From: clldomps@cs.ruu.nl (Louis van Dompselaar) Subject: CD Digital Output (a bit late?) Date: Thu, 30 May 1991 10:27:55 GMT
A short while ago, there was a question on the digital output on a CD-player. I've looked up an article in Elektuur, March 1988 and translated it into English. Any omisions are therefore not my fault. The article didn't say much about the hardware-side of the matter, so if anyone can enlighten this a bit, I would be pleased to hear.
Louis van Dompselaar clldomps@cs.ruu.nl
The interface
The interface is a 'consumer' version of the AES/EBU-interface. The most significant difference is the choice of connections. Originally, the AES/EBU-interface uses the well known symmetrical connections with impedancetransformers and an output impedance of 110 ohm. The signal-level of this interface is reasoably higher than in the consumer version (3…10 volts). There are no real differences in the signals that are used and the format in which the data is encoded.
The signal on the digital output of, for instance, a CD-player is an almost perfect sine-wave, with an amplitude of 500 mVtt and a frequency of almost 3 MHz.
For each sample, two 32-bit words are transmitted, which results in a bit-rate of:
2.8224 Mbit/s (44.1 kHz samplingrate, CD, DAT) 3.072 Mbit/s (48 kHz sampling rate, DAT) 2.048 Mbit/s (32 kHz sampling rate, for satellite purposes)
The output impedance is standard 75 ohm, so ordinary coax can be used. In fact, the minimal input level is 200 mVtt, so there is no real need for special quality cable.
The Coding Format
The digital signal is coded using the 'biphase-mark-code' (BMC), which is a kind of phase-modulation. In this system, two zero-crossings of the signal mean a logical 1 and one zero-crossing means a logical 0.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
clock 0 _ _| |_| |_| |_| |_| |_| |_| |_| |_| |_| |_| |_| |_ _ _ _ _ | | | | | | | | data 0 _ _| |_| |_| |_| |_ signal 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
_ ___ _ _ ___ _ ___ _
Biphase | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Mark 0 _ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | signal | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | _| |_| |_| |_| |_| |_| |_| |_| |_
cells 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
The frequency of the clock if twice the bitrate. Every bit of the original data is represented as two logical states, which, together, form a cell. The length of a cel ('time-slot') is equal to the length of a databit. The logical level at the start of a bit is always inverted to the level at the end of the previous bit. The level at the end of a bit is equal (a 0 transmitted) or inverted (a 1 transmitted) to the start of that bit.
The first 4 bits of a 32-bit word (bits 0 through 3) form a preamble which takes care of synchronisation. This sync-pattern doesn't actually carry any data, but only equals four databits in length. It also doesn't use the BMC, so bit patterns which include more than two 0's or 1's in a row can occur (in fact, they always do).
There are 3 different sync-patterns, but they can appear in different forms, depending on the last cell of the previous 32-bit word (parity):
Preamble cell-order cell-order
(last cell "0") (last cell "1")
----------------------------------------------
"B" 11101000 00010111
"M" 11100010 00011101
"W" 11100100 00011011
Preamble B: Marks a word containing data for channel A (left)
at the start of the data-block.
Preamble M: Marks a word with data for channel A that isn't
at the start of the data-block.
Preamble W: Marks a word containing data for channel B.
(right, for stereo). When using more than 2
channels, this could also be any other channel
(except for A).
Word and Block Formats
Every sample is transmitted as a 32-bit word (subframe). These bits are used as follows:
bits meaning ---------------------------------------------------------- 0-3 Preamble (see above; special structure)
4-7 Auxillary-audio-databits
8-27 Sample (A 24-bit sample can be used (using bits 4-27). A CD-player uses only 16 bits, so only bits 13 (LSB) to 27 (MSB) are used. Bits 4-12 are set to 0).
28 Validity (When this bit is set, the sample should not be used by the receiver. A CD-player uses the 'error-flag' to set this bit).
29 Subcode-data
30 Channel-status-information
31 Parity (bit 0-3 are not included)
The number of subframes that are used depends on the number of channels that is transmitted. A CD-player uses Channels A and B (left/right) and so each frame contains two subframes. A block contains 192 frames and starts with a preamble "B":
"M" Ch.1 "W" Ch.2 "B" Ch.1 "W" Ch.2 "M" Ch.1 "W" Ch.2 "M" …
| _ sub |_ sub _|| | | || || | | Frame 191 _|| Frame 0 _|| Frame 1 | ||
|
block-start
Channelstatus and subcode information
In each block, 384 bits of channelstatus and subcode info are transmitted. The Channel-status bits are equal for both subframes, so actually only 192 useful bits are transmitted:
bit meaning ------------------------------------------------------------- 0-3 controlbits:
bit 0: is set during 4 channel transmission.
bit 1: 0 (reserved)
bit 2: copy-protection. Copying is allowed
when this bit is set.
bit 3: is set when pre-emphasis is used.
4-7 0 (reserved)
9-15 catagory-code:
0 = common 2-channel format
1 = 2-channel CD-format
(set by a CD-player when a subcode is
transmitted)
2 = 2-channel PCM-encoder-decoder format
others are not used
19-191 0 (reserved)
The subcode-bits can be used by the manufacturer at will. They are used in blocks of 1176 bits before which a sync-word of 16 "0"-bits is transmitted