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  1. —————————————————————

PURCHASING A LAPTOP COMPUTER

     
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     There is an allure to purchasing a laptop computer. They are 
     small, sleek and highly productive. What features should you 
     consider when purchasing a laptop? For those who need quick 
     highlights first we'll present a brief overview for the cautious 
     laptop buyer. Later in this tutorial we'll shift gears for a 
     broader "beginners" overview. 
     Before jumping into our tutorial, a reading recommendation. 
     Visit your local library and locate a back issue of the August 
     1992 edition of PC Magazine. That issue covered a variety of 
     reviews concerning specific laptop machines and also contained 
     some surprising suggestions for productive laptop use. While on 
     the topic of pertinent reading, check for other useful titles in 
     the reading list section elsewhere within this tutorial. 
     Next, general suggestions for laptop buyers...
     
     1) The keyboard is the most important interactive part 
     of any laptop. Is it awkward? Could you use it for longer than 
     15 minutes? An hour? A complete morning at work? Note the 
     location of frequently used keys like the backslash \, the F1 
     function help key, the cursor control keys. Some oddball laptops 
     require you to use a shift-funtion key combination for cursor 
     keys. Not terribly comfortable. Othertimes the cursor position 
     keys are oddly laid out in a non standard pattern which is 
     difficult to use and memorize. One of the classic keyboard 
     layouts is the Toshiba 286 T1200XE. Glance at the layout on this 
     machine and compare it to your target laptop. 
     2) The screen. Next to the keyboard this is the greatest delight 
     - or pain - when it comes to using a laptop computer. Can you 
     use it for longer than an hour? Screens can be either backlit or 
     edgelit. Each has advantages. Try both and see which you like. A 
     few clever laptops have screen reversing software built in which 
     can change the screen from black lettering on a light field to 
     light lettering on a dark field. Helpful for some folks. Ask if 
     your target machine has it. Find out if you like it. Is the 
     output VGA (display and run most software) or lowly CGA (run 
     and display fewer packages?) Is there a port on the back so you 
     can plug in your big monitor to the back of the laptop when you 
     are home or at the office? Do you need to buy an adapter for 
     this? On an airplane tray can the screen be tilted so that the 
     seat in front does not bump into the screen edge? 
     3) Weight. Fully outfitted with adapters, disks and batteries, 
     what is the real "workday" weight of the laptop? Load the 
     machine and accessories into a carrying case and heft it for a 
     while. Brochures proclaim extremely light weight figures - in 
     real life you will carry the computer and accessories.
     4) Price. Determine the REAL price. You will need an AC 
     adapater, carrying case and probably spare battery as a minimum. 
     You will need DOS and some software. Beyond that, most people 
     need a few manufacturer specific cables and sometimes a modem. 
     Add it ALL up. 
     5) Battery life is a touchy subject - ultimately the attraction
     of laptops is the opportunity to get work done on the road. 
     Battery life of an hour or so isn't much real work, when you 
     think about it. Two to four hours on a fully charged battery is 
     a working range today. Ask if the laptop has special battery 
     saving features such as sleep mode, pause and resume, user 
     selectable delays for drive and screen refresh use, powerdown 
     mode, capability to change batteries without shutting down the 
     machine and loosing data. Nice features. Is it easy and FAST to 
     change batteries or a real chore? Look at the clasps and snaps 
     as you open and close the battery compartment. 
     6) Modems. Someday you will need one. Does the laptop have a 
     standard serial modem slot to which any low priced modem can 
     be attached or a proprietary manufacturer specific slot to which 
     ONLY that manufacturer's (expensive) modem will attach? For a 
     few extra dollars consider a modem with combined internal fax 
     send and receive capability which is a godsend for travellers. 
     Much cheaper in the long run than paying your hotel $6 per page 
     to transmit and receive faxes. 
     7) How much memory can you add to the laptop? For light word 
     processing and spreadsheet work 640K may be all you need. But 
     serious software use, Windows use or high end graphics may 
     require 2 or more Megabytes of memory. How much can you install 
     into the machine? How much will it cost? Can you install the 
     additional memory or must the factory?
     8) Drives. A standard 3.5 inch floppy drive is almost essential 
     today. A hard drive, too, if you can afford it. If the laptop 
     has no floppy, you might need to purchase special software and 
     cables to transfer files between your laptop and desktop 
     computer. One more expense. Back to the hard drive for a moment: 
     if you work with large mailing lists, huge databases of clients 
     or unusually large spreadsheets you MUST have a hard drive with 
     larger than average capacity. Between 40MB to 100MB would be a 
     wise investment for hard drive intensive storage applications.
     9) Details. Beyond a serial port (for the modem or mouse) does 
     it have a parallel port for a printer? How about capability for 
     an external keyboard? Slot for math coprocessor? Null modem 
     cable for transferring data between other computers.
     
