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STS-34 PRESS KIT

CONTENTS

GALILEO GALILEO MISSION EVENTS EARTH TO JUPITER VENUS FIRST EARTH PASS FIRST ASTEROID SECOND EARTH PASS SECOND ASTEROID APPROACHING JUPITER AT JUPITER

   The probe at Jupiter
   The orbiter at Jupiter

SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES

   Spacecraft scientific activities
   Probe scientific activities
   Orbiter scientific activities

GROUND SYSTEMS SPACECRAFT CHARACTERISTICS JUPITER'S SYSTEM WHY JUPITER INVESTIGATIONS ARE IMPORTANT GALILEO MANAGEMENT GALILEO ORBITER AND PROBE SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS STS-34 INERTIAL UPPER STAGE (IUS-19)

   Specifications
   Airborne Support Equipment
   IUS Structure
   Equipment Support Section
   IUS Avionics Subsystems
   IUS Solid Rocket Motors
   Reaction Control System
   IUS to Spacecraft Interfaces
   Flight Sequence

SHUTTLE SOLAR BACKSCATTER ULTRAVIOLET INSTRUMENT (SSBUV) GROWTH HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS AND DISTRIBUTION IN PLANTS POLYMER MORPHOLOGY

GENERAL RELEASE

RELEASE: 89-151

SHUTTLE ATLANTIS TO DEPLOY GALILEO PROBE TOWARD JUPITER

   Space Shuttle mission STS-34 will deploy the Galileo planetary

exploration spacecraft into low-Earth orbit starting Galileo on its journey to explore Jupiter. Galileo will be the second planetary probe deployed from the Shuttle this year following Atlantis' successful launch of Magellan toward Venus exploration in May.

   Following deployment about 6 hours after launch, Galileo will be

propelled on a trajectory, known as Venus-Earth-Earth Gravity Assist (VEEGA) by an Air Force-developed, inertial upper stage (IUS). Galileo's trajectory will swing around Venus, the sun and Earth before Galileo makes it's way toward Jupiter.

   Flying the VEEGA track, Galileo will arrive at Venus in February 1990. 

During the flyby, Galileo will make measurements to determine the presence of lightning on Venus and take time-lapse photography of Venus' cloud circulation patterns. Accelerated by Venus' gravity, the spacecraft will head back to Earth.

   Enroute, Galileo will activate onboard remote-sensing equipment to

gather near-infrared data on the composition and characteristics of the far side of Earth's moon. Galileo also will map the hydrogen distribution of the Earth's atmosphere.

   Acquiring additional energy from the Earth's gravitational forces,

Galileo will travel on a 2-year journey around the sun spending 10 months inside an asteroid belt. On Oct. 29, 1991, Galileo wlll pass within 600 miles of the asteroid Gaspra.

   On the second Earth flyby in December 1992, Galileo will photograph

the north pole of the moon in an effort to determine if ice exists. Outbound, Galileo will activate the time-lapse photography system to produce a "movie" of the moon orbiting Earth.

   Racing toward Jupiter, Galileo will make a second trek through the

asteroid belt passing within 600 miles of asteroid Ida on Aug. 29, 1993. Science data gathered from both asteroid encounters will focus on surface geology and composition.

   Five months prior to the Dec. 7, 1995, arrival at Jupiter, Galileo's

atmospheric probe, encased in an oval heat shield, will spin away from the orbiter at a rate of 5 revolutions per minute (rpm) and follow a ballistic trajectory aimed at a spot 6 degrees north of Jupiter's equator. The probe will enter Jupiter's atmosphere at a shallow angle to avoid burning up like a meteor or ricocheting off the atmosphere back into space.

   At approximately Mach 1 speed, the probe's pilot parachute will deploy,

removing the deceleration module aft cover. Deployment of the main parachute will follow, pulling the descent module out of the aeroshell to expose the instrument-sensing elements. During the 75-minute descent into the Jovian atmosphere, the probe will use the orbiter to transmit data back to Earth. After 75 minutes, the probe will be crushed under the heavy atmospheric pressure.

   The Galileo orbiter will continue its primary mission, orbiting around

Jupiter and four of its satellites, returning science data for the next 22 months.

   Galileo's scientific goals include the study of the chemical

composition, state and dynamics of the Jovian atmosphere and satellites, and the investigation of the structure and physical dynamics of the powerful Jovian magnetosphere.

   Overall responsibility for management of the project, including orbiter

development, resides at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. The NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, Calif., manages the probe system. JPL built the 2,500-lb. spacecraft and Hughes Aircraft Co. built the 740-lb. probe.

   Modifications made to Galileo since flight postponement in 1986

include the addition of sunshields to the base and top of the antenna, new thermal control surfaces, blankets and heaters. Because of the extended length of the mission, the electrical circuitry of the thermoelectric generator has been revised to reduce power demand throughout the mission to assure adequate power supply for mission completion.

   Joining Galileo in the payload bay of Atlantis will be the Shuttle Solar

Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV) instrument. The SSBUV is designed to provide calibration of backscatter ultraviolet instruments currently being flown on free-flying satellites. SSBUV's primary objective is to check the calibration of the ozone sounders on satellites to verify the accuracy of the data set of atmospheric ozone and solar irradiance data.

   The SSBUV is contained in two Get Away Special canisters in the

payload bay and weighs about 1219 lbs . One canister contains the SSBUV spectrometer and five supporting optical sensors. The second canister houses data, command and power systems. An interconnecting cable provides the communication link between the two canisters.

   The Galileo probe arrived at the Spacecraft Assembly and

Encapsulation Facility (SAEF) 2 on April 17 and the spacecraft arrived on May 16. While at SAEF-2, the spacecraft and probe were joined and tested together to verify critical connections. Galileo was delivered to the Vertical Processing Facility (VPF) on Aug. 1. The Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) was delivered to the VPF on July 30. The Galileo/IUS were joined together on Aug. 3 and all integrated testing was performed during the second week of August.

GALILEO

   Galileo is a NASA spacecraft mission to Jupiter to study the planet's

atmosphere, satellites and surrounding magnetosphere. It was named for the Italian renaissance scientist who discovered Jupiter's major moons by using the first astronomical telescope.

   This mission will be the first to make direct measurements from an

instrumented probe within Jupiter's atmosphere and the first to conduct long-term observations of the planet and its magnetosphere and satellites from orbit around Jupiter. It will be the first orbiter and atmospheric probe for any of the outer planets. On the way to Jupiter, Galileo also will observe Venus, the Earth-moon system, one or two asteroids and various phenomena in interplanetary space.

   Galileo will be boosted into low-Earth orbit by the Shuttle Atlantis and

then boosted out of Earth orbit by a solid rocket Inertial Upper Stage. The spacecraft will fly past Venus and twice by the Earth, using gravity assists from the planets to pick up enough speed to reach Jupiter. Travel time from launch to Jupiter is a little more than 6 years.

   In December 1995, the Galileo atmospheric probe will conduct a brief,

direct examination of Jupiter's atmosphere, while the larger part of the craft, the orbiter, begins a 22-month, 10-orbit tour of major satellites and the magnetosphere, including long-term observations of Jupiter throughout this phase.

   The 2-ton Galileo orbiter spacecraft carries 9 scientific instruments. 

There are another six experiments on the 750-pound probe. The spacecraft radio link to Earth serves as an additional instrument for scientific measurements. The probe's scientific data will be relayed to Earth by the orbiter during the 75-minute period while the probe is descending into Jupiter's atmosphere. Galileo will communicate with its controllers and scientists through NASAUs Deep Space Network, using tracking stations in California, Spain and Australia.

GALILEO MISSION EVENTS

Launch Window (Atlantis and IUS)…………………Oct. 12 to Nov. 21, 1989 (Note: for both asteroids, closes in mid-October) Venus flyby ( 9,300 mi)………………………..*Feb. 9, 1990 Venus data playback…………………………….Oct. 1990 Earth 1 flyby ( about 600 mi)…………………..*Dec. 8, 1990 Asteroid Gaspra flyby (600 mi)………………….*Oct. 29, 1991 Earth 2 flyby (200 mi)…………………………*Dec. 8, 1992 Asteroid Ida flyby (600 mi)…………………….*Aug. 28, 1993 Probe release………………………………….July 1995 Jupiter arrival………………………………..Dec. 7, 1995 (includes Io flyby, probe entry and relay, Jupiter orbit insertion) Orbital tour of Galilean satellites Dec '95-Oct '97

*Exact dates may vary according to actual launch date

EARTH TO JUPITER

   Galileo will make three planetary encounters in the course of its

gravity-assisted flight to Jupiter. These provide opportunities for scientific observation and measurement of Venus and the Earth-moon system. The mission also has a chance to fly close to one or two asteroids, bodies which have never been observed close up, and obtain data on other phenomena of interplanetary space.

   Scientists are currently studying how to use the Galileo scientific

instruments and the limited ability to collect, store and transmit data

during the early phase of flight to make the best use of these opportunities. Instruments designed to observe Jupiter's atmosphere from afar can improve our knowledge of the atmosphere of Venus and sensors designed for the study of Jupiter's moons can add to our information about our own moon.

VENUS

   The Galileo spacecraft will approach Venus early in 1990 from the

night side and pass across the sunlit hemisphere, allowing observation of the clouds and atmosphere. Both infrared and ultraviolet spectral observations are planned, as well as several camera images and other remote measurements. The search for deep cloud patterns and for lightning storms will be limited by the fact that all the Venus data must be tape-recorded on the spacecraft for playback 8 months later.

