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man:makecontext

MAKECONTEXT(3) Linux Programmer's Manual MAKECONTEXT(3)

NAME

     makecontext, swapcontext - manipulate user context

SYNOPSIS

     #include <ucontext.h>
     void makecontext(ucontext_t *ucp, void (*func)(), int argc, ...);
     int swapcontext(ucontext_t *oucp, const ucontext_t *ucp);

DESCRIPTION

     In  a System V-like environment, one has the type ucontext_t defined in
     <ucontext.h> and the four functions getcontext(3), setcontext(3), make-
     context()  and  swapcontext()  that  allow user-level context switching
     between multiple threads of control within a process.
     For the type and the first two functions, see getcontext(3).
     The makecontext() function modifies  the  context  pointed  to  by  ucp
     (which  was  obtained  from  a call to getcontext(3)).  Before invoking
     makecontext(), the caller must allocate a new stack  for  this  context
     and assign its address to ucp->uc_stack, and define a successor context
     and assign its address to ucp->uc_link.
     When this context is later activated (using setcontext(3)  or  swapcon-
     text())  the  function func is called, and passed the series of integer
     (int) arguments that follow argc; the caller must specify the number of
     these  arguments  in  argc.   When this function returns, the successor
     context is activated.  If the successor context pointer  is  NULL,  the
     thread exits.
     The  swapcontext()  function saves the current context in the structure
     pointed to by oucp, and then activates the context pointed to by ucp.

RETURN VALUE

     When successful, swapcontext() does not return.   (But  we  may  return
     later,  in case oucp is activated, in which case it looks like swapcon-
     text() returns 0.)  On error, swapcontext() returns -1 and  sets  errno
     appropriately.

ERRORS

     ENOMEM Insufficient stack space left.

VERSIONS

     makecontext()  and  swapcontext()  are  provided in glibc since version
     2.1.

ATTRIBUTES

     For  an  explanation  of  the  terms  used   in   this   section,   see
     attributes(7).
     +--------------+---------------+----------------------------+
     |Interface     | Attribute     | Value                      |
     +--------------+---------------+----------------------------+
     |makecontext() | Thread safety | MT-Safe race:ucp           |
     +--------------+---------------+----------------------------+
     |swapcontext() | Thread safety | MT-Safe race:oucp race:ucp |
     +--------------+---------------+----------------------------+

CONFORMING TO

     SUSv2,  POSIX.1-2001.  POSIX.1-2008 removes the specifications of make-
     context() and swapcontext(), citing portability issues, and  recommend-
     ing that applications be rewritten to use POSIX threads instead.

NOTES

     The  interpretation  of  ucp->uc_stack  is  just  as in sigaltstack(2),
     namely, this struct contains the start and length of a memory  area  to
     be  used  as  the  stack,  regardless of the direction of growth of the
     stack.  Thus, it is not necessary for the user program to  worry  about
     this direction.
     On  architectures  where int and pointer types are the same size (e.g.,
     x86-32, where both types are 32 bits), you may be able to get away with
     passing  pointers  as  arguments to makecontext() following argc.  How-
     ever, doing this is not guaranteed to be portable, is undefined accord-
     ing  to  the  standards, and won't work on architectures where pointers
     are larger than ints.  Nevertheless, starting with version  2.8,  glibc
     makes  some  changes  to  makecontext(),  to permit this on some 64-bit
     architectures (e.g., x86-64).

EXAMPLE

     The example program below demonstrates the use of getcontext(3),  make-
     context(), and swapcontext().  Running the program produces the follow-
     ing output:
         $ ./a.out main: swapcontext(&uctx_main, &uctx_func2) func2: started
         func2:  swapcontext(&uctx_func2, &uctx_func1) func1: started func1:
         swapcontext(&uctx_func1,  &uctx_func2)  func2:   returning   func1:
         returning main: exiting
 Program source
      #include <ucontext.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h>
     static ucontext_t uctx_main, uctx_func1, uctx_func2;
     #define handle_error(msg) \
         do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0)
     static void func1(void) {
         printf("func1: started\n");
         printf("func1: swapcontext(&uctx_func1, &uctx_func2)\n");
         if (swapcontext(&uctx_func1, &uctx_func2) == -1)
             handle_error("swapcontext");
         printf("func1: returning\n"); }
     static void func2(void) {
         printf("func2: started\n");
         printf("func2: swapcontext(&uctx_func2, &uctx_func1)\n");
         if (swapcontext(&uctx_func2, &uctx_func1) == -1)
             handle_error("swapcontext");
         printf("func2: returning\n"); }
     int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         char func1_stack[16384];
         char func2_stack[16384];
         if (getcontext(&uctx_func1) == -1)
             handle_error("getcontext");
         uctx_func1.uc_stack.ss_sp = func1_stack;
         uctx_func1.uc_stack.ss_size = sizeof(func1_stack);
         uctx_func1.uc_link = &uctx_main;
         makecontext(&uctx_func1, func1, 0);
         if (getcontext(&uctx_func2) == -1)
             handle_error("getcontext");
         uctx_func2.uc_stack.ss_sp = func2_stack;
         uctx_func2.uc_stack.ss_size = sizeof(func2_stack);
         /* Successor context is f1(), unless argc > 1 */
         uctx_func2.uc_link = (argc > 1) ? NULL : &uctx_func1;
         makecontext(&uctx_func2, func2, 0);
         printf("main: swapcontext(&uctx_main, &uctx_func2)\n");
         if (swapcontext(&uctx_main, &uctx_func2) == -1)
             handle_error("swapcontext");
         printf("main: exiting\n");
         exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); }

SEE ALSO

     sigaction(2),     sigaltstack(2),     sigprocmask(2),    getcontext(3),
     sigsetjmp(3)

COLOPHON

     This page is part of release 4.16 of the Linux  man-pages  project.   A
     description  of  the project, information about reporting bugs, and the
     latest    version    of    this    page,    can     be     found     at
     https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.

GNU 2017-09-15 MAKECONTEXT(3)

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