     10) Form follows function. If you plan to use the laptop mostly 
     as your PRIMARY machine at home and work, focus on maximum power 
     and expandable features. If you are a power user of Windows and 
     graphics software you will need VGA display, at least 2MD of ram 
     and at least a 386SX processor. However, if your primary work is 
     spent on the road in planes and trains, pay attention to long 
     battery life and quickly interchangeable battery packs. 
     11) Consider the new breed of tiny portable printers which work 
     well with laptops. Included are the Diconix 150 Plus which 
     weighs in at 3 pounds, Canon BJ-10 Bubblejet, Citizen PN48 and
     Star Micronics StarJet SJ-48. All printers will need spare ink 
     cartridges, printer cable, paper, AC power supply and spare 
     batteries.
     A brief glance at portable computer configurations....
     Laptops are for the most part single-piece computer systems 
     weighing in at between 7 to 15 pounds. In most cases the viewing 
     screen opens in a characteristic "clamshell" manner. All are IBM 
     compatible and most will functions from AC or battery power. 
     Most offer some expanability in memory and some, but not all 
     will even accept an expansion board. The latest designs can 
     mater to a "docking module" which adds powerful desktop features 
     when the units are used in a stationary office setting. Prices 
     range from about $700 to well over $5,000 for advanced models.
     Examples: the Toshiba T4400SX, Librex M386SL, Bondwell B-310SX, 
     Dell 320LT.
     Notebooks weigh in at 4 to 7 pounds and usually feature both AC 
     and battery power. Both hard drive and floppy drive models are 
     available. Prices range from $700 to about $2,000. By far 
     notebooks are the most popular category in the consumer 
     marketplace and for most users have the best balance of weight, 
     cost and features. Examples: Epson NB3, Dell NX-20, Tandy 1800 
     HD, Sharp 6220, Tandy 110 HD, NEC 286F UltraLite, Compaq LTE286, 
     Toshiba T1200XE. 
     Palmtops. The smallest of the small. Weighing in at a pound or 
     less these machines features minaturized keyboards, vestpocket 
     size, lack of hard or floppy drives and varying amounts of true 
     IBM compatability. Features are sacrificed in the quest for 
     miniaturization. Some, such as the Hewlett-Packard 95LX contain 
     built in software such as the standard Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet.
     At this writing, only the diminuitive Poqet palmtop is equipped 
     to run most IBM compatable software. Tiny credit card sized 
     memory modules are available for some models. Prices range from 
     aobut $400 to over $2,000.
     Next, a broader tutorial about buying a computer for the first 
     time. A refresher course for the advanced. An eye opener for the 
     beginner. Some topic areas also address concerns about larger 
     desktop computers as well as smaller laptops - a broad base of 
     information is usually useful so references to desktop 
     computers has been included.
     
     Buying a new or used computer is always THE traumatic event. It 
     seems to be easier if you merely NEED one for a definite office 
     or productivity goal such as financial analysis or compiling a 
     mailing list of customers. In that case, you can be logical and 
     evaluate among several machines and take your time. If, however 
     you WANT one because it sounds interesting and you feel a little 
     lost when everyone in the neighborhood is discussing CPU WAIT 
     STATES, you have some serious research ahead!  
     From a use standpoint, start at the beginning: What do you want 
     to do with the computer? What software applications will perform 
     these tasks? After determining answers to those two questions, 
     purchase as much computing power as you can afford which allows 
     you to use all current software of interest as well as retaining 
     the possibility of upgrading the machine later - more memory or a 
     better video display, for example. 
     
     Simple applications like word processing, accounting and 
     telecommunications may run equally fast on both budget and high 
     end computers while sophisticated software such as drafting, 
     large databases and desktop publishing may run so slowly on a 
     low end computer that your wasted time far offsets the original 
     savings on the budget computer. When in doubt run several 
     software packages which provide features you want on the 
     computer in question. 
     Three technical factors are of interest when purchasing a 
     computer: the type of CPU (central processing unit) which is the 
     brains of a personal computer, the speed of the CPU and finally 
     the choice between 8 bit and 16 bit CPU types. 
     A brief refresher course: A bit is a binary digit used by 
     computers to store and process data. Typically 8 bits are needed 
     to construct a byte or computer character such as a number or 
     letter. Eight bit processors can process one byte or character 
     at a time. Sixteen bit processors can processor two bytes at a 
     time. Faster is better for most folks - although speed has its 
     price... 
     In the IBM world of clone PC's there are four camps of CPU desire 
     and capability.
     