   The spacecraft was originally designed to operate between Earth and

Jupiter, where sunlight is 25 times weaker than at Earth and temperatures are much lower. The VEEGA mission will expose the spacecraft to a hotter environment from Earth to Venus and back. Spacecraft engineers devised a set of sunshades to protect the craft. For this system to work, the front end of the spacecraft must be aimed precisely at the Sun, with the main antenna furled for protection from the Sun's rays until after the first Earth flyby in December 1990. This precludes the use of the Galileo high-gain antenna and therefore, scientists must wait until the spacecraft is close to Earth to receive the recorded Venus data, transmitted through a low-gain antenna.

FIRST EARTH PASS

   Approaching Earth for the first time about 14 months after launch, the

Galileo spacecraft will observe, from a distance, the nightside of Earth and parts of both the sunlit and unlit sides of the moon. After passing Earth, Galileo will observe Earth's sunlit side. At this short range, scientific data are transmitted at the high rate using only the spacecraft's low-gain antennas. The high-gain antenna is to be unfurled like an umbrella, and its high-power transmitter turned on and checked out, about 5 months after the first Earth encounter.

FIRST ASTEROID

   Nine months after the Earth passage and still in an elliptical solar

orbit, Galileo will enter the asteroid belt, and two months later, will have its first asteroid encounter. Gaspra is believed to be a fairly representative main-belt asteroid, about 10 miles across and probably similar in composition to stony meteorites.

   The spacecraft will pass within about 600 miles at a relative speed of

about 18,000 miles per hour. It will collect several pictures of Gaspra and make spectral measurements to indicate its composition and physical properties.

SECOND EARTH PASS

   Thirteen months after the Gaspra encounter, the spacecraft will have

completed its 2-year elliptical orbit around the Sun and will arrive back at Earth. It will need a much larger ellipse (with a 6-year period) to reach as far as Jupiter. The second flyby of Earth will pump the orbit up to that size, acting as a natural apogee kick motor for the Galileo spacecraft.

   Passing about 185 miles above the surface, near the altitude at which

it had been deployed from the Space Shuttle almost three years earlier, Galileo will use Earth's gravitation to change the spacecraft's flight direction and pick up about 8,000 miles per hour in speed.

   Each gravity-assist flyby requires about three rocket-thrusting

sessions, using Galileo's onboard retropropulsion module, to fine-tune the flight path. The asteroid encounters require similar maneuvers to obtain the best observing conditions.

   Passing the Earth for the last time, the spacecraft's scientific

equipment will make thorough observations of the planet, both for comparison with Venus and Jupiter and to aid in Earth studies. If all goes well, there is a good chance that Galileo will enable scientists to record the motion of the moon about the Earth while the Earth itself rotates.

SECOND ASTEROID

   Nine months after the final Earth flyby, Galileo may have a second

asteroid-observing opportunity. Ida is about 20 miles across. Like Gaspra, Ida is believed to represent the majority of main-belt asteroids in composition, though there are believed to be differences between the two. Relative velocity for this flyby will be nearly 28,000 miles per hour, with a planned closest approach of about 600 miles.

APPROACHING JUPITER

   Some 2 years after leaving Earth for the third time and 5 months

before reaching Jupiter, Galileo's probe must separate from the orbiter. The spacecraft turns to aim the probe precisely for its entry point in the Jupiter atmosphere, spins up to 10 revolutions per minute and releases the spin-stabilized probe. Then the Galileo orbiter maneuvers again to aim for its own Jupiter encounter and resumes its scientific measurements of the interplanetary environment underway since the launch more than 5 years before.

   While the probe is still approaching Jupiter, the orbiter will have its

first two satellite encounters. After passing within 20,000 miles of Europa, it will fly about 600 miles above Io's volcano-torn surface, twenty times closer than the closest flyby altitude of Voyager in 1979.

AT JUPITER

The Probe at Jupiter

   The probe mission has four phases:  launch, cruise, coast and

entry-descent. During launch and cruise, the probe will be carried by the orbiter and serviced by a common umbilical. The probe will be dormant during cruise except for annual checkouts of spacecraft systems and instruments. During this period, the orbiter will provide the probe with electric power, commands, data transmission and some thermal control.

   Six hours before entering the atmosphere, the probe will be shooting

through space at about 40,000 mph. At this time, its command unit signals "wake up" and instruments begin collecting data on lightning, radio emissions and energetic particles.

   A few hours later, the probe will slam into Jupiter's atmosphere at

115,000 mph, fast enough to jet from Los Angeles to New York in 90 seconds. Deceleration to about Mach 1 – the speed of sound – should take just a few minutes. At maximum deceleration as the craft slows from 115,000 mph to 100 mph, it will be hurtling against a force 350 times Earth's gravity. The incandescent shock wave ahead of the probe will be as bright as the sun and reach searing temperatures of up to 28,000 degrees Fahrenheit. After the aerodynamic braking has slowed the probe, it will drop its heat shields and deploy its parachute. This will allow the probe to float down about 125 miles through the clouds, passing from a pressure of 1/10th that on Earth's surface to about 25 Earth atmospheres.

   About 4 minutes after probe entry into JupiterUs atmosphere, a pilot

chute deploys and explosive nuts shoot off the top section of the probe's protective shell. As the cover whips away, it pulls out and opens the main parachute attached to the inner capsule. What remains of the probe's outer shell, with its massive heat shield, falls away as the parachute slows the instrument module.

   From there on, suspended from the main parachute, the probe's capsule

with its activated instruments floats downward toward the bright clouds below.

   The probe will pass through the white cirrus clouds of ammonia

crystals - the highest cloud deck. Beneath this ammonia layer probably lie reddish-brown clouds of ammonium hydrosulfides. Once past this layer, the probe is expected to reach thick water clouds. This lowest cloud layer may act as a buffer between the uniformly mixed regions below and the turbulent swirl of gases above.

   Jupiter's atmosphere is primarily hydrogen and helium.  For most of its

descent through Jupiter's three main cloud layers, the probe will be immersed in gases at or below room temperature. However, it may encounter hurricane winds up to 200 mph and lightning and heavy rain at the base of the water clouds believed to exist on the planet. Eventually, the probe will sink below these clouds, where rising pressure and temperature will destroy it. The probe's active life in Jupiter's atmosphere is expected to be about 75 minutes in length. The probe batteries are not expected to last beyond this point, and the relaying orbiter will move out of reach.

   To understand this huge gas planet, scientists must find out about its

chemical components and the dynamics of its atmosphere. So far, scientific data are limited to a two-dimensional view (pictures of the planet's cloud tops) of a three-dimensional process (Jupiter's weather). But to explore such phenomena as the planet's incredible coloring, the Great Red Spot and the swirling shapes and high-speed motion of its topmost clouds, scientists must penetrate Jupiter's visible surface and investigate the atmosphere concealed in the deep-lying layers below.

   A set of six scientific instruments on the probe will measure, among

other things, the radiation field near Jupiter, the temperature, pressure, density and composition of the planet's atmosphere from its first faint outer traces to the hot, murky hydrogen atmosphere 100 miles below the cloud tops. All of the information will be gathered during the probe's descent on an 8-foot parachute. Probe data will be sent to the Galileo Orbiter 133,000 miles overhead then relayed across the half billion miles to Deep Space Network stations on Earth.

   To return its science, the probe relay radio aboard the orbiter must

automatically acquire the probe signal below within 50 seconds, with a success probability of 99.5 percent. It must reacquire the signal immediately should it become lost.

   To survive the heat and pressure of entry, the probe spacecraft is

composed of two separate units: an inner capsule containing the scientific instruments, encased in a virtually impenetrable outer shell. The probe weighs 750 pounds. The outer shell is almost all heat shield material.

The Orbiter at Jupiter

   After releasing the probe, the orbiter will use its main engine to go

into orbit around Jupiter. This orbit, the first of 10 planned, will have a period of about 8 months. A close flyby of Ganymede in July 1996 will shorten the orbit, and each time the Galileo orbiter returns to the inner zone of satellites, it will make a gravity-assist close pass over one or another of the satellites, changing Galileo's orbit while making close observations. These satellite encounters will be at altitudes as close as 125 miles above their surfaces. Throughout the 22-month orbital phase, Galileo will continue observing the planet and the satellites and continue gathering data on the magnetospheric environment.

SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES

   Galileo's scientific experiments will be carried out by more than 100

scientists from six nations. Except for the radio science investigation, these are supported by dedicated instruments on the Galileo orbiter and probe. NASA has appointed 15 interdisciplinary scientists whose studies include data from more than one Galileo instrument.

   The instruments aboard the probe will measure the temperatures and

pressure of Jupiter's atmosphere at varying altitudes and determine its chemical composition including major and minor constituents (such as hydrogen, helium, ammonia, methane, and water) and the ratio of hydrogen to helium. Jupiter is thought to have a bulk composition similar to that of the primitive solar nebula from which it was formed. Precise determination of the ratio of hydrogen to helium would provide an important factual check of the Big Bang theory of the genesis of the universe.

   Other probe experiments will determine the location and structure of

Jupiter's clouds, the existence and nature of its lightning, and the amount of heat radiating from the planet compared to the heat absorbed from sunlight.

   In addition, measurements will be made of Jupiter's numerous radio

emissions and of the high-energy particles trapped in the planet's innermost magnetic field. These measurements for Galileo will be made within a distance of 26,000 miles from Jupiter's cloud tops, far closer than the previous closest approach to Jupiter by Pioneer 11. The probe also will determine vertical wind shears using Doppler radio measurements made of probe motions from the radio receiver aboard the orbiter.

   Jupiter appears to radiate about twice as much energy as it receives

from the sun and the resulting convection currents from Jupiter's internal heat source towards its cooler polar regions could explain some of the planet's unusual weather patterns.

