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rfc:rfc4615

Network Working Group J. Song Request for Comments: 4615 R. Poovendran Category: Standards Track University of Washington

                                                                J. Lee
                                                   Samsung Electronics
                                                              T. Iwata
                                                     Nagoya University
                                                           August 2006
           The Advanced Encryption Standard-Cipher-based
      Message Authentication Code-Pseudo-Random Function-128
               (AES-CMAC-PRF-128) Algorithm for the
                Internet Key Exchange Protocol (IKE)

Status of This Memo

 This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
 Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
 improvements.  Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
 Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
 and status of this protocol.  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).

Abstract

 Some implementations of IP Security (IPsec) may want to use a
 pseudo-random function (PRF) based on the Advanced Encryption
 Standard (AES).  This memo describes such an algorithm, called
 AES-CMAC-PRF-128.  It supports fixed and variable key sizes.

Table of Contents

 1. Introduction ....................................................2
 2. Basic Definitions ...............................................2
 3. The AES-CMAC-PRF-128 Algorithm ..................................2
 4. Test Vectors ....................................................4
 5. Security Considerations .........................................4
 6. IANA Considerations .............................................5
 7. Acknowledgements ................................................5
 8. References ......................................................5
    8.1. Normative References .......................................5
    8.2. Informative References .....................................5

Song, et al. Standards Track [Page 1] RFC 4615 AES-CMAC-PRF-128 for IKE August 2006

1. Introduction

 [RFC4493] describes a method to use the Advanced Encryption Standard
 (AES) as a Message Authentication Code (MAC) that has a 128-bit
 output length.  The 128-bit output is useful as a long-lived pseudo-
 random function (PRF).  This document specifies a PRF that supports
 fixed and variable key sizes for IKEv2 [RFC4306] Key Derivation
 Function (KDF) and authentication.

2. Basic Definitions

 VK         Variable-length key for AES-CMAC-PRF-128, denoted
            by VK.
 0^128      The string that consists of 128 zero-bits, which is
            equivalent to 0x00000000000000000000000000000000 in
            hexadecimal notation.
 AES-CMAC   The AES-CMAC algorithm with a 128-bit long key described
            in section 2.4 of [RFC4493].

3. The AES-CMAC-PRF-128 Algorithm

 The AES-CMAC-PRF-128 algorithm is identical to AES-CMAC defined in
 [RFC4493] except that the 128-bit key length restriction is removed.
 IKEv2 [RFC4306] uses PRFs for multiple purposes, most notably for
 generating keying material and authentication of the IKE_SA.  The
 IKEv2 specification differentiates between PRFs with fixed key sizes
 and those with variable key sizes.
 When using AES-CMAC-PRF-128 as the PRF described in IKEv2, AES-CMAC-
 PRF-128 is considered to take fixed size (16 octets) keys for
 generating keying material but it takes variable key sizes for
 authentication.
 That is, when generating keying material, "half the bits must come
 from Ni and half from Nr, taking the first bits of each" as described
 in IKEv2, section 2.14; but for authenticating with shared secrets
 (IKEv2, section 2.16), the shared secret does not have to be 16
 octets and the length may vary.

Song, et al. Standards Track [Page 2] RFC 4615 AES-CMAC-PRF-128 for IKE August 2006

 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 +                        AES-CMAC-PRF-128                           +
 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 +                                                                   +
 + Input  : VK (Variable-length key)                                 +
 +        : M (Message, i.e., the input data of the PRF)             +
 +        : VKlen (length of VK in octets)                           +
 +        : len (length of M in octets)                              +
 + Output : PRV (128-bit Pseudo-Random Variable)                     +
 +                                                                   +
 +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
 + Variable: K (128-bit key for AES-CMAC)                            +
 +                                                                   +
 + Step 1.   If VKlen is equal to 16                                 +
 + Step 1a.  then                                                    +
 +               K := VK;                                            +
 + Step 1b.  else                                                    +
 +               K := AES-CMAC(0^128, VK, VKlen);                    +
 + Step 2.   PRV := AES-CMAC(K, M, len);                             +
 +           return PRV;                                             +
 +                                                                   +
 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
               Figure 1.  The AES-CMAC-PRF-128 Algorithm
 In step 1, the 128-bit key, K, for AES-CMAC is derived as follows:
 o If the key, VK, is exactly 128 bits, then we use it as-is.
 o If it is longer or shorter than 128 bits, then we derive the key,
   K, by applying the AES-CMAC algorithm using the 128-bit all-zero
   string as the key and VK as the input message.  This step is
   described in step 1b.
 In step 2, we apply the AES-CMAC algorithm using K as the key and M
 as the input message.  The output of this algorithm is returned.