     On the low end of price and performance are personal computers 
     of the so-called XT class using the oldest processors such as 
     the Intel 8088 (8 bit data bus outside the CPU and 16 bit data 
     bus inside the CPU) which was used on the original IBM PC. The 
     Intel 8086 CPU, alternatively, provides both 16 bit internal and 
     external construction. A similar CPU is the NEC V-20 chip. 
     Advantages, disadvantages and uses for these XT class machines? 
     XT's are affordable. A basic machine with a couple of floppy 
     drives, monitor and keyboard can be obtained for $300 to $400. 
     XT class machines are useful for small and home office work or 
     light hobbyist use such as word processing and accounting where 
     speed is not of great concern. Generally XT class machines, as 
     with all IBM clones, can be upgraded by the gradual (or 
     immediate) addition of hard drives, color monitors and even 
     faster processors. As a curious aside, this software package was 
     programmed and edited entirely on an XT class machine. In a 
     sense computing power does not derive from the machine, but HOW 
     you use it! 
     When is an XT not a good buy? If you intend to do CAD drafting, 
     work with large database mailing list, or high resolution 
     graphics, an XT is not a wise choice. If you ever to run 
     the OS/2 operating system or Microsoft Windows which are 
     advanced operating and display standards, XT machines are not a 
     good idea. Finally, if you intend to expand the machine to 
     color graphics such as an EGA or VGA standard or install large 
     amounts of memory an XT is probably not an ideal choice. 
     One step up the ladder in performance and price is the AT class 
     machine which runs an Intel (or alternate manufacturer) 80286 
     CPU chip. The machine is usually 2 to 4 times faster than an XT 
     class machine at perhaps $200 more in price. For most people an 
     AT class machine is a comfortable choice since it can not only 
     run OS/2 and Windows (albeit sluggishly) but also run earlier 
     software programs at greater speeds. AT class machines are 
     considered a "plain vanilla" standard in most office environments 
     and are usually sold with hard drives and additional memory as 
     standard equipment. 
     
     The 80286 processor also operates in two modes which the 8088 
     and 8086 cannot: REAL MODE which allows the 80286 CPU to work 
     like an 8088 CPU and PROTECTED MODE which allows access to more 
     RAM memory. In theory, the older 8088 CPU chip can address up to 
     1 Megabyte of memory. An 8088 CPU always operates in real mode. 
     
     In protected mode, however, the 80286 CPU can use up to 16 
     Megabytes of memory which can be an advantage in running both 
     larger, more sophisticated programs as well as earlier programs. 
     In addition, the 80286 CPU can, with the proper software, run 
     several programs simultaneously which is know as MULTITASKING. 
     
     The benefits of both protected mode and multitasking are 
     somewhat unrealized at present although certain of these 
     benefits can be obtained when running Windows software rather 
     than DOS. Because of this, most users who continue to run DOS 
     use an 80286 computer as a FAST device rather than seeking the 
     advantages of multitasking or protected mode operation. And the 
     80286 is VERY fast indeed with some manufacturers pushing the 
     CPU to speeds of 25 Mhz. 
     Generally, adding additional upgrade equipment such as EGA 
     monitors and laser printers is a good investment with an AT 
     machine but a poor idea with an XT machine. The AT machine uses 
     a 16 bit bus structure for rapid data flow while the older XT 
     class machine uses a more primitive 8 bit bus. 
     
     AT class machines run graphics and CAD programs relatively 
     quickly. Hard drives operate quickly on an AT class machine with 
     its larger 16 bit bus. It is a good choice for the small home 
     office doing word processing, accounting, light desktop 
     publishing, medium sized database mailing lists and so forth. 
     Still higher up the food chain are 80386 and 80386SX CPU 
     equipped machines which are still faster and provide a few more 
     whistles and bells. They can run software which XT and AT class 
     machines run, only FASTER. They are the machines of choice for 
     office LAN networks, intensive graphics, CAD programming, 
     Windows, OS/2, compilers and other number intensive programs. 
     