   Jupiter is over 11 times the diameter of Earth and spins about two and

one-half times faster – a jovian day is only 10 hours long. A point on the equator of Jupiter's visible surface races along at 28,000 mph. This rapid spin may account for many of the bizarre circulation patterns observed on the planet.

Spacecraft Scientific Activities

   The Galileo mission and systems were designed to investigate three

broad aspects of the Jupiter system: the planet's atmosphere, the satellites and the magnetosphere. The spacecraft is in three segments to focus on these areas: the atmospheric probe; a non-spinning section of the orbiter carrying cameras and other remote sensors; and the spinning main section of the orbiter spacecraft which includes the propulsion module, the communications antennas, main computers and most support systems as well as the fields and particles instruments, which sense and measure the environment directly as the spacecraft flies through it.

Probe Scientific Activities

   The probe will enter the atmosphere about 6 degrees north of the

equator. The probe weighs just under 750 pounds and includes a deceleration module to slow and protect the descent module, which carries out the scientific mission.

   The deceleration module consists of an aeroshell and an aft cover

designed to block the heat generated by slowing from the probe's arrival speed of about 115,000 miles per hour to subsonic speed in less than 2 minutes. After the covers are released, the descent module deploys its 8-foot parachute and its instruments, the control and data system, and the radio-relay transmitter go to work.

   Operating at 128 bits per second, the dual L-band transmitters send

nearly identical streams of scientific data to the orbiter. The probe's relay radio aboard the orbiter will have two redundant receivers that process probe science data, plus radio science and engineering data for transmission to the orbiter communications system. Minimum received signal strength is 31 dBm. The receivers also measure signal strength and Doppler shift as part of the experiments for measuring wind speeds and atmospheric absorption of radio signals.

   Probe electronics are powered by long-life, high-discharge-rate

34-volt lithium batteries, which remain dormant for more than 5 years during the journey to Jupiter. The batteries have an estimated capacity of about 18 amp-hours on arrival at Jupiter.

Orbiter Scientific Activities

   The orbiter, in addition to delivering the probe to Jupiter and relaying

probe data to Earth, will support all the scientific investigations of Venus, the Earth and moon, asteroids and the interplanetary medium, Jupiter's satellites and magnetosphere, and observation of the giant planet itself.

   The orbiter weighs about 5,200 pounds including about 2,400 pounds of

rocket propellant to be expended in some 30 relatively small maneuvers during the long gravity-assisted flight to Jupiter, the large thrust maneuver which puts the craft into its Jupiter orbit, and the 30 or so trim maneuvers planned for the satellite tour phase.

   The retropropulsion module consists of 12 10-newton thrusters, a

single 400-newton engine, and the fuel, oxidizer, and pressurizing-gas tanks, tubing, valves and control equipment. (A thrust of 10 newtons would support a weight of about 2.2 pounds at Earth's surface). The propulsion system was developed and built by Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm and provided by the Federal Republic of Germany.

   The orbiter's maximum communications rate is 134 kilobits per second

(the equivalent of about one black-and-white image per minute); there are other data rates, down to 10 bits per second, for transmitting engineering data under poor conditions. The spacecraft transmitters operate at S-band and X-band (2295 and 8415 megahertz) frequencies between Earth and on L-band between the probe.

   The high-gain antenna is a 16-foot umbrella-like reflector unfurled

after the first Earth flyby. Two low-gain antennas (one pointed forward and one aft, both mounted on the spinning section) are provided to support communications during the Earth-Venus-Earth leg of the flight and whenever the main antenna is not deployed and pointed at Earth. The despun section of the orbiter carries a radio relay antenna for receiving the probe's data transmissions.

   Electrical power is provided to Galileo's equipment by two radioisotope

thermoelectric generators. Heat produced by natural radioactive decay of plutonium 238 dioxide is converted to approximately 500 watts of electricity (570 watts at launch, 480 at the end of the mission) to operate the orbiter equipment for its 8-year active period. This is the same type of power source used by the Voyager and Pioneer Jupiter spacecraft in their long outer-planet missions, by the Viking lander spacecraft on Mars and the lunar scientific packages left on the Moon.

   Most spacecraft are stabilized in flight either by spinning around a

major axis or by maintaining a fixed orientation in space, referenced to the sun and another star. Galileo represents a hybrid of these techniques, with a spinning section rotating ordinarily at 3 rpm and a "despun" section which is counter-rotated to provide a fixed orientation for cameras and other remote sensors.

   Instruments that measure fields and particles, together with the main

antenna, the power supply, the propulsion module, most of the computers and control electronics, are mounted on the spinning section. The instruments include magnetometer sensors mounted on a 36-foot boom to escape interference from the spacecraft; a plasma instrument detecting low-energy charged particles and a plasma-wave detector to study waves generated in planetary magnetospheres and by lightning discharges; a high-energy particle detector; and a detector of cosmic and Jovian dust.

   The despun section carries instruments and other equipment whose

operation depends on a fixed orientation in space. The instruments include the camera system; the near-infrared mapping spectrometer to make multispectral images for atmosphere and surface chemical analysis; the ultraviolet spectrometer to study gases and ionized gases; and the photopolarimeter radiometer to measure radiant and reflected energy. The camera system is expected to obtain images of Jupiter's satellites at resolutions from 20 to 1,000 times better than Voyager's best.

   This section also carries a dish antenna to track the probe in Jupiter's

atmosphere and pick up its signals for relay to Earth. The probe is carried on the despun section, and before it is released, the whole spacecraft is spun up briefly to 10 rpm in order to spin-stabilize the probe.

   The Galileo spacecraft will carry out its complex operations, including

maneuvers, scientific observations and communications, in response to stored sequences which are interpreted and executed by various on-board computers. These sequences are sent up to the orbiter periodically through the Deep Space Network in the form of command loads.

GROUND SYSTEMS

   Galileo communicates with Earth via NASA's Deep Space Network

(DSN), which has a complex of large antennas with receivers and transmitters located in the California desert, another in Australia and a third in Spain, linked to a network control center at NASAUs Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. The spacecraft receives commands, sends science and engineering data, and is tracked by Doppler and ranging measurements through this network.

   At JPL, about 275 scientists, engineers and technicians, will be

supporting the mission at launch, increasing to nearly 400 for Jupiter operations including support from the German retropropulsion team at their control center in the FGR. Their responsibilities include spacecraft command, interpreting engineering and scientific data from Galileo to understand its performance, and analyzing navigation data from the DSN. The controllers use a set of complex computer programs to help them control the spacecraft and interpret the data.

   Because the time delay in radio signals from Earth to Jupiter and back

is more than an hour, the Galileo spacecraft was designed to operate from programs sent to it in advance and stored in spacecraft memory. A single master sequence program can cover 4 weeks of quiet operations between planetary and satellite encounters. During busy Jupiter operations, one program covers only a few days. Actual spacecraft tasks are carried out by several subsystems and scientific instruments, many of which work from their own computers controlled by the main sequence.

   Designing these sequences is a complex process balancing the desire to

make certain scientific observations with the need to safeguard the spacecraft and mission. The sequence design process itself is supported by software programs, for example, which display to the scientist maps of the instrument coverage on the surface of an approaching satellite for a given spacecraft orientation and trajectory. Notwithstanding these aids, a typical 3-day satellite encounter may take efforts spread over many months to design, check and recheck. The controllers also use software designed to check the command sequence further against flight rules and constraints.

   The spacecraft regularly reports its status and health through an

extensive set of engineering measurements. Interpreting these data into trends and averting or working around equipment failures is a major task for the mission operations team. Conclusions from this activity become an important input, along with scientific plans, to the sequence design process. This too is supported by computer programs written and used in the mission support area.

   Navigation is the process of estimating, from radio range and Doppler

measurements, the position and velocity of the spacecraft to predict its flight path and design course-correcting maneuvers. These calculations must be done with computer support. The Galileo mission, with its complex gravity-assist flight to Jupiter and 10 gravity-assist satellite encounters in the Jovian system, is extremely dependent on consistently accurate navigation.

   In addition to the programs that directly operate the spacecraft and

are periodically transmitted to it, the mission operations team uses software amounting to 650,000 lines of programming code in the sequence design process; 1,615,000 lines in the telemetry interpretation; and 550,000 lines of code in navigation. These must all be written, checked, tested, used in mission simulations and, in many cases, revised before the mission can begin.

Science investigators are located at JPL or other university laboratories and linked by computers. From any of these locations, the scientists can be involved in developing the sequences affecting their experiments and, in some cases, in helping to change preplanned sequences to follow up on unexpected discoveries with second looks and confirming observations.

JUPITER'S SYSTEM

   Jupiter is the largest and fastest-spinning planet in the solar system. 

Its radius is more than 11 times Earth's, and its mass is 318 times that of our planet. Named for the chief of the Roman gods, Jupiter contains more mass than all the other planets combined. It is made mostly of light elements, principally hydrogen and helium. Its atmosphere and clouds are deep and dense, and a significant amount of energy is emitted from its interior.

   The earliest Earth-based telescopic observations showed bands and

spots in Jupiter's atmosphere. One storm system, the Red Spot, has been seen to persist over three centuries.

   Atmospheric forms and dynamics were observed in increasing detail

with the Pioneer and Voyager flyby spacecraft, and Earth-based infrared astronomers have recently studied the nature and vertical dynamics of deeper clouds.