Song, et al. Standards Track [Page 3] RFC 4615 AES-CMAC-PRF-128 for IKE August 2006

4. Test Vectors

  1. ———————————————————–
 Test Case AES-CMAC-PRF-128 with 20-octet input
 Key        : 00010203 04050607 08090a0b 0c0d0e0f edcb
 Key Length : 18
 Message    : 00010203 04050607 08090a0b 0c0d0e0f 10111213
 PRF Output : 84a348a4 a45d235b abfffc0d 2b4da09a
 Test Case AES-CMAC-PRF-128 with 20-octet input
 Key        : 00010203 04050607 08090a0b 0c0d0e0f
 Key Length : 16
 Message    : 00010203 04050607 08090a0b 0c0d0e0f 10111213
 PRF Output : 980ae87b 5f4c9c52 14f5b6a8 455e4c2d
 Test Case AES-CMAC-PRF-128 with 20-octet input
 Key        : 00010203 04050607 0809
 Key Length : 10
 Message    : 00010203 04050607 08090a0b 0c0d0e0f 10111213
 PRF Output : 290d9e11 2edb09ee 141fcf64 c0b72f3d
  1. ———————————————————–

5. Security Considerations

 The security provided by AES-CMAC-PRF-128 is based upon the strength
 of AES and AES-CMAC. At the time of this writing, there are no known
 practical cryptographic attacks against AES or AES-CMAC.  However, as
 is true with any cryptographic algorithm, part of its strength lies
 in the secret key, VK, and the correctness of the implementation in
 all of the participating systems.  The key, VK, needs to be chosen
 independently and randomly based on RFC 4086 [RFC4086], and both
 keys, VK and K, should be kept safe and periodically refreshed.
 Section 4 presents test vectors that assist in verifying the
 correctness of the AES-CMAC-PRF-128 code.
 If VK is longer than 128 bits and it is shortened to meet the AES-128
 key size, then some entropy might be lost.  However, as long as VK is
 longer than 128 bits, then the new key, K, preserves sufficient
 entropy, i.e., the entropy of K is about 128 bits.
 Therefore, we recommend the use of VK that is longer than or equal to
 128 bits, and we discourage the use of VK that is shorter than or
 equal to 64 bits, because of the small entropy.

Song, et al. Standards Track [Page 4] RFC 4615 AES-CMAC-PRF-128 for IKE August 2006

6. IANA Considerations

 IANA has allocated a value of 8 for IKEv2 Transform Type 2 (Pseudo-
 Random Function) to the PRF_AES128_CMAC algorithm.

7. Acknowledgements

 Portions of this text were borrowed from [RFC3664] and [RFC4434].
 Many thanks to Russ Housley and Paul Hoffman for suggestions and
 guidance.  We also thank Alfred Hoenes for many useful comments.
 We acknowledge support from the following grants: Collaborative
 Technology Alliance (CTA) from US Army Research Laboratory,
 DAAD19-01-2-0011; Presidential Award from Army Research Office,-
 W911NF-05-1-0491; ONR YIP N00014-04-1-0479.  Results do not reflect
 any position of the funding agencies.

8. References

8.1. Normative References

 [RFC4493]  Song, JH., Poovendran, R., Lee, J., and T. Iwata, "The
            AES-CMAC Algorithm", RFC 4493, June 2006.
 [RFC4306]  Kaufman, C., "Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol", RFC
            4306, December 2005.
 [RFC4086]  Eastlake, D., 3rd, Schiller, J., and S. Crocker,
            "Randomness Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086,
            June 2005.

8.2. Informative References

 [RFC3664]  Hoffman, P., "The AES-XCBC-PRF-128 Algorithm for the
            Internet Key Exchange Protocol (IKE)", RFC 3664, January
            2004.
 [RFC4434]  Hoffman, P., "The AES-XCBC-PRF-128 Algorithm for the
            Internet Key Exchange Protocol (IKE)", RFC 4434, February
            2006.

Song, et al. Standards Track [Page 5] RFC 4615 AES-CMAC-PRF-128 for IKE August 2006

Authors' Addresses

 JunHyuk Song
 Samsung Electronics
 University of Washington
 Phone: (206) 853-5843
 EMail: junhyuk.song@samsung.com, junhyuk.song@gmail.com
 Radha Poovendran
 Network Security Lab
 University of Washington
 Phone: (206) 221-6512
 EMail: radha@ee.washington.edu
 Jicheol Lee
 Samsung Electronics
 Phone: +82-31-279-3605
 EMail: jicheol.lee@samsung.com
 Tetsu Iwata
 Nagoya University
 EMail: iwata@cse.nagoya-u.ac.jp

Song, et al. Standards Track [Page 6] RFC 4615 AES-CMAC-PRF-128 for IKE August 2006

Full Copyright Statement

 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).
 This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
 contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
 retain all their rights.
 This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
 "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS
 OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET
 ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
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 INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
 WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

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Acknowledgement

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 Administrative Support Activity (IASA).

Song, et al. Standards Track [Page 7]

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