     Curiously, though, the 80386 data bus remains 16 bits wide in 
     most of these machines and there is no "OS/3" operating system, 
     so the performance you derive is speed without additional 
     whistles and bells. For most users, a "386" machine is mostly an 
     office computer which a home or hobby user might admire but 
     rarely need. 
     
     Intel corrected the problem of switching from real mode to 
     protected mode - a design flaw of the 80286 - and added a third 
     mode called virtual mode which allows the CPU to act as if 
     several "separate" 8088 computers are all running within one 
     machine. In addition the 80386 chip is a true 32 bit CPU which 
     processes four bytes or characters at a time. This 32 bit 
     structure effectively makes the 80386 CPU twice as fast as the 
     80286 CPU. Finally, the 80386 can directly address a whopping 
     four gigabytes of memory if available which is 256 times larger 
     than the amount of memory the 80286 can address! The downside is 
     that many of these advantages cannot be realized when running 
     DOS. Windows or OS/2 operating systems provide access to these 
     advanced features. Speed and additional memory capability is the 
     primary byproduct of operating an 80386 within a DOS environment. 
     
     The 80386SX is an affordable variant of the 80386 CPU. The key 
     difference is that it uses an EXTERNAL 16 bit data bus outside 
     the CPU which is similar to that used on conventional 80286 or 
     AT class computers. Internally it is quite similar to its big 
     brother, the 80386, and offers similar multitasking modes and 
     memory addressing. It can run all of the software the 80386 
     machine can, albeit slightly more slowly. These design 
     compromises allow manufacturers to produce an affordable 
     computer with a good balance of speed and cost. For many users 
     needing a powerful computer which can run all current and most 
     future software, the 80386SX is an enviable balance of 
     performance versus price and offers superior memory management, 
     optimum speed and ability to run current and future software. 
     
     The primary reason to select a 80386 over the 80386SX involves 
     the need for higher speed processing, ability to run 32-bit 
     software and advanced multitasking. 
     Before introducing the fourth Intel CPU, the 80486, two new 
     concepts must be mentioned: memory caching and mathcoprocessing. 
     As the speed of the CPU becomes faster, the RAM memory chips 
     where data is stored have difficulty moving data into and out of 
     the CPU. Memory caching involves special high speed RAM memory 
     chips - typically an amount from 64K to 128K - in addition to 
     the normal memory chips within the computer. These high speed 
     chips are expensive but keep data poised to quickly move in and 
     out of the CPU. Memory caching should not be confused with disk 
     caching which is another concept used when discussing hard 
     drives. 
     A second way to increase performance is to install a math 
     coprocessor chip into the empty socket which is available on 
     most computers. This device shares the processing of specific 
     numeric operations which can slow the CPU. Only certain types of 
     software support math coprocessors such as some CAD, spreadsheet 
     and graphics software. Not all software benefits from the use of 
     a math coprocessor.
     The 80486 CPU combines the features of the 80386 chip plus the 
     addition of a self-contained on-chip coprocessor and memory 
     cache. Although the memory cache is small, a mere 8K, it is 
     extremely effective since it is onboard with the CPU itself. The 
     80486 is useful for advanced scientific applications, CAD 
     drafting, graphics and high speed LAN (local area network) 
     shared computers in an office environment. 
     An 80486SX CPU is also available which is essentially a "poor 
     man's" 80486 with a smaller external data bus.             
     
     Back to CPU clock speed. Older XT (8088 CPU) machines operate at 
     a relatively slow speed of 4.7 to 10.0 Mhz or Megahertz. One 
     Megahertz equals one million cycles of electricity per second. 
     
     AT class machines (80286 CPU) operate in regions of 10 to 25 Mhz 
     while 80386 and 80486 machines operate at speeds in the 20 to 
     40Mhz region. Obviously faster is better especially when it 
     comes to colorful graphics displays, CAD drafting, large 
     spreadsheets and massive programming tasks. However simple word 
     processing, small business accounting and routine mailing list 
     management is more than adequate at 4.7 Mhz. The need for speed 
     is relative to the computing task at hand! 
     Let's backtrack for a moment and discuss RAM memory. Most 
     computers are sold with a specific amount of memory installed on 
     the main "motherboard". Increments of 640K to 1Meg of memory are 
     common. It is commonly advertised that additional memory may be 
     added as "expandable on the motherboard" to some upper limit 
     such as 4Meg or 8Meg. Thus the user can easily install plug in 
     chips of SIMM's (single inline memory modules) to sockets on the 
     motherboard. If possible, insist on SIMM memory modules which 
     are simpler for the average user to install rather than earlier 
     DRAM chips. Additional plug in memory boards can also be 
     installed into computers having an 80286 or higher CPU. Up to 16 
     Meg of RAM memory is possible on 80286 CPU equipped computers. 
     Why install more memory beyond the 640K which DOS can address?
     For fast memory caching, RAM disks, TSR installations, access 
     to programs which can use either or both expanded or extended 
     memory, to run the Windows operating system or OS/2. These 
     software requirements are not terribly exotic - but are simply 
     ways to improve performance and speed for more experienced 
     computer users.
     The hard disk is also a consideration in any computer purchase.
     CPU speed is determined by the clock speed of the computer while 
     hard drive speed is determined by two factors: access speed and 
     drive type. 
     