   Sixteen satellites are known.  The four largest, discovered by the

Italian scientist Galileo Galilei in 1610, are the size of small planets. The innermost of these, Io, has active sulfurous volcanoes, discovered by Voyager 1 and further observed by Voyager 2 and Earth-based infrared astronomy. Io and Europa are about the size and density of Earth's moon (3 to 4 times the density of water) and probably rocky inside. Ganymede and Callisto, further out from Jupiter, are the size of Mercury but less than twice as dense as water. Their cratered surfaces look icy in Voyager images, and they may be composed partly of ice or water.

   Of the other satellites, eight (probably captured asteroids) orbit

irregularly far from the planet, and four (three discovered by the Voyager mission in 1979) are close to the planet. Voyager also discovered a thin ring system at Jupiter in 1979.

   Jupiter has the strongest planetary magnetic field known.  The

resulting magnetosphere is a huge teardrop-shaped, plasma-filled cavity in the solar wind pointing away from the sun. JupiterUs magnetosphere is the largest single entity in our solar system, measuring more than 14 times the diameter of the sun. The inner part of the magnetic field is doughnut- shaped, but farther out it flattens into a disk. The magnetic poles are offset and tilted relative to Jupiter's axis of rotation, so the field appears to wobble with Jupiter's rotation (just under 10 hours), sweeping up and down across the inner satellites and making waves throughout the magnetosphere.

WHY JUPITER INVESTIGATIONS ARE IMPORTANT

   With a thin skin of turbulent winds and brilliant, swift-moving clouds,

the huge sphere of Jupiter is a vast sea of liquid hydrogen and helium. Jupiter's composition (about 88 percent hydrogen and 11 percent helium with small amounts of methane, ammonia and water) is thought to resemble the makeup of the solar nebula, the cloud of gas and dust from which the sun and planets formed. Scientists believe Jupiter holds important clues to conditions in the early solar system and the process of planet formation.

   Jupiter may also provide insights into the formation of the universe

itself. Since it resembles the interstellar gas and dust that are thought to have been created in the "Big Bang," studies of Jupiter may help scientists calibrate models of the beginning of the universe.

   Though starlike in composition, Jupiter is too small to generate

temperatures high enough to ignite nuclear fusion, the process that powers the stars. Some scientists believe that the sun and Jupiter began as unequal partners in a binary star system. (If a double star system had developed, it is unlikely life could have arisen in the solar system.) While in a sense a "failed star," Jupiter is almost as large as a planet can be. If it contained more mass, it would not have grown larger, but would have shrunk from compression by its own gravity. If it were 100 times more massive, thermonuclear reactions would ignite, and Jupiter would be a star.

   For a brief period after its formation, Jupiter was much hotter, more

luminous, and about 10 times larger than it is now, scientists believe. Soon after accretion (the condensation of a gas and dust cloud into a planet), its brightness dropped from about one percent of the Sun's to about one billionth – a decline of ten million times.

   In its present state Jupiter emits about twice as much heat as it

receives from the Sun. The loss of this heat – residual energy left over from the compressive heat of accretion – means that Jupiter is cooling and losing energy at a tremendously rapid rate. Temperatures in Jupiter's core, which were about 90,000 degrees Fahrenheit in the planet's hot, early phase, are now about 54,000 degrees Fahrenheit, 100 times hotter than any terrestrial surface, but 500 times cooler than the temperature at the center of the sun. Temperatures on Jupiter now range from 54,000 degrees Fahrenheit at the core to minus 248 degrees Fahrenheit at the top of the cloud banks.

   Mainly uniform in composition, Jupiter's structure is determined by

gradations in temperature and pressure. Deep in Jupiter's interior there is thought to be a small rocky core, comprising about four percent of the planet's mass. This "small" core (about the size of 10 Earths) is surrounded by a 25,000-mile-thick layer of liquid metallic hydrogen. (Metallic hydrogen is liquid, but sufficiently compressed to behave as metal.) Motions of this liquid "metal" are the source of the planet's enormous magnetic field. This field is created by the same dynamo effect found in the metallic cores of Earth and other planets.

   At the outer limit of the metallic hydrogen layer, pressures equal three

million times that of Earth's atmosphere and the temperature has cooled to 19,000 degrees Fahrenheit.

   Surrounding the central metallic hydrogen region is an outer shell of

"liquid" molecular hydrogen. Huge pressures compress Jupiter's gaseous hydrogen until, at this level, it behaves like a liquid. The liquid hydrogen layer extends upward for about 15,000 miles. Then it gradually becomes gaseous. This transition region between liquid and gas marks, in a sense, where the solid and liquid planet ends and its atmosphere begins.

   From here, Jupiter's atmosphere extends up for 600 more miles, but

only in the top 50 miles are found the brilliant bands of clouds for which Jupiter is known. The tops of these bands are colored bright yellow, red and orange from traces of phosphorous and sulfur. Five or six of these bands, counterflowing east and west, encircle the planet in each hemisphere. At one point near Jupiter's equator, east winds of 220 mph blow right next to west winds of 110 mph. At boundaries of these bands, rapid changes in wind speed and direction create large areas of turbulence and shear. These are the same forces that create tornados here on Earth. On Jupiter, these "baroclinic instabilities" are major phenomena, creating chaotic, swirling winds and spiral features such as White Ovals.

   The brightest cloud banks, known as zones, are believed to be higher,

cooler areas where gases are ascending. The darker bands, called belts,

are thought to be warmer, cloudier regions of descent.

   The top cloud layer consists of white cirrus clouds of ammonia

crystals, at a pressure six-tenths that of Earth's atmosphere at sea level (.6 bar). Beneath this layer, at a pressure of about two Earth atmospheres (2 bars) and a temperature of near minus 160 degrees Fahrenheit, a reddish-brown cloud of ammonium hydrosulfide is predicted.

   At a pressure of about 6 bars, there are believed to be clouds of water

and ice. However, recent Earth-based spectroscopic studies suggest that there may be less water on Jupiter than expected. While scientists previously believed Jupiter and the sun would have similar proportions of water, recent work indicates there may be 100 times less water on Jupiter than if it had a solar mixture of elements. If this is the case, there may be only a thin layer of water-ice at the 6 bar level.

   However, Jupiter's cloud structure, except for the highest layer of

ammonia crystals, remains uncertain. The height of the lower clouds is still theoretical – clouds are predicted to lie at the temperature levels where their assumed constituents are expected to condense. The Galileo probe will make the first direct observations of Jupiter's lower atmosphere and clouds, providing crucial information.

   The forces driving Jupiter's fast-moving winds are not well understood

yet. The classical explanation holds that strong currents are created by convection of heat from Jupiter's hot interior to the cooler polar regions, much as winds and ocean currents are driven on Earth, from equator to poles. But temperature differences do not fully explain wind velocities that can reach 265 mph. An alternative theory is that pressure differences, due to changes in the thermodynamic state of hydrogen at high and low temperatures, set up the wind jets.

   Jupiter's rapid rotation rate is thought to have effects on wind

velocity and to produce some of Jupiter's bizarre circulation patterns, including many spiral features. These rotational effects are known as manifestations of the Coriolis force. Coriolis force is what determines the spin direction of weather systems. It basically means that on the surface of a sphere (a planet), a parcel of gas farther from the poles has a higher rotational velocity around the planet than a parcel closer to the poles. As gases then move north or south, interacting parcels with different velocities produce vortices (whirlpools). This may account for some of Jupiter's circular surface features.

Jupiter spins faster than any planet in the solar system. Though 11 times Earth's diameter, Jupiter spins more than twice as fast (once in 10 hours), giving gases on the surface extremely high rates of travel – 22,000 mph at the equator, compared with 1000 mph for air at Earth's equator. Jupiter's rapid spin also causes this gas and liquid planet to flatten markedly at the poles and bulge at the equator.

   Visible at the top of Jupiter's atmosphere are eye-catching features

such as the famous Great Red Spot and the exotic White Ovals, Brown Barges and White Plumes. The Great Red Spot, which is 25,000 miles wide and large enough to swallow three Earths, is an enormous oval eddy of

swirling gases. It is driven by two counter-flowing jet streams, which pass, one on each side of it, moving in opposite directions, each with speeds of 100-200 mph. The Great Red Spot was first discovered in 1664, by the British scientist Roger Hook, using Galileo's telescope. In the three centuries since, the huge vortex has remained constant in latitude in Jupiter's southern equatorial belt. Because of its stable position, astronomers once thought it might be a volcano.

   Another past theory compared the Great Red Spot to a gigantic

hurricane. However, the GRS rotates anti-cyclonically while hurricanes are cyclonic features (counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere, clockwise in the southern) – and the dynamics of the Great Red Spot appear unrelated to moisture.

The Great Red Spot most closely resembles an enormous tornado, a huge

vortex that sucks in smaller vortices. The Coriolis effect created by Jupiter's fast spin, appears to be the key to the dynamics that drive the spot.

   The source of the Great Red Spot's color remains a mystery.  Many

scientists now believe it to be caused by phosphorus, but its spectral line does not quite match that of phosphorus. The GRS may be the largest in a whole array of spiral phenomena with similar dynamics. About a dozen white ovals, circulation patterns resembling the GRS, exist in the southern latitudes of Jupiter and appear to be driven by the same forces. Scientists do not know why these ovals are white.

   Scientists believe the brown barges, which appear like dark patches on

the planet, are holes in the upper clouds, through which the reddish-brown lower cloud layer may be glimpsed. The equatorial plumes, or white plumes, may be a type of wispy cirrus anvil cloud.

