
     November 1987.
 [5] Spector A., and M. Kazar, "Uniting File Systems", UNIX Review,
     7(3), pp. 61-69, March 1989.
 [6] Zahn, et al., "Network Computing Architecture", Prentice-Hall,
     1989.
 [7] International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee,

Everhart, Mamakos, Ullmann & Mockapetris [Page 9] RFC 1183 New DNS RR Definitions October 1990

     "Numbering Plan for the International Telephone Service", CCITT
     Recommendations E.163., IXth Plenary Assembly, Melbourne, 1988,
     Fascicle II.2 ("Blue Book").
 [8] International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee,
     "Numbering Plan for the ISDN Era", CCITT Recommendations E.164.,
     IXth Plenary Assembly, Melbourne, 1988, Fascicle II.2 ("Blue
     Book").
 [9] International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee.
     "Numbering Plan Interworking in the ISDN Era", CCITT
     Recommendations E.166., IXth Plenary Assembly, Melbourne, 1988,
     Fascicle II.2 ("Blue Book").
[10] International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee,
     "International Numbering Plan for the Public Data Networks",
     CCITT Recommendations X.121., IXth Plenary Assembly, Melbourne,
     1988, Fascicle VIII.3 ("Blue Book"); provisional, Geneva, 1978;
     amended, Geneva, 1980, Malaga-Torremolinos, 1984 and Melborne,
     1988.
[11] Korb, J., "Standard for the Transmission of IP datagrams Over
     Public Data Networks", RFC 877, Purdue University, September
     1983.
[12] Ullmann, R., "SMTP on X.25", RFC 1090, Prime Computer, February
     1989.
[13] Ullmann, R., "TP/IX: The Next Internet", Prime Computer
     (unpublished), July 1990.
[14] Mockapetris, P., "DNS Encoding of Network Names and Other Types",
     RFC 1101, USC/Information Sciences Institute, April 1989.

Security Considerations

 Security issues are not addressed in this memo.

Everhart, Mamakos, Ullmann & Mockapetris [Page 10] RFC 1183 New DNS RR Definitions October 1990

Authors' Addresses

 Craig F. Everhart
 Transarc Corporation
 The Gulf Tower
 707 Grant Street
 Pittsburgh, PA  15219
 Phone: +1 412 338 4467
 EMail: Craig_Everhart@transarc.com
 Louis A. Mamakos
 Network Infrastructure Group
 Computer Science Center
 University of Maryland
 College Park, MD 20742-2411
 Phone: +1-301-405-7836
 Email: louie@Sayshell.UMD.EDU
 Robert Ullmann 10-30
 Prime Computer, Inc.
 500 Old Connecticut Path
 Framingham, MA 01701
 Phone: +1 508 620 2800 ext 1736
 Email: Ariel@Relay.Prime.COM
 Paul Mockapetris
 USC Information Sciences Institute
 4676 Admiralty Way
 Marina del Rey, CA 90292
 Phone: 213-822-1511
 EMail: pvm@isi.edu

Everhart, Mamakos, Ullmann & Mockapetris [Page 11]

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