     Extremely fast hard drives operate at 18 milliseconds access 
     time or faster. Bargain computer hard drives operates in the 
     range of 28 to 40 milliseconds. Hard drives must also be mated 
     to a controller circuit which offers its own blend of 
     performance and economy. MFM and RLL drive/controller 
     combinations are earlier and less expensive hard drives while 
     ESDI, IDE and SCSI drives are faster and more expensive high 
     performance options. 
     Floppy drives come is various configurations. Budget computers 
     may contain only a 1.2MB floppy drive and hard drive. This 
     configuration can read two floppy densities: 1.2MB and 360K 
     floppies. A more flexible computer contains a hard drive, 1.2MB 
     floppy and 1.44MB floppy. This computer can read four floppy 
     formats: 1.2MM, 1.44MB, 720K and 360K. Ask if a budget computer 
     can later be upgraded to include other drive configurations. The 
     new smaller drives housing the rigid "mini floppies" such as 
     the 1.44MB and 720K formats hold 20% to 50% more data in a 
     sturdy plastic case with spring loaded dust door. 
     Monochrome displays are suitable for low end word processing but 
     today's software usually requires VGA color resolution as a 
     minimum. An affordable option is a VGA video card and a 
     MONOCHROME (black and white) VGA monitor which provides an 
     acceptable 64 shades of gray with most modern software 
     applications. 
     Several sources of computer equipment are available - each with 
     a different flavor.
     1) Manufacturer direct or direct sales, such as Dell, Northgate 
     and Zeos. This method usually assures relatively high quality 
     at fairly attractive price savings since you are dealing 
     directly with those who design and manufacture the computer. 
     Service is usually good, via telephone, FAX and BBS. The 
     downside is that you must deal through the mail and await 
     delivery. Price is very attractive, but not necessarily the 
     lowest available.
     2) Retail vendors such as Computerland or Tandy. Convenience is 
     the factor here since service, returns and delivery is handled 
     locally. You pay slightly higher for this additional 
     convenience. Generally this is the most expensive computer 
     purchase option.
     3) Mail Order Houses. Almost 15 percent of PC sales are 
     conducted by mail. Mail order houses do not completely design 
     and build their own systems like direct sellers but rely on 
     imported and pre-manufactured assemblies. Technical phone 
     support can be variable, but if you shop carefully, you can save 
     even more over local retail or manufacturer direct channels. 
     Mail order sources are available in newsstand magazines such as 
     Computer Shopper and PC Sources. 
     4) VAR's or Resellers. These specialized vendors usually provide 
     systems in volume frequently with "value added" features such as 
     special software setup, training or unique customization of 
     computer systems. 
     5) Home brewers. The ready availability of computer components 
     has spawned a cottage industry of small shops, some in home or 
     low rent office spaces which can custom design a system or allow 
     you to build your own computer using parts and facilities which 
     they provide. These small, minimum overhead operations can 
     provide extremely low prices but guarantees and service 
     contracts should be provided in writing and background of the 
     vendor should be investigated carefully. 
    
     What are some questions and requirements in purchasing a system? 

What speeds are available on the CPU? 10 Mhz is standard on XT's

     with 12 to 20 Mhz on AT's and 33 mhz on 80386 machines. How many 
     free slots are available on the internal motherboard for 
     expansion with future upgrade circuits? Five to eight expansion 
     slots is desirable except on small laptop computers. Is there 
     both a serial and parallel port? How many of each? Mouse port? 
     Is a clock chip included? How big is the hard drive? 40  to 80 
     Meg is considered somewhat standard in size today for most hard 
     drives although smaller 20 meg hard drives are useful for light 
     office use computers. 
  