SPACECRAFT CHARACTERISTICS

          
                        Orbiter                   Probe

Mass,lbs. 5,242 744

Propellant, lbs. 2,400 none

Height (in-flight) 15 feet 34 inches

Inflight span 30 feet (w/oboom)

Instrument payload 10 instruments 6 instruments

Payload mass, lbs. 260 66

Electric power, watts 570-480 730

                       (RTGs)         (Lithium-sulfur battery)

GALILEO MANAGEMENT

   The Galileo Project is managed for NASA's Office of Space Science and

Applications by the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. This responsibility includes designing, building, testing, operating and tracking Galileo. NASA's Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. is responsible for the atmosphere probe, which was built by Hughes Aircraft Company, El Segundo, Calif.

   The probe project and science teams will be stationed at Ames during

pre-mission, mission operations, and data reduction periods. Team members will be at Jet Propulsion Laboratory for probe entry.

   The Federal Republic of Germany has furnished the orbiter's

retropropulsion module and is participating in the scientific investigations. The radioisotope thermoelectric generators were designed and built for the U.S. Department of Energy by the General Electric Company.

GALILEO ORBITER AND PROBE SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS

Listed by experiment/instrument and including the Principal Investigator and scientific objectives of that investigation:

PROBE

Atmospheric Structure; A. Seiff, NASA's Ames Research Center; temperature, pressure, density, molecular weight profiles;

Neutral Mass Spectrometer; H. Niemann, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center; chemical composition

Helium Abundance; U. von Zahn, Bonn University, FRG; helium/hydrogen ratio

Nephelometer; B. Ragent, NASA's Ames Research Center; clouds, solid/liquid particles

Net Flux Radiometer; L. Sromovsky, University of Wisconsin-Madison; thermal/solar energy profiles

Lightning/Energetic Particles; L. Lanzerotti, Bell Laboratories; detect lightning, measuring energetic particles

ORBITER (DESPUN PLATFORM)

Solid-State Imaging Camera; M. Belton, National Optical Astronomy Observatories (Team Leader); Galilean satellites at 1-km resolution or better

Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer; R. Carlson, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory; surface/atmospheric composition, thermal mapping

Ultraviolet Spectrometer; C. Hord, University of Colorado; atmospheric gases, aerosols

Photopolarimeter Radiometer; J. Hansen, Goddard Institute for Space Studies; atmospheric particles, thermal/reflected radiation

ORBITER (SPINNING SPACECRAFT SECTION)

Magnetometer; M. Kivelson, University of California at Los Angeles; strength and fluctuations of magnetic fields

Energetic Particles; D. Williams, Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory; electrons, protons, heavy ions in magnetosphere and interplanetary space

Plasma; L. Frank, University of Iowa; composition, energy, distribution of magnetospheric ions

Plasma Wave; D. Gurnett, University of Iowa; electromagnetic waves and wave-particle interactions

Dust; E. Grun, Max Planck Institute; mass, velocity, charge of submicron particles

Radio Science - Celestial Mechanics; J. Anderson, JPL (Team Leader); masses and motions of bodies from spacecraft tracking;

Radio Science - Propagation; H. T. Howard, Stanford University; satellite radii, atmospheric structure both from radio propagation

INTERDISCIPLINARY INVESTIGATORS

F. P. Fanale; University of Hawaii

P. Gierasch; Cornell University

D. M. Hunten; University of Arizona

A. P. Ingersoll; California Institute of Technology

H. Masursky; U. S. Geological Survey

D. Morrison; Ames Research Center

M. McElroy; Harvard University

G. S. Orton; NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory

T. Owen; State University of New York, Stonybrook

J. B. Pollack; NASA's Ames Research Center

C. T Russell; University of California at Los Angeles

C. Sagan; Cornell University

G. Schubert; University of California at Los Angeles

J. Van Allen; University of Iowa

STS-34 INERTIAL UPPER STAGE (IUS-19)

   The Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) will again be used with the Space

Shuttle, this time to transport NASA's Galileo spacecraft out of Earth's orbit to Jupiter, a 2.5-billion-mile journey.

   The IUS has been used previously to place three Tracking and Data

Relay Satellites in geostationary orbit as well as to inject the Magellan spacecraft into its interplanetary trajectory to Venus. In addition, the IUS has been selected by the agency for the Ulysses solar polar orbit mission.

   After 2 1/2 years of competition, Boeing Aerospace Co., Seattle, was

selected in August 1976 to begin preliminary design of the IUS. The IUS was developed and built under contract to the Air Force Systems Command's Space Systems Division. The Space Systems Division is executive agent for all Department of Defense activities pertaining to the Space Shuttle system. NASA, through the Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala., purchases the IUS through the Air Force and manages the integration activities of the upper stage to NASA spacecraft.

Specifications

   IUS-19, to be used on mission STS-34, is a two-stage vehicle weighing

approximately 32,500 lbs. Each stage has a solid rocket motor (SRM), preferred over liquid-fueled engines because of SRM's relative simplicity, high reliability, low cost and safety.

   The IUS is 17 ft. long and 9.25 ft. in diameter.  It consists of an aft

skirt, an aft stage SRM generating approximately 42,000 lbs. of thrust, an

interstage, a forward-stage SRM generating approximately 18,000 lbs. of thrust, and an equipment support section.

Airborne Support Equipment

   The IUS Airborne Support Equipment (ASE) is the mechanical, avionics

and structural equipment located in the orbiter. The ASE supports the IUS and the Galileo in the orbiter payload bay and elevates the combination for final checkout and deployment from the orbiter.

   The IUS ASE consists of the structure, electromechanical mechanisms,

batteries, electronics and cabling to support the Galileo/IUS. These ASE subsystems enable the deployment of the combined vehicle; provide, distribute and/or control electrical power to the IUS and spacecraft; provide plumbing to cool the radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) aboard Galileo; and serve as communication paths between the IUS and/or spacecraft and the orbiter.

IUS Structure

   The IUS structure is capable of supporting loads generated internally

and also by the cantilevered spacecraft during orbiter operations and the IUS free flight. It is made of aluminum skin-stringer construction, with longerons and ring frames.

Equipment Support Section

   The top of the equipment support section contains the spacecraft

interface mounting ring and electrical interface connector segment for mating and integrating the spacecraft with the IUS. Thermal isolation is provided by a multilayer insulation blanket across the interface between the IUS and Galileo.

   The equipment support section also contains the avionics which

provide guidance, navigation, control, telemetry, command and data management, reaction control and electrical power. All mission-critical components of the avionics system, along with thrust vector actuators, reaction control thrusters, motor igniter and pyrotechnic stage separation equipment are redundant to assure reliability of better than 98 percent.

IUS Avionics Subsystems

   The avionics subsystems consist of the telemetry, tracking and

command subsystems; guidance and navigation subsystem; data management; thrust vector control; and electrical power subsystems. These subsystems include all the electronic and electrical hardware used to perform all computations, signal conditioning, data processing and formatting associated with navigation, guidance, control, data and redundancy management. The IUS avionics subsystems also provide the equipment for communications between the orbiter and ground stations as

well as electrical power distribution.

   Attitude control in response to guidance commands is provided by

thrust vectoring during powered flight and by reaction control thrusters while coasting. Attitude is compared with guidance commands to generate error signals. During solid motor firing, these commands gimble the IUS's movable nozzle to provide the desired pitch and yaw control. The IUS's roll axis thrusters maintain roll control. While coasting, the error signals are processed in the computer to generate thruster commands to maintain the vehicle's altitude or to maneuver the vehicle.

   The IUS electrical power subsystem consists of avionics batteries, IUS

power distribution units, a power transfer unit, utility batteries, a pyrotechnic switching unit, an IUS wiring harness and umbilical and staging connectors. The IUS avionics system provides 5-volt electrical power to the Galileo/IUS interface connector for use by the spacecraft telemetry system.

IUS Solid Rocket Motors

   The IUS two-stage vehicle uses a large solid rocket motor and a small

solid rocket motor. These motors employ movable nozzles for thrust vector control. The nozzles provide up to 4 degrees of steering on the large motor and 7 degrees on the small motor. The large motor is the longest-thrusting duration SRM ever developed for space, with the capability to thrust as long as 150 seconds. Mission requirements and constraints (such as weight) can be met by tailoring the amount of propellant carried. The IUS-19 first-stage motor will carry 21,488 lb. of propellant; the second stage 6,067 lb.

Reaction Control System

The reaction control system controls the Galileo/IUS spacecraft attitude during coasting, roll control during SRM thrustings, velocity impulses for accurate orbit injection and the final collision-avoidance maneuver after separation from the Galileo spacecraft.

As a minimum, the IUS includes one reaction control fuel tank with a capacity of 120 lb. of hydrazine. Production options are available to add a second or third tank. However, IUS-19 will require only one tank.

IUS To Spacecraft Interfaces

Galileo is physically attached to the IUS at eight attachment points, providing substantial load-carrying capability while minimizing the transfer of heat across the connecting points. Power, command and data transmission between the two are provided by several IUS interface connectors. In addition, the IUS provides a multilayer insulation blanket of aluminized Kapton with polyester net spacers across the Galileo/IUS interface, along with an aluminized Beta cloth outer layer. All IUS thermal blankets are vented toward and into the IUS cavity, which in turn

is vented to the orbiter payload bay. There is no gas flow between the spacecraft and the IUS. The thermal blankets are grounded to the IUS structure to prevent electrostatic charge buildup.

Flight Sequence

After the orbiter payload bay doors are opened in orbit, the orbiter will maintain a preselected attitude to keep the payload within thermal requirements and constraints.

On-orbit predeployment checkout begins, followed by an IUS command link check and spacecraft communications command check. Orbiter trim maneuvers are normally performed at this time.

   Forward payload restraints will be released and the aft frame of the

airborne-support equipment will tilt the Galileo/IUS to 29 degrees. This will extend the payload into space just outside the orbiter payload bay, allowing direct communication with Earth during systems checkout. The orbiter then will be maneuvered to the deployment attitude. If a problem has developed within the spacecraft or IUS, the IUS and its payload can be restowed.

   Prior to deployment, the spacecraft electrical power source will be

switched from orbiter power to IUS internal power by the orbiter flight crew. After verifying that the spacecraft is on IUS internal power and that all Galileo/IUS predeployment operations have been successfully completed, a GO/NO-GO decision for deployment will be sent to the crew from ground support.

   When the orbiter flight crew is given a "Go" decision, they will

activate the ordnance that separates the spacecraft's umbilical cables. The crew then will command the electromechanical tilt actuator to raise the tilt table to a 58-degree deployment position. The orbiter's RCS thrusters will be inhibited and an ordnance-separation device initiated to physically separate the IUS/spacecraft combination from the tilt table.

   Six hours, 20 minutes into the mission, compressed springs provide the

force to jettison the IUS/Galileo from the orbiter payload bay at approximately 6 inches per second. The deployment is normally performed in the shadow of the orbiter or in Earth eclipse.

   The tilt table then will be lowered to minus 6 degrees after IUS and its

spacecraft are deployed. A small orbiter maneuver is made to back away from IUS/Galileo. Approximately 15 minutes after deployment, the orbiter's OMS engines will be ignited to move the orbiter away from its released payload.

   After deployment, the IUS/Galileo is controlled by the IUS onboard

computers. Approximately 10 minutes after IUS/Galileo deployment from the orbiter, the IUS onboard computer will send out signals used by the IUS and/or Galileo to begin mission sequence events. This signal will also enable the IUS reaction control system. All subsequent operations will be sequenced by the IUS computer, from transfer orbit injection through

spacecraft separation and IUS deactivation.

   After the RCS has been activated, the IUS will maneuver to the

required thermal attitude and perform any required spacecraft thermal control maneuvers.

   At approximately 45 minutes after deployment from the orbiter, the

ordnance inhibits for the first SRM will be removed. The belly of the orbiter already will have been oriented towards the IUS/Galileo to protect orbiter windows from the IUS's plume. The IUS will recompute the first ignition time and maneuvers necessary to attain the proper attitude for the first thrusting period. When the proper transfer orbit opportunity is reached, the IUS computer will send the signal to ignite the first stage motor 60 minutes after deployment. After firing approximately 150 seconds, the IUS first stage will have expended its propellant and will be separated from the IUS second stage.

   Approximately 140 seconds after first-stage burnout, the second-

stage motor will be ignited, thrusting about 108 seconds. The IUS second stage then will separate and perform a final collision/contamination avoidance maneuver before deactivating.

SHUTTLE SOLAR BACKSCATTER ULTRAVIOLET INSTRUMENT

   The Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV) instrument was

developed by NASA to calibrate similar ozone measuring space-based instruments on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's TIROS satellites (NOAA-9 and -11).

   The SSBUV will help scientists solve the problem of data reliability

caused by calibration drift of solar backscatter ultraviolet (SBUV) instruments on orbiting spacecraft. The SSBUV uses the Space Shuttle's orbital flight path to assess instrument performance by directly comparing data from identical instruments aboard the TIROS spacecraft, as the Shuttle and the satellite pass over the same Earth location within a 1-hour window. These orbital coincidences can occur 17 times per day.

   The SBUV measures the amount and height distribution of ozone in the

upper atmosphere. It does this by measuring incident solar ultraviolet radiation and ultraviolet radiation backscattered from the Earth's atmosphere. The SBUV measures these parameters in 12 discrete wavelength channels in the ultraviolet. Because ozone absorbs in the ultraviolet, an ozone measurement can be derived from the ratio of backscatter radiation at different wavelengths, providing an index of the vertical distribution of ozone in the atmosphere.

   Global concern over the depletion of the ozone layer has sparked

increased emphasis on developing and improving ozone measurement methods and instruments. Accurate, reliable measurements from space are critical to the detection of ozone trends and for assessing the potential effects and development of corrective measures.

   The SSBUV missions are so important to the support of Earth science

that six additional missions have been added to the Shuttle manifest for calibrating ozone instruments on future TIROS satellites. In addition, the dates of the four previously manifested SSBUV flights have been accelerated.

   The SSBUV instrument and its dedicated electronics, power, data and

command systems are mounted in the Shuttle's payload bay in two Get Away Special canisters, an instrument canister and a support canister. Together, they weigh approximately 1200 lb. The instrument canister holds the SSBUV, its specially designed aspect sensors and in-flight calibration system. A motorized door assembly opens the canister to allow the SSBUV to view the sun and Earth and closes during the in-flight calibration sequence.

   The support canister contains the power system, data storage and

command decoders. The dedicated power system can operate the SSBUV for a total of approximately 40 hours.

   The SSBUV is managed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center,

Greenbelt, Md. Ernest Hilsenrath is the principal investigator.

GROWTH HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS AND DISTRIBUTION IN PLANTS

   The Growth Hormone Concentration and Distribution in Plants (GHCD)

experiment is designed to determine the effects of microgravity on the concentration, turnover properties, and behavior of the plant growth hormone, Auxin, in corn shoot tissue (Zea Mays).

   Mounted in foam blocks inside two standard middeck lockers, the

equipment consists of four plant cannisters, two gaseous nitrogen freezers and two temperature recorders. Equipment for the experiment, excluding the lockers, weighs 97.5 pounds.

   A total of 228 specimens (Zea Mays seeds) are "planted" in special

filter, paper-Teflon tube holders no more than 56 hours prior to flight. The seeds remain in total darkness throughout the mission.

   The GHCD experiment equipment and specimens will be prepared in a

Payload Processing Facility at KSC and placed in the middeck lockers. The GHCD lockers will be installed in the orbiter middeck within the last 14 hours before launch.

   No sooner than 72 hours after launch, mission specialist Ellen Baker

will place two of the plant cannisters into the gaseous nitrogen freezers to arrest the plant growth and preserve the specimens. The payload will be restowed in the lockers for the remainder of the mission.

   After landing, the payload must be removed from the orbiter within 2

hours and will be returned to customer representatives at the landing site. The specimens will be examined post flight for microgravity effects.

    The GHCD experiment is sponsored by NASA Headquarters, the Johnson

Space Center and Michigan State University.

POLYMER MORPHOLOGY

   The Polymer Morphology (PM) experiment is a 3M-developed organic

materials processing experiment designed to explore the effects of microgravity on polymeric materials as they are processed in space.

   Since melt processing is one of the more industrially significant

methods for making products from polymers, it has been chosen for study in the PM experiment. Key aspects of melt processing include polymerization, crystallization and phase separation. Each aspect will be examined in the experiment. The polymeric systems for the first flight of PM include polyethelyne, nylon-6 and polymer blends.

   The apparatus for the experiment includes a Fournier transform

infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, an automatic sample manipulating system and a process control and data acquisition computer known as the Generic Electronics Module (GEM). The experiment is contained in two separate, hermetically sealed containers that are mounted in the middeck of the orbiter. Each container includes an integral heat exchanger that transfers heat from the interior of the containers to the orbiter's environment. All sample materials are kept in triple containers for the safety of the astronauts.

   The PM experiment weighs approximately 200 lb., occupies three

standard middeck locker spaces (6 cubic ft., total) in the orbiter and requires 240 watts to operate.

   Mission specialists Franklin R. Chang-Diaz and Shannon W. Lucid are

responsible for the operation of the PM experiment on orbit. Their interface with the PM experiment is through a small, NASA-supplied laptop computer that is used as an input and output device for the main PM computer. This interface has been programmed by 3M engineers to manage and display the large quantity of data that is available to the crew. The astronauts will have an active role in the operation of the experiment.

   In the PM experiment, infrared spectra (400 to 5000 cm-1) will be

acquired from the FTIR by the GEM computer once every 3.2 seconds as the materials are processed on orbit. During the 100 hours of processing time, approximately 2 gigabytes of data will be collected. Post flight, 3M scientists will process the data to reveal the effects of microgravity on the samples processed in space.

   The PM experiment is unique among material processing experiments in

that measurements characterizing the effects of microgravity will be made in real time, as the materials are processed in space.

   In most materials processing space experiments, the materials have

been processed in space with little or no measurements made during on-orbit processing and the effects of microgravity determined post facto.

   The samples of polymeric materials being studied in the PM experiment

are thin films (25 microns or less) approximately 25 mm in diameter. The samples are mounted between two infrared transparent windows in a specially designed infrared cell that provides the capability of thermally processing the samples to 200 degrees Celsius with a high degree of thermal control. The samples are mounted on a carousel that allows them to be positioned, one at a time, in the infrared beam where spectra may be acquired. The GEM provides all carousel and sample cell control. The first flight of PM will contain 17 samples.

   The PM experiment is being conducted by 3M's Space Research and

Applications Laboratory. Dr. Earl L. Cook is 3M's Payload Representative and Mission Coordinator. Dr. Debra L. Wilfong is PM's Science Coordinator, and James E. Steffen is the Hardware Coordinator.

   The PM experiment, a commercial development payload, is sponsored by

NASA's Office of Commercial Programs. The PM experiment will be 3M's fifth space experiment and the first under the company's 10-year Joint Endeavor Agreement with NASA for 62 flight experiment opportunities. Previous 3M space experiments have studied organic crystal growth from solution (DMOS/1 on mission STS 51-A and DMOS/2 on STS 61-B) and organic thin film growth by physical vapor treatment (PVTOS/1 on STS 51-I and PVTOS/2 on mission STS-26).