     How many bays are available for extra drives? Two is minimum. 
     How many floppies? What size of floppies? Most computers today 
     minimally have either two floppies OR one floppy and one hard 
     drive. Who makes the hard drive? Seagate, Connor and Miniscribe 
     are considered reasonable, although not exclusive choices. Who 
     makes the floppy drive? Teac, Panasonic, Sony and Toshiba are 
     considered reputable in floppy manufacture. 
     
     Whose BIOS chip powers the machine? Phoenix, Award and AMI Bios 
     chips are all fine. How much memory is installed on the 
     motherboard. 640K is a bare minimum for all machines with 80286 
     and 80386 machines usually offered with at least two to four 
     Megs of RAM memory. Any memory cache chips? Any coprocessor 
     installed? Coprocessor socket available?
     What warranty covers the product and for how long? Does the 
     warranty cover both parts and labor? Does the vendor have 
     sufficient inventory to replace the entire computer if problems 
     arise? Is there a different warranty for the printer? Who 
     provides the service? What is the vendor's return policy AND 
     refund policy. Is there a restocking charge? Is there a discount 
     or change in price when dealing by check or charge card? How 
     long has the vendor been in business? Is the warranty 90 days, 
     one year or two years as some manufacturers are now offering? 
     Money back guarantee? How long? 30, 60, 90 days? What type of 
     refund on this guarantee: store credit, cash, exchange? Will you 
     put it in writing? Shipping and handling fee? Visa card 
     surcharge? 
     
     How good is technical support? Is there a toll-free support 
     line? 24 hours or limited hours? Is there a BBS (modem) 
     telephone line for support?
     Is maintenance performed on site (the customer's location) or 
     only at the vendor's location? Response time? Special 
     conditions? Is the on-site service essentially the same in 
     terms, such as parts and labor, as off-site? 
     Has the vendor sold computers to buyers in your business 
     specialty (medical, for example). References? How long has the 
     vendor been in business? 
     What is the estimated life of the PC? Of the hard drive? How far 
     can it be upgraded? In RAM memory? How many expansion slots?
     Can the CPU be upgraded? The display and graphics card? What is 
     the MTBF or mean time between failure of the components such as 
     the hard drive and printer according to printed manufacturer's 
     literature?  
     Does the computer come with ALL the parts you will need such as 
     monitor and graphics card? On many bare bones systems this is 
     extra. 
     
     Are the accessories from the same manufacturer? Is the item 
     available for immediate shipment or is a backorder the option of 
     the moment? When will it be shipped? Has there been a recent 
     price increase? 
            
     Any financing options available from the vendor which offer 
     advantage over bank or credit card purchase? Leasing options? 
     Bank financing carried by the vendor? What bank?

Extras included with purchase? Documentation? DOS software? What

     version? DOS 5.0 is the latest. Mouse? Software installed on the 
     hard drive? Is it legal software? Is is commercial software? 
     Shareware? 
     Any training classes provided? When? How often. Brush up 
     training free? 

     What utilities and extra software comes with the machine? Any 
     hard drive menu systems or utility software? How is the 
     documentation? Really good or just whatever the manufacturer had 
     translated? 
     What display monitor and card are included (if any)? VGA is 
     standard. EGA is minimum. CGA and Hercules are the bare minimum. 
     Are printer cables included with purchase of the printer? Any 
     spare printer ink cartridges included? 
     How is the keyboard. Springy and clicky with a tactile feel or 
     just mushy and so so? 
     
     Is the Basic programming language included or is this an extra 
     cost. Will the manufacturer throw in a software package suitable 
     for beginners such as Microsoft Works? Is the machine FCC class 
     B certified (the best) or class A (acceptable)? What is the 
     interleave on the hard drive (1:1 is fastest)? Is the keyboard 
     an 84 key type or 101 key type? 
     Is the computer case metal or plastic? How hard or easy is it to 
     pop the cover and install new circuit cards? Does the keyboard 
     plug into the front or back of the machine? The front plug 
     option is a sometimes more handy. Is the reset and on/off switch 
     on the front, back or side of the machine? Front is again more 
     handy. Panel lights on the machine to indicate CPU speed and 
     hard drive use? Keylock for security? How many copies of the 
     key? Does your key fit all the computers in the store too?
     
     Does a local computer club/user group buy from the vendor which 
     might provide personal references who can discuss why they 
     bought from that vendor? 
     For those who wish to read published reviews concerning specific 
     brands of computers, printers, monitors, modems and software: 
     the most complete resource is PC Magazine published by Ziff-
     Davis and available at most libraries and many newsstands. PC 
     Magazine editors usually select one or two items within a 
     product classification as their "Editors Choice." The complete 
     index to both PC Magazine as well as their product review index 
     is contained in their on-line modem service PC MagNet. 
     Instructions for reaching PC Magnet by modem are contained in 
     the Utilities section included within each issue of PC Magazine. 
     For product reviews of hardware and software you may wish to 
     download the PC MagNet files PCM.EXE, PCSRCH.EXE and PCM.INF 
     which are quite large. The files occupy more than 2 Megabytes of 
     disk space and require about 1.5 hours of somewhat expensive 
     modem connect time. Alternatively, you can reach the same 
     index of products on line within PC MagNet by typing GO REVIEWS 
     which allows you to search the product review database directly. 
     A larger database of 130 periodicals and their respective 
     product reviews can be viewed by typing GO COMPLIB from within 
     PC MagNet. Additional product review sources are suggested on 
     page 27 of the June 26, 1990 issue of PC Magazine (Vol 9 No 12.) 
     Page 397 of the same issue contains instructions on reaching and 
     using PC MagNet by modem. 
     If you do not have a modem or a friend with that capability, a 
     low-tech method for reviewing specific computer hardware and 
     software recommendations is to visit a local library which 
     contains back issues of PC Magazine. Glance at the magazine 
     cover for highlights of products reviewed in that issue. If you 
     work your way from the current issue backwards in time for 6 to 
     12 months, you should find detailed reviews on the equipment you 
     are investigating. Many computer clubs maintain a library of PC 
     Magazine issues and may be a source if your local library does 
     not subscribe to the magazine. 
     Yet another way to constructively shop for computer equipment is 
     to obtain free catalogs which are provided at no charge by 
     reputable computer vendors and manufacturers. See the listing of 
     free equipment catalogs contained in the recommended 
     reading/bibliography section elsewhere on this disk. 
  1. —————————————————————

22 BASIC COMMANDMANTS OF COMPUTER CONSUMERISM

  1. —————————————————————
     1) Does the computer contain sufficient RAM memory and CPU speed 
     for the applications you intend to run and how easy is it to add 
     more memory? A 80286 computer may be fine for word processing, 
     for example, but a poor choice for extensive desktop publishing.
     2) Is the computer FCC approved with an FCC sticker? Class A or 
     B? Class B is better since it means certified for home use and 
     theoretically emits less objectionable static radiation.
     3) Have you identified the software you will (or might) be 
     using? Can the machine run that software? Is DOS included with 
     your machine? 
     4) As your needs change in time, will the machine expand or 
     change with those needs? 
     5) Is the outer case of the computer large enough to accommodate 
     additional expansion circuit boards? How many? 
     6) Is the power supply sufficiently large for future expansion? 
     What is the wattage of the power supply? Is the fan noise low or 
     NERVE WRACKING? 
     7) How many and what kind of floppy drives do you need? 
     8) Is the hard disk (if the machine contains one) certified for 
     use with the internal controller board which operates it? What 
     make on the controller card and hard drive?
     9) Is the hard disk set with the correct interleave factor? 
     10) Will your dealer offer superior service after the sale? Who 
     does the service? Where? Any free training classes? 
     11) Are all warranties in writing and how do they compare to 
     other dealers warranties in writing?
     12) What kind of monitor will you need and does the video 
     adapter card inside the computer allow for monitor upgrades and 
     will it display the software you intend to use? 
     13) Are you buying the computer or a sales pitch? 
     14) Are the internal components industry standard? Especially 
     the floppy and hard drives. What brands? 
     15) Is the dealer trying to sell you more/less than you need? 

16) Have you set a realistic budget?

     17) Have you gathered information for all sources such as 
     friends, magazine reviews, stores and advertisements? Are you 
     relying on one computer guru from work or, more wisely, several? 
     18) If the price is far below the average, something is missing.
     What is it? Quality of the hard drive, lack of higher resolution 
     video, toll free telephone support, software such as DOS?
     19) Determine the REAL price by extracting hidden additional 
     shipping charges, credit card surcharges, restocking charge if 
     item returned. 
     