STUDENT EXPERIMENT

Zero Gravity Growth of Ice Crystals From Supercooled Water With Relation To Temperature (SE82-15)

   This experiment, proposed by Tracy L. Peters, formerly of Ygnacio High

School, Concord, Calif., will observe the geometric ice crystal shapes formed at supercooled temperatures, below 0 degrees Celsius, without the influence of gravity.

   Liquid water has been discovered at temperatures far below water's

freezing point. This phonomenon occurs because liquid water does not have a nucleus, or core, around which to form the crystal. When the ice freezes at supercold temperatures, the ice takes on many geometric shapes based on the hexagon. The shape of the crystal primarily depends on the supercooled temperature and saturation of water vapor. The shapes of crystals vary from simple plates to complex prismatic crystals.

   Many scientists have tried to determine the relation between

temperature and geometry, but gravity has deformed crystals, caused convection currents in temperature-controlled apparatus, and caused

faults in the crystalline structure. These all affect crystal growth by either rapid fluctuations of temperature or gravitational influence of the crystal geometry.

The results of this experiment could aid in the design of radiator cooling and cryogenic systems and in the understanding of high-altitude meteorology and planetary ring structure theories.

Peters is now studying physics at the University of California at Berkeley. His teacher advisor is James R. Cobb, Ygnacio High School; his sponsor is Boeing Aerospace Corp., Seattle.

Peters also was honored as the first four-time NASA award winner at the International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF), which recognizes student's creative scientific endeavors in aerospace research. At the 1982 ISEF, Peters was one of two recipients of the Glen T. Seaborg Nobel Prize Visit Award, an all-expense-paid visit to Stockholm to attend the Nobel Prize ceremonies, for his project "Penetration and Diffusion of Supersonic Fluid."

MESOSCALE LIGHTNING EXPERIMENT

   The Space Shuttle will again carry the Mesoscale Lightning Experiment

(MLE), designed to obtain nighttime images of lightning in order to better understand the global distribution of lightning, the interrelationships between lightning events in nearby storms, and relationships between lightning, convective storms and precipitation.

   A better understanding of the relationships between lightning and

thunderstorm characteristics can lead to the development of applications in severe storm warning and forecasting, and early warning systems for lightning threats to life and property.

   In recent years, NASA has used both Space Shuttle missions and

high-altitude U-2 aircraft to observe lightning from above convective storms. The objectives of these observations have been to determine some of the baseline design requirements for a satellite-borne optical lightning mapper sensor; study the overall optical and electrical characteristics of lightning as viewed from above the cloudtop; and investigate the relationship between storm electrical development and the structure, dynamics and evolution of thunderstorms and thunderstorm systems.

   The MLE began as an experiment to demonstrate that meaningful,

qualitative observations of lightning could be made from the Shuttle. Having accomplished this, the experiment is now focusing on quantitative measurements of lightning characteristics and observation simulations for future space-based lightning sensors.

   Data from the MLE will provide information for the development of

observation simulations for an upcoming polar platform and Space Station

instrument, the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS). The lightning experiment also will be helpful for designing procedures for using the Lightning Mapper Sensor (LMS), planned for several geostationary platforms.

    In this experiment, Atlantis'  payload bay camera will be pointed

directly below the orbiter to observe nighttime lightning in large, or mesoscale, storm systems to gather global estimates of lightning as observed from Shuttle altitudes. Scientists on the ground will analyze the imagery for the frequency of lightning flashes in active storm clouds within the camera's field of view, the length of lightning discharges, and cloud brightness when illuminated by the lightning discharge within the cloud.

   If time permits during missions, astronauts also will use a handheld

35mm camera to photograph lightning activity in storm systems not directly below the Shuttle's orbital track.

   Data from the MLE will be associated with ongoing observations of

lightning made at several locations on the ground, including observations made at facilities at the Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala.; Kennedy Space Center, Fla.; and the NOAA Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, Okla. Other ground-based lightning detection systems in Australia, South America and Africa will be intergrated when possible.

The MLE is managed by the Marshall Space Flight Center. Otha H. Vaughan Jr., is coordinating the experiment. Dr. Hugh Christian is the project scientist, and Dr. James Arnold is the project manager.

IMAX

   The IMAX project is a collaboration between NASA and the Smithsonian

Institution's National Air and Space Museum to document significant space activities using the IMAX film medium. This system, developed by the IMAX Systems Corp., Toronto, Canada, uses specially designed 70mm film cameras and projectors to record and display very high definition large-screen color motion pictures.

   IMAX cameras previously have flown on Space Shuttle missions 41-C,

41-D and 41-G to document crew operations in the payload bay and the orbiter's middeck and flight deck along with spectacular views of space and Earth.

   Film from those missions form the basis for the IMAX production, "The

Dream is Alive." On STS 61-B, an IMAX camera mounted in the payload bay recorded extravehicular activities in the EAS/ACCESS space construction demonstrations.

   The IMAX camera, most recently carried aboard STS-29, will be used on

this mission to cover the deployment of the Galileo spacecraft and to gather material on the use of observations of the Earth from space for future IMAX films.

AIR FORCE MAUI OPTICAL SITE CALIBRATION TEST

   The Air Force Maui Optical Site (AMOS) tests allow ground-based

electro-optical sensors located on Mt. Haleakala, Maui, Hawaii, to collect imagery and signature data of the orbiter during cooperative overflights. Scientific observations made of the orbiter while performing Reaction Control System thruster firings, water dumps or payload bay light activation are used to support the calibration of the AMOS sensors and the validation of spacecraft contamination models. AMOS tests have no payload-unique flight hardware and only require that the orbiter be in predefined attitude operations and lighting conditions.

   The AMOS facility was developed by Air Force Systems Command

(AFSC) through its Rome Air Development Center, Griffiss Air Force Base, N.Y., and is administered and operated by the AVCO Everett Research Laboratory, Maui. The principal investigator for the AMOS tests on the Space Shuttle is from AFSC's Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, Hanscom Air Force Base, Mass. A co-principal investigator is from AVCO.

   Flight planning and mission support activities for the AMOS test

opportunities are provided by a detachment of AFSC's Space Systems Division at Johnson Space Center, Houston. Flight operations are conducted at JSC Mission Control Center in coordination with the AMOS facilities located in Hawaii.

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY EXPERIMENT

   The Sensor Technology Experiment (STEX) is a radiation detection

experiment designed to measure the natural radiation background. The STEX is a self-contained experiment with its own power, sensor, computer control and data storage. A calibration pack, composed of a small number of passive threshold reaction monitors, is attached to the outside of the STEX package.

   Sponsored by the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization, the STEX

package weighs approximately 50 pounds and is stowed in a standard middeck locker throughout the flight.

PAYLOAD AND VEHICLE WEIGHTS

   Vehicle/Payload              Weight (Pounds)

Orbiter (Atlantis) Empty 172,018

Galileo/IUS (payload bay) 43,980

Galileo support hardware (middeck) 59

SSBUV (payload bay) 637

SSBUV support 578

DSO 49

DTO 170

GHCD 130

IMAX 269

MLE 15

PM 219

SSIP 70

STEX 52

Orbiter and Cargo at SRB Ignition 264,775

Total Vehicle at SRB Ignition 4,523,810

Orbiter Landing Weight 195,283

SPACEFLIGHT TRACKING AND DATA NETWORK

   Primary communications for most activities on STS-34 will be

conducted through the orbiting Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS), a constellation of three communications satellites in geosynchronous orbit 22,300 miles above the Earth. In addition, three NASA Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network (STDN) ground stations and the NASA Communications Network (NASCOM), both managed by Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., will play key roles in the mission.

   Three stations -- Merritt Island and Ponce de Leon, Florida and the

Bermuda – serve as the primary communications during the launch and ascent phases of the mission. For the first 80 seconds, all voice, telemetry and other communications from the Space Shuttle are relayed to

the mission managers at Kennedy and Johnson Space Centers by way of the Merritt Island facility.

   At 80 seconds, the communications are picked up from the Shuttle and

relayed to the two NASA centers from the Ponce de Leon facility, 30 miles north of the launch pad. This facility provides the communications between the Shuttle and the centers for 70 seconds, or until 150 seconds into the mission. This is during a critical period when exhaust from the solid rocket motors "blocks out" the Merritt Island antennas.

   The Merritt Island facility resumes communications to and from the

Shuttle after those 70 seconds and maintains them until 6 minutes, 30 seconds after launch when communications are "switched over" to Bermuda. Bermuda then provides the communications until 11 minutes after liftoff when the TDRS-East satellite acquires the Shuttle. TDRS-West acquires the orbiter at launch plus 50 minutes.

   The TDRS-East and -West satellites will provide communications with

the Shuttle during 85 percent or better of each orbit. The TDRS-West satellite will handle communications with the Shuttle during its descent and landing phases.

STS-34 CARGO CONFIGURATION (illustration)

CREW BIOGRAPHIES

   Donald E. Williams, 47, Capt., USN, will serve as commander.  Selected

as an astronaut in January 1978, he was born in Lafayette, Ind.

   Williams was pilot for STS-51D, the fourth flight of Discovery,

launched April 12, 1985. During the mission, the seven-member crew deployed the Anik-C communications satellite for Telesat of Canada and the Syncom IV-3 satellite for the U.S. Navy. A malfunction in the Syncom spacecraft resulted in the first unscheduled extravehicular, rendezvous and proximity operation for the Space Shuttle in an attempt to activate the satellite.

   He graduated from Otterbein High School, Otterbein, Ind., in 1960 and

received his B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from Purdue University in 1964. Williams completed his flight training at Pensacola, Fla., Meridian, Miss., and Kingsville, Texas, and earned his wings in 1966.

   During the Vietnam Conflict, Williams completed 330 combat missions. 

He has logged more than 5,400 hours flying time, including 5,100 in jets, and 745 aircraft carrier landings.

   Michael J. McCulley, 46, Cdr., USN, will be pilot on this flight. Born in

San Diego, McCulley considers Livingston, Tenn., his hometown. He was selected as a NASA astronaut in 1984. He is making his first Space Shuttle flight.

   McCulley graduated from Livingston Academy in 1961.  He received B.S.

and M.S. degrees in metallurgical engineering from Purdue University in 1970.

   After graduating from high school, McCulley enlisted in the U.S. Navy

and subsequently served on one diesel-powered and two nuclear-powered submarines. Following flight training, he served tours of duty in A-4 and A-65 aircraft and was selected to attend the Empire Test Pilots School in Great Britain. He served in a variety of test pilot billets at the Naval Air Test Center, Patuxent River, Md., before returning to sea duty on the USS Saratoga and USS Nimitz.

   He has flown more than 50 types of aircraft, logging more than 4,760

hours, and has almost 400 carrier landings on six aircraft carriers.

   Shannon W. Lucid, 46, will serve as mission specialist (MS-1) on this,

her second Shuttle flight. Born in Shanghai, China, she considers Bethany, Okla., her hometown. Lucid is a member of the astronaut class of 1978.

   Lucid's first Shuttle mission was during STS 51-G, launched from the

Kennedy Space Center on June 17, 1985. During that flight, the crew deployed communications satellites for Mexico, the Arab League and the United States.

   Lucid graduated from Bethany High School in 1960.  She then attended

the University of Oklahoma where she received a B.S. degree in chemistry in 1963, an M.S. degree in biochemistry in 1970 and a Ph.D. in biochemistry in 1973.

   Before joining NASA, Lucid held a variety of academic assignments

such as teaching assistant at the University of Oklahoma's department of chemistry; senior laboratory technician at the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation; chemist at Kerr-McGee in Oklahoma City; graduate assistant in the University of Oklahoma Health Science Center's department of biochemistry; and molecular biology and research associate with the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation in Oklahoma City. Lucid also is a commercial, instrument and multi-engine rated pilot.

   Franklin Chang-Diaz, 39, will serve as MS-2.  Born in San Jose, Costa

Rica, Chang-Diaz also will be making his second flight since being selected as an astronaut in 1980.

   Chang-Diaz made his first flight aboard Columbia on mission STS 61-C, 

launched from KSC Jan. 12, 1986. During the 6-day flight he participated in the deployment of the SATCOM KU satellite, conducted experiments in astrophysics and operated the materials science laboratory, MSL-2.

   Chang-Diaz graduated from Colegio De La Salle, San Jose, Costa Rica, in

1967, and from Hartford High School, Hartford, Conn., in 1969. He received a B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Connecticut in 1973 and a Ph.D. in applied plasma physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1977.

   While attending the University of Connecticut, Chang-Diaz also worked

as a research assistant in the physics department and participated in the design and construction of high-energy atomic collision experiments. Upon entering graduate school at MIT, he became heavily involved in the United State's controlled fusion program and conducted intensive research in the design and operation of fusion reactors. In 1979, he developed a novel concept to guide and target fuel pellets in an inertial fusion reactor chamber. In 1983, he was appointed as visiting scientist with the MIT Plasma Fusion Center which he visits periodically to continue his research on advanced plasma rockets.

Chang-Diaz has logged more than 1,500 hours of flight time, including 1,300 hours in jet aircraft.

   Ellen S. Baker, 36, will serve as MS-3.  She will be making her first

Shuttle flight. Baker was born in Fayetteville, N.C., and was selected as an astronaut in 1984.

   Baker graduated from Bayside High School, New York, N.Y., in 1970.  She

received a B.A. degree in geology from the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1974, and an M.D. from Cornell University in 1978.

   After medical school, Baker trained in internal medicine at the

University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio, Texas. In 1981, she was certified by the American Board of Internal Medicine.

   Baker joined NASA as a medical officer at the Johnson Space Center in

1981 after completing her residency. That same year, she graduated with honors from the Air Force Aerospace Medicine Primary Course at Brooks Air Force Base in San Antonio. Prior to her selection as an astronaut, she served as a physician in the Flight Medicine Clinic at JSC.

NASA PROGRAM MANAGEMENT

NASA Headquarters

Washington, D.C.

Richard H. Truly NASA Administrator

James R. Thompson Jr. NASA Deputy Administrator

William B. Lenoir Acting Associate Administrator for Space Flight

George W.S. Abbey Deputy Associate Administrator for Space Flight

Arnold D. Aldrich Director, National Space Transportation Program

Leonard S. Nicholson Deputy Director, NSTS Program (located at Johnson Space Center)

Robert L. Crippen Deputy Director, NSTS Operations (located at Kennedy Space Center)

David L. Winterhalter Director, Systems Engineering and Analyses

Gary E. Krier Director, Operations Utilization

Joseph B. Mahon Deputy Associate Administrator for Space Flight (Flight Systems)

Charles R. Gunn Director, Unmanned Launch Vehicles and Upper Stages

George A. Rodney Associate Administrator for Safety, Reliability, Maintainability and Quality Assurance

Charles T. Force Associate Administrator for Operations

Dr. Lennard A. Fisk Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications

Samuel Keller Assistant Deputy Associate Administrator NASA Headquarters

Al Diaz Deputy Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications

Dr. Geoffrey A. Briggs Director, Solar System Exploration Division

Robert F. Murray Manager, Galileo Program

Dr. Joseph Boyce Galileo Program Scientist

Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas

Aaron Cohen Director

Paul J. Weitz Deputy Director

Richard A. Colonna Manager, Orbiter and GFE Projects

Donald R. Puddy Director, Flight Crew Operations

Eugene F. Kranz Director, Mission Operations

Henry O. Pohl Director, Engineering

Charles S. Harlan Director, Safety, Reliability and Quality Assurance

Kennedy Space Center Florida

Forrest S. McCartney Director

Thomas E. Utsman Deputy Director

Jay F. Honeycutt Director, Shuttle Management and Operations

Robert B. Sieck Launch Director

George T. Sasseen Shuttle Engineering Director

Conrad G. Nagel Atlantis Flow Director

James A. Thomas Director, Safety, Reliability and Quality Assurance

John T. Conway Director, Payload Managerment and Operations

Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville, Ala.

Thomas J. Lee Director

Dr. J. Wayne Littles Deputy Director

G. Porter Bridwell Manager, Shuttle Projects Office

Dr. George F. McDonough Director, Science and Engineering

Alexander A. McCool Director, Safety, Reliability and Quality Assurance

Royce E. Mitchell Manager, Solid Rocket Motor Project

Cary H. Rutland Manager, Solid Rocket Booster Project

Jerry W. Smelser Manager, Space Shuttle Main Engine Project

G. Porter Bridwell Acting Manager, External Tank Project

Sidney P. Saucier Manager, Space Systems Projects Office [for IUS]

Stennis Space Center Bay St. Louis, Miss.

Roy S. Estess Director

Gerald W. Smith Deputy Director

William F. Taylor Associate Director

J. Harry Guin Director, Propulsion Test Operations

Edward L. Tilton III Director, Science and Technology Laboratory

John L. Gasery Jr. Chief, Safety/Quality Assurance and Occupational Health

Jet Propulsion Laboratory Pasadena, Calif.

Dr. Lew Allen Director

Dr. Peter T. Lyman Deputy Director

Gene Giberson Laboratory Director for Flight Projects

John Casani Assistant Laboratory Director for Flight Projects

Richard J. Spehalski Manager, Galileo Project

William J. O'Neil Manager, Science and Mission Design, Galileo Project

Dr. Clayne M. Yeates Deputy Manager, Science and Mission Design, Galileo Project

Dr. Torrence V Johnson Galileo Project Scientist

Neal E. Ausman Jr. Mission Operations and Engineering Manager Galileo Project

A. Earl Cherniack Orbiter Spacecraft Manager Galileo Project

Matthew R. Landano Deputy Orbiter Spacecraft Manager Galileo Project

William G. Fawcett Orbiter Science Payload Manager Galileo Project

Ames Research Center Mountain View, Calif.

Dr. Dale L. Compton Acting Director

Dr. Joseph C. Sharp Acting Director, Space Research Directorate

Joel Sperans Chief, Space Exploration Projects Office

Benny Chin Probe Manager Galileo Project

Dr. Lawrence Colin Probe Scientist Galileo Project

Dr. Richard E. Young Probe Scientist Galileo Project

Ames-Dryden Flight Research Facility Edwards, Calif.

Martin A. Knutson Site Manager

Theodore G. Ayers Deputy Site Manager

Thomas C. McMurtry Chief, Research Aircraft Operations Division

Larry C. Barnett Chief, Shuttle Support Office

Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Md.

Dr. John W. Townsend Director

Peter Burr Director, Flight Projects

Dale L. Fahnestock Director, Mission Operations and Data Systems

Daniel A. Spintman Chief, Networks Division

Gary A. Morse Network Director

Dr. Robert D. Hudson Head, Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics

Ernest Hilsenrath SSBUV Principal Investigator

Jon R. Busse Director, Engineering Directorate

Robert C. Weaver Jr. Chief, Special Payloads Division

Neal F. Barthelme SSBUV Mission Manager 

/data/webs/external/dokuwiki/data/pages/archive/computers/galileo.txt · Last modified: 1999/08/01 17:51 by 127.0.0.1

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