     20) Pay by credit card if possible since if you end in dispute, 
     your credit card company can go to bat for you and issue a 
     credit until the dispute is resolved. In addition, many credit 
     cards automatically double the manufacturer's warranty. 
     21) Get details in writing. What is the salesperson's name? What 
     is the exact shipping date? 24 hours? same day? Get it in 
     writing via FAX. Retain the ORIGINAL AD which promoted the 
     computer. A paper trail established early is the best 
     protection. Retain warranty cards long enough to test all 
     equipment functions first! If you mail in manufacturer's 
     warranty cards too quickly, you may have to settle for 
     warranty coverage rather than replacement by the vendor.
     22) Retain all original cartons and packing material. Many 
     vendors ABSOLUTELY require it in case of return!
  1. —————————————————————

MUSCLE FOR COMPUTER CONSUMERS - THE LONG ARM OF THE LAW

     
     ---------------------------------------------------------------- 
     If you are dealing with a mail order supplier, Federal Trade 
     Commission rules apply! Essentially the vendor must ship the 
     order within 30 days of receiving it unless the advertisement 
     states otherwise. If a delay will be experienced in shipment, 
     the vendor must notify you in writing of a definite new shipment 
     date and also offer you the chance to cancel the order with full 
     refund. That notice must include a stamped or self-addressed 
     envelope or card which allows you to indicate your choice. If 
     you do not respond, the seller may rightfully assume you accept 
     the delay. However, the vendor must either ship or cancel the 
     original order within 30 days after the original shipping date 
     which was promised. 
     Any refunds for order cancellation must be made promptly. Even 
     if you accept an indefinite delay, you have the right to cancel 
     the original order at any time before the item is shipped. If 
     you chose to cancel any order, which has been paid by check or 
     money order, the vendor must mail a refund within seven business 
     days excluding weekends and holidays. 
     
     Likewise if the order was paid for by credit card, the vendor 
     must credit your account within one business cycle following 
     your cancellation request. Store credits and other methods or 
     offers of similar merchandise are NOT acceptable unless you 
     agree. If the original item is not available, a substitute item, 
     even if similar, is not acceptable unless the vendor has your 
     consent. Report violations to the Federal Trade Commission whose 
     phone number is usually listed in the blue pages (government 
     section) of your local telephone book. Tell the vendor you are 
     reporting violations to the FTC and mail the vendor a copy of 
     the letter you wrote to the FTC. This usually brings action 
     quickly.
     One primary conduit for recourse is the Direct Marketing 
     Association which maintains an action line for problem 
     resolution. First you should attempt to deal directly with the 
     seller, but if a problem is not promptly resolved you may wish 
     to contact the Mail Order Action Line, c/o DMA, 6 East 43rd 
     Street, NY, NY 10017. 
     
     The first step in any attempt to seek redress from a vendor is 
     to notify the supplier in writing that the item is defective 
     and include a copy of the invoice with information as to model, 
     price, date of order and account number if available. Retain a 
     copy of your letter seeking refund or replacement. Any phone 
     calls should be followed by a letter. 
     
     Generally do not return the item to the vendor until told how 
     and when to do so, since many have formal return policies and 
     require "return authorization numbers" which are usually issued 
     to you by phone or in writing. The return authorization number 
     accompanies the defective item on its return. Keep a copy of the 
     shipping receipt and packing slip. Any rights to recover postal 
     or shipping costs is determined by the policy of that vendor as 
     is usually stated in advertising and product literature. 
     You may also consider contacting the attorney general for the 
     state in which you live as well as the state in which the vendor 
     does business. This can be MOST effective especially if you send 
     a copy of that letter to the vendor. If the product was paid for 
     with a credit card, you may also retain the right to withhold 
     payment or cancel payment which is usually arranged directly 
     with your bank or credit card issuing agency. This is explained 
     under provisions of the Federal Fair Credit Billing Act. 
     Tutorial finished. Be sure to order your FOUR BONUS DISKS which 
     expand this software package with vital tools, updates and 
     additional tutorial material for laptop users! Send $20.00 to 
     Seattle Scientific Photography, Department LAP, PO Box 1506, 
     Mercer Island, WA 98040. Bonus disks shipped promptly! Some 
     portions of this software package use sections from the larger 
     PC-Learn tutorial system which you will also receive with your 
     order. Modifications, custom program versions, site and LAN 
     licenses of this package for business or corporate use are 
     possible, contact the author. This software is shareware - an 
     honor system which means TRY BEFORE YOU BUY. Press escape key to 
     return to menu. 
     
/data/webs/external/dokuwiki/data/pages/archive/computers/equip.txt · Last modified: 2001/11/08 10:09 by 127.0.0.1

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